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.. _topics-selectors:

=========
Selectors
=========

When you're scraping web pages, the most common task you need to perform is
to extract data from the HTML source. There are several libraries available to
achieve this:

 * `BeautifulSoup`_ is a very popular web scraping library among Python
   programmers which constructs a Python object based on the structure of the
   HTML code and also deals with bad markup reasonably well, but it has one
   drawback: it's slow.

 * `lxml`_ is an XML parsing library (which also parses HTML) with a pythonic
   API based on `ElementTree`_. (lxml is not part of the Python standard
   library.)

Scrapy comes with its own mechanism for extracting data. They're called
selectors because they "select" certain parts of the HTML document specified
either by `XPath`_ or `CSS`_ expressions.

`XPath`_ is a language for selecting nodes in XML documents, which can also be
used with HTML. `CSS`_ is a language for applying styles to HTML documents. It
defines selectors to associate those styles with specific HTML elements.

Scrapy selectors are built over the `lxml`_ library, which means they're very
similar in speed and parsing accuracy.

This page explains how selectors work and describes their API which is very
small and simple, unlike the `lxml`_ API which is much bigger because the
`lxml`_ library can be used for many other tasks, besides selecting markup
documents.

For a complete reference of the selectors API see
:ref:`Selector reference <topics-selectors-ref>`

.. _BeautifulSoup: https://www.crummy.com/software/BeautifulSoup/
.. _lxml: http://lxml.de/
.. _ElementTree: https://docs.python.org/2/library/xml.etree.elementtree.html
.. _cssselect: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/cssselect/
.. _XPath: https://www.w3.org/TR/xpath
.. _CSS: https://www.w3.org/TR/selectors


Using selectors
===============

Constructing selectors
----------------------

.. highlight:: python

Scrapy selectors are instances of :class:`~scrapy.selector.Selector` class
constructed by passing **text** or :class:`~scrapy.http.TextResponse`
object. It automatically chooses the best parsing rules (XML vs HTML) based on
input type::

    >>> from scrapy.selector import Selector
    >>> from scrapy.http import HtmlResponse

Constructing from text::

    >>> body = '<html><body><span>good</span></body></html>'
    >>> Selector(text=body).xpath('//span/text()').extract()
    [u'good']

Constructing from response::

    >>> response = HtmlResponse(url='http://example.com', body=body)
    >>> Selector(response=response).xpath('//span/text()').extract()
    [u'good']

For convenience, response objects expose a selector on `.selector` attribute,
it's totally OK to use this shortcut when possible::

    >>> response.selector.xpath('//span/text()').extract()
    [u'good']


Using selectors
---------------

To explain how to use the selectors we'll use the `Scrapy shell` (which
provides interactive testing) and an example page located in the Scrapy
documentation server:

    https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/_static/selectors-sample1.html

.. _topics-selectors-htmlcode:

Here's its HTML code:

.. literalinclude:: ../_static/selectors-sample1.html
   :language: html

.. highlight:: sh

First, let's open the shell::

    scrapy shell https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/_static/selectors-sample1.html

Then, after the shell loads, you'll have the response available as ``response``
shell variable, and its attached selector in ``response.selector`` attribute.

Since we're dealing with HTML, the selector will automatically use an HTML parser.

.. highlight:: python

So, by looking at the :ref:`HTML code <topics-selectors-htmlcode>` of that
page, let's construct an XPath for selecting the text inside the title tag::

    >>> response.selector.xpath('//title/text()')
    [<Selector (text) xpath=//title/text()>]

Querying responses using XPath and CSS is so common that responses include two
convenience shortcuts: ``response.xpath()`` and ``response.css()``::

    >>> response.xpath('//title/text()')
    [<Selector (text) xpath=//title/text()>]
    >>> response.css('title::text')
    [<Selector (text) xpath=//title/text()>]

As you can see, ``.xpath()`` and ``.css()`` methods return a
:class:`~scrapy.selector.SelectorList` instance, which is a list of new
selectors. This API can be used for quickly selecting nested data::

