File: configuring.md

package info (click to toggle)
rails 2%3A7.2.2.1%2Bdfsg-7
links: PTS, VCS
area: main
in suites: forky, sid, trixie
size: 43,352 kB
sloc: ruby: 349,799; javascript: 30,703; yacc: 46; sql: 43; sh: 29; makefile: 27
file content (4046 lines) | stat: -rw-r--r-- 185,062 bytes
**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON https://guides.rubyonrails.org.**

Configuring Rails Applications
==============================

This guide covers the configuration and initialization features available to Rails applications.

After reading this guide, you will know:

* How to adjust the behavior of your Rails applications.
* How to add additional code to be run at application start time.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Locations for Initialization Code
---------------------------------

Rails offers four standard spots to place initialization code:

* `config/application.rb`
* Environment-specific configuration files
* Initializers
* After-initializers

Running Code Before Rails
-------------------------

In the rare event that your application needs to run some code before Rails itself is loaded, put it above the call to `require "rails/all"` in `config/application.rb`.

Configuring Rails Components
----------------------------

In general, the work of configuring Rails means configuring the components of Rails, as well as configuring Rails itself. The configuration file `config/application.rb` and environment-specific configuration files (such as `config/environments/production.rb`) allow you to specify the various settings that you want to pass down to all of the components.

For example, you could add this setting to `config/application.rb` file:

```ruby
config.time_zone = 'Central Time (US & Canada)'
```

This is a setting for Rails itself. If you want to pass settings to individual Rails components, you can do so via the same `config` object in `config/application.rb`:

```ruby
config.active_record.schema_format = :ruby
```

Rails will use that particular setting to configure Active Record.

WARNING: Use the public configuration methods over calling directly to the associated class. e.g. `Rails.application.config.action_mailer.options` instead of `ActionMailer::Base.options`.

NOTE: If you need to apply configuration directly to a class, use a [lazy load hook](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/LazyLoadHooks.html) in an initializer to avoid autoloading the class before initialization has completed. This will break because autoloading during initialization cannot be safely repeated when the app reloads.

### Versioned Default Values

[`config.load_defaults`] loads default configuration values for a target version and all versions prior. For example, `config.load_defaults 6.1` will load defaults for all versions up to and including version 6.1.

[`config.load_defaults`]: https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/Rails/Application/Configuration.html#method-i-load_defaults

Below are the default values associated with each target version. In cases of conflicting values, newer versions take precedence over older versions.

#### Default Values for Target Version 7.2

- [`config.active_job.enqueue_after_transaction_commit`](#config-active-job-enqueue-after-transaction-commit): `:default`
- [`config.active_record.postgresql_adapter_decode_dates`](#config-active-record-postgresql-adapter-decode-dates): `true`
- [`config.active_record.validate_migration_timestamps`](#config-active-record-validate-migration-timestamps): `true`
- [`config.active_storage.web_image_content_types`](#config-active-storage-web-image-content-types): `%w[image/png image/jpeg image/gif image/webp]`
- [`config.yjit`](#config-yjit): `true`

