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#!/usr/bin/env python
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# scripts/dwarfdump.py
#
# A clone of 'llvm-dwarfdump' in Python, based on the pyelftools library
# Roughly corresponding to v15
#
# Sources under https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/tree/main/llvm/tools/llvm-dwarfdump
#
# Utterly incompatible with 64-bit DWARF or DWARFv2 targeting a 64-bit machine.
# Also incompatible with machines that have a selector/segment in the address.
#
# Eli Bendersky (eliben@gmail.com)
# This code is in the public domain
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
import argparse
import os, sys
import traceback
# For running from development directory. It should take precedence over the
# installed pyelftools.
sys.path.insert(0, '.')
from elftools import __version__
from elftools.common.exceptions import DWARFError, ELFError
from elftools.common.utils import bytes2str
from elftools.elf.elffile import ELFFile
from elftools.dwarf.locationlists import LocationParser, LocationEntry, LocationExpr, LocationViewPair, BaseAddressEntry as LocBaseAddressEntry
from elftools.dwarf.ranges import RangeEntry # ranges.BaseAddressEntry collides with the one above
import elftools.dwarf.ranges
from elftools.dwarf.enums import *
from elftools.dwarf.dwarf_expr import DWARFExprParser, DWARFExprOp
from elftools.dwarf.datatype_cpp import DIE_name, describe_cpp_datatype
from elftools.dwarf.descriptions import describe_reg_name
# ------------------------------
# ------------------------------
def _get_cu_base(cu):
top_die = cu.get_top_DIE()
attr = top_die.attributes
if 'DW_AT_low_pc' in attr:
return attr['DW_AT_low_pc'].value
elif 'DW_AT_entry_pc' in attr:
return attr['DW_AT_entry_pc'].value
else:
raise ValueError("Can't find the base IP (low_pc) for a CU")
def _addr_str_length(die):
return die.cu.header.address_size*2
def _DIE_name(die):
if 'DW_AT_name' in die.attributes:
return bytes2str(die.attributes['DW_AT_name'].value)
elif 'DW_AT_linkage_name' in die.attributes:
return bytes2str(die.attributes['DW_AT_linkage_name'].value)
else:
raise DWARFError()
def _DIE_linkage_name(die):
if 'DW_AT_linkage_name' in die.attributes:
return bytes2str(die.attributes['DW_AT_linkage_name'].value)
elif 'DW_AT_name' in die.attributes:
return bytes2str(die.attributes['DW_AT_name'].value)
else:
raise DWARFError()
def _safe_DIE_name(die, default=None):
if 'DW_AT_name' in die.attributes:
return bytes2str(die.attributes['DW_AT_name'].value)
elif 'DW_AT_linkage_name' in die.attributes:
return bytes2str(die.attributes['DW_AT_linkage_name'].value)
else:
return default
def _safe_DIE_linkage_name(die, default=None):
if 'DW_AT_linkage_name' in die.attributes:
return bytes2str(die.attributes['DW_AT_linkage_name'].value)
elif 'DW_AT_name' in die.attributes:
return bytes2str(die.attributes['DW_AT_name'].value)
else:
return default
def _desc_ref(attr, die, extra=''):
if extra:
extra = " \"%s\"" % extra
if attr.form == 'DW_FORM_ref_addr':
return "0x%016x%s" % (attr.value, extra)
if attr.form == 'DW_FORM_ref_sig8':
