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<h1 class="title toc-ignore">Recoding Variables</h1>
<h4 class="author">Daniel Lüdecke</h4>
<h4 class="date">2024-05-13</h4>



<p>Data preparation is a common task in research, which usually takes
the most amount of time in the analytical process.
<strong>sjmisc</strong> is a package with special focus on
transformation of <em>variables</em> that fits into the workflow and
design-philosophy of the so-called “tidyverse”.</p>
<p>Basically, this package complements the <strong>dplyr</strong>
package in that <strong>sjmisc</strong> takes over data transformation
tasks on variables, like recoding, dichotomizing or grouping variables,
setting and replacing missing values, etc. A distinctive feature of
<strong>sjmisc</strong> is the support for labelled data, which is
especially useful for users who often work with data sets from other
statistical software packages like <em>SPSS</em> or <em>Stata</em>.</p>
<p>This vignette demonstrate some of the important recoding-functions in
<strong>sjmisc</strong>. The examples are based on data from the
EUROFAMCARE project, a survey on the situation of family carers of older
people in Europe. The sample data set <code>efc</code> is part of this
package.</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb1"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(sjmisc)</span>
<span id="cb1-2"><a href="#cb1-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">data</span>(efc)</span></code></pre></div>
<p>To show the results after recoding variables, the <code>frq()</code>
function is used to print frequency tables.</p>
<div id="dichotomization-dividing-variables-into-two-groups" class="section level2">
<h2>Dichotomization: dividing variables into two groups</h2>
<p><code>dicho()</code> dichotomizes variables into “dummy” variables
(with 0/1 coding). Dichotomization is either done by median, mean or a
specific value (see argument <code>dich.by</code>).</p>
<p>Like all recoding-functions in <strong>sjmisc</strong>,
<code>dicho()</code> returns the complete data frame <em>including</em>
the recoded variables, if the first argument is a
<code>data.frame</code>. If the first argument is a vector, only the
recoded variable is returned. See <a href="design_philosophy.html">this
vignette</a> for details about the function-design.</p>
<p>If <code>dicho()</code> returns a data frame, the recoded variables
have the same name as the original variable, including a suffix
<code>_d</code>.</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb2"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb2-1"><a href="#cb2-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># age, ranged from 65 to 104, in this output</span></span>
<span id="cb2-2"><a href="#cb2-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># grouped to get a shorter table</span></span>
<span id="cb2-3"><a href="#cb2-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">frq</span>(efc, e17age, <span class="at">auto.grp =</span> <span class="dv">5</span>)</span>
<span id="cb2-4"><a href="#cb2-4" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; elder&#39; age (e17age) &lt;numeric&gt; </span></span>
<span id="cb2-5"><a href="#cb2-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; # total N=908 valid N=891 mean=79.12 sd=8.09</span></span>
<span id="cb2-6"><a href="#cb2-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; </span></span>
<span id="cb2-7"><a href="#cb2-7" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; Value |  Label |   N | Raw % | Valid % | Cum. %</span></span>
<span id="cb2-8"><a href="#cb2-8" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; -----------------------------------------------</span></span>
<span id="cb2-9"><a href="#cb2-9" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     1 |  65-72 | 212 | 23.35 |   23.79 |  23.79</span></span>
<span id="cb2-10"><a href="#cb2-10" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     2 |  73-80 | 277 | 30.51 |   31.09 |  54.88</span></span>
<span id="cb2-11"><a href="#cb2-11" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     3 |  81-88 | 270 | 29.74 |   30.30 |  85.19</span></span>
<span id="cb2-12"><a href="#cb2-12" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     4 |  89-96 | 124 | 13.66 |   13.92 |  99.10</span></span>
<span id="cb2-13"><a href="#cb2-13" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     5 | 97-104 |   8 |  0.88 |    0.90 | 100.00</span></span>
<span id="cb2-14"><a href="#cb2-14" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;  &lt;NA&gt; |   &lt;NA&gt; |  17 |  1.87 |    &lt;NA&gt; |   &lt;NA&gt;</span></span>
<span id="cb2-15"><a href="#cb2-15" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-16"><a href="#cb2-16" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># splitting is done at the median by default:</span></span>
<span id="cb2-17"><a href="#cb2-17" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">median</span>(efc<span class="sc">$</span>e17age, <span class="at">na.rm =</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span>)</span>
<span id="cb2-18"><a href="#cb2-18" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; [1] 79</span></span>
<span id="cb2-19"><a href="#cb2-19" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-20"><a href="#cb2-20" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># the recoded variable is now named &quot;e17age_d&quot;</span></span>
<span id="cb2-21"><a href="#cb2-21" tabindex="-1"></a>efc <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">dicho</span>(efc, e17age)</span>
<span id="cb2-22"><a href="#cb2-22" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">frq</span>(efc, e17age_d)</span>
<span id="cb2-23"><a href="#cb2-23" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; elder&#39; age (e17age_d) &lt;categorical&gt; </span></span>
<span id="cb2-24"><a href="#cb2-24" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; # total N=908 valid N=891 mean=0.49 sd=0.50</span></span>
<span id="cb2-25"><a href="#cb2-25" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; </span></span>
<span id="cb2-26"><a href="#cb2-26" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; Value |   N | Raw % | Valid % | Cum. %</span></span>
<span id="cb2-27"><a href="#cb2-27" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; --------------------------------------</span></span>
<span id="cb2-28"><a href="#cb2-28" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     0 | 455 | 50.11 |   51.07 |  51.07</span></span>
<span id="cb2-29"><a href="#cb2-29" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     1 | 436 | 48.02 |   48.93 | 100.00</span></span>
<span id="cb2-30"><a href="#cb2-30" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;  &lt;NA&gt; |  17 |  1.87 |    &lt;NA&gt; |   &lt;NA&gt;</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>As <code>dicho()</code>, like all recoding-functions, supports <a href="https://cran.r-project.org/package=sjlabelled">labelled data</a>,
the variable preserves it variable label (but not the value labels). You
can directly define value labels inside the function:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb3"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" tabindex="-1"></a>x <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">dicho</span>(efc<span class="sc">$</span>e17age, <span class="at">val.labels =</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="st">&quot;young age&quot;</span>, <span class="st">&quot;old age&quot;</span>))</span>
<span id="cb3-2"><a href="#cb3-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">frq</span>(x)</span>
<span id="cb3-3"><a href="#cb3-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; elder&#39; age (x) &lt;categorical&gt; </span></span>
<span id="cb3-4"><a href="#cb3-4" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; # total N=908 valid N=891 mean=0.49 sd=0.50</span></span>
<span id="cb3-5"><a href="#cb3-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; </span></span>