    >>> response.css('img').xpath('@src').extract()
    [u'image1_thumb.jpg',
     u'image2_thumb.jpg',
     u'image3_thumb.jpg',
     u'image4_thumb.jpg',
     u'image5_thumb.jpg']

To actually extract the textual data, you must call the selector ``.extract()``
method, as follows::

    >>> response.xpath('//title/text()').extract()
    [u'Example website']

If you want to extract only first matched element, you can call the selector ``.extract_first()``

    >>> response.xpath('//div[@id="images"]/a/text()').extract_first()
    u'Name: My image 1 '

It returns ``None`` if no element was found:

    >>> response.xpath('//div[@id="not-exists"]/text()').extract_first() is None
    True

A default return value can be provided as an argument, to be used instead of ``None``:

    >>> response.xpath('//div[@id="not-exists"]/text()').extract_first(default='not-found')
    'not-found'

Notice that CSS selectors can select text or attribute nodes using CSS3
pseudo-elements::

    >>> response.css('title::text').extract()
    [u'Example website']

Now we're going to get the base URL and some image links::

    >>> response.xpath('//base/@href').extract()
    [u'http://example.com/']

    >>> response.css('base::attr(href)').extract()
    [u'http://example.com/']

    >>> response.xpath('//a[contains(@href, "image")]/@href').extract()
    [u'image1.html',
     u'image2.html',
     u'image3.html',
     u'image4.html',
     u'image5.html']

    >>> response.css('a[href*=image]::attr(href)').extract()
    [u'image1.html',
     u'image2.html',
     u'image3.html',
     u'image4.html',
     u'image5.html']

    >>> response.xpath('//a[contains(@href, "image")]/img/@src').extract()
    [u'image1_thumb.jpg',
     u'image2_thumb.jpg',
     u'image3_thumb.jpg',
     u'image4_thumb.jpg',
     u'image5_thumb.jpg']

    >>> response.css('a[href*=image] img::attr(src)').extract()
    [u'image1_thumb.jpg',
     u'image2_thumb.jpg',
     u'image3_thumb.jpg',
     u'image4_thumb.jpg',
     u'image5_thumb.jpg']

.. _topics-selectors-nesting-selectors:

Nesting selectors
-----------------

The selection methods (``.xpath()`` or ``.css()``) return a list of selectors
of the same type, so you can call the selection methods for those selectors
too. Here's an example::

    >>> links = response.xpath('//a[contains(@href, "image")]')
    >>> links.extract()
    [u'<a href="image1.html">Name: My image 1 <br><img src="image1_thumb.jpg"></a>',
     u'<a href="image2.html">Name: My image 2 <br><img src="image2_thumb.jpg"></a>',
     u'<a href="image3.html">Name: My image 3 <br><img src="image3_thumb.jpg"></a>',
     u'<a href="image4.html">Name: My image 4 <br><img src="image4_thumb.jpg"></a>',
     u'<a href="image5.html">Name: My image 5 <br><img src="image5_thumb.jpg"></a>']

    >>> for index, link in enumerate(links):
    ...     args = (index, link.xpath('@href').extract(), link.xpath('img/@src').extract())
    ...     print 'Link number %d points to url %s and image %s' % args

    Link number 0 points to url [u'image1.html'] and image [u'image1_thumb.jpg']
    Link number 1 points to url [u'image2.html'] and image [u'image2_thumb.jpg']
    Link number 2 points to url [u'image3.html'] and image [u'image3_thumb.jpg']
    Link number 3 points to url [u'image4.html'] and image [u'image4_thumb.jpg']
    Link number 4 points to url [u'image5.html'] and image [u'image5_thumb.jpg']

Using selectors with regular expressions
----------------------------------------

:class:`~scrapy.selector.Selector` also has a ``.re()`` method for extracting
data using regular expressions. However, unlike using ``.xpath()`` or
``.css()`` methods, ``.re()`` returns a list of unicode strings. So you
can't construct nested ``.re()`` calls.