#### Default Values for Target Version 7.1

- [`config.action_dispatch.debug_exception_log_level`](#config-action-dispatch-debug-exception-log-level): `:error`
- [`config.action_dispatch.default_headers`](#config-action-dispatch-default-headers): `{ "X-Frame-Options" => "SAMEORIGIN", "X-XSS-Protection" => "0", "X-Content-Type-Options" => "nosniff", "X-Permitted-Cross-Domain-Policies" => "none", "Referrer-Policy" => "strict-origin-when-cross-origin" }`
- [`config.action_text.sanitizer_vendor`](#config-action-text-sanitizer-vendor): `Rails::HTML::Sanitizer.best_supported_vendor`
- [`config.action_view.sanitizer_vendor`](#config-action-view-sanitizer-vendor): `Rails::HTML::Sanitizer.best_supported_vendor`
- [`config.active_record.before_committed_on_all_records`](#config-active-record-before-committed-on-all-records): `true`
- [`config.active_record.belongs_to_required_validates_foreign_key`](#config-active-record-belongs-to-required-validates-foreign-key): `false`
- [`config.active_record.default_column_serializer`](#config-active-record-default-column-serializer): `nil`
- [`config.active_record.encryption.hash_digest_class`](#config-active-record-encryption-hash-digest-class): `OpenSSL::Digest::SHA256`
- [`config.active_record.encryption.support_sha1_for_non_deterministic_encryption`](#config-active-record-encryption-support-sha1-for-non-deterministic-encryption): `false`
- [`config.active_record.generate_secure_token_on`](#config-active-record-generate-secure-token-on): `:initialize`
- [`config.active_record.marshalling_format_version`](#config-active-record-marshalling-format-version): `7.1`
- [`config.active_record.query_log_tags_format`](#config-active-record-query-log-tags-format): `:sqlcommenter`
- [`config.active_record.raise_on_assign_to_attr_readonly`](#config-active-record-raise-on-assign-to-attr-readonly): `true`
- [`config.active_record.run_after_transaction_callbacks_in_order_defined`](#config-active-record-run-after-transaction-callbacks-in-order-defined): `true`
- [`config.active_record.run_commit_callbacks_on_first_saved_instances_in_transaction`](#config-active-record-run-commit-callbacks-on-first-saved-instances-in-transaction): `false`
- [`config.active_record.sqlite3_adapter_strict_strings_by_default`](#config-active-record-sqlite3-adapter-strict-strings-by-default): `true`
- [`config.active_support.cache_format_version`](#config-active-support-cache-format-version): `7.1`
- [`config.active_support.message_serializer`](#config-active-support-message-serializer): `:json_allow_marshal`
- [`config.active_support.raise_on_invalid_cache_expiration_time`](#config-active-support-raise-on-invalid-cache-expiration-time): `true`
- [`config.active_support.use_message_serializer_for_metadata`](#config-active-support-use-message-serializer-for-metadata): `true`
- [`config.add_autoload_paths_to_load_path`](#config-add-autoload-paths-to-load-path): `false`
- [`config.dom_testing_default_html_version`](#config-dom-testing-default-html-version): `defined?(Nokogiri::HTML5) ? :html5 : :html4`
- [`config.log_file_size`](#config-log-file-size): `100 * 1024 * 1024`
- [`config.precompile_filter_parameters`](#config-precompile-filter-parameters): `true`

#### Default Values for Target Version 7.0

- [`config.action_controller.raise_on_open_redirects`](#config-action-controller-raise-on-open-redirects): `true`
- [`config.action_controller.wrap_parameters_by_default`](#config-action-controller-wrap-parameters-by-default): `true`
- [`config.action_dispatch.cookies_serializer`](#config-action-dispatch-cookies-serializer): `:json`
- [`config.action_dispatch.default_headers`](#config-action-dispatch-default-headers): `{ "X-Frame-Options" => "SAMEORIGIN", "X-XSS-Protection" => "0", "X-Content-Type-Options" => "nosniff", "X-Download-Options" => "noopen", "X-Permitted-Cross-Domain-Policies" => "none", "Referrer-Policy" => "strict-origin-when-cross-origin" }`
- [`config.action_mailer.smtp_timeout`](#config-action-mailer-smtp-timeout): `5`
- [`config.action_view.apply_stylesheet_media_default`](#config-action-view-apply-stylesheet-media-default): `false`
- [`config.action_view.button_to_generates_button_tag`](#config-action-view-button-to-generates-button-tag): `true`
- [`config.active_record.automatic_scope_inversing`](#config-active-record-automatic-scope-inversing): `true`
- [`config.active_record.partial_inserts`](#config-active-record-partial-inserts): `false`
- [`config.active_record.verify_foreign_keys_for_fixtures`](#config-active-record-verify-foreign-keys-for-fixtures): `true`
- [`config.active_storage.multiple_file_field_include_hidden`](#config-active-storage-multiple-file-field-include-hidden): `true`
- [`config.active_storage.variant_processor`](#config-active-storage-variant-processor): `:vips`
- [`config.active_storage.video_preview_arguments`](#config-active-storage-video-preview-arguments): `"-vf 'select=eq(n\\,0)+eq(key\\,1)+gt(scene\\,0.015),loop=loop=-1:size=2,trim=start_frame=1' -frames:v 1 -f image2"`
- [`config.active_support.cache_format_version`](#config-active-support-cache-format-version): `7.0`
- [`config.active_support.executor_around_test_case`](#config-active-support-executor-around-test-case): `true`
- [`config.active_support.hash_digest_class`](#config-active-support-hash-digest-class): `OpenSSL::Digest::SHA256`
- [`config.active_support.key_generator_hash_digest_class`](#config-active-support-key-generator-hash-digest-class): `OpenSSL::Digest::SHA256`

