========================================================================
                             _preprocessor_
========================================================================

The "preprocessor" collection defines two Racket-based preprocessors
for texts that can have embedded Scheme code.  The two processors share
a few features, like several command-line flags and the fact that
embedded Scheme code is case-sensitive by default.

Note that these processors are *not* intended as preprocessors for
Scheme code -- you have macros to do that.

The preprocessors can be invoked from Scheme programs, but the main
usage should be through the launchers.  Both launchers use code from
_pp-run.ss_ that allows a special invocation mode through the `--run'
flag.

The _--run_ is a convenient way of making the preprocessors cooperate
with some other command, making it possible to use preprocessed text
without an additional glue script or a makefile.  The following examples
use `mzpp', but they work with `mztext' too.  `--run' uses a single
argument which is a string specifying a command to run:

1. In its simplest form, the command string specifies some shell command
   which will be executed with its standard input piped in from the
   preprocessor's output.  For example, "mzpp --run pr foo" is the same
   as "mzpp foo | pr".  An error is raised if an output file is
   specified with such an argument.

2. If the command string contains a "*" and an output file is specified,
   then the command will be executed on this output file after it is
   generated.  For example, "mzpp --run 'pr *' -o foo x y z" is the same
   as "mzpp -o foo x y z; pr foo".

3. If the command string contains a "*", and no output file is
   specified, and there is exactly one input file, then a temporary file
   will be used to save the original while the command is running.  For
   example, "mzpp --run 'pr *' foo" is the same as "mv foo
   foo-mzpp-temporary; mzpp -o foo foo-mzpp-temporary; pr foo; rm foo;
   mv foo-mzpp-temporary foo".  If there is an error while mzpp is
   running, the working file will be erased and the original will be
   renamed back.

4. Any other cases where the command string contains a "*" are invalid.

If an executed command fails with a return status different than 0, the
preprocessor execution will signal a failure by returning 1.


========================================================================
                                 _mzpp_
========================================================================

`mzpp' is a simple preprocessor that allows mixing Scheme code with text
files in a similar way to PHP or BRL.  Processing of input files works
by translating the input file to Scheme code that prints the contents,
except for marked portions that contain Scheme code.  The Scheme parts
of a file are marked with "<<" and ">>" tokens by default.  The Scheme
code is then passed through a read-eval-print loop that is similar to a
normal REPL with a few differences in how values are printed.

Invoking mzpp
-------------

Use the `-h' flag to get the available flags.  SEE above for an
explanation of the `--run' flag.

mzpp files
----------

Here is a sample file that mzpp can process, using the default beginning
and ending markers:

  |<< (define bar "BAR") >>
  |foo1
  |foo2 << bar newline* bar >> baz
  |foo3

First, this file is converted to the following Scheme code:

  |(thunk (cd "tmp/") (current-file "foo"))
  |(thunk (push-indentation ""))
  | (define bar "BAR") (thunk (pop-indentation))
  |newline*
  |"foo1"
  |newline*
  |"foo2 "
  |(thunk (push-indentation "     "))
  | bar newline* bar (thunk (pop-indentation))
  |" baz"
  |newline*
  |"foo3"
  |newline*
  |(thunk (cd "/home/eli") (current-file #f))

which is then fed to the REPL, resulting in the following output:

  |foo1
  |foo2 BAR
  |     BAR baz
  |foo3

To see the processed input that the REPL receives, use the `--debug'
flag.  Note that the processed code contains expressions that have no
side-effects, only values -- see below for an explanation of the REPL
printing behavior.  Some expressions produce values that change the REPL
environment, for example, the indentation commands are used to keep
track of the column where the Scheme marker was found, and `cd' is used
to switch to the directory where the file is (here it was in
"/home/foo/tmp") so including a relative file works.  Also, note that
the first `newline*' did not generate a newline, and that the one in the
embedded Scheme code added the appropriate spaces for indentation.