<span id="cb3-6"><a href="#cb3-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; Value |     Label |   N | Raw % | Valid % | Cum. %</span></span>
<span id="cb3-7"><a href="#cb3-7" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; --------------------------------------------------</span></span>
<span id="cb3-8"><a href="#cb3-8" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     0 | young age | 455 | 50.11 |   51.07 |  51.07</span></span>
<span id="cb3-9"><a href="#cb3-9" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     1 |   old age | 436 | 48.02 |   48.93 | 100.00</span></span>
<span id="cb3-10"><a href="#cb3-10" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;  &lt;NA&gt; |      &lt;NA&gt; |  17 |  1.87 |    &lt;NA&gt; |   &lt;NA&gt;</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>To split a variable at a different value, use the
<code>dich.by</code>-argument. The value specified in
<code>dich.by</code> is <em>inclusive</em>, i.e. all values from lowest
to and including <code>dich.by</code> are recoded into the lower
category, while all values <em>above</em> <code>dich.by</code> are
recoded into the higher category.</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb4"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb4-1"><a href="#cb4-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># split at upper quartile</span></span>
<span id="cb4-2"><a href="#cb4-2" tabindex="-1"></a>x <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">dicho</span>(</span>
<span id="cb4-3"><a href="#cb4-3" tabindex="-1"></a>  efc<span class="sc">$</span>e17age, </span>
<span id="cb4-4"><a href="#cb4-4" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="at">dich.by =</span> <span class="fu">quantile</span>(efc<span class="sc">$</span>e17age, <span class="at">probs =</span> .<span class="dv">75</span>, <span class="at">na.rm =</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span>), </span>
<span id="cb4-5"><a href="#cb4-5" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="at">val.labels =</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="st">&quot;younger three quarters&quot;</span>, <span class="st">&quot;oldest quarter&quot;</span>)</span>
<span id="cb4-6"><a href="#cb4-6" tabindex="-1"></a>)</span>
<span id="cb4-7"><a href="#cb4-7" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">frq</span>(x)</span>
<span id="cb4-8"><a href="#cb4-8" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; elder&#39; age (x) &lt;categorical&gt; </span></span>
<span id="cb4-9"><a href="#cb4-9" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; # total N=908 valid N=891 mean=0.24 sd=0.43</span></span>
<span id="cb4-10"><a href="#cb4-10" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; </span></span>
<span id="cb4-11"><a href="#cb4-11" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; Value |                  Label |   N | Raw % | Valid % | Cum. %</span></span>
<span id="cb4-12"><a href="#cb4-12" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; ---------------------------------------------------------------</span></span>
<span id="cb4-13"><a href="#cb4-13" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     0 | younger three quarters | 678 | 74.67 |   76.09 |  76.09</span></span>
<span id="cb4-14"><a href="#cb4-14" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     1 |         oldest quarter | 213 | 23.46 |   23.91 | 100.00</span></span>
<span id="cb4-15"><a href="#cb4-15" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;  &lt;NA&gt; |                   &lt;NA&gt; |  17 |  1.87 |    &lt;NA&gt; |   &lt;NA&gt;</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>Since the distribution of values in a dataset may differ for
different subgroups, all recoding-functions also work on grouped data
frames. In the following example, first, the age-variable
<code>e17age</code> is dichotomized at the median. Then, the data is
grouped by gender (<code>c161sex</code>) and the dichotomization is done
for each subgroup, i.e. it once relates to the median age in the
subgroup of female, and once to the median age in the subgroup of male
family carers.</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb5"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">data</span>(efc)</span>
<span id="cb5-2"><a href="#cb5-2" tabindex="-1"></a>x1 <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">dicho</span>(efc<span class="sc">$</span>e17age)</span>
<span id="cb5-3"><a href="#cb5-3" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb5-4"><a href="#cb5-4" tabindex="-1"></a>x2 <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> efc <span class="sc">%&gt;%</span> </span>
<span id="cb5-5"><a href="#cb5-5" tabindex="-1"></a>  dplyr<span class="sc">::</span><span class="fu">group_by</span>(c161sex) <span class="sc">%&gt;%</span> </span>
<span id="cb5-6"><a href="#cb5-6" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">dicho</span>(e17age) <span class="sc">%&gt;%</span> </span>
<span id="cb5-7"><a href="#cb5-7" tabindex="-1"></a>  dplyr<span class="sc">::</span><span class="fu">pull</span>(e17age_d)</span>
<span id="cb5-8"><a href="#cb5-8" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb5-9"><a href="#cb5-9" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># median age of total sample</span></span>
<span id="cb5-10"><a href="#cb5-10" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">frq</span>(x1)</span>
<span id="cb5-11"><a href="#cb5-11" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; elder&#39; age (x) &lt;categorical&gt; </span></span>
<span id="cb5-12"><a href="#cb5-12" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; # total N=908 valid N=891 mean=0.49 sd=0.50</span></span>
<span id="cb5-13"><a href="#cb5-13" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; </span></span>
<span id="cb5-14"><a href="#cb5-14" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; Value |   N | Raw % | Valid % | Cum. %</span></span>
<span id="cb5-15"><a href="#cb5-15" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; --------------------------------------</span></span>
<span id="cb5-16"><a href="#cb5-16" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     0 | 455 | 50.11 |   51.07 |  51.07</span></span>
<span id="cb5-17"><a href="#cb5-17" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     1 | 436 | 48.02 |   48.93 | 100.00</span></span>
<span id="cb5-18"><a href="#cb5-18" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;  &lt;NA&gt; |  17 |  1.87 |    &lt;NA&gt; |   &lt;NA&gt;</span></span>
<span id="cb5-19"><a href="#cb5-19" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb5-20"><a href="#cb5-20" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># median age of total sample, with median-split applied</span></span>
<span id="cb5-21"><a href="#cb5-21" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># to distribution of age by subgroups of gender</span></span>
<span id="cb5-22"><a href="#cb5-22" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">frq</span>(x2)</span>
<span id="cb5-23"><a href="#cb5-23" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; elder&#39; age (x) &lt;numeric&gt; </span></span>
<span id="cb5-24"><a href="#cb5-24" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; # total N=908 valid N=891 mean=1.50 sd=0.50</span></span>
<span id="cb5-25"><a href="#cb5-25" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; </span></span>
<span id="cb5-26"><a href="#cb5-26" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; Value |   N | Raw % | Valid % | Cum. %</span></span>
<span id="cb5-27"><a href="#cb5-27" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; --------------------------------------</span></span>
<span id="cb5-28"><a href="#cb5-28" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     1 | 449 | 49.45 |   50.39 |  50.39</span></span>
<span id="cb5-29"><a href="#cb5-29" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     2 | 442 | 48.68 |   49.61 | 100.00</span></span>