#### Default Values for Target Version 6.1

- [`ActiveSupport.utc_to_local_returns_utc_offset_times`](#activesupport-utc-to-local-returns-utc-offset-times): `true`
- [`config.action_dispatch.cookies_same_site_protection`](#config-action-dispatch-cookies-same-site-protection): `:lax`
- [`config.action_dispatch.ssl_default_redirect_status`](#config-action-dispatch-ssl-default-redirect-status): `308`
- [`config.action_mailbox.queues.incineration`](#config-action-mailbox-queues-incineration): `nil`
- [`config.action_mailbox.queues.routing`](#config-action-mailbox-queues-routing): `nil`
- [`config.action_mailer.deliver_later_queue_name`](#config-action-mailer-deliver-later-queue-name): `nil`
- [`config.action_view.form_with_generates_remote_forms`](#config-action-view-form-with-generates-remote-forms): `false`
- [`config.action_view.preload_links_header`](#config-action-view-preload-links-header): `true`
- [`config.active_job.retry_jitter`](#config-active-job-retry-jitter): `0.15`
- [`config.active_record.has_many_inversing`](#config-active-record-has-many-inversing): `true`
- [`config.active_storage.queues.analysis`](#config-active-storage-queues-analysis): `nil`
- [`config.active_storage.queues.purge`](#config-active-storage-queues-purge): `nil`
- [`config.active_storage.track_variants`](#config-active-storage-track-variants): `true`

#### Default Values for Target Version 6.0

- [`config.action_dispatch.use_cookies_with_metadata`](#config-action-dispatch-use-cookies-with-metadata): `true`
- [`config.action_mailer.delivery_job`](#config-action-mailer-delivery-job): `"ActionMailer::MailDeliveryJob"`
- [`config.action_view.default_enforce_utf8`](#config-action-view-default-enforce-utf8): `false`
- [`config.active_record.collection_cache_versioning`](#config-active-record-collection-cache-versioning): `true`
- [`config.active_storage.queues.analysis`](#config-active-storage-queues-analysis): `:active_storage_analysis`
- [`config.active_storage.queues.purge`](#config-active-storage-queues-purge): `:active_storage_purge`

#### Default Values for Target Version 5.2

- [`config.action_controller.default_protect_from_forgery`](#config-action-controller-default-protect-from-forgery): `true`
- [`config.action_dispatch.use_authenticated_cookie_encryption`](#config-action-dispatch-use-authenticated-cookie-encryption): `true`
- [`config.action_view.form_with_generates_ids`](#config-action-view-form-with-generates-ids): `true`
- [`config.active_record.cache_versioning`](#config-active-record-cache-versioning): `true`
- [`config.active_support.hash_digest_class`](#config-active-support-hash-digest-class): `OpenSSL::Digest::SHA1`
- [`config.active_support.use_authenticated_message_encryption`](#config-active-support-use-authenticated-message-encryption): `true`

