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# Copyright Cartopy Contributors
#
# This file is part of Cartopy and is released under the LGPL license.
# See COPYING and COPYING.LESSER in the root of the repository for full
# licensing details.
#
# cython: embedsignature=True
"""
This module defines the Geodesic class which can interface with the Proj
geodesic functions.
"""
import numpy as np
import pyproj
import shapely.geometry as sgeom
class Geodesic:
"""
Define an ellipsoid on which to solve geodesic problems.
"""
def __init__(self, radius=6378137.0, flattening=1 / 298.257223563):
"""
Parameters
----------
radius: float, optional
Equatorial radius (metres). Defaults to the WGS84 semimajor axis
(6378137.0 metres).
flattening: float, optional
Flattening of ellipsoid. Setting flattening = 0 gives a sphere.
Negative flattening gives a prolate ellipsoid. If flattening > 1,
set flattening to 1/flattening.
Defaults to the WGS84 flattening (1/298.257223563).
"""
if flattening > 1:
flattening = 1 / flattening
self.geod = pyproj.Geod(a=radius, f=flattening)
self.radius = radius
self.flattening = flattening
def __str__(self):
return (f'<Geodesic: radius={self.radius:0.3f}, '
f'flattening=1/{1/self.flattening:0.3f}>')
def direct(self, points, azimuths, distances):
"""
Solve the direct geodesic problem where the length of the geodesic is
specified in terms of distance.
Can accept and broadcast length 1 arguments. For example, given a
single start point and distance, an array of different azimuths can be
supplied to locate multiple endpoints.
Parameters
----------
points: array_like, shape=(n *or* 1, 2)
The starting longitude-latitude point(s) from which to travel.
azimuths: float or array_like with shape=(n, )
List of azimuth values (degrees).
distances : float or array_like with shape(n, )
List of distances values (metres).
Returns
-------
`numpy.ndarray`, shape=(n, 3)
The longitudes, latitudes, and forward azimuths of the located
endpoint(s).
"""
# Create numpy arrays from inputs, and ensure correct shape. Note:
# reshape(-1) returns a 1D array from a 0 dimensional array as required
# for broadcasting.
pts = np.array(points, dtype=np.float64).reshape((-1, 2))
azims = np.array(azimuths, dtype=np.float64).reshape(-1)
dists = np.array(distances, dtype=np.float64).reshape(-1)
sizes = [pts.shape[0], azims.size, dists.size]
n_points = max(sizes)
if not all(size in [1, n_points] for size in sizes):
raise ValueError("Inputs must have common length n or length one.")
# Broadcast any length 1 arrays to the correct size.
if pts.shape[0] == 1:
orig_pts = pts
pts = np.empty([n_points, 2], dtype=np.float64)
pts[:, :] = orig_pts
if azims.size == 1:
azims = np.repeat(azims, n_points)
if dists.size == 1:
dists = np.repeat(dists, n_points)
lons, lats, azims = self.geod.fwd(pts[:, 0], pts[:, 1], azims, dists)
# Convert back azimuth to forward azimuth.
azims += np.where(azims > 0, -180, 180)
return np.column_stack([lons, lats, azims])
def inverse(self, points, endpoints):
"""
Solve the inverse geodesic problem.
Can accept and broadcast length 1 arguments. For example, given a
single start point, an array of different endpoints can be supplied to
find multiple distances.
Parameters
----------
points: array_like, shape=(n *or* 1, 2)
The starting longitude-latitude point(s) from which to travel.
endpoints: array_like, shape=(n *or* 1, 2)
The longitude-latitude point(s) to travel to.
Returns
-------
`numpy.ndarray`, shape=(n, 3)
The distances, and the (forward) azimuths of the start and end
points.
"""
# Create numpy arrays from inputs, and ensure correct shape.
points = np.array(points, dtype=np.float64)
endpoints = np.array(endpoints, dtype=np.float64)
if points.ndim > 2 or (points.ndim == 2 and points.shape[1] != 2):
raise ValueError(
f'Expecting input points to be (N, 2), got {points.shape}')
pts = points.reshape((-1, 2))
epts = endpoints.reshape((-1, 2))
sizes = [pts.shape[0], epts.shape[0]]
n_points = max(sizes)
if not all(size in [1, n_points] for size in sizes):
raise ValueError("Inputs must have common length n or length one.")
# Broadcast any length 1 arrays to the correct size.
if pts.shape[0] == 1:
orig_pts = pts
pts = np.empty([n_points, 2], dtype=np.float64)
pts[:, :] = orig_pts
if epts.shape[0] == 1:
orig_pts = epts
epts = np.empty([n_points, 2], dtype=np.float64)
epts[:, :] = orig_pts
start_azims, end_azims, dists = self.geod.inv(pts[:, 0], pts[:, 1],
epts[:, 0], epts[:, 1])
# Convert back azimuth to forward azimuth.
end_azims += np.where(end_azims > 0, -180, 180)
return np.column_stack([dists, start_azims, end_azims])
def circle(self, lon, lat, radius, n_samples=180, endpoint=False):
"""
Find a geodesic circle of given radius at a given point.
Parameters
----------
lon : float
Longitude coordinate of the centre.
lat : float
Latitude coordinate of the centre.
radius : float
The radius of the circle (metres).
n_samples: int, optional
Integer number of sample points of circle.
endpoint: bool, optional
Whether to repeat endpoint at the end of returned array.
Returns
-------
`numpy.ndarray`, shape=(n_samples, 2)
The evenly spaced longitude-latitude points on the circle.
"""
# Put the input arguments into c-typed values.
center = np.array([lon, lat]).reshape((1, 2))
radius_m = np.asarray(radius).reshape(1)
azimuths = np.linspace(360., 0., n_samples,
endpoint=endpoint).astype(np.double)
return self.direct(center, azimuths, radius_m)[:, 0:2]
def geometry_length(self, geometry):
"""
Return the distance (in physical meters) of the given Shapely geometry.
The geometry is assumed to be in spherical (lon, lat) coordinates.
Parameters
----------
geometry : `shapely.geometry.BaseGeometry`
The Shapely geometry to compute the length of. For polygons, the
exterior length will be calculated. For multi-part geometries, the
sum of the parts will be computed.
"""
result = None
if hasattr(geometry, 'geoms'):
# Multi-geometry.
result = sum(self.geometry_length(geom) for geom in geometry.geoms)
elif hasattr(geometry, 'exterior'):
# Polygon.
result = self.geometry_length(geometry.exterior)
elif (hasattr(geometry, 'coords') and
not isinstance(geometry, sgeom.Point)):
coords = np.array(geometry.coords)
result = self.geometry_length(coords)
elif isinstance(geometry, np.ndarray):
coords = geometry
distances, _, _ = np.array(
self.inverse(coords[:-1, :], coords[1:, :]).T)
result = distances.sum()
else:
raise TypeError(f'Unhandled type {geometry.__class__}')
return result
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