\name{dat.viechtbauer2021}
\docType{data}
\alias{dat.viechtbauer2021}
\title{Studies to Illustrate Model Checking Methods}
\description{Results from 20 hypothetical randomized clinical trials examining the effectiveness of a medication for treating some disease.}
\usage{
dat.viechtbauer2021
}
\format{The data frame contains the following columns:
\tabular{lll}{
\bold{trial}  \tab \code{numeric}   \tab trial number \cr
\bold{nTi}    \tab \code{numeric}   \tab number of patients in the treatment group \cr
\bold{nCi}    \tab \code{numeric}   \tab number of patients in the control group \cr
\bold{xTi}    \tab \code{numeric}   \tab number of patients in the treatment group with remission \cr
\bold{xCi}    \tab \code{numeric}   \tab number of patients in the control group with remission \cr
\bold{dose}   \tab \code{numeric}   \tab dosage of the medication provided to patients in the treatment group (in milligrams per day)
}
}
\details{
   The dataset was constructed for the purposes of illustrating the model checking and diagnostic methods described in Viechtbauer (2021). The code below provides the results for many of the analyses and plots discussed in the book chapter.
}
\source{
   Viechtbauer, W. (2021). Model checking in meta-analysis. In C. H. Schmid, T. Stijnen, & I. R. White (Eds.), \emph{Handbook of meta-analysis} (pp. 219-254). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. \verb{https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315119403}
}
\author{
   Wolfgang Viechtbauer, \email{wvb@metafor-project.org}, \url{https://www.metafor-project.org}
}
\examples{
### copy data into 'dat' and examine data
dat <- dat.viechtbauer2021
dat

\dontrun{

### load metafor package
library(metafor)

### calculate log odds ratios and corresponding sampling variances

dat <- escalc(measure="OR", ai=xTi, n1i=nTi, ci=xCi, n2i=nCi, add=1/2, to="all", data=dat)
dat

### number of studies

k <- nrow(dat)

### fit models

res.CE <- rma(yi, vi, data=dat, method="CE") # same as method="EE"
res.CE

res.RE <- rma(yi, vi, data=dat, method="DL")
res.RE

res.MR <- rma(yi, vi, mods = ~ dose, data=dat, method="FE")
res.MR

res.ME <- rma(yi, vi, mods = ~ dose, data=dat, method="DL")
res.ME

### forest and bubble plot

par(mar=c(5,4,1,2))

forest(dat$yi, dat$vi, psize=0.8, efac=0, xlim=c(-4,6), ylim=c(-3,23),
       cex=1, width=c(5,5,5), xlab="Log Odds Ratio (LnOR)")
addpoly(res.CE, row=-1.5, mlab="CE Model")
addpoly(res.RE, row=-2.5, mlab="RE Model")
text(-4, 22, "Trial",         pos=4, font=2)
text( 6, 22, "LnOR [95\% CI]", pos=2, font=2)
abline(h=0)

tmp <- regplot(res.ME, xlim=c(0,250), ylim=c(-1,1.5), predlim=c(0,250), shade=FALSE, digits=1,
               xlab="Dosage (mg per day)", psize="seinv", plim=c(NA,5), bty="l", las=1,
               lty=c("solid", "dashed"), label=TRUE, labsize=0.8, offset=c(1,0.7))
res.sub <- rma(yi, vi, mods = ~ dose, data=dat, method="DL", subset=-6)
abline(res.sub, lty="dotted")
points(tmp$xi, tmp$yi, pch=21, cex=tmp$psize, col="black", bg="darkgray")

par(mar=c(5,4,4,2))

### number of standardized deleted residuals larger than +-1.96 in each model

sum(abs(rstudent(res.CE)$z) >= qnorm(.975))
sum(abs(rstudent(res.MR)$z) >= qnorm(.975))
sum(abs(rstudent(res.RE)$z) >= qnorm(.975))
sum(abs(rstudent(res.ME)$z) >= qnorm(.975))