#### Default Values for Target Version 5.1

- [`config.action_view.form_with_generates_remote_forms`](#config-action-view-form-with-generates-remote-forms): `true`
- [`config.assets.unknown_asset_fallback`](#config-assets-unknown-asset-fallback): `false`

#### Default Values for Target Version 5.0

- [`ActiveSupport.to_time_preserves_timezone`](#activesupport-to-time-preserves-timezone): `true`
- [`config.action_controller.forgery_protection_origin_check`](#config-action-controller-forgery-protection-origin-check): `true`
- [`config.action_controller.per_form_csrf_tokens`](#config-action-controller-per-form-csrf-tokens): `true`
- [`config.active_record.belongs_to_required_by_default`](#config-active-record-belongs-to-required-by-default): `true`
- [`config.ssl_options`](#config-ssl-options): `{ hsts: { subdomains: true } }`

### Rails General Configuration

The following configuration methods are to be called on a `Rails::Railtie` object, such as a subclass of `Rails::Engine` or `Rails::Application`.

#### `config.add_autoload_paths_to_load_path`

Says whether autoload paths have to be added to `$LOAD_PATH`. It is recommended to be set to `false` in `:zeitwerk` mode early, in `config/application.rb`. Zeitwerk uses absolute paths internally, and applications running in `:zeitwerk` mode do not need `require_dependency`, so models, controllers, jobs, etc. do not need to be in `$LOAD_PATH`. Setting this to `false` saves Ruby from checking these directories when resolving `require` calls with relative paths, and saves Bootsnap work and RAM, since it does not need to build an index for them.

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `true`               |
| 7.1                   | `false`              |

The `lib` directory is not affected by this flag, it is added to `$LOAD_PATH` always.

#### `config.after_initialize`

Takes a block which will be run _after_ Rails has finished initializing the application. That includes the initialization of the framework itself, engines, and all the application's initializers in `config/initializers`. Note that this block _will_ be run for rake tasks. Useful for configuring values set up by other initializers:

```ruby
config.after_initialize do
  ActionView::Base.sanitized_allowed_tags.delete 'div'
end
```

#### `config.after_routes_loaded`

Takes a block which will be run after Rails has finished loading the application routes. This block will also be run whenever routes are reloaded.

```ruby
config.after_routes_loaded do
  # Code that does something with Rails.application.routes
end
```

#### `config.allow_concurrency`

Controls whether requests should be handled concurrently. This should only
be set to `false` if application code is not thread safe. Defaults to `true`.

#### `config.asset_host`

Sets the host for the assets. Useful when CDNs are used for hosting assets, or when you want to work around the concurrency constraints built-in in browsers using different domain aliases. Shorter version of `config.action_controller.asset_host`.

#### `config.assume_ssl`

Makes application believe that all requests are arriving over SSL. This is useful when proxying through a load balancer that terminates SSL, the forwarded request will appear as though it's HTTP instead of HTTPS to the application. This makes redirects and cookie security target HTTP instead of HTTPS. This middleware makes the server assume that the proxy already terminated SSL, and that the request really is HTTPS.

#### `config.autoflush_log`

Enables writing log file output immediately instead of buffering. Defaults to
`true`.

#### `config.autoload_lib(ignore:)`

This method adds `lib` to `config.autoload_paths` and `config.eager_load_paths`.

Normally, the `lib` directory has subdirectories that should not be autoloaded or eager loaded. Please, pass their name relative to `lib` in the required `ignore` keyword argument. For example,

```ruby
config.autoload_lib(ignore: %w(assets tasks generators))
```

Please, see more details in the [autoloading guide](autoloading_and_reloading_constants.html).

#### `config.autoload_lib_once(ignore:)`

The method `config.autoload_lib_once` is similar to `config.autoload_lib`, except that it adds `lib` to `config.autoload_once_paths` instead.