Here's an example used to extract image names from the :ref:`HTML code
<topics-selectors-htmlcode>` above::

    >>> response.xpath('//a[contains(@href, "image")]/text()').re(r'Name:\s*(.*)')
    [u'My image 1',
     u'My image 2',
     u'My image 3',
     u'My image 4',
     u'My image 5']

There's an additional helper reciprocating ``.extract_first()`` for ``.re()``,
named ``.re_first()``. Use it to extract just the first matching string::

    >>> response.xpath('//a[contains(@href, "image")]/text()').re_first(r'Name:\s*(.*)')
    u'My image 1'

.. _topics-selectors-relative-xpaths:

Working with relative XPaths
----------------------------

Keep in mind that if you are nesting selectors and use an XPath that starts
with ``/``, that XPath will be absolute to the document and not relative to the
``Selector`` you're calling it from.

For example, suppose you want to extract all ``<p>`` elements inside ``<div>``
elements. First, you would get all ``<div>`` elements::

    >>> divs = response.xpath('//div')

At first, you may be tempted to use the following approach, which is wrong, as
it actually extracts all ``<p>`` elements from the document, not only those
inside ``<div>`` elements::

    >>> for p in divs.xpath('//p'):  # this is wrong - gets all <p> from the whole document
    ...     print p.extract()

This is the proper way to do it (note the dot prefixing the ``.//p`` XPath)::

    >>> for p in divs.xpath('.//p'):  # extracts all <p> inside
    ...     print p.extract()

Another common case would be to extract all direct ``<p>`` children::

    >>> for p in divs.xpath('p'):
    ...     print p.extract()

For more details about relative XPaths see the `Location Paths`_ section in the
XPath specification.

.. _Location Paths: https://www.w3.org/TR/xpath#location-paths

.. _topics-selectors-xpath-variables:

Variables in XPath expressions
------------------------------

XPath allows you to reference variables in your XPath expressions, using
the ``$somevariable`` syntax. This is somewhat similar to parameterized
queries or prepared statements in the SQL world where you replace
some arguments in your queries with placeholders like ``?``,
which are then substituted with values passed with the query.

Here's an example to match an element based on its "id" attribute value,
without hard-coding it (that was shown previously)::

    >>> # `$val` used in the expression, a `val` argument needs to be passed
    >>> response.xpath('//div[@id=$val]/a/text()', val='images').extract_first()
    u'Name: My image 1 '

Here's another example, to find the "id" attribute of a ``<div>`` tag containing
five ``<a>`` children (here we pass the value ``5`` as an integer)::

    >>> response.xpath('//div[count(a)=$cnt]/@id', cnt=5).extract_first()
    u'images'

All variable references must have a binding value when calling ``.xpath()``
(otherwise you'll get a ``ValueError: XPath error:`` exception).
This is done by passing as many named arguments as necessary.

`parsel`_, the library powering Scrapy selectors, has more details and examples
on `XPath variables`_.

.. _parsel: https://parsel.readthedocs.io/
.. _XPath variables: https://parsel.readthedocs.io/en/latest/usage.html#variables-in-xpath-expressions

Using EXSLT extensions
----------------------

Being built atop `lxml`_, Scrapy selectors also support some `EXSLT`_ extensions
and come with these pre-registered namespaces to use in XPath expressions:


======  =====================================    =======================
prefix  namespace                                usage
======  =====================================    =======================
re      \http://exslt.org/regular-expressions    `regular expressions`_
set     \http://exslt.org/sets                   `set manipulation`_
======  =====================================    =======================

Regular expressions
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The ``test()`` function, for example, can prove quite useful when XPath's
``starts-with()`` or ``contains()`` are not sufficient.

