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<h1>Penn Treebank II tag set</h1>
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<p class="big"><a href="pattern.html">Pattern</a> and <a href="http://www.clips.ua.ac.be/pages/MBSP" target="_self">MBSP</a> assign meaningful tags to words and groups of words in a sentence. Each tag is a short code (such as "<span class="postag">DT</span>" for "determiner").</p>
<p>The tag set is based on the Penn Treebank Tagging Guidelines [<a href="ftp://ftp.cis.upenn.edu/pub/treebank/doc/tagguide.ps.gz" target="_self">pdf</a>].</p>
<h3>Part-of-speech tags</h3>
<p>Part-of-speech tags are assigned to a single word according to its role in the sentence. Traditional grammar classifies words based on eight parts of speech: the verb (<span class="postag">VB</span>), the noun (<span class="postag">NN</span>), the pronoun (<span class="postag">PR</span>+<span class="postag">DT</span>), the adjective (<span class="postag">JJ</span>), the adverb (<span class="postag">RB</span>), the preposition (<span class="postag">IN</span>), the conjunction (<span class="postag">CC</span>), and the interjection (<span class="postag">UH</span>).</p>
<table class="border">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><span class="smallcaps">Tag </span></td>
<td><span class="smallcaps">Description </span></td>
<td class="smallcaps">Example</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">CC </span></td>
<td>conjunction, coordinating</td>
<td><em>and, or, but</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">CD </span></td>
<td>cardinal number</td>
<td><em>five, three, 13%</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">DT </span></td>
<td>determiner</td>
<td><em>the, a, these <br /></em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">EX </span></td>
<td>existential there</td>
<td><em><span style="text-decoration: underline;">there</span> were six boys <br /></em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">FW </span></td>
<td>foreign word</td>
<td><em>mais <br /></em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">IN </span></td>
<td>conjunction, subordinating or preposition</td>
<td><em>of, on, before, unless <br /></em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">JJ </span></td>
<td>adjective</td>
<td><em>nice, easy </em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">JJR </span></td>
<td>adjective, comparative</td>
<td><em>nicer, easier</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">JJS </span></td>
<td>adjective, superlative</td>
<td><em>nicest, easiest <br /></em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">LS </span></td>
<td>list item marker</td>
<td><em> </em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">MD </span></td>
<td>verb, modal auxillary</td>
<td><em>may, should <br /></em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">NN </span></td>
<td>noun, singular or mass</td>
<td><em>tiger, chair, laughter <br /></em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">NNS </span></td>
<td>noun, plural</td>
<td><em>tigers, chairs, insects <br /></em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">NNP </span></td>
<td>noun, proper singular</td>
<td><em>Germany, God, Alice <br /></em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">NNPS </span></td>
<td>noun, proper plural</td>
<td><em>we met two <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Christmases</span> ago <br /></em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">PDT </span></td>
<td>predeterminer</td>
<td><em><span style="text-decoration: underline;">both</span> his children <br /></em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">POS</span></td>
<td>possessive ending</td>
<td><em>'s</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">PRP </span></td>
<td>pronoun, personal</td>
<td><em>me, you, it <br /></em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">PRP$ </span></td>
<td>pronoun, possessive</td>
<td><em>my, your, our <br /></em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">RB </span></td>
<td>adverb</td>
<td><em>extremely, loudly, hard <br /></em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">RBR </span></td>
<td>adverb, comparative</td>
<td><em>better <br /></em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">RBS </span></td>
<td>adverb, superlative</td>
<td><em>best <br /></em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">RP </span></td>
<td>adverb, particle</td>
<td><em>about, off, up <br /></em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">SYM </span></td>
<td>symbol</td>
<td><em>% <br /></em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">TO </span></td>
<td>infinitival to</td>
<td><em>what <span style="text-decoration: underline;">to</span> do? <br /></em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">UH </span></td>
<td>interjection</td>
<td><em>oh, oops, gosh <br /></em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">VB </span></td>
<td>verb, base form</td>
<td><em>think <br /></em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">VBZ </span></td>
<td>verb, 3rd person singular present</td>
<td><em>she <span style="text-decoration: underline;">thinks </span><br /></em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">VBP </span></td>
<td>verb, non-3rd person singular present</td>
<td><em>I <span style="text-decoration: underline;">think </span><br /></em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">VBD </span></td>
<td>verb, past tense</td>
