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<div class="section" id="the-mock-class">
<h1>The Mock Class<a class="headerlink" href="#the-mock-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p><cite>Mock</cite> is a flexible mock object intended to replace the use of stubs and
test doubles throughout your code. Mocks are callable and create attributes as
new mocks when you access them <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id2" id="id1">[1]</a>. Accessing the same attribute will always
return the same mock. Mocks record how you use them, allowing you to make
assertions about what your code has done to them.</p>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#mock.MagicMock" title="mock.MagicMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt></a> is a subclass of <cite>Mock</cite> with all the magic methods
pre-created and ready to use. There are also non-callable variants, useful
when you are mocking out objects that aren’t callable:
<a class="reference internal" href="#mock.NonCallableMock" title="mock.NonCallableMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">NonCallableMock</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#mock.NonCallableMagicMock" title="mock.NonCallableMagicMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">NonCallableMagicMock</span></tt></a></p>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch" title="mock.patch"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch()</span></tt></a> decorators makes it easy to temporarily replace classes
in a particular module with a <cite>Mock</cite> object. By default <cite>patch</cite> will create
a <cite>MagicMock</cite> for you. You can specify an alternative class of <cite>Mock</cite> using
the <cite>new_callable</cite> argument to <cite>patch</cite>.</p>
<span class="target" id="index-0"></span><span class="target" id="index-1"></span><span class="target" id="index-2"></span><span class="target" id="index-3"></span><span class="target" id="index-4"></span><dl class="class">
<dt id="mock.Mock">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">Mock</tt><big>(</big><em>spec=None</em>, <em>side_effect=None</em>, <em>return_value=DEFAULT</em>, <em>wraps=None</em>, <em>name=None</em>, <em>spec_set=None</em>, <em>**kwargs</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Create a new <cite>Mock</cite> object. <cite>Mock</cite> takes several optional arguments
that specify the behaviour of the Mock object:</p>
<ul>
<li><p class="first"><cite>spec</cite>: This can be either a list of strings or an existing object (a
class or instance) that acts as the specification for the mock object. If
you pass in an object then a list of strings is formed by calling dir on
the object (excluding unsupported magic attributes and methods).
Accessing any attribute not in this list will raise an <cite>AttributeError</cite>.</p>
<p>If <cite>spec</cite> is an object (rather than a list of strings) then
<a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.__class__" title="mock.Mock.__class__"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">__class__</span></tt></a> returns the class of the spec object. This allows mocks
to pass <cite>isinstance</cite> tests.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first"><cite>spec_set</cite>: A stricter variant of <cite>spec</cite>. If used, attempting to <em>set</em>
or get an attribute on the mock that isn’t on the object passed as
<cite>spec_set</cite> will raise an <cite>AttributeError</cite>.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first"><cite>side_effect</cite>: A function to be called whenever the Mock is called. See
the <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.side_effect" title="mock.Mock.side_effect"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt></a> attribute. Useful for raising exceptions or
dynamically changing return values. The function is called with the same
arguments as the mock, and unless it returns <a class="reference internal" href="sentinel.html#mock.DEFAULT" title="mock.DEFAULT"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">DEFAULT</span></tt></a>, the return
value of this function is used as the return value.</p>
<p>Alternatively <cite>side_effect</cite> can be an exception class or instance. In
this case the exception will be raised when the mock is called.</p>
<p>If <cite>side_effect</cite> is an iterable then each call to the mock will return
the next value from the iterable.</p>
<p>A <cite>side_effect</cite> can be cleared by setting it to <cite>None</cite>.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first"><cite>return_value</cite>: The value returned when the mock is called. By default
this is a new Mock (created on first access). See the
<a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.return_value" title="mock.Mock.return_value"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">return_value</span></tt></a> attribute.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first"><cite>wraps</cite>: Item for the mock object to wrap. If <cite>wraps</cite> is not None then
calling the Mock will pass the call through to the wrapped object
(returning the real result and ignoring <cite>return_value</cite>). Attribute access
on the mock will return a Mock object that wraps the corresponding
attribute of the wrapped object (so attempting to access an attribute
that doesn’t exist will raise an <cite>AttributeError</cite>).</p>
<p>If the mock has an explicit <cite>return_value</cite> set then calls are not passed
to the wrapped object and the <cite>return_value</cite> is returned instead.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first"><cite>name</cite>: If the mock has a name then it will be used in the repr of the
mock. This can be useful for debugging. The name is propagated to child
mocks.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Mocks can also be called with arbitrary keyword arguments. These will be
used to set attributes on the mock after it is created. See the
<a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.configure_mock" title="mock.Mock.configure_mock"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">configure_mock()</span></tt></a> method for details.</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="mock.Mock.assert_called_with">
<tt class="descname">assert_called_with</tt><big>(</big><em>*args</em>, <em>**kwargs</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.assert_called_with" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This method is a convenient way of asserting that calls are made in a
particular way:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">test</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'wow'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go"><Mock name='mock.method()' id='...'></span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">test</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'wow'</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="mock.Mock.assert_called_once_with">
<tt class="descname">assert_called_once_with</tt><big>(</big><em>*args</em>, <em>**kwargs</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.assert_called_once_with" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Assert that the mock was called exactly once and with the specified
