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#+TITLE: Racket Mode
#+AUTHOR: Greg Hendershott
#+EMAIL: racket-mode-author@greghendershott.com
#+LANGUAGE: en

#+TEXINFO_FILENAME: racket-mode.info
#+TEXINFO_HEADER: @syncodeindex pg cp

#+TEXINFO_DIR_CATEGORY: Emacs
#+TEXINFO_DIR_TITLE: Racket Mode: (racket-mode)
#+TEXINFO_DIR_DESC: Edit and REPL major modes for Racket lang

#+TEXINFO_PRINTED_TITLE: Racket Mode

* Copying
:PROPERTIES:
:COPYING: t
:END:

Copyright (C) 2013-2025 by Greg Hendershott.

SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later

* Introduction

The [[https://www.racket-mode.com/][Racket Mode]] package consists of a variety of Emacs major and minor modes, including:

- ~racket-mode~: A major mode to edit ~.rkt~ files. Generally assumes ~#lang racket~.

- {{{ref(racket-hash-lang-mode)}}}: An alternative to ~racket-mode~ using behavior specified by a ~#lang~ for colors, indent, expression navigation, etc. /Experimental/.

- {{{ref(racket-xp-mode)}}}: A minor mode to enhance either edit mode. Explain and explore code, similar to background check-syntax in Dr Racket.

- ~racket-repl-mode~: A major mode to run programs and use a REPL.

- Various other modes to support specific features:
  - {{{ref(racket-logger-mode)}}}
  - {{{ref(racket-profile-mode)}}}
  - {{{ref(racket-debug-mode)}}}

For code, issues, and pull requests, see the [[https://github.com/greghendershott/racket-mode][Git repo]].

To sponsor this work, see [[https://github.com/users/greghendershott/sponsorship][GitHub Sponsors]] or [[https://www.paypal.me/greghendershott][PayPal]].

* Install, Update, and Uninstall

The most common way to use Racket Mode is to install from a package archive like MELPA or NonGNU ELPA.

Some people also use a system like [[https://github.com/radian-software/straight.el][straight.el]].

Note that Racket Mode is only available on MELPA (/not/ "MELPA Stable"), and is available as a "rolling release" from NonGNU ELPA.

** Use Emacs 28.1 or newer with NonGNU ELPA

Emacs 28.1 or newer comes configured to use [[https://elpa.nongnu.org][NonGNU ELPA]], in which case you can skip ahead to [[Install]].

With older versions of Emacs, you can use MELPA.

** Configure Emacs to use MELPA

Following is a quick guide that may work for you. (For definitive instructions and the latest trouble-shooting tips, please see https://melpa.org/#/getting-started.)

- Add the following to your =~/.emacs= or =~/.emacs.d/init.el=:

#+BEGIN_SRC lisp
(require 'package)
(add-to-list 'package-archives
              '("melpa" . "https://melpa.org/packages/")
              t)
(package-initialize)
#+END_SRC

- Restart Emacs.

#+BEGIN_QUOTE
NOTE: If you ever get an error message about "contacting a host" or "downloading an archive", the problem is not unique to Racket Mode. Please see https://melpa.org/#/getting-started.
#+END_QUOTE

** Install

When Emacs is configured to use NonGNU ELPA or MELPA:

1. Type {{{kbd(M-x)}}} ~package-initialize~ {{{kbd(RET)}}}.

2. Type {{{kbd(M-x)}}} ~package-refresh-contents~ {{{kbd(RET)}}}.

3. Type {{{kbd(M-x)}}} ~package-install~ {{{kbd(RET)}}} ~racket-mode~ {{{kbd(RET)}}}.

#+BEGIN_QUOTE
NOTE: If you get an error message about "contacting a host" or "downloading an archive", the problem is not unique to Racket Mode. Please see https://melpa.org/#/getting-started.
#+END_QUOTE

** Minimal Racket

If you have installed the minimal Racket distribution (for example by using the [[https://github.com/Homebrew/homebrew-core/blob/master/Formula/m/minimal-racket.rb][homebrew formula]]) Racket Mode needs some additional Racket packages. A simple way to get all these packages is to install the ~drracket~ Racket package. In a command shell:

#+BEGIN_SRC shell
raco pkg install --auto drracket
#+END_SRC

A more-targeted approach is instead to install these specific packages and their dependencies:

#+BEGIN_SRC shell
raco pkg install --auto data-lib errortrace-lib macro-debugger-text-lib rackunit-lib racket-index scribble-lib drracket-tool-text-lib
#+END_SRC

If you do /not/ want to use ~racket-xp-mode~, then you can omit ~drracket-tool-text-lib~.

