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---
title: "Converting Between Probabilities, Odds (Ratios), and Risk Ratios"
output:
rmarkdown::html_vignette:
toc: true
fig_width: 10.08
fig_height: 6
tags: [r, effect size, rules of thumb, guidelines, conversion]
vignette: >
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
%\VignetteIndexEntry{Converting Between Probabilities, Odds (Ratios), and Risk Ratios}
%\VignetteEngine{knitr::rmarkdown}
editor_options:
chunk_output_type: console
bibliography: bibliography.bib
---
```{r message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, include=FALSE}
library(knitr)
options(knitr.kable.NA = "")
knitr::opts_chunk$set(comment = ">")
options(digits = 3)
```
The `effectsize` package contains function to convert among indices of effect
size. This can be useful for meta-analyses, or any comparison between different
types of statistical analyses.
# Converting Between *p* and Odds
Odds are the ratio between a probability and its complement:
$$
Odds = \frac{p}{1-p}
$$
$$
p = \frac{Odds}{Odds + 1}
$$
Say your bookies gives you the odds of Doutelle to win the horse race at 13:4, what is the probability Doutelle's will win?
Manually, we can compute $\frac{13}{13+4}=0.765$. Or we can
Odds of 13:4 can be expressed as $(13/4):(4/4)=3.25:1$, which we can convert:
```{r}
library(effectsize)
odds_to_probs(13 / 4)
# or
odds_to_probs(3.25)
# convert back
probs_to_odds(0.764)
```
Will you take that bet?
## Odds are *not* Odds Ratios
Note that in logistic regression, the non-intercept coefficients represent the (log) odds ratios, not the odds.
$$
OR = \frac{Odds_1}{Odds_2} = \frac{\frac{p_1}{1-p_1}}{\frac{p_2}{1-p_2}}
$$
The intercept, however, *does* represent the (log) odds, when all other variables are fixed at 0.
# Converting Odds ratios to Risk Ratios
Odds ratio, although popular, are not very intuitive in their interpretations.
We don't often think about the chances of catching a disease in terms of *odds*,
instead we instead tend to think in terms of *probability* or some event - or
the *risk*. Talking about *risks* we can also talk about the *change in risk*,
knows as the *risk ratio* (*RR*).
For example, if we find that for individual suffering from a migraine, for every
bowl of brussels sprouts they eat, they're odds of reducing the migraine
increase by an $OR = 3.5$ over a period of an hour. So, should people eat
brussels sprouts to effectively reduce pain? Well, hard to say... Maybe if we
look at *RR* we'll get a clue.
We can convert between *OR* and *RR* for the following formula
[@grant2014converting]:
$$
RR = \frac{OR}{(1 - p0 + (p0 \times OR))}
$$
Where $p0$ is the base-rate risk - the probability of the event without the
intervention (e.g., what is the probability of the migraine subsiding within an
hour without eating any brussels sprouts). If it the base-rate risk is, say,
85%, we get a *RR* of:
```{r}
OR <- 3.5
baserate <- 0.85
oddsratio_to_riskratio(OR, baserate)
```
That is - for every bowl of brussels sprouts, we increase the chances of
reducing the migraine by a mere 12%! Is if worth it? Depends on you affinity to
brussels sprouts...
Note that the base-rate risk is crucial here. If instead of 85% it was only 4%,
then the *RR* would be:
```{r}
OR <- 3.5
baserate <- 0.04
oddsratio_to_riskratio(OR, baserate)
```
That is - for every bowl of brussels sprouts, we increase the chances of
reducing the migraine by a whopping 318%! Is if worth it? I guess that still
depends on your affinity to brussels sprouts...
# References
|