Example selecting links in list item with a "class" attribute ending with a digit::

    >>> from scrapy import Selector
    >>> doc = """
    ... <div>
    ...     <ul>
    ...         <li class="item-0"><a href="link1.html">first item</a></li>
    ...         <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
    ...         <li class="item-inactive"><a href="link3.html">third item</a></li>
    ...         <li class="item-1"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
    ...         <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
    ...     </ul>
    ... </div>
    ... """
    >>> sel = Selector(text=doc, type="html")
    >>> sel.xpath('//li//@href').extract()
    [u'link1.html', u'link2.html', u'link3.html', u'link4.html', u'link5.html']
    >>> sel.xpath('//li[re:test(@class, "item-\d$")]//@href').extract()
    [u'link1.html', u'link2.html', u'link4.html', u'link5.html']
    >>>

.. warning:: C library ``libxslt`` doesn't natively support EXSLT regular
    expressions so `lxml`_'s implementation uses hooks to Python's ``re`` module.
    Thus, using regexp functions in your XPath expressions may add a small
    performance penalty.

Set operations
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

These can be handy for excluding parts of a document tree before
extracting text elements for example.

Example extracting microdata (sample content taken from http://schema.org/Product)
with groups of itemscopes and corresponding itemprops::

    >>> doc = """
    ... <div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Product">
    ...   <span itemprop="name">Kenmore White 17" Microwave</span>
    ...   <img src="kenmore-microwave-17in.jpg" alt='Kenmore 17" Microwave' />
    ...   <div itemprop="aggregateRating"
    ...     itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/AggregateRating">
    ...    Rated <span itemprop="ratingValue">3.5</span>/5
    ...    based on <span itemprop="reviewCount">11</span> customer reviews
    ...   </div>
    ...
    ...   <div itemprop="offers" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Offer">
    ...     <span itemprop="price">$55.00</span>
    ...     <link itemprop="availability" href="http://schema.org/InStock" />In stock
    ...   </div>
    ...
    ...   Product description:
    ...   <span itemprop="description">0.7 cubic feet countertop microwave.
    ...   Has six preset cooking categories and convenience features like
    ...   Add-A-Minute and Child Lock.</span>
    ...
    ...   Customer reviews:
    ...
    ...   <div itemprop="review" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Review">
    ...     <span itemprop="name">Not a happy camper</span> -
    ...     by <span itemprop="author">Ellie</span>,
    ...     <meta itemprop="datePublished" content="2011-04-01">April 1, 2011
    ...     <div itemprop="reviewRating" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Rating">
    ...       <meta itemprop="worstRating" content = "1">
    ...       <span itemprop="ratingValue">1</span>/
    ...       <span itemprop="bestRating">5</span>stars
    ...     </div>
    ...     <span itemprop="description">The lamp burned out and now I have to replace
    ...     it. </span>
    ...   </div>
    ...
    ...   <div itemprop="review" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Review">
    ...     <span itemprop="name">Value purchase</span> -
    ...     by <span itemprop="author">Lucas</span>,
    ...     <meta itemprop="datePublished" content="2011-03-25">March 25, 2011
    ...     <div itemprop="reviewRating" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Rating">
    ...       <meta itemprop="worstRating" content = "1"/>
    ...       <span itemprop="ratingValue">4</span>/
    ...       <span itemprop="bestRating">5</span>stars
    ...     </div>
    ...     <span itemprop="description">Great microwave for the price. It is small and
    ...     fits in my apartment.</span>
    ...   </div>
    ...   ...
    ... </div>
    ... """
    >>> sel = Selector(text=doc, type="html")
    >>> for scope in sel.xpath('//div[@itemscope]'):
    ...     print "current scope:", scope.xpath('@itemtype').extract()
    ...     props = scope.xpath('''
    ...                 set:difference(./descendant::*/@itemprop,
    ...                                .//*[@itemscope]/*/@itemprop)''')
    ...     print "    properties:", props.extract()
    ...     print

    current scope: [u'http://schema.org/Product']
        properties: [u'name', u'aggregateRating', u'offers', u'description', u'review', u'review']

    current scope: [u'http://schema.org/AggregateRating']
        properties: [u'ratingValue', u'reviewCount']

    current scope: [u'http://schema.org/Offer']
        properties: [u'price', u'availability']

    current scope: [u'http://schema.org/Review']
        properties: [u'name', u'author', u'datePublished', u'reviewRating', u'description']

    current scope: [u'http://schema.org/Rating']
        properties: [u'worstRating', u'ratingValue', u'bestRating']

    current scope: [u'http://schema.org/Review']
        properties: [u'name', u'author', u'datePublished', u'reviewRating', u'description']

    current scope: [u'http://schema.org/Rating']
        properties: [u'worstRating', u'ratingValue', u'bestRating']