By calling `config.autoload_lib_once`, classes and modules in `lib` can be autoloaded, even from application initializers, but won't be reloaded.

#### `config.autoload_once_paths`

Accepts an array of paths from which Rails will autoload constants that won't be wiped per request. Relevant if reloading is enabled, which it is by default in the `development` environment. Otherwise, all autoloading happens only once. All elements of this array must also be in `autoload_paths`. Default is an empty array.

#### `config.autoload_paths`

Accepts an array of paths from which Rails will autoload constants. Default is an empty array. Since [Rails 6](upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html#autoloading), it is not recommended to adjust this. See [Autoloading and Reloading Constants](autoloading_and_reloading_constants.html#autoload-paths).

#### `config.beginning_of_week`

Sets the default beginning of week for the
application. Accepts a valid day of week as a symbol (e.g. `:monday`).

#### `config.cache_classes`

Old setting equivalent to `!config.enable_reloading`. Supported for backwards compatibility.

#### `config.cache_store`

Configures which cache store to use for Rails caching. Options include one of the symbols `:memory_store`, `:file_store`, `:mem_cache_store`, `:null_store`, `:redis_cache_store`, or an object that implements the cache API. Defaults to `:file_store`. See [Cache Stores](caching_with_rails.html#cache-stores) for per-store configuration options.

#### `config.colorize_logging`

Specifies whether or not to use ANSI color codes when logging information. Defaults to `true`.

#### `config.consider_all_requests_local`

Is a flag. If `true` then any error will cause detailed debugging information to be dumped in the HTTP response, and the `Rails::Info` controller will show the application runtime context in `/rails/info/properties`. `true` by default in the development and test environments, and `false` in production. For finer-grained control, set this to `false` and implement `show_detailed_exceptions?` in controllers to specify which requests should provide debugging information on errors.

#### `config.console`

Allows you to set the class that will be used as console when you run `bin/rails console`. It's best to run it in the `console` block:

```ruby
console do
  # this block is called only when running console,
  # so we can safely require pry here
  require "pry"
  config.console = Pry
end
```

#### `config.content_security_policy_nonce_directives`

See [Adding a Nonce](security.html#adding-a-nonce) in the Security Guide

#### `config.content_security_policy_nonce_generator`

See [Adding a Nonce](security.html#adding-a-nonce) in the Security Guide

#### `config.content_security_policy_report_only`

See [Reporting Violations](security.html#reporting-violations) in the Security
Guide

#### `config.credentials.content_path`

The path of the encrypted credentials file.

Defaults to `config/credentials/#{Rails.env}.yml.enc` if it exists, or
`config/credentials.yml.enc` otherwise.

NOTE: In order for the `bin/rails credentials` commands to recognize this value,
it must be set in `config/application.rb` or `config/environments/#{Rails.env}.rb`.

#### `config.credentials.key_path`

The path of the encrypted credentials key file.

Defaults to `config/credentials/#{Rails.env}.key` if it exists, or
`config/master.key` otherwise.

NOTE: In order for the `bin/rails credentials` commands to recognize this value,
it must be set in `config/application.rb` or `config/environments/#{Rails.env}.rb`.

#### `config.debug_exception_response_format`

Sets the format used in responses when errors occur in the development environment. Defaults to `:api` for API only apps and `:default` for normal apps.

#### `config.disable_sandbox`

Controls whether or not someone can start a console in sandbox mode. This is helpful to avoid a long running session of sandbox console, that could lead a database server to run out of memory. Defaults to `false`.

#### `config.dom_testing_default_html_version`

Controls whether an HTML4 parser or an HTML5 parser is used by default by the test helpers in Action View, Action Dispatch, and `rails-dom-testing`.

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `:html4`             |
| 7.1                   | `:html5` (see NOTE)  |

NOTE: Nokogiri's HTML5 parser is not supported on JRuby, so on JRuby platforms Rails will fall back to `:html4`.