It is possible to temporarily switch from Scheme to text-mode and back
in a way that does not respect a complete Scheme expression, but you
should be aware that text is converted to a *sequence* of side-effect
free expressions (not to a single string, and not expression that uses
side effects).  For example:

  |<< (if (zero? (random 2))
  |     (list >>foo1<<)
  |     (list >>foo2<<))
  |>>
  |<< (if (zero? (random 2)) (list >>
  |foo1
  |<<) (list >>
  |foo2
  |<<)) >>

will print two lines, each containing "foo1" or "foo2" (the first
approach plays better with the smart space handling).  `show' can be
used instead of `list' with the same results since it will print out the
values in the same way the REPL does.  The conversion process does not
transform every continuous piece of text into a single Scheme string
because doing this:

* the Scheme process will need to allocating big strings which makes
  this unfeasible for big files,

* it will not play well with "interactive" input feeding, for example,
  piping in the output of some process will show results only on Scheme
  marker boundaries,

* special treatment for newlines in these strings will become expensive.

(Note that this is different from the BRL approach.)

Raw preprocessing directives
----------------------------

Some preprocessing directives happen at the "raw level" -- the stage
where text is transformed into Scheme expressions.  These directives
cannot be changed from withing transformed text because they change the
way this transformation happens.  Some of these transformation

* Skipping input:

  First, the processing can be modified by specifying a `skip-to' string
  that disables any output until a certain line is seen.  This is useful
  for script files that use themselves for input.  For example, the
  following script:

    |#!/bin/sh
    |echo shell output
    |exec mzpp -s "---TEXT-START---" "$0"
    |exit 1
    |---TEXT-START---
    |Some preprocessed text
    |123*456*789 = << (* 123 456 789) >>

  will produce this output:

    |shell output
    |Some preprocessed text
    |123*456*789 = 44253432

* Quoting the markers:

  In case you need to use the actual text of the markers, you can quote
  them.  A backslash before a beginning or an ending marker will make
  the marker treated as text, it can also quote a sequence of
  backslashes and a marker.  For example, using the default markers,
  "\<<\>>" will output "<<>>", "\\<<\\\>>" will output "\<<\\>>" and
  "\a\b\<<" will output "\a\b<<".

* Modifying the markers:

  Finally, if the markers collide with a certain file contents, it is
  possible to change them.  This is done by a line with a special
  structure -- if the current Scheme markers are "<beg1>" and "<end1>"
  then a line that contains exactly:

    <beg1><beg2><beg1><end1><end2><end1>

  will change the markers to "<beg2>" and "<end2>".  It is possible to
  change the markers from the Scheme side (see below), but this will not
  change already-transformed text, which is the reason for this special
  format.

The mzpp read-eval-print loop
-----------------------------

The REPL is initialized by requiring "mzpp.ss", so the same module
provides both the preprocessor functionality as well as bindings for
embedded Scheme code in processed files.  The REPL is then fed the
transformed Scheme code that is generated from the source text (the same
code that `--debug' shows).  Each expression is evaluated and its result
is printed using the `show' function (multiple values are all printed).
`show' works in the following way:

* `void' and `#f' values are ignored.

* Structures of pairs are recursively scanned and their parts printed
  (no spaces are used, so to produce Scheme code as output you must use
  format strings -- again, this is not intended for preprocessing Scheme
  code).

* Procedures are applied to zero arguments (so a procedure that doesn't
  accept zero arguments will cause an error) and the result is sent back
  to `show'.  This is useful for using thunks to wrap side-effects as
  values (e.g, the `thunk' wraps shown by the debug output above).

* Promises are forced and the result is sent again to `show'.

* All other values are printed with `display'.  No newlines are used
  after printing values.

Provided bindings
-----------------

First, bindings that are mainly useful for invoking the preprocessor:

> (preprocess . files-and-ports)

  This is the main entry point to the preprocessor -- invoking it on the
  given list of files and input ports.  This is quite similar to
  `include', but it adds some setup of the preprocessed code environment
  (like requiring the mzpp module).