On a headless server, you might want to omit ~gui-lib~. Unfortunately, ~racket-doc~ depends on ~gui-lib~. On the one hand, if you uninstall ~racket-doc~ and ~gui-lib~, you will no longer be able to access documentation when using a Racket Mode back end running there. On the other hand, if you leave ~gui-lib~ installed, you should be careful to run the Racket Mode back end using ~xvfb-run racket~.

** Uninstall

To uninstall Racket Mode, simply type {{{kbd(M-x)}}} ~package-delete~ {{{kbd(RET)}}} ~racket-mode~ {{{kbd(RET)}}}.

You should probably also exit and restart Emacs.

** Update

*** Upgrading all packages

The "easy path" provided by Emacs is to update /all/ packages to their latest versions. Although you might not want to do this --- see next section --- here is how to do so:

0. Use {{{kbd(M-x)}}} ~package-initialize~.

1. Use {{{kbd(M-x)}}} ~package-refresh-contents~.

2. Use {{{kbd(M-x)}}} ~list-packages~. It should display a message like "42 packages can be upgraded; type ‘U’ to mark them for upgrading.".

3. Press {{{kbd(U)}}} as suggested to mark them all.

4. Press {{{kbd(x)}}} to execute.

After such a mass update, it might be wise to exit and restart Emacs.

#+BEGIN_QUOTE
NOTE: If you get an error message about "contacting a host" or "downloading an archive", the problem is not unique to Racket Mode. Please see https://melpa.org/#/getting-started.
#+END_QUOTE

*** Updating just Racket Mode

Updating all packages sometimes is more than you want. For example, maybe you will discover that some packages have changed in ways that require you to take time to learn about, change customizations, and so on.

To update just Racket Mode:

1. {{{ref(Uninstall)}}}.

2. Optional but most reliable: Exit and restart Emacs.

3. {{{ref(Install)}}} again. This will install the latest version.

* Configure

Although Racket Mode can be customized with many {{{ref(Variables)}}}, there is only one that you might /need/ to set: {{{ref(racket-program)}}}. This is the name or pathname of the Racket executable. It defaults to ~Racket.exe~ on Windows else ~racket~.

On Windows or Linux, this default will probably work for you.

On macOS, downloading Racket doesn't add its ~bin~ directory to your ~PATH~. Even after you add it, GUI Emacs doesn't automatically use your path (unless you use the handy [[https://melpa.org/#/exec-path-from-shell][exec-path-from-shell]] package). Therefore you might want to set ~racket-program~ to a complete pathname.

You can ~setq~ this directly in your Emacs init file (=~/.emacs= or =~/.emacs.d/init.el=), or, use {{{kbd(M-x)}}} ~customize~, as you prefer.

** Which major mode to use

Racket is a programming language.

Racket is also a "language-oriented programming language". Most Racket source files contain a `#lang` line. The lang may be an s-expression lang like ~racket~, or an at-expression lang like ~scribble/manual~, or something completely different like ~datalog~ or ~rhombus~.

The Racket Mode package offers a choice of two major modes to use in buffers for viewing and editing source code. Each has pros and cons.

Whereas ~racket-mode~ is in the tradition of Emacs ~lisp-mode~ and ~scheme-mode~ and assumes s-expression langs, ~racket-hash-lang-mode~ takes the approach of DrRacket to work for all langs.

- ~racket-mode~ is the original, "classic" mode for ~#lang racket~ and related s-expression languages. It is implemented entirely in Emacs and does /not/ need Racket Mode's back end racket process running. Font-lock (coloring) uses rules for a fixed set of identifiers from ~racket~ lang and popular modules like ~racket/match~. Indentation uses rules for a fixed set of forms, and may be customized.

- ~racket-hash-lang-mode~ uses font-lock (colors) and indentation determined by the lang; to get this information it /does/ need the Racket Mode's back end racket process running. Although basic editing should feel fast, you might notice some delay when indenting. You might see colors appear after a small delay (but it will not block editing). Speaking of colors, they will be "plainer" than ~racket-mode~ -- just colors for tokens like numbers, comments, strings, and keywords. This looks similar to DrRacket. However you can enhance this in various ways; see the discussion of {{{ref(racket-hash-lang-module-language-hook)}}}.