#### `config.eager_load`

When `true`, eager loads all registered `config.eager_load_namespaces`. This includes your application, engines, Rails frameworks, and any other registered namespace.

#### `config.eager_load_namespaces`

Registers namespaces that are eager loaded when `config.eager_load` is set to `true`. All namespaces in the list must respond to the `eager_load!` method.

#### `config.eager_load_paths`

Accepts an array of paths from which Rails will eager load on boot if `config.eager_load` is true. Defaults to every folder in the `app` directory of the application.

#### `config.enable_reloading`

If `config.enable_reloading` is true, application classes and modules are reloaded in between web requests if they change. Defaults to `true` in the `development` environment, and `false` in the `production` environment.

The predicate `config.reloading_enabled?` is also defined.

#### `config.encoding`

Sets up the application-wide encoding. Defaults to UTF-8.

#### `config.exceptions_app`

Sets the exceptions application invoked by the `ShowException` middleware when an exception happens.
Defaults to `ActionDispatch::PublicExceptions.new(Rails.public_path)`.

Exceptions applications need to handle `ActionDispatch::Http::MimeNegotiation::InvalidType` errors, which are raised when a client sends an invalid `Accept` or `Content-Type` header.
The default `ActionDispatch::PublicExceptions` application does this automatically, setting `Content-Type` to `text/html` and returning a `406 Not Acceptable` status.
Failure to handle this error will result in a `500 Internal Server Error`.

Using the `Rails.application.routes` `RouteSet` as the exceptions application also requires this special handling.
It might look something like this:

```ruby
# config/application.rb
config.exceptions_app = CustomExceptionsAppWrapper.new(exceptions_app: routes)

# lib/custom_exceptions_app_wrapper.rb
class CustomExceptionsAppWrapper
  def initialize(exceptions_app:)
    @exceptions_app = exceptions_app
  end

  def call(env)
    request = ActionDispatch::Request.new(env)

    fallback_to_html_format_if_invalid_mime_type(request)

    @exceptions_app.call(env)
  end

  private
    def fallback_to_html_format_if_invalid_mime_type(request)
      request.formats
    rescue ActionDispatch::Http::MimeNegotiation::InvalidType
      request.set_header "CONTENT_TYPE", "text/html"
    end
end
```

#### `config.file_watcher`

Is the class used to detect file updates in the file system when `config.reload_classes_only_on_change` is `true`. Rails ships with `ActiveSupport::FileUpdateChecker`, the default, and `ActiveSupport::EventedFileUpdateChecker` (this one depends on the [listen](https://github.com/guard/listen) gem). Custom classes must conform to the `ActiveSupport::FileUpdateChecker` API.

#### `config.filter_parameters`

Used for filtering out the parameters that you don't want shown in the logs,
such as passwords or credit card numbers. It also filters out sensitive values
of database columns when calling `#inspect` on an Active Record object. By
default, Rails filters out passwords by adding the following filters in
`config/initializers/filter_parameter_logging.rb`.

```ruby
Rails.application.config.filter_parameters += [
  :passw, :email, :secret, :token, :_key, :crypt, :salt, :certificate, :otp, :ssn
]
```

Parameters filter works by partial matching regular expression.

#### `config.filter_redirect`

Used for filtering out redirect urls from application logs.

```ruby
Rails.application.config.filter_redirect += ['s3.amazonaws.com', /private-match/]
```

The redirect filter works by testing that urls include strings or match regular
expressions.

#### `config.force_ssl`

Forces all requests to be served over HTTPS, and sets "https://" as the default protocol when generating URLs. Enforcement of HTTPS is handled by the `ActionDispatch::SSL` middleware, which can be configured via `config.ssl_options`.

#### `config.helpers_paths`

Defines an array of additional paths to load view helpers.