> skip-to

  A string parameter -- when the preprocessor is started, it ignores
  everything until a line that contains exactly this string is
  encountered.  This is primarily useful through a command-line flag for
  scripts that extract some text from their own body.

> debug?

  A boolean parameter.  If true, then the REPL is not invoked, instead,
  the converted Scheme code is printed as is.

> no-spaces?

  A boolean parameter.  If true, then the "smart" preprocessing of
  spaces is turned off.

> beg-mark
> end-mark

  These two parameters are used to specify the Scheme beginning and end
  markers.

All of the above are accessible in preprocessed texts, but the only one
that might make any sense to use is `preprocess' and `include' is a
better choice.  When `include' is used, it can be wrapped with parameter
settings, which is why they are available.  Note in particular that
these parameters change the way that the text transformation works and
have no effect over the current preprocessed document (for example, the
Scheme marks are used in a different thread, and `skip-to' cannot be
re-set when processing has already began).  The only one that could be
used is `no-spaces?' but even that makes little sense on selected parts.

The following are bindings that are used in preprocessed texts:

> (push-indentation str)
> (pop-indentation)

  These two calls are used to save the indentation column where the
  Scheme beginning mark was found, and will be used by `newline*'
  (unless smart space handling mode is disabled).

> (show ...)

  The arguments are displayed as specified above.

> (newline*)

  This is similar to `newline' except that it tries to handle spaces in
  a "smart" way -- it will print a newline and then spaces to reach the
  left margin of the opening "<<".  (Actually, it tries a bit more, for
  example, it won't print the spaces if nothing is printed before
  another newline.)  Setting `no-spaces?' to true disable this leaving
  it equivalent to `newline'.

> (include files...)

  This is the preferred way of including another file in the processing.
  File names are searched relatively to the current preprocessed file,
  and during processing the current directory is temporarily changed to
  make this work.  In addition to file names, the arguments can be input
  ports (the current directory is not changed in this case).  The files
  that will be incorporated can use any current Scheme bindings etc, and
  will use the current markers -- but the included files cannot change
  any of the parameter settings for the current processing
  (specifically, the marks and the working directory will be restored
  when the included files are processed).

  Note that when a sequence of files are processed (through command-line
  arguments or through a single `include' expression), then they are all
  taken as one textual unit -- so changes to the markers, working
  directory etc in one file can modify the way sequential files are
  processed.  This means that including two files in a single `include'
  expression can be different than using two expressions.

Miscellaneous:

> stdin
> stdout
> stderr
> cd

  These are shorter names for the corresponding port parameters and
  `current-directory'.

> current-file

  This is a parameter that holds the name of the currently processed
  file, or #f if none.


========================================================================
                                _mztext_
========================================================================

`mztext' is another Racket-based preprocessing language.  It can be
used as a preprocessor in a similar way to `mzpp' since it also uses
`pp-run' functionality.  However, `mztext' uses a completely different
processing principle, it is similar to TeX rather than the simple
interleaving of text and Scheme code done by `mzpp'.

Text is being input from file(s), and by default copied to the standard
output.  However, there are some `magic' sequences that trigger handlers
that can take over this process -- these handlers gain complete control
over what is being read and what is printed, and at some point they hand
control back to the main loop.  On a high-level point of view, this is
similar to "programming" in TeX, where macros accept as input the
current input stream.  The basic mechanism that makes this programming
is a `composite input port' which is a prependable input port -- so
handlers are not limited to processing input and printing output, they
can append their output back on the current input which will be
reprocessed.

The bottom line of all this is that `mztext' is can perform more
powerful preprocessing than the `mzpp', since you can define your own
language as the file is processed.