    >>>

Here we first iterate over ``itemscope`` elements, and for each one,
we look for all ``itemprops`` elements and exclude those that are themselves
inside another ``itemscope``.

.. _EXSLT: http://exslt.org/
.. _regular expressions: http://exslt.org/regexp/index.html
.. _set manipulation: http://exslt.org/set/index.html


Some XPath tips
---------------

Here are some tips that you may find useful when using XPath
with Scrapy selectors, based on `this post from ScrapingHub's blog`_.
If you are not much familiar with XPath yet,
you may want to take a look first at this `XPath tutorial`_.


.. _`XPath tutorial`: http://www.zvon.org/comp/r/tut-XPath_1.html
.. _`this post from ScrapingHub's blog`: https://blog.scrapinghub.com/2014/07/17/xpath-tips-from-the-web-scraping-trenches/


Using text nodes in a condition
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

When you need to use the text content as argument to an `XPath string function`_,
avoid using ``.//text()`` and use just ``.`` instead.

This is because the expression ``.//text()`` yields a collection of text elements -- a *node-set*.
And when a node-set is converted to a string, which happens when it is passed as argument to
a string function like ``contains()`` or ``starts-with()``, it results in the text for the first element only.

Example::

    >>> from scrapy import Selector
    >>> sel = Selector(text='<a href="#">Click here to go to the <strong>Next Page</strong></a>')

Converting a *node-set* to string::

    >>> sel.xpath('//a//text()').extract() # take a peek at the node-set
    [u'Click here to go to the ', u'Next Page']
    >>> sel.xpath("string(//a[1]//text())").extract() # convert it to string
    [u'Click here to go to the ']

A *node* converted to a string, however, puts together the text of itself plus of all its descendants::

    >>> sel.xpath("//a[1]").extract() # select the first node
    [u'<a href="#">Click here to go to the <strong>Next Page</strong></a>']
    >>> sel.xpath("string(//a[1])").extract() # convert it to string
    [u'Click here to go to the Next Page']

So, using the ``.//text()`` node-set won't select anything in this case::

    >>> sel.xpath("//a[contains(.//text(), 'Next Page')]").extract()
    []

But using the ``.`` to mean the node, works::

    >>> sel.xpath("//a[contains(., 'Next Page')]").extract()
    [u'<a href="#">Click here to go to the <strong>Next Page</strong></a>']

.. _`XPath string function`: https://www.w3.org/TR/xpath/#section-String-Functions

Beware of the difference between //node[1] and (//node)[1]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

``//node[1]`` selects all the nodes occurring first under their respective parents.

``(//node)[1]`` selects all the nodes in the document, and then gets only the first of them.

Example::

    >>> from scrapy import Selector
    >>> sel = Selector(text="""
    ....:     <ul class="list">
    ....:         <li>1</li>
    ....:         <li>2</li>
    ....:         <li>3</li>
    ....:     </ul>
    ....:     <ul class="list">
    ....:         <li>4</li>
    ....:         <li>5</li>
    ....:         <li>6</li>
    ....:     </ul>""")
    >>> xp = lambda x: sel.xpath(x).extract()

This gets all first ``<li>``  elements under whatever it is its parent::

    >>> xp("//li[1]")
    [u'<li>1</li>', u'<li>4</li>']

And this gets the first ``<li>``  element in the whole document::

    >>> xp("(//li)[1]")
    [u'<li>1</li>']

This gets all first ``<li>``  elements under an ``<ul>``  parent::

