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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="what_else.html">What else you need to know</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="automatic_conversion.html">Automatic conversion to Py2/3</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="automatic_conversion.html#step-1-modern-py2-code">Step 1: modern Py2 code</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="automatic_conversion.html#step-2-working-py3-code-that-still-supports-py2">Step 2: working Py3 code that still supports Py2</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="automatic_conversion.html#pasteurize-py3-to-py2-3"><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pasteurize</span></code>: Py3 to Py2/3</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="faq.html#why-upgrade-to-python-3">Why upgrade to Python 3?</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq.html#what-inspired-this-project">What inspired this project?</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="faq.html#maturity">Maturity</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq.html#how-well-has-it-been-tested">How well has it been tested?</a></li>
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  <div class="section" id="older-interfaces">
<span id="older-standard-library-interfaces"></span><h1>Older interfaces<a class="headerlink" href="#older-interfaces" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>In addition to the direct and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">install_aliases()</span></code> interfaces (described in
<a class="reference internal" href="standard_library_imports.html#standard-library-imports"><span>Standard library imports</span></a>), <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">future</span></code> supports four other interfaces to
the reorganized standard library. This is largely for historical reasons (for
versions prior to 0.14).</p>
<div class="section" id="context-manager-for-import-hooks">
<h2>Context-manager for import hooks<a class="headerlink" href="#context-manager-for-import-hooks" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The context-manager interface is via a context-manager called <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">hooks</span></code>:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">future.standard_library</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">hooks</span>
<span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">hooks</span><span class="p">():</span>
    <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">socketserver</span>
    <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">queue</span>
    <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">configparser</span>
    <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">test.support</span>
    <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">html.parser</span>
    <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">collections</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">UserList</span>
    <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">itertools</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">filterfalse</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">zip_longest</span>
    <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">http.client</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">HttpConnection</span>
    <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">urllib.request</span>
    <span class="c"># and other moved modules and definitions</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This interface is straightforward and effective, using PEP 302 import
hooks.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="future-moves-interface">
<h2><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">future.moves</span></code> interface<a class="headerlink" href="#future-moves-interface" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">future.moves</span></code> interface avoids import hooks. It may therefore be more
robust, at the cost of less idiomatic code. Use it as follows:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">future.moves</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">queue</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">future.moves</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">socketserver</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">future.moves.http.client</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">HTTPConnection</span>
<span class="c"># etc.</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If you wish to achieve the effect of a two-level import such as this:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">http.client</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>portably on both Python 2 and Python 3, note that Python currently does not
support syntax like this:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>from future.moves import http.client
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>One workaround is to replace the dot with an underscore:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">future.moves.http.client</span> <span class="kn">as</span> <span class="nn">http_client</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="comparing-future-moves-and-six-moves">
<h3>Comparing future.moves and six.moves<a class="headerlink" href="#comparing-future-moves-and-six-moves" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">future.moves</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">six.moves</span></code> provide a similar Python 3-style
interface to the native standard library module definitions.</p>
<p>The major difference is that the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">future.moves</span></code> package is a real Python package
(<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">future/moves/__init__.py</span></code>) with real modules provided as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.py</span></code> files, whereas
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">six.moves</span></code> constructs fake <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_LazyModule</span></code> module objects within the Python
code and injects them into the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.modules</span></code> cache.</p>
<p>The advantage of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">six.moves</span></code> is that the code fits in a single module that can be
copied into a project that seeks to eliminate external dependencies.</p>
<p>The advantage of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">future.moves</span></code> is that it is likely to be more robust in the
face of magic like Django&#8217;s auto-reloader and tools like <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">py2exe</span></code> and
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cx_freeze</span></code>. See issues #51, #53, #56, and #63 in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">six</span></code> project for
more detail of bugs related to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">six.moves</span></code> approach.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="import-and-from-import-functions">
<h2><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">import_</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">from_import</span></code> functions<a class="headerlink" href="#import-and-from-import-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The functional interface is to use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">import_</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">from_import</span></code>
functions from <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">future.standard_library</span></code> as follows:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">future.standard_library</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">import_</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">from_import</span>

<span class="n">http</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">import_</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;http.client&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">urllib</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">import_</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;urllib.request&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>

<span class="n">urlopen</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">urlsplit</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">from_import</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;urllib.request&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;urlopen&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;urlsplit&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This interface also works with two-level imports.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="install-hooks-call">
<h2>install_hooks() call<a class="headerlink" href="#install-hooks-call" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The last interface to the reorganized standard library is via a call to
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">install_hooks()</span></code>:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">future</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">standard_library</span>
<span class="n">standard_library</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">install_hooks</span><span class="p">()</span>

<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">urllib</span>
<span class="n">f</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">urllib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">urlopen</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;http://www.python.org/&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>

<span class="n">standard_library</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">remove_hooks</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If you use this interface, it is recommended to disable the import hooks again
after use by calling <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">remove_hooks()</span></code>, in order to prevent the futurized
modules from being invoked inadvertently by other modules. (Python does not
automatically disable import hooks at the end of a module, but keeps them
active for the life of a process unless removed.)</p>
</div>
</div>


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