<span id="cb5-30"><a href="#cb5-30" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;  &lt;NA&gt; |  17 |  1.87 |    &lt;NA&gt; |   &lt;NA&gt;</span></span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div id="splitting-variables-into-several-groups" class="section level2">
<h2>Splitting variables into several groups</h2>
<p><code>split_var()</code> recodes numeric variables into equal sized
groups, i.e. a variable is cut into a smaller number of groups at
specific cut points. The amount of groups depends on the
<code>n</code>-argument and cuts a variable into <code>n</code>
quantiles.</p>
<p>Similar to <code>dicho()</code>, if the first argument in
<code>split_var()</code> is a data frame, the complete data frame
including the new recoded variable(s), with suffix <code>_g</code>, is
returned.</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb6"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb6-1"><a href="#cb6-1" tabindex="-1"></a>x <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">split_var</span>(efc<span class="sc">$</span>e17age, <span class="at">n =</span> <span class="dv">3</span>)</span>
<span id="cb6-2"><a href="#cb6-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">frq</span>(x)</span>
<span id="cb6-3"><a href="#cb6-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; elder&#39; age (x) &lt;categorical&gt; </span></span>
<span id="cb6-4"><a href="#cb6-4" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; # total N=908 valid N=891 mean=2.05 sd=0.82</span></span>
<span id="cb6-5"><a href="#cb6-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; </span></span>
<span id="cb6-6"><a href="#cb6-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; Value |   N | Raw % | Valid % | Cum. %</span></span>
<span id="cb6-7"><a href="#cb6-7" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; --------------------------------------</span></span>
<span id="cb6-8"><a href="#cb6-8" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     1 | 274 | 30.18 |   30.75 |  30.75</span></span>
<span id="cb6-9"><a href="#cb6-9" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     2 | 294 | 32.38 |   33.00 |  63.75</span></span>
<span id="cb6-10"><a href="#cb6-10" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     3 | 323 | 35.57 |   36.25 | 100.00</span></span>
<span id="cb6-11"><a href="#cb6-11" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;  &lt;NA&gt; |  17 |  1.87 |    &lt;NA&gt; |   &lt;NA&gt;</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>Unlike dplyr’s <code>ntile()</code>, <code>split_var()</code> never
splits a value into two different categories, i.e. you always get a
“clean” separation of original categories. In other words: cases that
have identical values in a variable will always be recoded into the same
group. The following example demonstrates the differences:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb7"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb7-1"><a href="#cb7-1" tabindex="-1"></a>x <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> dplyr<span class="sc">::</span><span class="fu">ntile</span>(efc<span class="sc">$</span>neg_c_7, <span class="at">n =</span> <span class="dv">3</span>)</span>
<span id="cb7-2"><a href="#cb7-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># for some cases, value &quot;10&quot; is recoded into category &quot;1&quot;,</span></span>
<span id="cb7-3"><a href="#cb7-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># for other cases into category &quot;2&quot;. Same is true for value &quot;13&quot;</span></span>
<span id="cb7-4"><a href="#cb7-4" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">table</span>(efc<span class="sc">$</span>neg_c_7, x)</span>
<span id="cb7-5"><a href="#cb7-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     x</span></span>
<span id="cb7-6"><a href="#cb7-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;        1   2   3</span></span>
<span id="cb7-7"><a href="#cb7-7" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;   7   75   0   0</span></span>
<span id="cb7-8"><a href="#cb7-8" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;   8   99   0   0</span></span>
<span id="cb7-9"><a href="#cb7-9" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;   9  106   0   0</span></span>
<span id="cb7-10"><a href="#cb7-10" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;   10  18 102   0</span></span>
<span id="cb7-11"><a href="#cb7-11" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;   11   0  96   0</span></span>
<span id="cb7-12"><a href="#cb7-12" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;   12   0  85   0</span></span>
<span id="cb7-13"><a href="#cb7-13" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;   13   0  14  50</span></span>
<span id="cb7-14"><a href="#cb7-14" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;   14   0   0  54</span></span>
<span id="cb7-15"><a href="#cb7-15" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;   15   0   0  45</span></span>
<span id="cb7-16"><a href="#cb7-16" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;   16   0   0  30</span></span>
<span id="cb7-17"><a href="#cb7-17" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;   17   0   0  35</span></span>
<span id="cb7-18"><a href="#cb7-18" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;   18   0   0  26</span></span>
<span id="cb7-19"><a href="#cb7-19" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;   19   0   0  16</span></span>
<span id="cb7-20"><a href="#cb7-20" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;   20   0   0  16</span></span>
<span id="cb7-21"><a href="#cb7-21" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;   21   0   0   2</span></span>
<span id="cb7-22"><a href="#cb7-22" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;   22   0   0   7</span></span>
<span id="cb7-23"><a href="#cb7-23" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;   23   0   0   4</span></span>
<span id="cb7-24"><a href="#cb7-24" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;   24   0   0   3</span></span>
<span id="cb7-25"><a href="#cb7-25" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;   25   0   0   6</span></span>
<span id="cb7-26"><a href="#cb7-26" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;   27   0   0   1</span></span>
<span id="cb7-27"><a href="#cb7-27" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;   28   0   0   2</span></span>
<span id="cb7-28"><a href="#cb7-28" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb7-29"><a href="#cb7-29" tabindex="-1"></a>x <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">split_var</span>(efc<span class="sc">$</span>neg_c_7, <span class="at">n =</span> <span class="dv">3</span>)</span>
<span id="cb7-30"><a href="#cb7-30" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># no separation of cases with identical values.</span></span>
<span id="cb7-31"><a href="#cb7-31" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">table</span>(efc<span class="sc">$</span>neg_c_7, x)</span>
<span id="cb7-32"><a href="#cb7-32" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     x</span></span>
<span id="cb7-33"><a href="#cb7-33" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;        1   2   3</span></span>
<span id="cb7-34"><a href="#cb7-34" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;   7   75   0   0</span></span>
<span id="cb7-35"><a href="#cb7-35" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;   8   99   0   0</span></span>
<span id="cb7-36"><a href="#cb7-36" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;   9  106   0   0</span></span>
<span id="cb7-37"><a href="#cb7-37" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;   10   0 120   0</span></span>
<span id="cb7-38"><a href="#cb7-38" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;   11   0  96   0</span></span>
<span id="cb7-39"><a href="#cb7-39" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;   12   0  85   0</span></span>
<span id="cb7-40"><a href="#cb7-40" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;   13   0   0  64</span></span>