    >>> xp("//ul/li[1]")
    [u'<li>1</li>', u'<li>4</li>']

And this gets the first ``<li>``  element under an ``<ul>``  parent in the whole document::

    >>> xp("(//ul/li)[1]")
    [u'<li>1</li>']

When querying by class, consider using CSS
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Because an element can contain multiple CSS classes, the XPath way to select elements
by class is the rather verbose::

    *[contains(concat(' ', normalize-space(@class), ' '), ' someclass ')]

If you use ``@class='someclass'`` you may end up missing elements that have
other classes, and if you just use ``contains(@class, 'someclass')`` to make up
for that you may end up with more elements that you want, if they have a different
class name that shares the string ``someclass``.

As it turns out, Scrapy selectors allow you to chain selectors, so most of the time
you can just select by class using CSS and then switch to XPath when needed::

    >>> from scrapy import Selector
    >>> sel = Selector(text='<div class="hero shout"><time datetime="2014-07-23 19:00">Special date</time></div>')
    >>> sel.css('.shout').xpath('./time/@datetime').extract()
    [u'2014-07-23 19:00']

This is cleaner than using the verbose XPath trick shown above. Just remember
to use the ``.`` in the XPath expressions that will follow.


.. _topics-selectors-ref:

Built-in Selectors reference
============================

.. module:: scrapy.selector
   :synopsis: Selector class

Selector objects
----------------

.. class:: Selector(response=None, text=None, type=None)

  An instance of :class:`Selector` is a wrapper over response to select
  certain parts of its content.

  ``response`` is an :class:`~scrapy.http.HtmlResponse` or an
  :class:`~scrapy.http.XmlResponse` object that will be used for selecting and
  extracting data.

  ``text`` is a unicode string or utf-8 encoded text for cases when a
  ``response`` isn't available. Using ``text`` and ``response`` together is
  undefined behavior.

  ``type`` defines the selector type, it can be ``"html"``, ``"xml"`` or ``None`` (default).

    If ``type`` is ``None``, the selector automatically chooses the best type
    based on ``response`` type (see below), or defaults to ``"html"`` in case it
    is used together with ``text``.

    If ``type`` is ``None`` and a ``response`` is passed, the selector type is
    inferred from the response type as follows:

        * ``"html"`` for :class:`~scrapy.http.HtmlResponse` type
        * ``"xml"`` for :class:`~scrapy.http.XmlResponse` type
        * ``"html"`` for anything else

   Otherwise, if ``type`` is set, the selector type will be forced and no
   detection will occur.

  .. method:: xpath(query)

      Find nodes matching the xpath ``query`` and return the result as a
      :class:`SelectorList` instance with all elements flattened. List
      elements implement :class:`Selector` interface too.

      ``query`` is a string containing the XPATH query to apply.

      .. note::

          For convenience, this method can be called as ``response.xpath()``

  .. method:: css(query)

      Apply the given CSS selector and return a :class:`SelectorList` instance.

      ``query`` is a string containing the CSS selector to apply.

      In the background, CSS queries are translated into XPath queries using
      `cssselect`_ library and run ``.xpath()`` method.

      .. note::

          For convenience this method can be called as ``response.css()``

  .. method:: extract()

     Serialize and return the matched nodes as a list of unicode strings.
     Percent encoded content is unquoted.

  .. method:: re(regex)

     Apply the given regex and return a list of unicode strings with the
     matches.

     ``regex`` can be either a compiled regular expression or a string which
     will be compiled to a regular expression using ``re.compile(regex)``

    .. note::

        Note that ``re()`` and ``re_first()`` both decode HTML entities (except ``&lt;`` and ``&amp;``).

  .. method:: register_namespace(prefix, uri)

     Register the given namespace to be used in this :class:`Selector`.
     Without registering namespaces you can't select or extract data from
     non-standard namespaces. See examples below.

  .. method:: remove_namespaces()

     Remove all namespaces, allowing to traverse the document using
     namespace-less xpaths. See example below.

