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% Generated by roxygen2: do not edit by hand
% Please edit documentation in R/operators.R
\name{+.igraph}
\alias{+.igraph}
\title{Add vertices, edges or another graph to a graph}
\usage{
\method{+}{igraph}(e1, e2)
}
\arguments{
\item{e1}{First argument, probably an igraph graph, but see details
below.}
\item{e2}{Second argument, see details below.}
}
\description{
Add vertices, edges or another graph to a graph
}
\details{
The plus operator can be used to add vertices or edges to graph.
The actual operation that is performed depends on the type of the
right hand side argument.
\itemize{
\item If is is another igraph graph object and they are both
named graphs, then the union of the two graphs are calculated,
see \code{\link[=union]{union()}}.
\item If it is another igraph graph object, but either of the two
are not named, then the disjoint union of
the two graphs is calculated, see \code{\link[=disjoint_union]{disjoint_union()}}.
\item If it is a numeric scalar, then the specified number of vertices
are added to the graph.
\item If it is a character scalar or vector, then it is interpreted as
the names of the vertices to add to the graph.
\item If it is an object created with the \code{\link[=vertex]{vertex()}} or
\code{\link[=vertices]{vertices()}} function, then new vertices are added to the
graph. This form is appropriate when one wants to add some vertex
attributes as well. The operands of the \code{vertices()} function
specifies the number of vertices to add and their attributes as
well.
The unnamed arguments of \code{vertices()} are concatenated and
used as the \sQuote{\code{name}} vertex attribute (i.e. vertex
names), the named arguments will be added as additional vertex
attributes. Examples: \preformatted{ g <- g +
vertex(shape="circle", color= "red")
g <- g + vertex("foo", color="blue")
g <- g + vertex("bar", "foobar")
g <- g + vertices("bar2", "foobar2", color=1:2, shape="rectangle")}
\code{vertex()} is just an alias to \code{vertices()}, and it is
provided for readability. The user should use it if a single vertex
is added to the graph.
\item If it is an object created with the \code{\link[=edge]{edge()}} or
\code{\link[=edges]{edges()}} function, then new edges will be added to the
graph. The new edges and possibly their attributes can be specified as
the arguments of the \code{edges()} function.
The unnamed arguments of \code{edges()} are concatenated and used
as vertex ids of the end points of the new edges. The named
arguments will be added as edge attributes.
Examples: \preformatted{ g <- make_empty_graph() +
vertices(letters[1:10]) +
vertices("foo", "bar", "bar2", "foobar2")
g <- g + edge("a", "b")
g <- g + edges("foo", "bar", "bar2", "foobar2")
g <- g + edges(c("bar", "foo", "foobar2", "bar2"), color="red", weight=1:2)}
See more examples below.
\code{edge()} is just an alias to \code{edges()} and it is provided
for readability. The user should use it if a single edge is added to
the graph.
\item If it is an object created with the \code{\link[=path]{path()}} function, then
new edges that form a path are added. The edges and possibly their
attributes are specified as the arguments to the \code{path()}
function. The non-named arguments are concatenated and interpreted
as the vertex ids along the path. The remaining arguments are added
as edge attributes.
Examples: \preformatted{ g <- make_empty_graph() + vertices(letters[1:10])
g <- g + path("a", "b", "c", "d")
g <- g + path("e", "f", "g", weight=1:2, color="red")
g <- g + path(c("f", "c", "j", "d"), width=1:3, color="green")}
}
It is important to note that, although the plus operator is
commutative, i.e. is possible to write \preformatted{ graph <- "foo" + make_empty_graph()}
it is not associative, e.g. \preformatted{ graph <- "foo" + "bar" + make_empty_graph()}
results a syntax error, unless parentheses are used: \preformatted{ graph <- "foo" + ( "bar" + make_empty_graph() )}
For clarity, we suggest to always put the graph object on the left
hand side of the operator: \preformatted{ graph <- make_empty_graph() + "foo" + "bar"}
}
\examples{
# 10 vertices named a,b,c,... and no edges
g <- make_empty_graph() + vertices(letters[1:10])
# Add edges to make it a ring
g <- g + path(letters[1:10], letters[1], color = "grey")
# Add some extra random edges
g <- g + edges(sample(V(g), 10, replace = TRUE), color = "red")
g$layout <- layout_in_circle
plot(g)
}
\seealso{
Other functions for manipulating graph structure:
\code{\link{add_edges}()},
\code{\link{add_vertices}()},
\code{\link{complementer}()},
\code{\link{compose}()},
\code{\link{connect}()},
\code{\link{contract}()},
\code{\link{delete_edges}()},
\code{\link{delete_vertices}()},
\code{\link{difference}()},
\code{\link{difference.igraph}()},
\code{\link{disjoint_union}()},
\code{\link{edge}()},
\code{\link{igraph-minus}},
\code{\link{intersection}()},
\code{\link{intersection.igraph}()},
\code{\link{path}()},
\code{\link{permute}()},
\code{\link{rep.igraph}()},
\code{\link{reverse_edges}()},
\code{\link{simplify}()},
\code{\link{union}()},
\code{\link{union.igraph}()},
\code{\link{vertex}()}
}
\concept{functions for manipulating graph structure}
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