#### `config.host_authorization`

Accepts a hash of options to configure the [HostAuthorization
middleware](#actiondispatch-hostauthorization)

#### `config.hosts`

An array of strings, regular expressions, or `IPAddr` used to validate the
`Host` header. Used by the [HostAuthorization
middleware](#actiondispatch-hostauthorization) to help prevent DNS rebinding
attacks.

#### `config.javascript_path`

Sets the path where your app's JavaScript lives relative to the `app` directory and the default value is `javascript`.
An app's configured `javascript_path` will be excluded from `autoload_paths`.

#### `config.log_file_size`

Defines the maximum size of the Rails log file in bytes. Defaults to `104_857_600` (100 MiB) in development and test, and unlimited in all other environments.

#### `config.log_formatter`

Defines the formatter of the Rails logger. This option defaults to an instance of `ActiveSupport::Logger::SimpleFormatter` for all environments. If you are setting a value for `config.logger` you must manually pass the value of your formatter to your logger before it is wrapped in an `ActiveSupport::TaggedLogging` instance, Rails will not do it for you.

#### `config.log_level`

Defines the verbosity of the Rails logger. This option defaults to `:debug` for all environments except production, where it defaults to `:info`. The available log levels are: `:debug`, `:info`, `:warn`, `:error`, `:fatal`, and `:unknown`.

#### `config.log_tags`

Accepts a list of methods that the `request` object responds to, a `Proc` that accepts the `request` object, or something that responds to `to_s`. This makes it easy to tag log lines with debug information like subdomain and request id - both very helpful in debugging multi-user production applications.

#### `config.logger`

Is the logger that will be used for `Rails.logger` and any related Rails logging such as `ActiveRecord::Base.logger`. It defaults to an instance of `ActiveSupport::TaggedLogging` that wraps an instance of `ActiveSupport::Logger` which outputs a log to the `log/` directory. You can supply a custom logger, to get full compatibility you must follow these guidelines:

* To support a formatter, you must manually assign a formatter from the `config.log_formatter` value to the logger.
* To support tagged logs, the log instance must be wrapped with `ActiveSupport::TaggedLogging`.
* To support silencing, the logger must include `ActiveSupport::LoggerSilence` module. The `ActiveSupport::Logger` class already includes these modules.

```ruby
class MyLogger < ::Logger
  include ActiveSupport::LoggerSilence
end

mylogger           = MyLogger.new(STDOUT)
mylogger.formatter = config.log_formatter
config.logger      = ActiveSupport::TaggedLogging.new(mylogger)
```

#### `config.middleware`

Allows you to configure the application's middleware. This is covered in depth in the [Configuring Middleware](#configuring-middleware) section below.

#### `config.precompile_filter_parameters`

When `true`, will precompile [`config.filter_parameters`](#config-filter-parameters)
using [`ActiveSupport::ParameterFilter.precompile_filters`][].

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `false`              |
| 7.1                   | `true`               |

[`ActiveSupport::ParameterFilter.precompile_filters`]: https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/ParameterFilter.html#method-c-precompile_filters

#### `config.public_file_server.enabled`

Configures whether Rails should serve static files from the public directory.
Defaults to `true`.

If the server software (e.g. NGINX or Apache) should serve static files instead,
set this value to `false`.

#### `config.railties_order`

Allows manually specifying the order that Railties/Engines are loaded. The
default value is `[:all]`.

```ruby
config.railties_order = [Blog::Engine, :main_app, :all]
```

#### `config.rake_eager_load`

When `true`, eager load the application when running Rake tasks. Defaults to `false`.

#### `config.read_encrypted_secrets`

*DEPRECATED*: You should be using
[credentials](https://guides.rubyonrails.org/security.html#custom-credentials)
instead of encrypted secrets.

When `true`, will try to read encrypted secrets from `config/secrets.yml.enc`

#### `config.relative_url_root`

Can be used to tell Rails that you are [deploying to a subdirectory](
configuring.html#deploy-to-a-subdirectory-relative-url-root). The default
is `ENV['RAILS_RELATIVE_URL_ROOT']`.