return "0x%016x" % attr.value
# TODO: leading zeros on the addend to CU - sometimes present, sometimes not.
# Check by the LLVM sources.
return "cu + 0x%04x => {0x%08x}%s" % (
attr.raw_value,
die.cu.cu_offset + attr.raw_value,
extra)
def _desc_data(attr, die):
""" Hex with length driven by form
"""
len = int(attr.form[12:]) * 2
return "0x%0*x" % (len, attr.value,)
def _desc_strx(attr, die):
return "indexed (%08x) string = \"%s\"" % (attr.raw_value, bytes2str(attr.value).replace("\\", "\\\\"))
FORM_DESCRIPTIONS = dict(
DW_FORM_string=lambda attr, die: "\"%s\"" % (bytes2str(attr.value).replace("\\", "\\\\"),),
DW_FORM_strp=lambda attr, die: " .debug_str[0x%08x] = \"%s\"" % (attr.raw_value, bytes2str(attr.value).replace("\\", "\\\\")),
DW_FORM_strx1=_desc_strx,
DW_FORM_strx2=_desc_strx,
DW_FORM_strx3=_desc_strx,
DW_FORM_strx4=_desc_strx,
DW_FORM_line_strp=lambda attr, die: ".debug_line_str[0x%08x] = \"%s\"" % (attr.raw_value, bytes2str(attr.value).replace("\\", "\\\\")),
DW_FORM_flag_present=lambda attr, die: "true",
DW_FORM_flag=lambda attr, die: "0x%02x" % int(attr.value),
DW_FORM_addr=lambda attr, die: "0x%0*x" % (_addr_str_length(die), attr.value),
DW_FORM_addrx=lambda attr, die: "indexed (%08x) address = 0x%0*x" % (attr.raw_value, _addr_str_length(die), attr.value),
DW_FORM_data1=_desc_data,
DW_FORM_data2=_desc_data,
DW_FORM_data4=_desc_data,
DW_FORM_data8=_desc_data,
DW_FORM_block1=lambda attr, die: "<0x%02x> %s " % (len(attr.value), " ".join("%02x" %b for b in attr.value)),
DW_FORM_block2=lambda attr, die: "<0x%04x> %s " % (len(attr.value), " ".join("%02x" %b for b in attr.value)),
DW_FORM_block4=lambda attr, die: "<0x%08x> %s " % (len(attr.value), " ".join("%02x" %b for b in attr.value)),
DW_FORM_ref=_desc_ref,
DW_FORM_ref1=_desc_ref, DW_FORM_ref2=_desc_ref,
DW_FORM_ref4=_desc_ref, DW_FORM_ref8=_desc_ref,
DW_FORM_sec_offset=lambda attr,die: "0x%08x" % (attr.value,),
DW_FORM_exprloc=lambda attr, die: _desc_expression(attr.value, die)
)
def _desc_enum(attr, enum):
"""For attributes like DW_AT_language, physically
int, logically an enum
"""
return next((k for (k, v) in enum.items() if v == attr.value), str(attr.value))
def _cu_comp_dir(cu):
return bytes2str(cu.get_top_DIE().attributes['DW_AT_comp_dir'].value)
def _desc_decl_file(attr, die):
# Filename/dirname arrays are 0 based in DWARFv5
cu = die.cu
if not hasattr(cu, "_lineprogram"):
cu._lineprogram = die.dwarfinfo.line_program_for_CU(cu)
ver5 = cu._lineprogram.header.version >= 5
file_index = attr.value if ver5 else attr.value-1
if cu._lineprogram and file_index >= 0 and file_index < len(cu._lineprogram.header.file_entry):
file_entry = cu._lineprogram.header.file_entry[file_index]
dir_index = file_entry.dir_index if ver5 else file_entry.dir_index - 1
includes = cu._lineprogram.header.include_directory
if dir_index >= 0:
dir = bytes2str(includes[dir_index])
if dir.startswith('.'):
dir = os.path.join(_cu_comp_dir(cu), dir)
else:
dir = _cu_comp_dir(cu)
file_name = bytes2str(file_entry.name)
else:
raise DWARFError("Invalid source filename entry index in a decl_file attribute")
return "\"%s\"" % (os.path.join(dir, file_name),)
def _desc_ranges(attr, die):
di = die.cu.dwarfinfo
if not hasattr(di, '_rnglists'):
di._rangelists = di.range_lists()