arguments.</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'foo'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">bar</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'baz'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'foo'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">bar</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'baz'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'foo'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">bar</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'baz'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'foo'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">bar</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'baz'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
<span class="c">...</span>
<span class="gr">AssertionError</span>: <span class="n">Expected to be called once. Called 2 times.</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="mock.Mock.assert_any_call">
<tt class="descname">assert_any_call</tt><big>(</big><em>*args</em>, <em>**kwargs</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.assert_any_call" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>assert the mock has been called with the specified arguments.</p>
<p>The assert passes if the mock has <em>ever</em> been called, unlike
<a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.assert_called_with" title="mock.Mock.assert_called_with"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert_called_with()</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.assert_called_once_with" title="mock.Mock.assert_called_once_with"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert_called_once_with()</span></tt></a> that
only pass if the call is the most recent one.</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">arg</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'thing'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'some'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'thing'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'else'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_any_call</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">arg</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'thing'</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="mock.Mock.assert_has_calls">
<tt class="descname">assert_has_calls</tt><big>(</big><em>calls</em>, <em>any_order=False</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.assert_has_calls" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>assert the mock has been called with the specified calls.
The <cite>mock_calls</cite> list is checked for the calls.</p>
<p>If <cite>any_order</cite> is False (the default) then the calls must be
sequential. There can be extra calls before or after the
specified calls.</p>
<p>If <cite>any_order</cite> is True then the calls can be in any order, but
they must all appear in <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.mock_calls" title="mock.Mock.mock_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">mock_calls</span></tt></a>.</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">calls</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">call</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)]</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_has_calls</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">calls</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">calls</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">call</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)]</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_has_calls</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">calls</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">any_order</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="mock.Mock.reset_mock">
<tt class="descname">reset_mock</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.reset_mock" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The reset_mock method resets all the call attributes on a mock object:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'hello'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">called</span>
<span class="go">True</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">reset_mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">called</span>
<span class="go">False</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This can be useful where you want to make a series of assertions that
reuse the same object. Note that <cite>reset_mock</cite> <em>doesn’t</em> clear the
return value, <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.side_effect" title="mock.Mock.side_effect"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt></a> or any child attributes you have
set using normal assignment. Child mocks and the return value mock
(if any) are reset as well.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="mock.Mock.mock_add_spec">
<tt class="descname">mock_add_spec</tt><big>(</big><em>spec</em>, <em>spec_set=False</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.mock_add_spec" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Add a spec to a mock. <cite>spec</cite> can either be an object or a
list of strings. Only attributes on the <cite>spec</cite> can be fetched as
attributes from the mock.</p>
<p>If <cite>spec_set</cite> is <cite>True</cite> then only attributes on the spec can be set.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="mock.Mock.attach_mock">
<tt class="descname">attach_mock</tt><big>(</big><em>mock</em>, <em>attribute</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.attach_mock" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Attach a mock as an attribute of this one, replacing its name and
parent. Calls to the attached mock will be recorded in the
<a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.method_calls" title="mock.Mock.method_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">method_calls</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.mock_calls" title="mock.Mock.mock_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">mock_calls</span></tt></a> attributes of this one.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="mock.Mock.configure_mock">
<tt class="descname">configure_mock</tt><big>(</big><em>**kwargs</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.configure_mock" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Set attributes on the mock through keyword arguments.</p>
<p>Attributes plus return values and side effects can be set on child
mocks using standard dot notation and unpacking a dictionary in the
method call:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">attrs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">'method.return_value'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'other.side_effect'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="ne">KeyError</span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">configure_mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">attrs</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">3</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">other</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
<span class="c">...</span>
<span class="gr">KeyError</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The same thing can be achieved in the constructor call to mocks:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">attrs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">'method.return_value'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'other.side_effect'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="ne">KeyError</span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'eggs'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">attrs</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span>
