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\name{anc.ML}
\alias{anc.ML}
\title{Ancestral character estimation using likelihood}
\usage{
anc.ML(tree, x, maxit=2000, model=c("BM","OU","EB"), ...)
}
\arguments{
\item{tree}{an object of class \code{"phylo"}.}
\item{x}{a vector of tip values for species; \code{names(x)} should be the species names.}
\item{maxit}{an optional integer value indicating the maximum number of iterations for optimization.}
\item{model}{model of continuous character evolution ont he tree. It's possible that only \code{model="BM"} & \code{model="EB"} work in the present version as \code{model="OU"} has not be thoroughly tested & some bugs were reported for an earlier version.}
\item{...}{other arguments.}
}
\description{
This function estimates the evolutionary parameters and ancestral states for Brownian evolution using likelihood. It is also possible (for \code{model="BM"}) to allow for missing data for some tip taxa.
}
\details{
Because this function relies on a high dimensional numerical optimization of the likelihood function, \code{\link{fastAnc}} should probably be preferred for most purposes. If using \code{\link{anc.ML}}, users should be cautious to ensure convergence. This has been ameliorated in phytools>=0.2-48 by seeding the ML optimization with the result from \code{\link{fastAnc}}. For \code{model="EB"} this should also not be a problem as the numerical optimization is performed for only \code{sig2} and \code{r}, while the ML values of the ancestral states are obtained during every iteration of the optimization algorithmically using the re-rooting method.
}
\value{
An object of class \code{"anc.ML"} with at least the following four elements (if not more, depending on \code{model}):
\item{sig2}{the variance of the BM process.}
\item{ace}{a vector with the ancestral states.}
\item{logLik}{the log-likelihood.}
\item{convergence}{the value of \code{$convergence} returned by \code{optim()} (0 is good).}
}
\references{
Revell, L. J. (2012) phytools: An R package for phylogenetic comparative biology (and other things). \emph{Methods Ecol. Evol.}, \bold{3}, 217-223.
Schluter, D., Price, T., Mooers, A. O., and Ludwig, D. (1997) Likelihood of ancestor states in adaptive radiation. \emph{Evolution} \bold{51}, 1699-1711.
}
\author{Liam Revell \email{liam.revell@umb.edu}}
\seealso{
\code{\link{ace}}, \code{\link{anc.Bayes}}, \code{\link{fastAnc}}, \code{\link{optim}}
}
\examples{
tree<-pbtree(n=50)
x<-fastBM(tree) # simulate using fastBM
anc.ML(tree,x) # fit model & estimate ancestral states
}
\keyword{phylogenetics}
\keyword{comparative method}
\keyword{maximum likelihood}
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