<span id="cb7-41"><a href="#cb7-41" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;   14   0   0  54</span></span>
<span id="cb7-42"><a href="#cb7-42" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;   15   0   0  45</span></span>
<span id="cb7-43"><a href="#cb7-43" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;   16   0   0  30</span></span>
<span id="cb7-44"><a href="#cb7-44" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;   17   0   0  35</span></span>
<span id="cb7-45"><a href="#cb7-45" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;   18   0   0  26</span></span>
<span id="cb7-46"><a href="#cb7-46" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;   19   0   0  16</span></span>
<span id="cb7-47"><a href="#cb7-47" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;   20   0   0  16</span></span>
<span id="cb7-48"><a href="#cb7-48" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;   21   0   0   2</span></span>
<span id="cb7-49"><a href="#cb7-49" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;   22   0   0   7</span></span>
<span id="cb7-50"><a href="#cb7-50" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;   23   0   0   4</span></span>
<span id="cb7-51"><a href="#cb7-51" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;   24   0   0   3</span></span>
<span id="cb7-52"><a href="#cb7-52" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;   25   0   0   6</span></span>
<span id="cb7-53"><a href="#cb7-53" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;   27   0   0   1</span></span>
<span id="cb7-54"><a href="#cb7-54" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;   28   0   0   2</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p><code>split_var()</code>, unlike <code>ntile()</code>, does therefor
not always return exactly equal-sized groups:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb8"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb8-1"><a href="#cb8-1" tabindex="-1"></a>x <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> dplyr<span class="sc">::</span><span class="fu">ntile</span>(efc<span class="sc">$</span>neg_c_7, <span class="at">n =</span> <span class="dv">3</span>)</span>
<span id="cb8-2"><a href="#cb8-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">frq</span>(x)</span>
<span id="cb8-3"><a href="#cb8-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; x &lt;integer&gt; </span></span>
<span id="cb8-4"><a href="#cb8-4" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; # total N=908 valid N=892 mean=2.00 sd=0.82</span></span>
<span id="cb8-5"><a href="#cb8-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; </span></span>
<span id="cb8-6"><a href="#cb8-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; Value |   N | Raw % | Valid % | Cum. %</span></span>
<span id="cb8-7"><a href="#cb8-7" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; --------------------------------------</span></span>
<span id="cb8-8"><a href="#cb8-8" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     1 | 298 | 32.82 |   33.41 |  33.41</span></span>
<span id="cb8-9"><a href="#cb8-9" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     2 | 297 | 32.71 |   33.30 |  66.70</span></span>
<span id="cb8-10"><a href="#cb8-10" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     3 | 297 | 32.71 |   33.30 | 100.00</span></span>
<span id="cb8-11"><a href="#cb8-11" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;  &lt;NA&gt; |  16 |  1.76 |    &lt;NA&gt; |   &lt;NA&gt;</span></span>
<span id="cb8-12"><a href="#cb8-12" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb8-13"><a href="#cb8-13" tabindex="-1"></a>x <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">split_var</span>(efc<span class="sc">$</span>neg_c_7, <span class="at">n =</span> <span class="dv">3</span>)</span>
<span id="cb8-14"><a href="#cb8-14" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">frq</span>(x)</span>
<span id="cb8-15"><a href="#cb8-15" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; Negative impact with 7 items (x) &lt;categorical&gt; </span></span>
<span id="cb8-16"><a href="#cb8-16" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; # total N=908 valid N=892 mean=2.03 sd=0.81</span></span>
<span id="cb8-17"><a href="#cb8-17" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; </span></span>
<span id="cb8-18"><a href="#cb8-18" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; Value |   N | Raw % | Valid % | Cum. %</span></span>
<span id="cb8-19"><a href="#cb8-19" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; --------------------------------------</span></span>
<span id="cb8-20"><a href="#cb8-20" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     1 | 280 | 30.84 |   31.39 |  31.39</span></span>
<span id="cb8-21"><a href="#cb8-21" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     2 | 301 | 33.15 |   33.74 |  65.13</span></span>
<span id="cb8-22"><a href="#cb8-22" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     3 | 311 | 34.25 |   34.87 | 100.00</span></span>
<span id="cb8-23"><a href="#cb8-23" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;  &lt;NA&gt; |  16 |  1.76 |    &lt;NA&gt; |   &lt;NA&gt;</span></span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div id="recode-variables-into-equal-ranged-groups" class="section level2">
<h2>Recode variables into equal-ranged groups</h2>
<p>With <code>group_var()</code>, variables can be grouped into equal
ranged categories, i.e. a variable is cut into a smaller number of
groups, where each group has the same value range.
<code>group_labels()</code> creates the related value labels.</p>
<p>The range of the groups is defined in the <code>size</code>-argument.
At the same time, the <code>size</code>-argument also defines the
<em>lower bound</em> of one of the groups.</p>
<p>For instance, if the lowest value of a variable is 1 and the maximum
is 10, and <code>size  = 5</code>, then</p>
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha">
<li>each group will have a range of 5, and</li>
<li>one of the groups will start with the value 5.</li>
</ol>
<p>This means, that an equal-ranged grouping will define groups from
<em>0 to 4</em>, <em>5 to 9</em> and <em>10-14</em>. Each of these
groups has a range of 5, and one of the groups starts with the value
5.</p>
<p>The group assignment becomes clearer, when
<code>group_labels()</code> is used in parallel:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb9"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb9-1"><a href="#cb9-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">set.seed</span>(<span class="dv">123</span>)</span>
<span id="cb9-2"><a href="#cb9-2" tabindex="-1"></a>x <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">round</span>(<span class="fu">runif</span>(<span class="at">n =</span> <span class="dv">150</span>, <span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="dv">10</span>))</span>
<span id="cb9-3"><a href="#cb9-3" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb9-4"><a href="#cb9-4" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">frq</span>(x)</span>
<span id="cb9-5"><a href="#cb9-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; x &lt;numeric&gt; </span></span>
<span id="cb9-6"><a href="#cb9-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; # total N=150 valid N=150 mean=5.52 sd=2.63</span></span>
<span id="cb9-7"><a href="#cb9-7" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; </span></span>
<span id="cb9-8"><a href="#cb9-8" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; Value |  N | Raw % | Valid % | Cum. %</span></span>
<span id="cb9-9"><a href="#cb9-9" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; -------------------------------------</span></span>
<span id="cb9-10"><a href="#cb9-10" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     1 |  6 |  4.00 |    4.00 |   4.00</span></span>
<span id="cb9-11"><a href="#cb9-11" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     2 | 19 | 12.67 |   12.67 |  16.67</span></span>