<span class="go">'eggs'</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">3</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">other</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
<span class="c">...</span>
<span class="gr">KeyError</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><cite>configure_mock</cite> exists to make it easier to do configuration
after the mock has been created.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="mock.Mock.__dir__">
<tt class="descname">__dir__</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.__dir__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><cite>Mock</cite> objects limit the results of <cite>dir(some_mock)</cite> to useful results.
For mocks with a <cite>spec</cite> this includes all the permitted attributes
for the mock.</p>
<p>See <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.FILTER_DIR" title="mock.FILTER_DIR"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">FILTER_DIR</span></tt></a> for what this filtering does, and how to
switch it off.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="mock.Mock._get_child_mock">
<tt class="descname">_get_child_mock</tt><big>(</big><em>**kw</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock._get_child_mock" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Create the child mocks for attributes and return value.
By default child mocks will be the same type as the parent.
Subclasses of Mock may want to override this to customize the way
child mocks are made.</p>
<p>For non-callable mocks the callable variant will be used (rather than
any custom subclass).</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="mock.Mock.called">
<tt class="descname">called</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.called" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A boolean representing whether or not the mock object has been called:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">called</span>
<span class="go">False</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">called</span>
<span class="go">True</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="mock.Mock.call_count">
<tt class="descname">call_count</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.call_count" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>An integer telling you how many times the mock object has been called:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_count</span>
<span class="go">0</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_count</span>
<span class="go">2</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="mock.Mock.return_value">
<tt class="descname">return_value</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.return_value" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Set this to configure the value returned by calling the mock:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'fish'</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">'fish'</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The default return value is a mock object and you can configure it in
the normal way:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sentinel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Attribute</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go"><Mock name='mock()()' id='...'></span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><cite>return_value</cite> can also be set in the constructor:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span>
<span class="go">3</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">3</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="mock.Mock.side_effect">
<tt class="descname">side_effect</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.side_effect" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This can either be a function to be called when the mock is called,
or an exception (class or instance) to be raised.</p>
<p>If you pass in a function it will be called with same arguments as the
mock and unless the function returns the <a class="reference internal" href="sentinel.html#mock.DEFAULT" title="mock.DEFAULT"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">DEFAULT</span></tt></a> singleton the
call to the mock will then return whatever the function returns. If the
function returns <a class="reference internal" href="sentinel.html#mock.DEFAULT" title="mock.DEFAULT"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">DEFAULT</span></tt></a> then the mock will return its normal
value (from the <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.return_value" title="mock.Mock.return_value"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">return_value</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p>An example of a mock that raises an exception (to test exception
handling of an API):</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="ne">Exception</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'Boom!'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
<span class="c">...</span>
<span class="gr">Exception</span>: <span class="n">Boom!</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Using <cite>side_effect</cite> to return a sequence of values:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">(3, 2, 1)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The <cite>side_effect</cite> function is called with the same arguments as the
mock (so it is wise for it to take arbitrary args and keyword
arguments) and whatever it returns is used as the return value for
the call. The exception is if <cite>side_effect</cite> returns <a class="reference internal" href="sentinel.html#mock.DEFAULT" title="mock.DEFAULT"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">DEFAULT</span></tt></a>,
in which case the normal <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.return_value" title="mock.Mock.return_value"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">return_value</span></tt></a> is used.</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">side_effect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">DEFAULT</span>
<span class="gp">...</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">side_effect</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">3</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><cite>side_effect</cite> can be set in the constructor. Here’s an example that
adds one to the value the mock is called with and returns it:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">value</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">4</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">-7</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Setting <cite>side_effect</cite> to <cite>None</cite> clears it:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">mock</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Mock</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="ne">KeyError</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
<span class="c">...</span>
<span class="gr">KeyError</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">None</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">3</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="mock.Mock.call_args">
<tt class="descname">call_args</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.call_args" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This is either <cite>None</cite> (if the mock hasn’t been called), or the
arguments that the mock was last called with. This will be in the
form of a tuple: the first member is any ordered arguments the mock