You can use different major modes for different kinds of files:

- For editing ~.rkt~ files and s-expression langs, which mode to use is personal preference.

- For ~.scrbl~ files and at-expression langs like ~scribble/manual~, ~racket-hash-lang-mode~ is probably better than ~racket-mode~. (Note there is also an unrelated ~scribble-mode~ package.)

- For non-s-expression langs like ~datalog~ or ~rhombus~ (~.rhm~), ~racket-hash-lang-mode~ is definitely better than ~racket-mode~. (Note there is also an unrelated ~rhombus-mode~ package.)

You can use ~auto-mode-alist~ to tell Emacs which major mode to use initially for certain file extensions. Also, in a buffer you can use ~M-x racket-mode~ and ~M-x racket-hash-lang-mode~ to switch between them.
** Key bindings

To customize things like key bindings, you can use ~racket-mode-hook~ in your Emacs init file to modify ~racket-mode-map~. For example, although {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} is bound by default to the ~racket-run~ command, let's say you wanted {{{kbd(F5)}}} to be an additional binding:

#+BEGIN_SRC lisp
(add-hook 'racket-mode-hook
          (lambda ()
            (define-key racket-mode-map (kbd "<f5>") 'racket-run)))
#+END_SRC

Likewise for ~racket-repl-mode-hook~ and ~racket-repl-mode-map~.

** Font-lock (syntax highlighting)

#+BEGIN_QUOTE
Note: The alternative major mode {{{ref(racket-hash-lang-mode)}}} disables all of the following behavior and uses colors determined by the #lang.
#+END_QUOTE

Font-lock (as Emacs calls syntax highlighting) can be controlled using the variable ~font-lock-maximum-decoration~, which defaults to ~t~ (maximum). You can set it to a number, where ~0~ is the lowest level. You can even supply an association list to specify different values for different major modes.

Historically you might choose a lower level for speed. These days you might do so because you prefer a simpler appearance.

Racket Mode supports four, increasing levels of font-lock:

- ~0~: Just strings, comments, and ~#lang~.
- ~1~: ~#:keyword~ and self-evaluating literals like numbers, quoted symbols (including symbols with spaces delimited by ~|~ characters), and ~#rx~ and ~#px~ regular expressions.
- ~2~: Identifiers in ~define~-like and ~let~-like forms.
- ~3~: Identifiers provided by ~racket~, ~typed/racket~, ~racket/syntax~, and ~syntax/parse~. (This level effectively treats Racket as a language, instead of a language for making languages.).

** Completion at point

In Emacs, a major mode may supply a "completion-at-point function". This function is used by manual completion commands like ~complete-symbol~ (bound by default to {{{kbd(C-M-i)}}}), as well as by auto-completion packages like ~company-mode~.

- ~racket-mode~ supplies ~racket-complete-at-point~, which simply supplies the same symbols that it knows how to font-lock. This does /not/ require the Racket Mode back end to be running. But of course the completion candidates do not correspond to your program's definitions or those it imports. This is a static, "better than nothing" fallback.

- ~racket-xp-mode~ --- an optional minor mode that enhances ~racket-mode~ --- supplies ~racket-xp-complete-at-point~, which uses a static analysis to find local and imported binding names. Although this requires the Racket Mode back end to be running --- and will automatically start it --- it does /not/ require the edit buffer to be ~racket-run~. This also supplies meta data usable by the ~company-capf~ backend.

- ~racket-repl-mode~ supplies ~racket-repl-complete-at-point~, which uses the result of ~namespace-mapped-symbols~ on the program currently running in the REPL.

These completion functions are set by default. (However, ~racket-xp-mode~ is not enabled by default. To do so: {{{ref(racket-xp-mode)}}}.)

If you want {{{kbd(TAB)}}} to do completion as well as indent, add the following to your Emacs init file:

#+BEGIN_SRC lisp
(setq tab-always-indent 'complete)
#+END_SRC

This changes the behavior of Emacs' standard ~indent-for-tab-command~, to which {{{kbd(TAB)}}} is bound by default in ~racket-mode~ and ~racket-repl-mode~.