<span id="cb9-12"><a href="#cb9-12" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     3 | 16 | 10.67 |   10.67 |  27.33</span></span>
<span id="cb9-13"><a href="#cb9-13" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     4 | 17 | 11.33 |   11.33 |  38.67</span></span>
<span id="cb9-14"><a href="#cb9-14" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     5 | 20 | 13.33 |   13.33 |  52.00</span></span>
<span id="cb9-15"><a href="#cb9-15" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     6 | 12 |  8.00 |    8.00 |  60.00</span></span>
<span id="cb9-16"><a href="#cb9-16" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     7 | 19 | 12.67 |   12.67 |  72.67</span></span>
<span id="cb9-17"><a href="#cb9-17" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     8 | 16 | 10.67 |   10.67 |  83.33</span></span>
<span id="cb9-18"><a href="#cb9-18" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     9 | 15 | 10.00 |   10.00 |  93.33</span></span>
<span id="cb9-19"><a href="#cb9-19" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;    10 | 10 |  6.67 |    6.67 | 100.00</span></span>
<span id="cb9-20"><a href="#cb9-20" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;  &lt;NA&gt; |  0 |  0.00 |    &lt;NA&gt; |   &lt;NA&gt;</span></span>
<span id="cb9-21"><a href="#cb9-21" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb9-22"><a href="#cb9-22" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">frq</span>(<span class="fu">group_var</span>(x, <span class="at">size =</span> <span class="dv">5</span>))</span>
<span id="cb9-23"><a href="#cb9-23" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; x &lt;numeric&gt; </span></span>
<span id="cb9-24"><a href="#cb9-24" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; # total N=150 valid N=150 mean=1.68 sd=0.59</span></span>
<span id="cb9-25"><a href="#cb9-25" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; </span></span>
<span id="cb9-26"><a href="#cb9-26" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; Value |  N | Raw % | Valid % | Cum. %</span></span>
<span id="cb9-27"><a href="#cb9-27" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; -------------------------------------</span></span>
<span id="cb9-28"><a href="#cb9-28" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     1 | 58 | 38.67 |   38.67 |  38.67</span></span>
<span id="cb9-29"><a href="#cb9-29" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     2 | 82 | 54.67 |   54.67 |  93.33</span></span>
<span id="cb9-30"><a href="#cb9-30" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     3 | 10 |  6.67 |    6.67 | 100.00</span></span>
<span id="cb9-31"><a href="#cb9-31" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;  &lt;NA&gt; |  0 |  0.00 |    &lt;NA&gt; |   &lt;NA&gt;</span></span>
<span id="cb9-32"><a href="#cb9-32" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb9-33"><a href="#cb9-33" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">group_labels</span>(x, <span class="at">size =</span> <span class="dv">5</span>)</span>
<span id="cb9-34"><a href="#cb9-34" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; [1] &quot;0-4&quot;   &quot;5-9&quot;   &quot;10-14&quot;</span></span>
<span id="cb9-35"><a href="#cb9-35" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb9-36"><a href="#cb9-36" tabindex="-1"></a>dummy <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">group_var</span>(x, <span class="at">size =</span> <span class="dv">5</span>, <span class="at">as.num =</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span>)</span>
<span id="cb9-37"><a href="#cb9-37" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">levels</span>(dummy) <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">group_labels</span>(x, <span class="at">size =</span> <span class="dv">5</span>)</span>
<span id="cb9-38"><a href="#cb9-38" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">frq</span>(dummy)</span>
<span id="cb9-39"><a href="#cb9-39" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; x &lt;categorical&gt; </span></span>
<span id="cb9-40"><a href="#cb9-40" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; # total N=150 valid N=150 mean=1.68 sd=0.59</span></span>
<span id="cb9-41"><a href="#cb9-41" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; </span></span>
<span id="cb9-42"><a href="#cb9-42" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; Value |  N | Raw % | Valid % | Cum. %</span></span>
<span id="cb9-43"><a href="#cb9-43" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; -------------------------------------</span></span>
<span id="cb9-44"><a href="#cb9-44" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; 0-4   | 58 | 38.67 |   38.67 |  38.67</span></span>
<span id="cb9-45"><a href="#cb9-45" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; 5-9   | 82 | 54.67 |   54.67 |  93.33</span></span>
<span id="cb9-46"><a href="#cb9-46" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; 10-14 | 10 |  6.67 |    6.67 | 100.00</span></span>
<span id="cb9-47"><a href="#cb9-47" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; &lt;NA&gt;  |  0 |  0.00 |    &lt;NA&gt; |   &lt;NA&gt;</span></span>
<span id="cb9-48"><a href="#cb9-48" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb9-49"><a href="#cb9-49" tabindex="-1"></a>dummy <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">group_var</span>(x, <span class="at">size =</span> <span class="dv">3</span>, <span class="at">as.num =</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span>)</span>
<span id="cb9-50"><a href="#cb9-50" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">levels</span>(dummy) <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">group_labels</span>(x, <span class="at">size =</span> <span class="dv">3</span>)</span>
<span id="cb9-51"><a href="#cb9-51" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">frq</span>(dummy)</span>
<span id="cb9-52"><a href="#cb9-52" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; x &lt;categorical&gt; </span></span>
<span id="cb9-53"><a href="#cb9-53" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; # total N=150 valid N=150 mean=2.48 sd=0.96</span></span>
<span id="cb9-54"><a href="#cb9-54" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; </span></span>
<span id="cb9-55"><a href="#cb9-55" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; Value |  N | Raw % | Valid % | Cum. %</span></span>
<span id="cb9-56"><a href="#cb9-56" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; -------------------------------------</span></span>
<span id="cb9-57"><a href="#cb9-57" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; 0-2   | 25 | 16.67 |   16.67 |  16.67</span></span>
<span id="cb9-58"><a href="#cb9-58" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; 3-5   | 53 | 35.33 |   35.33 |  52.00</span></span>
<span id="cb9-59"><a href="#cb9-59" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; 6-8   | 47 | 31.33 |   31.33 |  83.33</span></span>
<span id="cb9-60"><a href="#cb9-60" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; 9-11  | 25 | 16.67 |   16.67 | 100.00</span></span>
<span id="cb9-61"><a href="#cb9-61" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; &lt;NA&gt;  |  0 |  0.00 |    &lt;NA&gt; |   &lt;NA&gt;</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>The argument <code>right.interval</code> can be used when
<code>size</code> should indicate the <em>upper bound</em> of a
group-range.</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb10"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb10-1"><a href="#cb10-1" tabindex="-1"></a>dummy <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">group_var</span>(x, <span class="at">size =</span> <span class="dv">4</span>, <span class="at">as.num =</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span>)</span>
<span id="cb10-2"><a href="#cb10-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">levels</span>(dummy) <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">group_labels</span>(x, <span class="at">size =</span> <span class="dv">4</span>)</span>