was called with (or an empty tuple) and the second member is any
keyword arguments (or an empty dictionary).</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_args</span>
<span class="go">None</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_args</span>
<span class="go">call()</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_args</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">True</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_args</span>
<span class="go">call(3, 4)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_args</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="p">((</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">),)</span>
<span class="go">True</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">key</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'fish'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">next</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'w00t!'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_args</span>
<span class="go">call(3, 4, 5, key='fish', next='w00t!')</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><cite>call_args</cite>, along with members of the lists <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.call_args_list" title="mock.Mock.call_args_list"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">call_args_list</span></tt></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.method_calls" title="mock.Mock.method_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">method_calls</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.mock_calls" title="mock.Mock.mock_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">mock_calls</span></tt></a> are <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.call" title="mock.call"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">call</span></tt></a> objects.
These are tuples, so they can be unpacked to get at the individual
arguments and make more complex assertions. See
<a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#calls-as-tuples"><em>calls as tuples</em></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="mock.Mock.call_args_list">
<tt class="descname">call_args_list</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.call_args_list" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This is a list of all the calls made to the mock object in sequence
(so the length of the list is the number of times it has been
called). Before any calls have been made it is an empty list. The
<a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.call" title="mock.call"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">call</span></tt></a> object can be used for conveniently constructing lists of
calls to compare with <cite>call_args_list</cite>.</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'fish'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">next</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'w00t!'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_args_list</span>
<span class="go">[call(), call(3, 4), call(key='fish', next='w00t!')]</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">expected</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[(),</span> <span class="p">((</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">),),</span> <span class="p">({</span><span class="s">'key'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">'fish'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'next'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">'w00t!'</span><span class="p">},)]</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_args_list</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">expected</span>
<span class="go">True</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Members of <cite>call_args_list</cite> are <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.call" title="mock.call"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">call</span></tt></a> objects. These can be
unpacked as tuples to get at the individual arguments. See
<a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#calls-as-tuples"><em>calls as tuples</em></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="mock.Mock.method_calls">
<tt class="descname">method_calls</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.method_calls" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>As well as tracking calls to themselves, mocks also track calls to
methods and attributes, and <em>their</em> methods and attributes:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go"><Mock name='mock.method()' id='...'></span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">property</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go"><Mock name='mock.property.method.attribute()' id='...'></span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method_calls</span>
<span class="go">[call.method(), call.property.method.attribute()]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Members of <cite>method_calls</cite> are <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.call" title="mock.call"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">call</span></tt></a> objects. These can be
unpacked as tuples to get at the individual arguments. See
<a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#calls-as-tuples"><em>calls as tuples</em></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="mock.Mock.mock_calls">
<tt class="descname">mock_calls</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.mock_calls" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><cite>mock_calls</cite> records <em>all</em> calls to the mock object, its methods, magic
methods <em>and</em> return value mocks.</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">result</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">first</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go"><MagicMock name='mock.first()' id='...'></span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">second</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go"><MagicMock name='mock.second()' id='...'></span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">1</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go"><MagicMock name='mock()()' id='...'></span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">expected</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">call</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">first</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">second</span><span class="p">(),</span>
<span class="gp">... </span><span class="n">call</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__int__</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="p">()(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)]</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">expected</span>
<span class="go">True</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Members of <cite>mock_calls</cite> are <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.call" title="mock.call"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">call</span></tt></a> objects. These can be
unpacked as tuples to get at the individual arguments. See
<a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#calls-as-tuples"><em>calls as tuples</em></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="mock.Mock.__class__">
<tt class="descname">__class__</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.__class__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Normally the <cite>__class__</cite> attribute of an object will return its type.