  .. method:: __nonzero__()

     Returns ``True`` if there is any real content selected or ``False``
     otherwise.  In other words, the boolean value of a :class:`Selector` is
     given by the contents it selects.


SelectorList objects
--------------------

.. class:: SelectorList

   The :class:`SelectorList` class is a subclass of the builtin ``list``
   class, which provides a few additional methods.

   .. method:: xpath(query)

       Call the ``.xpath()`` method for each element in this list and return
       their results flattened as another :class:`SelectorList`.

       ``query`` is the same argument as the one in :meth:`Selector.xpath`

   .. method:: css(query)

       Call the ``.css()`` method for each element in this list and return
       their results flattened as another :class:`SelectorList`.

       ``query`` is the same argument as the one in :meth:`Selector.css`

   .. method:: extract()

       Call the ``.extract()`` method for each element in this list and return
       their results flattened, as a list of unicode strings.

   .. method:: re()

       Call the ``.re()`` method for each element in this list and return
       their results flattened, as a list of unicode strings.


Selector examples on HTML response
----------------------------------

Here's a couple of :class:`Selector` examples to illustrate several concepts.
In all cases, we assume there is already a :class:`Selector` instantiated with
a :class:`~scrapy.http.HtmlResponse` object like this::

      sel = Selector(html_response)

1. Select all ``<h1>`` elements from an HTML response body, returning a list of
   :class:`Selector` objects (ie. a :class:`SelectorList` object)::

      sel.xpath("//h1")

2. Extract the text of all ``<h1>`` elements from an HTML response body,
   returning a list of unicode strings::

      sel.xpath("//h1").extract()         # this includes the h1 tag
      sel.xpath("//h1/text()").extract()  # this excludes the h1 tag

3. Iterate over all ``<p>`` tags and print their class attribute::

      for node in sel.xpath("//p"):
          print node.xpath("@class").extract()

Selector examples on XML response
---------------------------------

Here's a couple of examples to illustrate several concepts. In both cases we
assume there is already a :class:`Selector` instantiated with an
:class:`~scrapy.http.XmlResponse` object like this::

      sel = Selector(xml_response)

1. Select all ``<product>`` elements from an XML response body, returning a list
   of :class:`Selector` objects (ie. a :class:`SelectorList` object)::

      sel.xpath("//product")

2. Extract all prices from a `Google Base XML feed`_ which requires registering
   a namespace::

      sel.register_namespace("g", "http://base.google.com/ns/1.0")
      sel.xpath("//g:price").extract()

.. _removing-namespaces:

Removing namespaces
-------------------

When dealing with scraping projects, it is often quite convenient to get rid of
namespaces altogether and just work with element names, to write more
simple/convenient XPaths. You can use the
:meth:`Selector.remove_namespaces` method for that.

Let's show an example that illustrates this with GitHub blog atom feed.

.. highlight:: sh

First, we open the shell with the url we want to scrape::

    $ scrapy shell https://github.com/blog.atom

.. highlight:: python

Once in the shell we can try selecting all ``<link>`` objects and see that it
doesn't work (because the Atom XML namespace is obfuscating those nodes)::

    >>> response.xpath("//link")
    []

But once we call the :meth:`Selector.remove_namespaces` method, all
nodes can be accessed directly by their names::

    >>> response.selector.remove_namespaces()
    >>> response.xpath("//link")
    [<Selector xpath='//link' data=u'<link xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom'>,
     <Selector xpath='//link' data=u'<link xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom'>,
     ...

If you wonder why the namespace removal procedure isn't always called by default
instead of having to call it manually, this is because of two reasons, which, in order
of relevance, are:

1. Removing namespaces requires to iterate and modify all nodes in the
   document, which is a reasonably expensive operation to perform for all
   documents crawled by Scrapy

2. There could be some cases where using namespaces is actually required, in
   case some element names clash between namespaces. These cases are very rare
   though.

.. _Google Base XML feed: https://support.google.com/merchants/answer/160589?hl=en&ref_topic=2473799