<td><em>they <span style="text-decoration: underline;">thought </span><br /></em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">VBN </span></td>
<td>verb, past participle</td>
<td><em>a <span style="text-decoration: underline;">sunken</span> ship <br /></em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">VBG </span></td>
<td>verb, gerund or present participle</td>
<td><em><span style="text-decoration: underline;">thinking</span> is fun <br /></em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">WDT </span></td>
<td><em>wh</em>-determiner</td>
<td><em>which, whatever, whichever <br /></em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">WP </span></td>
<td><em>wh</em>-pronoun, personal</td>
<td><em>what, who, whom <br /></em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">WP$</span></td>
<td><em>wh</em>-pronoun, possessive</td>
<td><em>whose, whosever <br /></em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">WRB</span></td>
<td><em>wh</em>-adverb</td>
<td><em>where, when <br /></em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">. </span></td>
<td>punctuation mark, sentence closer</td>
<td><em>.;?* <br /></em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">, </span></td>
<td>punctuation mark, comma</td>
<td><em>, <br /></em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">: </span></td>
<td>punctuation mark, colon</td>
<td><em>: <br /></em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">( </span></td>
<td>contextual separator, left paren</td>
<td><em>( <br /></em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">) </span></td>
<td>contextual separator, right paren</td>
<td><em>) <br /></em></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3>Chunk tags</h3>
<p>Chunk tags are assigned to groups of words that belong together (i.e. phrases). The most common phrases are the noun phrase (<span class="postag">NP</span>, for example <em>the black cat</em>) and the verb phrase (<span class="postag">VP</span>, for example <em>is purring</em>).</p>
<table class="border">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><span class="smallcaps">Tag </span></td>
<td><span class="smallcaps">Description </span></td>
<td><span class="smallcaps">Words </span></td>
<td><span class="smallcaps">Example </span></td>
<td align="right">%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">NP </span></td>
<td>noun phrase<span class="postag"> </span></td>
<td><span class="postag">DT</span>+<span class="postag">RB</span>+<span class="postag">JJ</span>+<span class="postag">NN</span> + <span class="postag">PR</span></td>
<td><em>the strange bird</em></td>
<td align="right"> 51</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">PP </span></td>
<td>prepositional phrase</td>
<td><span class="postag">TO</span>+<span class="postag">IN </span></td>
<td><em>in between</em></td>
<td align="right"> 19</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">VP </span></td>
<td>verb phrase </td>
<td><span class="postag">RB</span>+<span class="postag">MD</span>+<span class="postag">VB </span></td>
<td><em>was looking<br /></em></td>
<td align="right">9</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">ADVP</span></td>
<td>adverb phrase</td>
<td><span class="postag">RB</span></td>
<td><em>also<br /></em></td>
<td align="right"> 6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">ADJP</span></td>
<td>adjective phrase<span class="postag"> </span></td>
<td><span class="postag">CC</span>+<span class="postag">RB</span>+<span class="postag">JJ</span></td>
<td><em>warm and cosy</em></td>
<td align="right"> 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">SBAR</span></td>
<td>subordinating conjunction </td>
<td><span class="postag">IN</span></td>
<td><em><span style="text-decoration: underline;">whether</span> or not<br /></em></td>
<td align="right">3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">PRT </span></td>
<td>particle</td>
<td><span class="postag">RP</span></td>
<td><em><span style="text-decoration: underline;">up</span> the stairs</em></td>
<td align="right"> 1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">INTJ</span></td>
<td>interjection</td>
<td><span class="postag">UH</span></td>
<td><em>hello</em><em><br /></em></td>
<td align="right"> 0</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>The IOB prefix marks whether a word is inside or outside of a chunk.</p>
<table class="border">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><span class="smallcaps">Tag </span></td>
<td><span class="smallcaps">Description </span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">I-</span></td>
<td>inside the chunk</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">B-</span></td>
<td>inside the chunk, preceding word is part of a different chunk</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">O </span></td>
<td>not part of a chunk</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>A prepositional noun phrase (<span class="postag">PNP</span>) is a group of chunks starting with a preposition (<span class="postag">PP</span>) followed by noun phrases (<span class="postag">NP</span>), for example: <em>under the table</em>.</p>
<table class="border">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><span class="smallcaps">Tag </span></td>
<td><span class="smallcaps">Description </span></td>
<td class="smallcaps">Chunks</td>
<td><span class="smallcaps">Example </span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">PNP</span></td>
<td>prepositional noun phrase</td>