### plot of the standardized deleted residuals for the RE and ME models

plot(NA, NA, xlim=c(1,20), ylim=c(-4,4), xlab="Study", ylab="Standardized (Deleted) Residual",
     xaxt="n", main="Random-Effects Model", las=1)
axis(side=1, at=1:20)
abline(h=c(-1.96,1.96), lty="dotted")
abline(h=0)
points(1:20, rstandard(res.RE)$z, type="o", pch=19, col="gray70")
points(1:20, rstudent(res.RE)$z,  type="o", pch=19)
legend("top", pch=19, col=c("gray70","black"), lty="solid",
       legend=c("Standardized Residuals","Standardized Deleted Residuals"), bty="n")

plot(NA, NA, xlim=c(1,20), ylim=c(-4,4), xlab="Study", ylab="Standardized (Deleted) Residual",
     xaxt="n", main="Mixed-Effects Model", las=1)
axis(side=1, at=1:20)
abline(h=c(-1.96,1.96), lty="dotted")
abline(h=0)
points(1:20, rstandard(res.ME)$z, type="o", pch=19, col="gray70")
points(1:20, rstudent(res.ME)$z,  type="o", pch=19)
legend("top", pch=19, col=c("gray70","black"), lty="solid",
       legend=c("Standardized Residuals","Standardized Deleted Residuals"), bty="n")

### Baujat plots

baujat(res.CE, main="Common-Effects Model", xlab="Squared Pearson Residual", ylim=c(0,5), las=1)
baujat(res.ME, main="Mixed-Effects Model", ylim=c(0,2), las=1)

### GOSH plots (skipped because this takes quite some time to run)

if (FALSE) {

res.GOSH.CE <- gosh(res.CE, subsets=10^7)
plot(res.GOSH.CE, cex=0.2, out=6, xlim=c(-0.25,1.25), breaks=c(200,100))

res.GOSH.ME <- gosh(res.ME, subsets=10^7)
plot(res.GOSH.ME, het="tau2", out=6, breaks=50, adjust=0.6, las=1)

}

### plot of treatment dosage against the standardized residuals

plot(dat$dose, rstandard(res.ME)$z, pch=19, xlab="Dosage (mg per day)",
     ylab="Standardized Residual", xlim=c(0,250), ylim=c(-2.5,2.5), las=1)
abline(h=c(-1.96,1.96), lty="dotted", lwd=2)
abline(h=0)
title("Standardized Residual Plot")
text(dat$dose[6], rstandard(res.ME)$z[6], "6", pos=4, offset=0.4)

### quadratic polynomial model

rma(yi, vi, mods = ~ dose + I(dose^2), data=dat, method="DL")

### lack-of-fit model

resLOF <- rma(yi, vi, mods = ~ dose + factor(dose), data=dat, method="DL", btt=3:9)
resLOF

### scatter plot to illustrate the lack-of-fit model

regplot(res.ME, xlim=c(0,250), ylim=c(-1.0,1.5), xlab="Dosage (mg per day)", ci=FALSE,
        predlim=c(0,250), psize=1, pch=19, col="gray60", digits=1, lwd=1, bty="l", las=1)
dosages <- sort(unique(dat$dose))
lines(dosages, fitted(resLOF)[match(dosages, dat$dose)], type="o", pch=19, cex=2, lwd=2)
points(dat$dose, dat$yi, pch=19, col="gray60")
legend("bottomright", legend=c("Linear Model", "Lack-of-Fit Model"), pch=c(NA,19), col="black",
       lty="solid", lwd=c(1,2), pt.cex=c(1,2), seg.len=4, bty="n")

### checking normality of the standardized deleted residuals

qqnorm(res.ME, type="rstudent", main="Standardized Deleted Residuals", pch=19, label="out",
       lwd=2, pos=24, ylim=c(-4,3), lty=c("solid", "dotted"), las=1)

### checking normality of the random effects

sav <- qqnorm(ranef(res.ME)$pred, main="BLUPs of the Random Effects", cex=1, pch=19,
              xlim=c(-2.2,2.2), ylim=c(-0.6,0.6), las=1)
abline(a=0, b=sd(ranef(res.ME)$pred), lwd=2)
text(sav$x[6], sav$y[6], "6", pos=4, offset=0.4)