rangelist = di._rangelists.get_range_list_at_offset(attr.value, die.cu)
base_ip = _get_cu_base(die.cu)
lines = []
addr_str_len = die.cu.header.address_size*2
for entry in rangelist:
if isinstance(entry, RangeEntry):
lines.append(" [0x%0*x, 0x%0*x)" % (
addr_str_len,
(0 if entry.is_absolute else base_ip) + entry.begin_offset,
addr_str_len,
(0 if entry.is_absolute else base_ip) + entry.end_offset))
elif isinstance(entry, elftools.dwarf.ranges.BaseAddressEntry):
base_ip = entry.base_address
else:
raise NotImplementedError("Unknown object in a range list")
prefix = "indexed (0x%x) rangelist = " % attr.raw_value if attr.form == 'DW_FORM_rnglistx' else ''
return ("%s0x%08x\n" % (prefix, attr.value)) + "\n".join(lines)
def _desc_locations(attr, die):
cu = die.cu
di = cu.dwarfinfo
if not hasattr(di, '_loclists'):
di._loclists = di.location_lists()
if not hasattr(di, '_locparser'):
di._locparser = LocationParser(di._loclists)
loclist = di._locparser.parse_from_attribute(attr, cu.header.version, die)
if isinstance(loclist, LocationExpr):
return _desc_expression(loclist.loc_expr, die)
else:
base_ip = _get_cu_base(cu)
lines = []
addr_str_len = die.cu.header.address_size*2
for entry in loclist:
if isinstance(entry, LocationEntry):
lines.append(" [0x%0*x, 0x%0*x): %s" % (
addr_str_len,
(0 if entry.is_absolute else base_ip) + entry.begin_offset,
addr_str_len,
(0 if entry.is_absolute else base_ip) + entry.end_offset,
_desc_expression(entry.loc_expr, die)))
elif isinstance(entry, LocBaseAddressEntry):
base_ip = entry.base_address
else:
raise NotImplementedError("Unknown object in a location list")
prefix = "indexed (0x%x) loclist = " % attr.raw_value if attr.form == 'DW_FORM_loclistx' else ''
return ("%s0x%08x:\n" % (prefix, attr.value)) + "\n".join(lines)
# By default, numeric arguments are spelled in hex with a leading 0x
def _desc_operationarg(s, cu):
if isinstance(s, str):
return s
elif isinstance(s, int):
return hex(s)
elif isinstance(s, list): # Could be a blob (list of ints), could be a subexpression
if len(s) > 0 and isinstance(s[0], DWARFExprOp): # Subexpression
return '(' + '; '.join(_desc_operation(op.op, op.op_name, op.args, cu) for op in s) + ')'
else:
return " ".join((hex(len(s)),) + tuple("0x%02x" % b for b in s))
def _arch(cu):
return cu.dwarfinfo.config.machine_arch
def _desc_reg(reg_no, cu):
reg_name = describe_reg_name(reg_no, _arch(cu), False)
return reg_name.upper() if reg_name else ""
def _desc_operation(op, op_name, args, cu):
# Not sure about regx(regno) and bregx(regno, offset)
if 0x50 <= op <= 0x6f: # reg0...reg31 - decode reg name
return op_name + " " + _desc_reg(op - 0x50, cu)
elif 0x70 <= op <= 0x8f: # breg0...breg31(offset) - also decode reg name
return '%s %s%+d' % (
op_name,
_desc_reg(op - 0x70, cu),
args[0])
elif op_name in ('DW_OP_fbreg', 'DW_OP_bra', 'DW_OP_skip', 'DW_OP_consts', ): # Argument is decimal with a leading sign
return op_name + ' ' + "%+d" % (args[0])
elif op_name in ('DW_OP_const1s', 'DW_OP_const2s'): # Argument is decimal without a leading sign
return op_name + ' ' + "%d" % (args[0])
elif op_name in ('DW_OP_entry_value', 'DW_OP_GNU_entry_value'): # No space between opcode and args
return op_name + _desc_operationarg(args[0], cu)
elif op_name == 'DW_OP_regval_type': # Arg is a DIE pointer
return "%s %s (0x%08x -> 0x%08x) \"%s\"" % (