<span id="cb10-3"><a href="#cb10-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">frq</span>(dummy)</span>
<span id="cb10-4"><a href="#cb10-4" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; x &lt;categorical&gt; </span></span>
<span id="cb10-5"><a href="#cb10-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; # total N=150 valid N=150 mean=2.00 sd=0.74</span></span>
<span id="cb10-6"><a href="#cb10-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; </span></span>
<span id="cb10-7"><a href="#cb10-7" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; Value |  N | Raw % | Valid % | Cum. %</span></span>
<span id="cb10-8"><a href="#cb10-8" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; -------------------------------------</span></span>
<span id="cb10-9"><a href="#cb10-9" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; 0-3   | 41 | 27.33 |   27.33 |  27.33</span></span>
<span id="cb10-10"><a href="#cb10-10" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; 4-7   | 68 | 45.33 |   45.33 |  72.67</span></span>
<span id="cb10-11"><a href="#cb10-11" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; 8-11  | 41 | 27.33 |   27.33 | 100.00</span></span>
<span id="cb10-12"><a href="#cb10-12" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; &lt;NA&gt;  |  0 |  0.00 |    &lt;NA&gt; |   &lt;NA&gt;</span></span>
<span id="cb10-13"><a href="#cb10-13" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb10-14"><a href="#cb10-14" tabindex="-1"></a>dummy <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">group_var</span>(x, <span class="at">size =</span> <span class="dv">4</span>, <span class="at">as.num =</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span>, <span class="at">right.interval =</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span>)</span>
<span id="cb10-15"><a href="#cb10-15" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">levels</span>(dummy) <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">group_labels</span>(x, <span class="at">size =</span> <span class="dv">4</span>, <span class="at">right.interval =</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span>)</span>
<span id="cb10-16"><a href="#cb10-16" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">frq</span>(dummy)</span>
<span id="cb10-17"><a href="#cb10-17" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; x &lt;categorical&gt; </span></span>
<span id="cb10-18"><a href="#cb10-18" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; # total N=150 valid N=150 mean=1.78 sd=0.71</span></span>
<span id="cb10-19"><a href="#cb10-19" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; </span></span>
<span id="cb10-20"><a href="#cb10-20" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; Value |  N | Raw % | Valid % | Cum. %</span></span>
<span id="cb10-21"><a href="#cb10-21" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; -------------------------------------</span></span>
<span id="cb10-22"><a href="#cb10-22" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; 1-4   | 58 | 38.67 |   38.67 |  38.67</span></span>
<span id="cb10-23"><a href="#cb10-23" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; 5-8   | 67 | 44.67 |   44.67 |  83.33</span></span>
<span id="cb10-24"><a href="#cb10-24" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; 9-12  | 25 | 16.67 |   16.67 | 100.00</span></span>
<span id="cb10-25"><a href="#cb10-25" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; &lt;NA&gt;  |  0 |  0.00 |    &lt;NA&gt; |   &lt;NA&gt;</span></span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div id="flexible-recoding-of-variables" class="section level2">
<h2>Flexible recoding of variables</h2>
<p><code>rec()</code> recodes old values of variables into new values,
and can be considered as a “classical” recode-function. The
recode-pattern, i.e. which new values should replace the old values, is
defined in the <code>rec</code>-argument. This argument has a specific
“syntax”:</p>
<ul>
<li><p><strong>recode pairs</strong>: Each recode pair has to be
separated by a ;, e.g. <code>rec = &quot;1=1; 2=4; 3=2; 4=3&quot;</code></p></li>
<li><p><strong>multiple values</strong>: Multiple old values that should
be recoded into a new single value may be separated with comma,
e.g. <code>rec = &quot;1,2=1; 3,4=2&quot;</code></p></li>
<li><p><strong>value range</strong>: A value range is indicated by a
colon, e.g. <code>rec = &quot;1:4=1; 5:8=2&quot;</code> (recodes all values from 1
to 4 into 1, and from 5 to 8 into 2)</p></li>
<li><p><strong>value range for doubles</strong>: For double vectors
(with fractional part), all values within the specified range are
recoded; e.g. <code>rec = &quot;1:2.5=1;2.6:3=2&quot;</code> recodes 1 to 2.5 into
1 and 2.6 to 3 into 2, but 2.55 would not be recoded (since it’s not
included in any of the specified ranges)</p></li>
<li><p><strong>“min” and “max”</strong>: Minimum and maximum values are
indicates by <code>min</code> (or <code>lo</code>) and <code>max</code>
(or <code>hi</code>), e.g. <code>rec = &quot;min:4=1; 5:max=2&quot;</code>
(recodes all values from minimum values of x to 4 into 1, and from 5 to
maximum values of x into 2) You can also use <code>min</code> or
<code>max</code> to recode a value into the minimum or maximum value of
a variable, e.g. <code>rec = &quot;min:4=1; 5:7=max&quot;</code> (recodes all
values from minimum values of x to 4 into 1, and from 5 to 7 into the
maximum value of x).</p></li>
<li><p><strong>“else”</strong>: All other values, which have not been
specified yet, are indicated by else,
e.g. <code>rec = &quot;3=1; 1=2; else=3&quot;</code> (recodes 3 into 1, 1 into 2
and all other values into 3)</p></li>
<li><p><strong>“copy”</strong>: The <code>&quot;else&quot;</code>-token can be
combined with <code>&quot;copy&quot;</code>, indicating that all remaining, not
yet recoded values should stay the same (are copied from the original
value), e.g. <code>rec = &quot;3=1; 1=2; else=copy&quot;</code> (recodes 3 into 1,
1 into 2 and all other values like 2, 4 or 5 etc. will not be recoded,
but copied.</p></li>
<li><p><strong>NA’s</strong>: <code>NA</code> values are allowed both as
old and new value, e.g. <code>rec = &quot;NA=1; 3:5=NA&quot;</code> (recodes all
<code>NA</code> into 1, and all values from 3 to 5 into NA in the new
variable)</p></li>
<li><p><strong>“rev”</strong>: <code>&quot;rev&quot;</code> is a special token
that reverses the value order.</p></li>
<li><p><strong>direct value labelling</strong>: Value labels for new
values can be assigned inside the recode pattern by writing the value
label in square brackets after defining the new value in a recode pair,
e.g. <code>rec = &quot;15:30=1 [young aged]; 31:55=2 [middle aged]; 56:max=3 [old aged]&quot;</code></p></li>
<li><p><strong>non-captured values</strong>: Non-matching values will be
set to <code>NA</code>, unless captured by the <code>&quot;else&quot;</code>- or
<code>&quot;copy&quot;</code>-token.</p></li>
</ul>
<p>Here are some examples:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb11"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb11-1"><a href="#cb11-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">frq</span>(efc<span class="sc">$</span>e42dep)</span>
<span id="cb11-2"><a href="#cb11-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; elder&#39;s dependency (x) &lt;numeric&gt; </span></span>
<span id="cb11-3"><a href="#cb11-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; # total N=908 valid N=901 mean=2.94 sd=0.94</span></span>
<span id="cb11-4"><a href="#cb11-4" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; </span></span>
<span id="cb11-5"><a href="#cb11-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; Value |                Label |   N | Raw % | Valid % | Cum. %</span></span>
<span id="cb11-6"><a href="#cb11-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; -------------------------------------------------------------</span></span>
<span id="cb11-7"><a href="#cb11-7" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     1 |          independent |  66 |  7.27 |    7.33 |   7.33</span></span>