<td><span class="postag">PP</span>+<span class="postag">NP</span><span class="postag"> </span></td>
<td><em>as of today</em></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3>Relation tags</h3>
<p>Relations tags describe the relation between different chunks, and clarify the role of a chunk in that relation. The most common roles in a sentence are <span class="postag">SBJ</span> (subject noun phrase) and <span class="postag">OBJ</span> (object noun phrase). They link <span class="postag">NP</span> to <span class="postag">VP</span> chunks. The subject of a sentence is the person, thing, place or idea that is <em>doing</em> or <em>being</em> something. The object of a sentence is the person/thing affected by the action.</p>
<table class="border">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><span class="smallcaps">Tag </span></td>
<td><span class="smallcaps">Description </span></td>
<td class="smallcaps">Chunks</td>
<td><span class="smallcaps">Example </span></td>
<td align="right"><span class="smallcaps">%</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">-SBJ</span></td>
<td>sentence subject</td>
<td><span class="postag">NP</span><span class="postag"> </span></td>
<td><em><span style="text-decoration: underline;">the cat</span> sat on the mat<br /></em></td>
<td align="right">35</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">-OBJ</span></td>
<td>sentence object</td>
<td><span class="postag">NP</span>+<span class="postag">SBAR</span></td>
<td><em>the cat grabs <span style="text-decoration: underline;">the fish</span><br /></em></td>
<td align="right">27</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">-PRD </span></td>
<td>predicate</td>
<td><span class="postag">PP</span>+<span class="postag">NP</span>+<span class="postag">ADJP </span></td>
<td><em>the cat feels <span style="text-decoration: underline;">warm and fuzzy</span><br /></em></td>
<td align="right">7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">-TMP</span></td>
<td>temporal </td>
<td><span class="postag">PP</span>+<span class="postag">NP</span>+<span class="postag">ADVP</span></td>
<td><em>arrive </em><em><span style="text-decoration: underline;">at noon</span> <br /></em></td>
<td align="right">7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">-CLR </span></td>
<td>closely related</td>
<td><span class="postag">PP</span>+<span class="postag">NP</span>+<span class="postag">ADVP </span></td>
<td><em>work </em><em><span style="text-decoration: underline;">as a researcher</span> <br /></em></td>
<td align="right">6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">-LOC</span></td>
<td>location </td>
<td><span class="postag">PP </span></td>
<td><em>live </em><em><span style="text-decoration: underline;">in Belgium</span> <br /></em></td>
<td align="right">4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">-DIR </span></td>
<td>direction</td>
<td><span class="postag">PP </span></td>
<td><em>walk</em><em> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">towards</span> the door<br /></em></td>
<td align="right">3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">-EXT</span></td>
<td>extent</td>
<td><span class="postag">PP</span>+<span class="postag">NP </span></td>
<td><em>drop <span style="text-decoration: underline;">10 %</span><br /></em></td>
<td align="right">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">-PRP</span></td>
<td>purpose</td>
<td><span class="postag">PP</span>+<span class="postag">SBAR </span></td>
<td><em>die <span style="text-decoration: underline;">as a result</span> of <br /></em></td>
<td align="right">1</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3>Anchor tags</h3>
<p>Anchor tags describe how prepositional noun phrases (<span class="postag">PNP</span>) are attached to other chunks in the sentence. For example, in the sentence, <em>I eat pizza with a fork</em>, the anchor of <em>with a fork</em> is <em>eat</em> because it answers the question: "In what way do I eat?"</p>
<table class="border">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><span class="smallcaps">Tag </span></td>
<td><span class="smallcaps">Description </span></td>
<td><span class="smallcaps">Example </span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">A1</span></td>
<td>anchor chunks that corresponds to <span class="postag">P1</span></td>
<td><em><span style="text-decoration: underline;">eat</span> with a fork<br /></em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="postag">P1 </span></td>
<td><span class="postag">PNP</span> that corresponds to <span class="postag">A1 </span></td>
<td><em>eat <span style="text-decoration: underline;">with a fork</span><br /></em></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Occurence estimate </strong><span class="small"><br /></span></p>
<p><span class="small">The given percentages for chunk and relations tags are based on tenfold cross validation on sections 10 to 19 of the WSJ Corpus of the Penn Treebank II by Sabine Buchholz, from which we derived a rough indication. The estimate means that if a 100 chunk tags are found, about 50 would be <span class="postag">NP</span> tags and 35 would have a <span class="postag">SBJ</span> relation tag. About 30 of the chunks would be tagged as <span class="postag">NP-SBJ</span>, and 15 as <span class="postag">NP-OBJ</span>. </span></p>
<p><span class="small"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Reference</span>: Buchholz, S. (2002). <em>Memory-Based Grammatical Relation Finding</em>. ILK, Tilburg University.</span></p>
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