op_name,
_desc_reg(args[0], cu),
args[1],
args[1] + cu.cu_offset,
_DIE_name(cu._get_cached_DIE(args[1] + cu.cu_offset)))
elif op_name == 'DW_OP_convert': # Arg is a DIE pointer
return "%s (0x%08x -> 0x%08x) \"%s\"" % (
op_name,
args[0],
args[0] + cu.cu_offset,
_DIE_name(cu._get_cached_DIE(args[0] + cu.cu_offset)))
elif args:
return op_name + ' ' + ', '.join(_desc_operationarg(s, cu) for s in args)
else:
return op_name
# TODO: remove this once dwarfdump catches up
UNSUPPORTED_OPS = (
'DW_OP_implicit_pointer',
'DW_OP_deref_type',
'DW_OP_GNU_parameter_ref',
'DW_OP_GNU_deref_type',
'DW_OP_GNU_implicit_pointer',
'DW_OP_GNU_convert',
'DW_OP_GNU_regval_type')
def _desc_expression(expr, die):
cu = die.cu
if not hasattr(cu, '_exprparser'):
cu._exprparser = DWARFExprParser(cu.structs)
parsed = cu._exprparser.parse_expr(expr)
# TODO: remove this once dwarfdump catches up
first_unsupported = next((i for (i, op) in enumerate(parsed) if op.op_name in UNSUPPORTED_OPS), None)
if first_unsupported is None:
lines = [_desc_operation(op.op, op.op_name, op.args, cu) for op in parsed]
else:
lines = [_desc_operation(op.op, op.op_name, op.args, cu) for op in parsed[0:first_unsupported]]
start_of_unparsed = parsed[first_unsupported].offset
lines.append("<decoding error> " + " ".join("%02x" % b for b in expr[start_of_unparsed:]))
return ", ".join(lines)
def _desc_datatype(attr, die):
"""Oy vey
"""
return _desc_ref(attr, die, describe_cpp_datatype(die))
def _get_origin_name(die):
func_die = die.get_DIE_from_attribute('DW_AT_abstract_origin')
name = _safe_DIE_linkage_name(func_die, '')
if not name:
if 'DW_AT_specification' in func_die.attributes:
name = _DIE_linkage_name(func_die.get_DIE_from_attribute('DW_AT_specification'))
elif 'DW_AT_abstract_origin' in func_die.attributes:
return _get_origin_name(func_die)
return name
def _desc_origin(attr, die):
return _desc_ref(attr, die, _get_origin_name(die))
def _desc_spec(attr, die):
return _desc_ref(attr, die,
_DIE_linkage_name(die.get_DIE_from_attribute('DW_AT_specification')))
def _desc_value(attr, die):
return str(attr.value)
ATTR_DESCRIPTIONS = dict(
DW_AT_language=lambda attr, die: _desc_enum(attr, ENUM_DW_LANG),
DW_AT_encoding=lambda attr, die: _desc_enum(attr, ENUM_DW_ATE),
DW_AT_accessibility=lambda attr, die: _desc_enum(attr, ENUM_DW_ACCESS),
DW_AT_inline=lambda attr, die: _desc_enum(attr, ENUM_DW_INL),
DW_AT_calling_convention=lambda attr, die: _desc_enum(attr, ENUM_DW_CC),
DW_AT_decl_file=_desc_decl_file,
DW_AT_decl_line=_desc_value,
DW_AT_ranges=_desc_ranges,
DW_AT_location=_desc_locations,
DW_AT_data_member_location=lambda attr, die: _desc_data(attr, die) if attr.form.startswith('DW_FORM_data') else _desc_locations(attr, die),
DW_AT_frame_base=_desc_locations,
DW_AT_type=_desc_datatype,
DW_AT_call_line=_desc_value,
DW_AT_call_file=_desc_decl_file,
DW_AT_abstract_origin=_desc_origin,
DW_AT_specification=_desc_spec,
DW_AT_call_site_value=lambda attr, die: _desc_expression(attr.value, die) if attr.form.startswith('DW_FORM_block') else _desc_locations(attr, die),
DW_AT_GNU_call_site_value=lambda attr, die: _desc_expression(attr.value, die) if attr.form.startswith('DW_FORM_block') else _desc_locations(attr, die),
)
class ReadElf(object):
""" dump_xxx is used to dump the respective section.