### hat values for the CE and RE models

plot(NA, NA, xlim=c(1,20), ylim=c(0,0.21), xaxt="n", las=1, xlab="Study", ylab="Hat Value")
axis(1, 1:20, cex.axis=1)
points(hatvalues(res.CE), type="o", pch=19, col="gray70")
points(hatvalues(res.RE), type="o", pch=19)
abline(h=1/20, lty="dotted", lwd=2)
title("Hat Values for the CE/RE Models")
legend("topright", pch=19, col=c("gray70","black"), lty="solid",
       legend=c("Common-Effects Model", "Random-Effects Model"), bty="n")

### heatmap of the hat matrix for the ME model

cols <- colorRampPalette(c("blue", "white", "red"))(101)
h <- hatvalues(res.ME, type="matrix")
image(1:nrow(h), 1:ncol(h), t(h[nrow(h):1,]), axes=FALSE,
      xlab="Influence of the Observed Effect of Study ...", ylab="On the Fitted Value of Study ...",
      col=cols, zlim=c(-max(abs(h)),max(abs(h))))
axis(1, 1:20, tick=FALSE)
axis(2, 1:20, labels=20:1, las=1, tick=FALSE)
abline(h=seq(0.5,20.5,by=1), col="white")
abline(v=seq(0.5,20.5,by=1), col="white")
points(1:20, 20:1, pch=19, cex=0.4)
title("Heatmap for the Mixed-Effects Model")

### plot of leverages versus standardized residuals for the ME model

plot(hatvalues(res.ME), rstudent(res.ME)$z, pch=19, cex=0.2+3*sqrt(cooks.distance(res.ME)),
     las=1, xlab="Leverage (Hat Value)", ylab="Standardized Deleted Residual",
     xlim=c(0,0.35), ylim=c(-3.5,2.5))
abline(h=c(-1.96,1.96), lty="dotted", lwd=2)
abline(h=0, lwd=2)
ids <- c(3,6,9)
text(hatvalues(res.ME)[ids] + c(0,0.013,0.010), rstudent(res.ME)$z[ids] - c(0.18,0,0), ids)
title("Leverage vs. Standardized Deleted Residuals")

### plot of the Cook's distances for the ME model

plot(1:20, cooks.distance(res.ME), ylim=c(0,1.6), type="o", pch=19, las=1, xaxt="n", yaxt="n",
     xlab="Study", ylab="Cook's Distance")
axis(1, 1:20, cex.axis=1)
axis(2, seq(0,1.6,by=0.4), las=1)
title("Cook's Distances")

### plot of the leave-one-out estimates of tau^2 for the ME model

x <- influence(res.ME)

plot(1:20, x$inf$tau2.del,  ylim=c(0,0.15), type="o", pch=19, las=1, xaxt="n", xlab="Study",
     ylab=expression(paste("Estimate of ", tau^2, " without the ", italic(i), "th study")))
abline(h=res.ME$tau2, lty="dashed")
axis(1, 1:20)
title("Residual Heterogeneity Estimates")

### plot of the covariance ratios for the ME model

plot(1:20, x$inf$cov.r,  ylim=c(0,2.0), type="o", pch=19, las=1, xaxt="n",
     xlab="Study", ylab="Covariance Ratio")
abline(h=1, lty="dashed")
axis(1, 1:20)
title("Covariance Ratios")

### fit mixed-effects model without studies 3 and/or 6

rma(yi, vi, mods = ~ dose, data=dat, method="DL", subset=-3)
rma(yi, vi, mods = ~ dose, data=dat, method="DL", subset=-6)
rma(yi, vi, mods = ~ dose, data=dat, method="DL", subset=-c(3,6))

}
}
\keyword{datasets}
\concept{medicine}
\concept{odds ratios}
\concept{outliers}
\concept{model checks}
\section{Concepts}{
   medicine, odds ratios, outliers, model checks
}