** Completion in minibuffer

Sometimes Racket Mode asks for input in the minibuffer. To do so it uses the standard Emacs function ~completing-read~, so as to be compatible with all Emacs packages that enhance ~completing-read~, such as helm, ivy, ido-completing-read+, vertico, and so on.

(Earlier versions of Racket Mode sometimes used ~ido-completing-read~. If you have upgraded Racket Mode and miss that, simply install the ido-completing-read+ package.)

** Xref (definitions and references)

Several modes support the Emacs commands

- {{{kbd(M-.)}}} ~xref-find-definitions~
- {{{kbd(M-?)}}} ~xref-find-references~
- {{{kbd(M-\,)}}} ~xref-pop-marker-stack~

To do so, each mode adds a local hook for ~xref-backend-functions~:

- {{{ref(racket-mode)}}}: ~#'racket-mode-xref-backend-function~
- {{{ref(racket-xp-mode)}}}: ~#'racket-xp-xref-backend-function~
- {{{ref(racket-repl-mode)}}}: ~#'racket-repl-xref-backend-function~

If you prefer, you can remove the local hook --- e.g. for ~racket-mode~: ~(remove-hook 'xref-backend-functions #'racket-mode-xref-function t)~.

You can ~M-x customize-group~ and enter ~xref~ to adjust some other settings. For example, the customization variable ~xref-prompt-for-identifier~ controls which commands prompt you and when. You might prefer to set it to ~nil~.

If you use ~paredit~, by default it binds {{{kbd(M-?)}}} to ~paredit-convolute-sexp~. You can change that binding in ~paredit-mode-map~ allowing the global binding for {{{kbd(M-?)}}} to be used, or, pick some other key for ~xref-find-references~ in the global map.

Finally, what to expect:

- Racket does not have a global or project-wide database of definitions and references.
- Various modules can export identifiers with the same symbolic value -- for example a different "define" is provided by ~racket/base~, ~typed/racket/base~, and other modules.
- A module can import something, then rename, contract, and re-export it.

As a result, to find a definition, it is necessary to know exactly /which/ identifier is meant --- either by expanding the module (as is done by ~racket-xp-mode~) or by actually running it (~racket-repl-mode~). Once known, we can usually find the definition site, even through a chain of renaming and/or contract-wrapping exports. In addition, when point is on a module within  ~require~ form, we can usually find the source file. (In plain ~racket-mode~ edit buffers not enhanced by ~racket-xp-mode~, the only thing that ~xref-find-definitions~ does is visit relative requires, e.g. ~foo.rkt~ in ~(require "foo.rkt")~.)

As for finding references, the default xref implementation is used, which greps for strings among a project's files. Although ~racket-xp-mode~ can sometimes do better, using ~drracket/check-syntax~ for definitions and references /within/ the current buffer, beyond those it also falls back to the default implementation.

In any case, using the Emacs xref API allows for consistent command names, shortcut keys, and even a special buffer to navigate among references and visit each source location.

** Indent

#+BEGIN_QUOTE
Note: The alternative major mode {{{ref(racket-hash-lang-mode)}}} disables all of the following behavior and uses indentation determined by the #lang.
#+END_QUOTE

Indentation can be customized in a way similar to lisp-mode and scheme-mode: {{{ref(racket-indent-line)}}}.

(Indentation preserves your line breaks. If you want to use an auto-reformatter --- an expressive pretty printer that chooses line breaks while computing an optimal layout --- the Racket package [[https://docs.racket-lang.org/fmt/][fmt]] is supported by the Emacs package [[https://github.com/lassik/emacs-format-all-the-code][emacs-format-all-the-code]].)

** paredit

#+BEGIN_QUOTE
Note: If you use {{{ref(racket-hash-lang-mode)}}}, see {{{ref(racket-hash-lang-module-language-hook)}}} for how to enable/disable paredit based on the specific #lang.
#+END_QUOTE

If you use [[https://melpa.org/#/paredit][paredit]], you might want to add keybindings to ~paredit-mode-map~:

- Bind the curly brace keys to ~paredit-open-curly~ and ~paredit-close-curly~.

- Bind whatever keys you prefer for ~paredit-wrap-square~ and ~paredit-wrap-curly~.