Invoking mztext
---------------

Use the `-h' flag to get the available flags.  SEE above for an
explanation of the `--run' flag.

mztext processing: the standard command dispatcher
--------------------------------------------------

`mztext' can use arbitrary magic sequences, but for convenience, there
is a default built-in dispatcher that connects Scheme code with the
preprocessed text -- by default, it is triggered by "@".  When file
processing encounters this marker, control is transferred to the command
dispatcher.  In its turn, the command dispatcher reads a Scheme
expression (using `read'), evaluates it, and decides what to do next.
In case of a simple Scheme value, it is converted to a string and pushed
back on the preprocessed input.  For example, the following text:

  |foo
  |@"bar"
  |@(+ 1 2)
  |@"@(* 3 4)"
  |@(/ (read) 3)12

generates this output:

  |foo
  |bar
  |3
  |12
  |4

An explanation of a few lines:
* @"bar", @(+ 1 2) -- the Scheme objects that is read is evaluated and
  displayed back on the input port which is then printed.
* @"@(* 3 4)" -- this demonstrates that the results are "printed" back
  on the input: the string that in this case contains another use of "@"
  which will then get read back in, evaluated, and displayed.
* @(/ (read) 3)12 -- this demonstrates that the Scheme code can do
  anything with the current input.

The complete behavior of the command dispatcher follows:

* If the marker sequence is followed by itself, then it is simply
  displayed, using the default, "@@" outputs a "@".

* Otherwise a Scheme expression is read and evaluated, and the result is
  processed as follows:

  * If the result consists of multiple values, each one is processed,

  * If it is `void' or `#f', nothing is done,

  * If it is a structure of pairs, this structure is processed
    recursively,

  * If it is a promise, it is forced and its value is used instead,

  * Strings, bytes, and paths are pushed back on the input stream,

  * Symbols, numbers, and characters are converted to strings and pushed
    back on the input,

  * An input port will be perpended to the input, both processed as a
    single input,

  * Procedures of one or zero arity are treated in a special way -- see
    below, other procedures cause an error,

  * All other values are ignored.

* When this processing is done, and printable results have been re-added
  to the input port, control is returned to the main processing loop.

A built-in convenient behavior is that if the evaluation of the Scheme
expression returned a `void' or `#f' value (or multiple values that are
all `void' or `#f'), then the next newline is swallowed using
`swallow-newline' (see below) if there is just white spaces before it.

During evaluation, printed output is displayed as is, without
re-processing.  It is not hard to do that, but it is a little expensive,
so the choice is to ignore it.  (A nice thing to do is to redesign this
so each evaluation is taken as a real filter, which is done in its own
thread, so when a Scheme expression is about to evaluated, it is done in
a new thread, and the current input is wired to that thread's output.
However, this is much too heavy for a "simple" preprocesser...)

So far, we get a language that is roughly the same as we get from `mzpp'
(with the added benefit of reprocessing generated text, which could be
done in a better way using macros).  The special treatment of procedure
values is what allows more powerful constructs.  There are handled by
their arity (preferring a the nullary treatment over the unary one):

* A procedure of arity 0 is simply invoked, and its resulting value is
  used.  The procedure can freely use the input stream to retrieve
  arguments.  For example, here is how to define a standard C function
  header for use in a Racket extension file:

    |@(define (cfunc)
    |   (format
    |    "static Scheme_Object *~a(int argc, Scheme_Object *argv[])\n"
    |    (read-line)))
    |@cfunc foo
    |@cfunc bar

  ==>

    |static Scheme_Object * foo(int argc, Scheme_Object *argv[])
    |static Scheme_Object * bar(int argc, Scheme_Object *argv[])