For a mock object with a <cite>spec</cite> <cite>__class__</cite> returns the spec class
instead. This allows mock objects to pass <cite>isinstance</cite> tests for the
object they are replacing / masquerading as:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">spec</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">True</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="mock.NonCallableMock">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">NonCallableMock</tt><big>(</big><em>spec=None</em>, <em>wraps=None</em>, <em>name=None</em>, <em>spec_set=None</em>, <em>**kwargs</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.NonCallableMock" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A non-callable version of <cite>Mock</cite>. The constructor parameters have the same
meaning of <cite>Mock</cite>, with the exception of <cite>return_value</cite> and <cite>side_effect</cite>
which have no meaning on a non-callable mock.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>Mock objects that use a class or an instance as a <cite>spec</cite> or <cite>spec_set</cite> are able
to pass <cite>isintance</cite> tests:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">spec</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">True</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">spec_set</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">True</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The <cite>Mock</cite> classes have support for mocking magic methods. See <a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#magic-methods"><em>magic
methods</em></a> for the full details.</p>
<p>The mock classes and the <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch" title="mock.patch"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch()</span></tt></a> decorators all take arbitrary keyword
arguments for configuration. For the <cite>patch</cite> decorators the keywords are
passed to the constructor of the mock being created. The keyword arguments
are for configuring attributes of the mock:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">attribute</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'fish'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span>
<span class="go">3</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">other</span>
<span class="go">'fish'</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The return value and side effect of child mocks can be set in the same way,
using dotted notation. As you can’t use dotted names directly in a call you
have to create a dictionary and unpack it using <cite>**</cite>:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">attrs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">'method.return_value'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'other.side_effect'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="ne">KeyError</span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'eggs'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">attrs</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span>
<span class="go">'eggs'</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">3</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">other</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
<span class="c">...</span>
<span class="gr">KeyError</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<span class="target" id="index-5"></span></div>
<div class="section" id="calling">
<span id="index-6"></span><h1>Calling<a class="headerlink" href="#calling" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>Mock objects are callable. The call will return the value set as the
<a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.return_value" title="mock.Mock.return_value"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">return_value</span></tt></a> attribute. The default return value is a new Mock
object; it is created the first time the return value is accessed (either
explicitly or by calling the Mock) - but it is stored and the same one
returned each time.</p>
<p>Calls made to the object will be recorded in the attributes
like <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.call_args" title="mock.Mock.call_args"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">call_args</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.call_args_list" title="mock.Mock.call_args_list"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">call_args_list</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p>If <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.side_effect" title="mock.Mock.side_effect"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt></a> is set then it will be called after the call has
been recorded, so if <cite>side_effect</cite> raises an exception the call is still
recorded.</p>
<p>The simplest way to make a mock raise an exception when called is to make
<a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.side_effect" title="mock.Mock.side_effect"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt></a> an exception class or instance:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="ne">IndexError</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
<span class="c">...</span>
<span class="gr">IndexError</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span>
<span class="go">[call(1, 2, 3)]</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="ne">KeyError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'Bang!'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'two'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'three'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'four'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
<span class="c">...</span>
<span class="gr">KeyError</span>: <span class="n">'Bang!'</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span>
<span class="go">[call(1, 2, 3), call('two', 'three', 'four')]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If <cite>side_effect</cite> is a function then whatever that function returns is what
calls to the mock return. The <cite>side_effect</cite> function is called with the
same arguments as the mock. This allows you to vary the return value of the
call dynamically, based on the input:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">side_effect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">value</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="gp">...</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">2</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">3</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span>
<span class="go">[call(1), call(2)]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If you want the mock to still return the default return value (a new mock), or
any set return value, then there are two ways of doing this. Either return