For example, with [[https://melpa.org/#/use-package][~use-package~]]:

#+BEGIN_SRC lisp
(use-package paredit
  :ensure t
  :config
  (dolist (m '(emacs-lisp-mode-hook
               racket-mode-hook
               racket-repl-mode-hook))
    (add-hook m #'paredit-mode))
  (bind-keys :map paredit-mode-map
             ("{"   . paredit-open-curly)
             ("}"   . paredit-close-curly))
  (unless terminal-frame
    (bind-keys :map paredit-mode-map
               ("M-[" . paredit-wrap-square)
               ("M-{" . paredit-wrap-curly))))
#+END_SRC

Starting c. November 2022, paredit binds the {{{kbd(RET)}}} key to its own command. Unfortunately this is /not/ compatible with interactive modes --- including but not limited to ~racket-repl-mode~ --- which expect {{{kbd(RET)}}} to be bound to a command to submit your input to the REPL. In other words, if you type an expression and hit {{{kbd(RET)}}}, nothing will happen and the REPL will seem frozen. You ~M-x racket-repl-submit~ to proceed.

If you want to use paredit with interactive modes, their advice is to remove the binding from ~paredit-mode-map~ (note that this will also disable it for all buffers, including editing buffers). One way you can do this for all related keys:

#+BEGIN_SRC lisp
(dolist (k '("RET" "C-m" "C-j"))
  (define-key paredit-mode-map (kbd k) nil))
#+END_SRC

** smartparens

#+BEGIN_QUOTE
Note: If you use {{{ref(racket-hash-lang-mode)}}}, see {{{ref(racket-hash-lang-module-language-hook)}}} for how to enable/disable smartparens based on the specific #lang.
#+END_QUOTE

If instead of paredit you prefer [[https://melpa.org/#/smartparens][smartparens]], you can use the default configuration it provides for Lisp modes generally and for Racket Mode specifically:

#+BEGIN_SRC lisp
(require 'smartparens-config)
#+END_SRC

** Appearance of parentheses

If you prefer parentheses to appear "dimmed", see [[https://melpa.org/#/paren-face][paren-face]].

If you prefer the opposite, see [[https://melpa.org/#/rainbow-delimiters][rainbow-delimiters]].

** Edit buffers and REPL buffers

By default, all ~racket-mode~ edit buffers share one ~racket-repl-mode~ buffer, named ~*Racket REPL*~. For example, if you run foo.rkt, the REPL prompt changes to ~foo.rkt>~, and the REPL is inside the file module namespace. If you then run bar.rkt, the REPL prompt changes to ~bar.rkt>~, and you are in that namespace.

If you prefer, you can use more than one REPL buffer, by customizing the variable {{{ref(racket-repl-buffer-name-function)}}}:

- Share a REPL buffer among files belonging to the same project; each REPL buffer is named ~*Racket REPL <project-name>*~.
- A unique REPL buffer for each edit buffer, similar to Dr Racket; each REPL buffer is named ~*Racket REPL <file.rkt>*~.
- You can also define your own, custom function.

You can customize where the REPL buffer is displayed by adding an item to the Emacs variable ~display-buffer-alist~. A good regular expression to use for this would be ~\\`\\*Racket REPL~. For example, if you wanted to make the REPL buffer appear in a new frame:

#+BEGIN_SRC lisp
(add-to-list 'display-buffer-alist
             '("\\`\\*Racket REPL"
               (display-buffer-reuse-window
                display-buffer-pop-up-frame)
               (reusable-frames . 0)
               (inhibit-same-window . t)))
#+END_SRC

** eldoc

Various modes add local hooks to ~eldoc-documentation-functions~.

- The minor mode ~racket-xp-mode~ adds hooks to document the identifiers at point or at an apparent s-expression application head position. The identifiers are documented from check-syntax annotations. You may customize the variable {{{ref(racket-xp-eldoc-level)}}} to choose how much information is shown.

- The major mode ~racket-repl-mode~ adds hooks to describe the namespace identifers at point or at an apparent s-expression application head position. The description is a signature from surface syntax, or a Typed Racket type, or a "bluebox" for the namespace identifier.

Tip: With an ~eldoc-documentation-strategy~ of ~eldoc-documentation-default~, these hooks show info about point when available, /or else/ for the s-expression application head. You may change that to ~eldoc-documentation-compose~ to show info for /both/ positions when available.