  Note how `read-line' is used to retrieve an argument, and how this
  results in an extra space in the actual argument value.  Replacing
  this with `read' will work slightly better, except that input will
  have to be a Scheme token (in addition, this will not consume the
  final newline so the extra one in the format string should be
  removed).  The `get-arg' function can be used to retrieve arguments
  more easily -- by default, it will return any text enclosed by
  parenthesis, brackets, braces, or angle brackets (see below).  For
  example:

    |@(define (tt)
    |   (format "<tt>~a</tt>" (get-arg)))
    |@(define (ref)
    |   (format "<a href=~s>~a</a>" (get-arg) (get-arg)))
    |@(define (ttref)
    |   (format "<a href=~s>@tt{~a}</a>" (get-arg) (get-arg)))
    |@(define (reftt)
    |   (format "<a href=~s>~a</a>" (get-arg) (tt)))
    |@ttref{racket-lang.org}{Racket}
    |@reftt{racket-lang.org}{Racket}

  ==>

    |<a href="racket-lang.org"><tt>Racket</tt></a>
    |<a href="racket-lang.org"><tt>Racket</tt></a>

  Note that in `reftt' we use `tt' without arguments since it will
  retrieve its own arguments.  This makes `ttref's approach more
  natural, except that "calling" `tt' through a Scheme string doesn't
  seem natural.  For this there is a `defcommand' command (see below)
  that can be used to define such functions without using Scheme code:

    |@defcommand{tt}{X}{<tt>X</tt>}
    |@defcommand{ref}{url text}{<a href="url">text</a>}
    |@defcommand{ttref}{url text}{<a href="url">@tt{text}</a>}
    |@ttref{racket-lang.org}{Racket}

  ==>

    |<a href="racket-lang.org"><tt>Racket</tt></a>

* A procedure of arity 1 is invoked differently -- it is applied on a
  thunk that holds the "processing continuation".  This application is
  not expected to return, instead, the procedure can decide to hand over
  control back to the main loop by using this thunk.  This is a powerful
  facility that is rarely needed, similarly to the fact that `call/cc'
  is rarely needed in Scheme.

Remember that when procedures are used, generated output is not
reprocessed, just like evaluating other expressions.

Provided bindings
-----------------

Similarly to `mzpp', "mztext.ss" contains both the implementation as
well as user-visible bindings.

Dispatching-related bindings:

> command-marker

  A string parameter-like procedure that can be used to set a different
  command marker string.  Defaults to "@".  It can also be set to `#f'
  which will disable the command dispatcher altogether.  Note that this
  is a procedure -- it cannot be used with `parameterize'.

> dispatchers

  A parameter-like procedure (same as `command-marker') holding a list
  of lists -- each one a dispatcher regexp and a handler function.  The
  regexp should not have any parenthesized subgroups, use "(?:...)" for
  grouping.  The handler function is invoked whenever the regexp is seen
  on the input stream: it is invoked on two arguments -- the matched
  string and a continuation thunk.  It is then responsible for the rest
  of the processing, usually invoking the continuation thunk to resume
  the default preprocessing.  For example:

    |@(define (foo-handler str cont)
    |   (add-to-input (list->string (reverse (string->list (get-arg)))))
    |   (cont))
    |@(dispatchers (cons (list "foo" foo-handler) (dispatchers)))
    |foo{>Foo<oof}

  ==>

    |Foo

  Note that the standard command dispatcher uses the same facility, and
  it is added by default to the dispatcher list unless `command-marker'
  is set to `#f'.

Input and "output":

> (make-composite-input values ...)

  Creates a composite input port, initialized by the given values (input
  ports, strings, etc).  The resulting port will read data from each of
  the values in sequence, appending them together to form a single input
  port.  This is very similar to `input-port-append' from "port.ss", but
  it is extended to allow perpending additional values to the beginning
  of the port using `add-to-input'.  mztext relies on this functionality
  to be able to push text back on the input when it is supposed to be
  reprocessed, so use only such ports for the current input port.

> (add-to-input value ...)

  This should be used to "output" a string (or an input port) back on
  the current composite input port.  As a special case, thunks can be
  added to the input too -- they will be executed when the "read header"
  goes past them, and their output will be added back instead.  This is
  used to plant handlers that happen when reading beyond a specific
  point (for example, this is how the directory is changed to the
  processed file to allow relative includes).  Other simple values are
  converted to strings using `format' but this might change.