Mimics the output of dwarfdump with --verbose
"""
def __init__(self, filename, file, output):
""" file:
stream object with the ELF file to read
output:
output stream to write to
"""
self.elffile = ELFFile(file)
self.output = output
self._dwarfinfo = self.elffile.get_dwarf_info()
arches = {"EM_386": "i386", "EM_X86_64": "x86-64", "EM_ARM": "littlearm", "EM_AARCH64": "littleaarch64", "EM_LOONGARCH": "loongarch", "EM_RISCV": "littleriscv", "EM_MIPS": "mips", "EM_TI_C2000": "unknown"}
arch = arches[self.elffile['e_machine']]
bits = self.elffile.elfclass
self._emitline("%s: file format elf%d-%s" % (filename, bits, arch))
def _emit(self, s=''):
""" Emit an object to output
"""
self.output.write(str(s))
def _emitline(self, s=''):
""" Emit an object to output, followed by a newline
"""
self.output.write(str(s).rstrip() + '\n')
def dump_info(self):
# TODO: DWARF64 will cause discrepancies in hex offset sizes
self._emitline(".debug_info contents:")
for cu in self._dwarfinfo.iter_CUs():
if cu.header.version >= 5:
unit_type_str = " unit_type = %s," % cu.header.unit_type
else:
unit_type_str = ''
self._emitline("0x%08x: Compile Unit: length = 0x%08x, format = DWARF%d, version = 0x%04x,%s abbr_offset = 0x%04x, addr_size = 0x%02x (next unit at 0x%08x)" %(
cu.cu_offset,
cu.header.unit_length,
cu.structs.dwarf_format,
cu.header.version,
unit_type_str,
cu.header.debug_abbrev_offset,
cu.header.address_size,
cu.cu_offset + (4 if cu.structs.dwarf_format == 32 else 12) + cu.header.unit_length))
self._emitline()
parent = cu.get_top_DIE()
for die in cu.iter_DIEs():
if die.get_parent() == parent:
parent = die
if not die.is_null():
self._emitline("0x%08x: %s [%d] %s %s" % (
die.offset,
die.tag if isinstance(die.tag, str) else "DW_TAG_unknown_%x" % die.tag,
die.abbrev_code,
'*' if die.has_children else '',
'(0x%08x)' % die.get_parent().offset if die.get_parent() is not None else ''))
for attr_name in die.attributes:
attr = die.attributes[attr_name]
self._emitline(" %s [%s] (%s)" % (
attr_name if isinstance(attr_name, str) else "DW_AT_unknown_%x" % (attr_name,),
attr.form,
self.describe_attr_value(die, attr)))
else:
self._emitline("0x%08x: NULL" % (die.offset,))
parent = die.get_parent()
self._emitline()
def describe_attr_value(self, die, attr):
"""This describes the attribute value in the way that's compatible
with llvm_dwarfdump. Somewhat duplicates the work of describe_attr_value() in descriptions
"""
if attr.name in ATTR_DESCRIPTIONS:
return ATTR_DESCRIPTIONS[attr.name](attr, die)
elif attr.form in FORM_DESCRIPTIONS:
return FORM_DESCRIPTIONS[attr.form](attr, die)
else:
return str(attr.value)
def dump_loc(self):
pass
def dump_loclists(self):
pass
def dump_ranges(self):
pass
def dump_v4_rangelist(self, rangelist, cu_map):
cu = cu_map[rangelist[0].entry_offset]
addr_str_len = cu.header.address_size*2
base_ip = _get_cu_base(cu)
for entry in rangelist:
if isinstance(entry, RangeEntry):
self._emitline("[0x%0*x, 0x%0*x)" % (
addr_str_len,
(0 if entry.is_absolute else base_ip) + entry.begin_offset,
addr_str_len,
(0 if entry.is_absolute else base_ip) + entry.end_offset))
elif isinstance(entry, elftools.dwarf.ranges.BaseAddressEntry):
base_ip = entry.base_address
else:
raise NotImplementedError("Unknown object in a range list")
def dump_rnglists(self):
self._emitline(".debug_rnglists contents:")
ranges_sec = self._dwarfinfo.range_lists()
if ranges_sec.version < 5:
return
cu_map = {die.attributes['DW_AT_ranges'].value : cu # Dict from range offset to home CU
for cu in self._dwarfinfo.iter_CUs()
for die in cu.iter_DIEs()
if 'DW_AT_ranges' in die.attributes}
for cu in ranges_sec.iter_CUs():
self._emitline("0x%08x: range list header: length = 0x%08x, format = DWARF%d, version = 0x%04x, addr_size = 0x%02x, seg_size = 0x%02x, offset_entry_count = 0x%08x" % (
cu.cu_offset,
cu.unit_length,
64 if cu.is64 else 32,