Tip: Some people use the third-party package ~eldoc-box~ to show information in a child frame (near point, or in a corner of the main frame) instead of the echo area.

Note: Racket Mode does not support the "old" eldoc API that uses ~eldoc-documentation-function~, singular.

** Start faster

You can use {{{ref(racket-mode-start-faster)}}} to make the Racket REPL start faster.

** Inserting Unicode math symbols

To insert various Unicode math symbols, you can:

- Use a command: {{{see(racket-insert-symbol)}}}.

- Use an Emacs input method, which you can enable in a buffer using a minor mode: {{{see(racket-input-mode)}}}.

** Ligatures

Prior to Emacs 28.0.50, things like ~auto-composition-mode~ or ~ligature-mode~ that use ~composition-function-table~ to display ligatures can cause Emacs to freeze. This can happen when an Emacs /overlay/ displays a string containing such a ligature. Although the problem is not limited to Racket Mode, it affects the overlays created by ~racket-show-pseudo-tooltip~, as used by ~racket-xp-mode~. The only known work-around is to change the value of ~racket-show-functions~ to something "boring" such as ~(racket-show-echo-area)~.

* Architecture
Racket Mode consists of a single Emacs front end, and one or more processes running a back end written in Racket.[fn:pkg]

A back end is responsible for commands that cannot be implemented in Emacs Lisp, as well as supplying zero or more REPLs.

Although you can start and stop a back end with ~racket-start-back-end~ and ~racket-stop-back-end~, a back end is normally started automatically when the front end needs to issue some command. This includes commands that do /not/ involve ~racket-run~ or a REPL. For example ~racket-xp-mode~ issues commands to check your code and annotate the buffer, even if you do not run it. In other words, a back end supplies zero or more REPLs --- a back end is not the same thing as a REPL.

To learn more about how /many/ REPLs are used: {{{see(racket-repl-buffer-name-function)}}}.

In the common case there is only one back end, on the same local host as Emacs, and it is used for ~.rkt~ files in any directory.

{{{img(scenario-0, Emacs front end and one local back end)}}}

However you can configure using any number of back ends on any number of local or remote host paths.

As one example, you can have multiple back ends on the local host. One back end is used for a project under a specific subdirectory, and the other back end for all others. (Perhaps one project needs Racket built from source, and everything else uses an installed, older version of Racket. By using different back ends, not only will ~racket-run~ use the desired version of Racket for a file, so will commands for documentation or visiting definitions.)

{{{img(scenario-1, Emacs front end and two local back ends --- one for a project path)}}}

(Note: If you use various versions of Racket via [[https://direnv.net/][~direnv~]] combined with the [[https://github.com/purcell/envrc][~envrc~ Emacs package]], you still need a distinct back end for each project. To arrange this, add or modify a ~.dir-locals.el~ file next to each ~.envrc~ file; {{{see(racket-add-back-end)}}}.)

Furthermore, you could work with a project located on a remote host, whose files you edit using TRAMP. You also want the back end to run there. For a remote host, Racket Mode copies its back end source files to the remote when necessary, and runs the back end using ssh.

{{{img(scenario-2, Emacs front end and a back end on a remote host)}}}

Of course the remote can also use different back ends for different paths.

{{{img(scenario-3, Emacs front end and two back ends on a remote host)}}}

And of course you can have multiple remotes.

{{{img(scenario-4, Emacs front end and two back ends each on two remote hosts)}}}

If you need any of these "fancy" configurations: {{{see(racket-add-back-end)}}}.

However by default a configuration is automatically created for one back end on the local host. For that very common case, you don't need to configure anything.

[fn:pkg] Racket Mode's Racket code is delivered as part of the Emacs package --- /not/ as a Racket package. Delivering both Emacs and Racket code in one Emacs package simplifies installation and updates. The main drawback is that the Racket code is not automatically compiled, as would normally be done by ~raco pkg install~. To address this: {{{see(racket-mode-start-faster)}}}.

* Reference

The following sections are generated from the doc strings for each command, variable, or face. (As a result, some of the formatting might not be quite as nice or correct as in the previous sections.)

You can also view these by using the normal Emacs help mechanism:

- {{{kbd(C-h f)}}} and enter the name of a command.
- {{{kbd(C-h v)}}} and enter the name of a variable.

#+INCLUDE: reference.org :minlevel 1