.. _topics-items:

=====
Items
=====

.. module:: scrapy.item
   :synopsis: Item and Field classes

The main goal in scraping is to extract structured data from unstructured
sources, typically, web pages. Scrapy spiders can return the extracted data
as Python dicts. While convenient and familiar, Python dicts lack structure:
it is easy to make a typo in a field name or return inconsistent data,
especially in a larger project with many spiders.

To define common output data format Scrapy provides the :class:`Item` class.
:class:`Item` objects are simple containers used to collect the scraped data.
They provide a `dictionary-like`_ API with a convenient syntax for declaring
their available fields. 

Various Scrapy components use extra information provided by Items: 
exporters look at declared fields to figure out columns to export,
serialization can be customized using Item fields metadata, :mod:`trackref`
tracks Item instances to help find memory leaks 
(see :ref:`topics-leaks-trackrefs`), etc.

.. _dictionary-like: https://docs.python.org/2/library/stdtypes.html#dict

.. _topics-items-declaring:

Declaring Items
===============

Items are declared using a simple class definition syntax and :class:`Field`
objects. Here is an example::

    import scrapy

    class Product(scrapy.Item):
        name = scrapy.Field()
        price = scrapy.Field()
        stock = scrapy.Field()
        last_updated = scrapy.Field(serializer=str)

.. note:: Those familiar with `Django`_ will notice that Scrapy Items are
   declared similar to `Django Models`_, except that Scrapy Items are much
   simpler as there is no concept of different field types.

.. _Django: https://www.djangoproject.com/
.. _Django Models: https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/topics/db/models/

.. _topics-items-fields:

Item Fields
===========

:class:`Field` objects are used to specify metadata for each field. For
example, the serializer function for the ``last_updated`` field illustrated in
the example above.

You can specify any kind of metadata for each field. There is no restriction on
the values accepted by :class:`Field` objects. For this same
reason, there is no reference list of all available metadata keys. Each key
defined in :class:`Field` objects could be used by a different component, and
only those components know about it. You can also define and use any other
:class:`Field` key in your project too, for your own needs. The main goal of
:class:`Field` objects is to provide a way to define all field metadata in one
place. Typically, those components whose behaviour depends on each field use
certain field keys to configure that behaviour. You must refer to their
documentation to see which metadata keys are used by each component.

It's important to note that the :class:`Field` objects used to declare the item
do not stay assigned as class attributes. Instead, they can be accessed through
the :attr:`Item.fields` attribute.

Working with Items
==================

Here are some examples of common tasks performed with items, using the
``Product`` item :ref:`declared above  <topics-items-declaring>`. You will
notice the API is very similar to the `dict API`_.

Creating items
--------------

::

    >>> product = Product(name='Desktop PC', price=1000)
    >>> print product
    Product(name='Desktop PC', price=1000)

Getting field values
--------------------

::

    >>> product['name']
    Desktop PC
    >>> product.get('name')
    Desktop PC

    >>> product['price']
    1000

    >>> product['last_updated']
    Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
    KeyError: 'last_updated'

    >>> product.get('last_updated', 'not set')
    not set

    >>> product['lala'] # getting unknown field
    Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
    KeyError: 'lala'

    >>> product.get('lala', 'unknown field')
    'unknown field'

    >>> 'name' in product  # is name field populated?
    True

    >>> 'last_updated' in product  # is last_updated populated?
    False

    >>> 'last_updated' in product.fields  # is last_updated a declared field?
    True

    >>> 'lala' in product.fields  # is lala a declared field?
    False

Setting field values
--------------------

::

    >>> product['last_updated'] = 'today'
    >>> product['last_updated']
    today

    >>> product['lala'] = 'test' # setting unknown field
    Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
    KeyError: 'Product does not support field: lala'

Accessing all populated values
------------------------------

To access all populated values, just use the typical `dict API`_::

    >>> product.keys()
    ['price', 'name']

    >>> product.items()
    [('price', 1000), ('name', 'Desktop PC')]

Other common tasks
------------------

Copying items::

    >>> product2 = Product(product)
    >>> print product2
    Product(name='Desktop PC', price=1000)

    >>> product3 = product2.copy()
    >>> print product3
    Product(name='Desktop PC', price=1000)

Creating dicts from items::

    >>> dict(product) # create a dict from all populated values
    {'price': 1000, 'name': 'Desktop PC'}

Creating items from dicts::

    >>> Product({'name': 'Laptop PC', 'price': 1500})
    Product(price=1500, name='Laptop PC')

    >>> Product({'name': 'Laptop PC', 'lala': 1500}) # warning: unknown field in dict
    Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
    KeyError: 'Product does not support field: lala'

Extending Items
===============

You can extend Items (to add more fields or to change some metadata for some
fields) by declaring a subclass of your original Item.

For example::

    class DiscountedProduct(Product):
        discount_percent = scrapy.Field(serializer=str)
        discount_expiration_date = scrapy.Field()

You can also extend field metadata by using the previous field metadata and
appending more values, or changing existing values, like this::

    class SpecificProduct(Product):
        name = scrapy.Field(Product.fields['name'], serializer=my_serializer)

That adds (or replaces) the ``serializer`` metadata key for the ``name`` field,
keeping all the previously existing metadata values.

Item objects
============

.. class:: Item([arg])

    Return a new Item optionally initialized from the given argument.

    Items replicate the standard `dict API`_, including its constructor. The
    only additional attribute provided by Items is:

    .. attribute:: fields

        A dictionary containing *all declared fields* for this Item, not only
        those populated. The keys are the field names and the values are the
        :class:`Field` objects used in the :ref:`Item declaration
        <topics-items-declaring>`.

.. _dict API: https://docs.python.org/2/library/stdtypes.html#dict

Field objects
=============

.. class:: Field([arg])

    The :class:`Field` class is just an alias to the built-in `dict`_ class and
    doesn't provide any extra functionality or attributes. In other words,
    :class:`Field` objects are plain-old Python dicts. A separate class is used
    to support the :ref:`item declaration syntax <topics-items-declaring>`
    based on class attributes.

.. _dict: https://docs.python.org/2/library/stdtypes.html#dict