cu.version,
cu.address_size,
cu.segment_selector_size,
cu.offset_count))
self._emitline("ranges:")
if cu.offset_count > 0:
rangelists = [ranges_sec.get_range_list_at_offset_ex(offset) for offset in cu.offsets]
else:
rangelists = list(ranges_sec.iter_CU_range_lists_ex(cu))
# We have to parse it completely before dumping, because dwarfdump aligns columns,
# no way to do that without some lookahead
max_type_len = max(len(entry.entry_type) for rangelist in rangelists for entry in rangelist)
for rangelist in rangelists:
self.dump_v5_rangelist(rangelist, cu_map, max_type_len)
def dump_v5_rangelist(self, rangelist, cu_map, max_type_len):
cu = cu_map[rangelist[0].entry_offset]
addr_str_len = cu.header.address_size*2
base_ip = _get_cu_base(cu)
for entry in rangelist:
type = entry.entry_type
self._emit("0x%08x: [%s]: " % (entry.entry_offset, type.ljust(max_type_len)))
if type == 'DW_RLE_base_address':
base_ip = entry.address
self._emitline("0x%0*x" % (addr_str_len, base_ip))
elif type == 'DW_RLE_offset_pair':
self._emitline("0x%0*x, 0x%0*x => [0x%0*x, 0x%0*x)" % (
addr_str_len, entry.start_offset,
addr_str_len, entry.end_offset,
addr_str_len, entry.start_offset + base_ip,
addr_str_len, entry.end_offset + base_ip))
elif type == 'DW_RLE_start_length':
self._emitline("0x%0*x, 0x%0*x => [0x%0*x, 0x%0*x)" % (
addr_str_len, entry.start_address,
addr_str_len, entry.length,
addr_str_len, entry.start_address,
addr_str_len, entry.start_address + entry.length))
elif type == 'DW_RLE_start_end':
self._emitline("0x%0*x, 0x%0*x => [0x%0*x, 0x%0*x)" % (
addr_str_len, entry.start_address,
addr_str_len, entry.end_address,
addr_str_len, entry.start_address,
addr_str_len, entry.end_address))
else:
raise NotImplementedError()
last = rangelist[-1]
self._emitline("0x%08x: [DW_RLE_end_of_list ]" % (last.entry_offset + last.entry_length,))
SCRIPT_DESCRIPTION = 'Display information about the contents of ELF format files'
VERSION_STRING = '%%(prog)s: based on pyelftools %s' % __version__
def main(stream=None):
# parse the command-line arguments and invoke ReadElf
argparser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
usage='usage: %(prog)s [options] <elf-file>',
description=SCRIPT_DESCRIPTION,
add_help=False,
prog='readelf.py')
argparser.add_argument('file',
nargs='?', default=None,
help='ELF file to parse')
argparser.add_argument('-H', '--help',
action='store_true', dest='help',
help='Display this information')
argparser.add_argument('--verbose',
action='store_true', dest='verbose',
help=('For compatibility with dwarfdump. Non-verbose mode is not implemented.'))
# Section dumpers
sections = ('info', 'loclists', 'rnglists') # 'loc', 'ranges' not implemented yet
for section in sections:
argparser.add_argument('--debug-%s' % section,
action='store_true', dest=section,
help=('Display the contents of DWARF debug_%s section.' % section))
args = argparser.parse_args()
if args.help or not args.file:
argparser.print_help()
sys.exit(0)
# A compatibility hack on top of a compatibility hack :(
del ENUM_DW_TAG["DW_TAG_template_type_param"]
del ENUM_DW_TAG["DW_TAG_template_value_param"]
ENUM_DW_TAG['DW_TAG_template_type_parameter'] = 0x2f
ENUM_DW_TAG['DW_TAG_template_value_parameter'] = 0x30
del ENUM_DW_TAG['DW_TAG_lo_user'] # dwarfdump dumps it as unknown
with open(args.file, 'rb') as file:
try:
readelf = ReadElf(args.file, file, stream or sys.stdout)
if args.info:
readelf.dump_info()
if args.loclists:
readelf.dump_loclists()
if args.rnglists:
readelf.dump_rnglists()
#if args.loc:
# readelf.dump_loc()
#if args.ranges:
# readelf.dump_ranges()
except ELFError as ex:
sys.stdout.flush()
sys.stderr.write('ELF error: %s\n' % ex)
if args.show_traceback:
traceback.print_exc()
sys.exit(1)
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
#profile_main()
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