<cite>mock.return_value</cite> from inside <cite>side_effect</cite>, or return <a class="reference internal" href="sentinel.html#mock.DEFAULT" title="mock.DEFAULT"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">DEFAULT</span></tt></a>:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">side_effect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span>
<span class="gp">...</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">side_effect</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">3</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">3</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">side_effect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">DEFAULT</span>
<span class="gp">...</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">side_effect</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">3</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>To remove a <cite>side_effect</cite>, and return to the default behaviour, set the
<cite>side_effect</cite> to <cite>None</cite>:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">side_effect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">3</span>
<span class="gp">...</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">side_effect</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">3</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">None</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">6</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The <cite>side_effect</cite> can also be any iterable object. Repeated calls to the mock
will return values from the iterable (until the iterable is exhausted and
a <cite>StopIteration</cite> is raised):</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">1</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">2</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">3</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
<span class="c">...</span>
<span class="gr">StopIteration</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="attaching-mocks-as-attributes">
<h1>Attaching Mocks as Attributes<a class="headerlink" href="#attaching-mocks-as-attributes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>When you attach a mock as an attribute of another mock (or as the return
value) it becomes a “child” of that mock. Calls to the child are recorded in
the <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.method_calls" title="mock.Mock.method_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">method_calls</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.mock_calls" title="mock.Mock.mock_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">mock_calls</span></tt></a> attributes of the
parent. This is useful for configuring child mocks and then attaching them to
the parent, or for attaching mocks to a parent that records all calls to the
children and allows you to make assertions about the order of calls between
mocks:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">parent</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">child1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">child2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">parent</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">child1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">child1</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">parent</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">child2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">child2</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">child1</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">child2</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">parent</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span>
<span class="go">[call.child1(1), call.child2(2)]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The exception to this is if the mock has a name. This allows you to prevent
the “parenting” if for some reason you don’t want it to happen.</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">not_a_child</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'not-a-child'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">not_a_child</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go"><MagicMock name='not-a-child()' id='...'></span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span>
<span class="go">[]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Mocks created for you by <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch" title="mock.patch"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch()</span></tt></a> are automatically given names. To
attach mocks that have names to a parent you use the <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.attach_mock" title="mock.Mock.attach_mock"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">attach_mock()</span></tt></a>
method:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">thing1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">thing2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">parent</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'__main__.thing1'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">child1</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'__main__.thing2'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">child2</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">parent</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attach_mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">child1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'child1'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">parent</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attach_mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">child2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'child2'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">child1</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'one'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">child2</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'two'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">...</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">parent</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span>
<span class="go">[call.child1('one'), call.child2('two')]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<hr class="docutils" />
<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id2" rules="none">
<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id1">[1]</a></td><td>The only exceptions are magic methods and attributes (those that have
leading and trailing double underscores). Mock doesn’t create these but
instead of raises an <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">AttributeError</span></tt>. This is because the interpreter
will often implicitly request these methods, and gets <em>very</em> confused to
get a new Mock object when it expects a magic method. If you need magic
method support see <a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#magic-methods"><em>magic methods</em></a>.</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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