> paren-pairs

  This is a parameter holding a list of lists, each one holding two
  strings which are matching open/close tokens for `get-arg'.

> get-arg-reads-word?

  A parameter that holds a boolean value defaulting to `#f'.  If true,
  then `get-arg' will read a whole word (non-whitespace string delimited
  by whitespaces) for arguments that are not parenthesized with a pair
  in `paren-pairs'.

> (get-arg)

  This function will retrieve a text argument surrounded by a paren pair
  specified by `paren-pairs'.  First, an open-pattern is searched, and
  then text is assembled making sure that open-close patterns are
  respected, until a matching close-pattern is found.  When this scan is
  performed, other parens are ignored, so if the input stream has
  "{[(}", the return value will be "[(".  It is possible for both tokens
  to be the same, which will have no nesting possible.  If no
  open-pattern is found, the first non-whitespace character is used, and
  if that is also not found before the end of the input, an `eof' value
  is returned.  For example (using `defcommand' which uses `get-arg'):

    |@(paren-pairs (cons (list "|" "|") (paren-pairs)))
    |@defcommand{verb}{X}{<tt>X</tt>}
    |@verb abc
    |@(get-arg-reads-word? #t)
    |@verb abc
    |@verb |FOO|
    |@verb

  ==>

    |<tt>a</tt>bc
    |<tt>abc</tt>
    |<tt>FOO</tt>
    |verb: expecting an argument for `X'

> (get-arg*)

  Similar to `get-arg', except that the resulting text is first
  processed.  Since arguments are usually text strings, "programming"
  can be considered as lazy evaluation, which sometimes can be too
  inefficient (TeX suffers from the same problem).  `get-arg*' can be
  used to reduce some inputs immediately after they have been read.

> (swallow-newline)

  This is a simple command that simply does this:

    (regexp-match/fail-without-reading #rx"^[ \t]*\r?\n" (stdin))

  The result is that a newline will be swallowed if there is only
  whitespace from the current location to the end of the line.  Note
  that as a general principle `regexp-match/fail-without-reading' (from
  "string.ss") should be preferred over `regexp-match' for `mztext's
  preprocessing.

Defining new commands:

> defcommand

  This is a command that can be used to define simple template
  commands.  It should be used as a command, not from Scheme code
  directly, and it should receive three arguments:
  * The name for the new command (the contents of this argument is
    converted to a string,
  * The list of arguments (the contents of this is turned to a list of
    identifiers),
  * Arbitrary text, with *textual* instances of of the variables that
    denote places they are used.
  For example, the sample code above:

    |@defcommand{ttref}{url text}{<a href="url">@tt{text}</a>}

  is translated to the following definition expression:

    |(define (ttref)
    |  (let ((url (get-arg)) (text (get-arg)))
    |    (list "<a href=\"" url "\">@tt{" text "}</a>")))

  which is then evaluated.  Note that the arguments play a role as both
  Scheme identifiers and textual markers.

Invoking the preprocessor:

> (include [files...])

  This will add all of the given inputs to the composite port and run
  the preprocessor loop.  In addition to the given inputs, some thunks
  are added to the input port (see `add-to-input' above) to change
  directory so relative includes work.

  If it is called with no arguments, it will use `get-arg' to get an
  input filename, therefore making it possible to use this as a
  dispatcher command as well.

> (preprocess . files-and-ports)

  This is the main entry point to the preprocessor -- creating a new
  composite port, setting internal parameters, then calling `include' to
  start the preprocessing.

Miscellaneous:

> stdin
> stdout
> stderr
> cd

  These are shorter names for the corresponding port parameters and
  `current-directory'.

> current-file

  This is a parameter that holds the name of the currently processed
  file, or #f if none.