<span id="cb11-8"><a href="#cb11-8" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     2 |   slightly dependent | 225 | 24.78 |   24.97 |  32.30</span></span>
<span id="cb11-9"><a href="#cb11-9" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     3 | moderately dependent | 306 | 33.70 |   33.96 |  66.26</span></span>
<span id="cb11-10"><a href="#cb11-10" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     4 |   severely dependent | 304 | 33.48 |   33.74 | 100.00</span></span>
<span id="cb11-11"><a href="#cb11-11" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;  &lt;NA&gt; |                 &lt;NA&gt; |   7 |  0.77 |    &lt;NA&gt; |   &lt;NA&gt;</span></span>
<span id="cb11-12"><a href="#cb11-12" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb11-13"><a href="#cb11-13" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># replace NA with 5</span></span>
<span id="cb11-14"><a href="#cb11-14" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">frq</span>(<span class="fu">rec</span>(efc<span class="sc">$</span>e42dep, <span class="at">rec =</span> <span class="st">&quot;NA=5;else=copy&quot;</span>))</span>
<span id="cb11-15"><a href="#cb11-15" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; elder&#39;s dependency (x) &lt;numeric&gt; </span></span>
<span id="cb11-16"><a href="#cb11-16" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; # total N=908 valid N=908 mean=2.96 sd=0.95</span></span>
<span id="cb11-17"><a href="#cb11-17" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; </span></span>
<span id="cb11-18"><a href="#cb11-18" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; Value |                Label |   N | Raw % | Valid % | Cum. %</span></span>
<span id="cb11-19"><a href="#cb11-19" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; -------------------------------------------------------------</span></span>
<span id="cb11-20"><a href="#cb11-20" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     1 |          independent |  66 |  7.27 |    7.27 |   7.27</span></span>
<span id="cb11-21"><a href="#cb11-21" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     2 |   slightly dependent | 225 | 24.78 |   24.78 |  32.05</span></span>
<span id="cb11-22"><a href="#cb11-22" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     3 | moderately dependent | 306 | 33.70 |   33.70 |  65.75</span></span>
<span id="cb11-23"><a href="#cb11-23" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     4 |   severely dependent | 304 | 33.48 |   33.48 |  99.23</span></span>
<span id="cb11-24"><a href="#cb11-24" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     5 |                    5 |   7 |  0.77 |    0.77 | 100.00</span></span>
<span id="cb11-25"><a href="#cb11-25" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;  &lt;NA&gt; |                 &lt;NA&gt; |   0 |  0.00 |    &lt;NA&gt; |   &lt;NA&gt;</span></span>
<span id="cb11-26"><a href="#cb11-26" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb11-27"><a href="#cb11-27" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># recode 1 to 2 into 1 and 3 to 4 into 2</span></span>
<span id="cb11-28"><a href="#cb11-28" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">frq</span>(<span class="fu">rec</span>(efc<span class="sc">$</span>e42dep, <span class="at">rec =</span> <span class="st">&quot;1,2=1; 3,4=2&quot;</span>))</span>
<span id="cb11-29"><a href="#cb11-29" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; elder&#39;s dependency (x) &lt;numeric&gt; </span></span>
<span id="cb11-30"><a href="#cb11-30" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; # total N=908 valid N=901 mean=1.68 sd=0.47</span></span>
<span id="cb11-31"><a href="#cb11-31" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; </span></span>
<span id="cb11-32"><a href="#cb11-32" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; Value |   N | Raw % | Valid % | Cum. %</span></span>
<span id="cb11-33"><a href="#cb11-33" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; --------------------------------------</span></span>
<span id="cb11-34"><a href="#cb11-34" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     1 | 291 | 32.05 |   32.30 |  32.30</span></span>
<span id="cb11-35"><a href="#cb11-35" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     2 | 610 | 67.18 |   67.70 | 100.00</span></span>
<span id="cb11-36"><a href="#cb11-36" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;  &lt;NA&gt; |   7 |  0.77 |    &lt;NA&gt; |   &lt;NA&gt;</span></span>
<span id="cb11-37"><a href="#cb11-37" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb11-38"><a href="#cb11-38" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># recode 1 to 3 into 4 into 2</span></span>
<span id="cb11-39"><a href="#cb11-39" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">frq</span>(<span class="fu">rec</span>(efc<span class="sc">$</span>e42dep, <span class="at">rec =</span> <span class="st">&quot;min:3=1; 4=2&quot;</span>))</span>
<span id="cb11-40"><a href="#cb11-40" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; elder&#39;s dependency (x) &lt;numeric&gt; </span></span>
<span id="cb11-41"><a href="#cb11-41" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; # total N=908 valid N=901 mean=1.34 sd=0.47</span></span>
<span id="cb11-42"><a href="#cb11-42" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; </span></span>
<span id="cb11-43"><a href="#cb11-43" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; Value |   N | Raw % | Valid % | Cum. %</span></span>
<span id="cb11-44"><a href="#cb11-44" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; --------------------------------------</span></span>
<span id="cb11-45"><a href="#cb11-45" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     1 | 597 | 65.75 |   66.26 |  66.26</span></span>
<span id="cb11-46"><a href="#cb11-46" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     2 | 304 | 33.48 |   33.74 | 100.00</span></span>
<span id="cb11-47"><a href="#cb11-47" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;  &lt;NA&gt; |   7 |  0.77 |    &lt;NA&gt; |   &lt;NA&gt;</span></span>
<span id="cb11-48"><a href="#cb11-48" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb11-49"><a href="#cb11-49" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># recode numeric to character, and remaining values</span></span>
<span id="cb11-50"><a href="#cb11-50" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># into the highest value (=&quot;hi&quot;) of e42dep</span></span>
<span id="cb11-51"><a href="#cb11-51" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">frq</span>(<span class="fu">rec</span>(efc<span class="sc">$</span>e42dep, <span class="at">rec =</span> <span class="st">&quot;1=first;2=2nd;else=hi&quot;</span>))</span>
<span id="cb11-52"><a href="#cb11-52" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; elder&#39;s dependency (x) &lt;character&gt; </span></span>
<span id="cb11-53"><a href="#cb11-53" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; # total N=908 valid N=901 mean=2.43 sd=0.86</span></span>
<span id="cb11-54"><a href="#cb11-54" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; </span></span>
<span id="cb11-55"><a href="#cb11-55" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; Value |   N | Raw % | Valid % | Cum. %</span></span>
<span id="cb11-56"><a href="#cb11-56" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; --------------------------------------</span></span>
<span id="cb11-57"><a href="#cb11-57" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; 2nd   | 225 | 24.78 |   24.97 |  24.97</span></span>
<span id="cb11-58"><a href="#cb11-58" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; first |  66 |  7.27 |    7.33 |  32.30</span></span>
<span id="cb11-59"><a href="#cb11-59" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; hi    | 610 | 67.18 |   67.70 | 100.00</span></span>
<span id="cb11-60"><a href="#cb11-60" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; &lt;NA&gt;  |   7 |  0.77 |    &lt;NA&gt; |   &lt;NA&gt;</span></span>
<span id="cb11-61"><a href="#cb11-61" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb11-62"><a href="#cb11-62" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">data</span>(iris)</span>
<span id="cb11-63"><a href="#cb11-63" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">frq</span>(<span class="fu">rec</span>(iris, Species, <span class="at">rec =</span> <span class="st">&quot;setosa=huhu; else=copy&quot;</span>, <span class="at">append =</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span>))</span>
<span id="cb11-64"><a href="#cb11-64" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; Species_r &lt;categorical&gt; </span></span>
<span id="cb11-65"><a href="#cb11-65" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; # total N=150 valid N=150 mean=2.00 sd=0.82</span></span>
<span id="cb11-66"><a href="#cb11-66" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; </span></span>
<span id="cb11-67"><a href="#cb11-67" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; Value      |  N | Raw % | Valid % | Cum. %</span></span>
<span id="cb11-68"><a href="#cb11-68" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; ------------------------------------------</span></span>
<span id="cb11-69"><a href="#cb11-69" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; huhu       | 50 | 33.33 |   33.33 |  33.33</span></span>
<span id="cb11-70"><a href="#cb11-70" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; versicolor | 50 | 33.33 |   33.33 |  66.67</span></span>
<span id="cb11-71"><a href="#cb11-71" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; virginica  | 50 | 33.33 |   33.33 | 100.00</span></span>
<span id="cb11-72"><a href="#cb11-72" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; &lt;NA&gt;       |  0 |  0.00 |    &lt;NA&gt; |   &lt;NA&gt;</span></span>
<span id="cb11-73"><a href="#cb11-73" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb11-74"><a href="#cb11-74" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># works with mutate</span></span>
<span id="cb11-75"><a href="#cb11-75" tabindex="-1"></a>efc <span class="sc">%&gt;%</span></span>
<span id="cb11-76"><a href="#cb11-76" tabindex="-1"></a>  dplyr<span class="sc">::</span><span class="fu">select</span>(e42dep, e17age) <span class="sc">%&gt;%</span></span>
<span id="cb11-77"><a href="#cb11-77" tabindex="-1"></a>  dplyr<span class="sc">::</span><span class="fu">mutate</span>(<span class="at">dependency_rev =</span> <span class="fu">rec</span>(e42dep, <span class="at">rec =</span> <span class="st">&quot;rev&quot;</span>)) <span class="sc">%&gt;%</span></span>
<span id="cb11-78"><a href="#cb11-78" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">head</span>()</span>
<span id="cb11-79"><a href="#cb11-79" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;   e42dep e17age dependency_rev</span></span>
<span id="cb11-80"><a href="#cb11-80" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; 1      3     83              2</span></span>
<span id="cb11-81"><a href="#cb11-81" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; 2      3     88              2</span></span>
<span id="cb11-82"><a href="#cb11-82" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; 3      3     82              2</span></span>
<span id="cb11-83"><a href="#cb11-83" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; 4      4     67              1</span></span>
<span id="cb11-84"><a href="#cb11-84" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; 5      4     84              1</span></span>
<span id="cb11-85"><a href="#cb11-85" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; 6      4     85              1</span></span>
<span id="cb11-86"><a href="#cb11-86" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb11-87"><a href="#cb11-87" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># recode multiple variables and set value labels via recode-syntax</span></span>
<span id="cb11-88"><a href="#cb11-88" tabindex="-1"></a>dummy <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">rec</span>(</span>
<span id="cb11-89"><a href="#cb11-89" tabindex="-1"></a>  efc, c160age, e17age,</span>
<span id="cb11-90"><a href="#cb11-90" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="at">rec =</span> <span class="st">&quot;15:30=1 [young]; 31:55=2 [middle]; 56:max=3 [old]&quot;</span>,</span>
<span id="cb11-91"><a href="#cb11-91" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="at">append =</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span></span>
<span id="cb11-92"><a href="#cb11-92" tabindex="-1"></a>)</span>
<span id="cb11-93"><a href="#cb11-93" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">frq</span>(dummy)</span>
<span id="cb11-94"><a href="#cb11-94" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; carer&#39; age (c160age_r) &lt;numeric&gt; </span></span>
<span id="cb11-95"><a href="#cb11-95" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; # total N=908 valid N=901 mean=2.40 sd=0.59</span></span>
<span id="cb11-96"><a href="#cb11-96" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; </span></span>
<span id="cb11-97"><a href="#cb11-97" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; Value |  Label |   N | Raw % | Valid % | Cum. %</span></span>
<span id="cb11-98"><a href="#cb11-98" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; -----------------------------------------------</span></span>
<span id="cb11-99"><a href="#cb11-99" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     1 |  young |  48 |  5.29 |    5.33 |   5.33</span></span>
<span id="cb11-100"><a href="#cb11-100" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     2 | middle | 442 | 48.68 |   49.06 |  54.38</span></span>
<span id="cb11-101"><a href="#cb11-101" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     3 |    old | 411 | 45.26 |   45.62 | 100.00</span></span>
<span id="cb11-102"><a href="#cb11-102" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;  &lt;NA&gt; |   &lt;NA&gt; |   7 |  0.77 |    &lt;NA&gt; |   &lt;NA&gt;</span></span>
<span id="cb11-103"><a href="#cb11-103" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; </span></span>
<span id="cb11-104"><a href="#cb11-104" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; elder&#39; age (e17age_r) &lt;numeric&gt; </span></span>
<span id="cb11-105"><a href="#cb11-105" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; # total N=908 valid N=891 mean=3.00 sd=0.00</span></span>
<span id="cb11-106"><a href="#cb11-106" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; </span></span>
<span id="cb11-107"><a href="#cb11-107" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; Value |  Label |   N | Raw % | Valid % | Cum. %</span></span>
<span id="cb11-108"><a href="#cb11-108" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; -----------------------------------------------</span></span>
<span id="cb11-109"><a href="#cb11-109" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     1 |  young |   0 |  0.00 |       0 |      0</span></span>
<span id="cb11-110"><a href="#cb11-110" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     2 | middle |   0 |  0.00 |       0 |      0</span></span>
<span id="cb11-111"><a href="#cb11-111" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;     3 |    old | 891 | 98.13 |     100 |    100</span></span>
<span id="cb11-112"><a href="#cb11-112" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;  &lt;NA&gt; |   &lt;NA&gt; |  17 |  1.87 |    &lt;NA&gt; |   &lt;NA&gt;</span></span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div id="scoped-variants" class="section level2">
<h2>Scoped variants</h2>
<p>Where applicable, the recoding-functions in <strong>sjmisc</strong>
have “scoped” versions as well, e.g. <code>dicho_if()</code> or
<code>split_var_if()</code>, where transformation will be applied only
to those variables that match the logical condition of
<code>predicate</code>.</p>
</div>



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