#### `config.reload_classes_only_on_change`

Enables or disables reloading of classes only when tracked files change. By default tracks everything on autoload paths and is set to `true`. If `config.enable_reloading` is `false`, this option is ignored.

#### `config.require_master_key`

Causes the app to not boot if a master key hasn't been made available through `ENV["RAILS_MASTER_KEY"]` or the `config/master.key` file.

#### `config.sandbox_by_default`

When `true`, rails console starts in sandbox mode. To start rails console in non-sandbox mode, `--no-sandbox` must be specified. This is helpful to avoid accidental writing to the production database. Defaults to `false`.

#### `config.secret_key_base`

The fallback for specifying the input secret for an application's key generator.
It is recommended to leave this unset, and instead to specify a `secret_key_base`
in `config/credentials.yml.enc`. See the [`secret_key_base` API documentation](
https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/Rails/Application.html#method-i-secret_key_base)
for more information and alternative configuration methods.

#### `config.server_timing`

When `true`, adds the [`ServerTiming` middleware](#actiondispatch-servertiming)
to the middleware stack. Defaults to `false`, but is set to `true` in the
default generated `config/environments/development.rb` file.

#### `config.session_options`

Additional options passed to `config.session_store`. You should use
`config.session_store` to set this instead of modifying it yourself.

```ruby
config.session_store :cookie_store, key: "_your_app_session"
config.session_options # => {key: "_your_app_session"}
```

#### `config.session_store`

Specifies what class to use to store the session. Possible values are `:cache_store`, `:cookie_store`, `:mem_cache_store`, a custom store, or `:disabled`. `:disabled` tells Rails not to deal with sessions.

This setting is configured via a regular method call, rather than a setter. This allows additional options to be passed:

```ruby
config.session_store :cookie_store, key: "_your_app_session"
```

If a custom store is specified as a symbol, it will be resolved to the `ActionDispatch::Session` namespace:

```ruby
# use ActionDispatch::Session::MyCustomStore as the session store
config.session_store :my_custom_store
```

The default store is a cookie store with the application name as the session key.

#### `config.ssl_options`

Configuration options for the [`ActionDispatch::SSL`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/SSL.html) middleware.

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `{}`                 |
| 5.0                   | `{ hsts: { subdomains: true } }` |

#### `config.time_zone`

Sets the default time zone for the application and enables time zone awareness for Active Record.

#### `config.x`

Used to easily add nested custom configuration to the application config object

  ```ruby
  config.x.payment_processing.schedule = :daily
  Rails.configuration.x.payment_processing.schedule # => :daily
  ```

See [Custom Configuration](#custom-configuration)

#### `config.yjit`

Enables YJIT as of Ruby 3.3, to bring sizeable performance improvements. If you are
deploying to a memory constrained environment you may want to set this to `false`.

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `false`              |
| 7.2                   | `true`               |

### Configuring Assets

#### `config.assets.css_compressor`

Defines the CSS compressor to use. It is set by default by `sass-rails`. The unique alternative value at the moment is `:yui`, which uses the `yui-compressor` gem.

#### `config.assets.js_compressor`

Defines the JavaScript compressor to use. Possible values are `:terser`, `:closure`, `:uglifier`, and `:yui`, which require the use of the `terser`, `closure-compiler`, `uglifier`, or `yui-compressor` gems respectively.

#### `config.assets.gzip`

A flag that enables the creation of gzipped version of compiled assets, along with non-gzipped assets. Set to `true` by default.

#### `config.assets.paths`

Contains the paths which are used to look for assets. Appending paths to this configuration option will cause those paths to be used in the search for assets.

#### `config.assets.precompile`

Allows you to specify additional assets (other than `application.css` and `application.js`) which are to be precompiled when `bin/rails assets:precompile` is run.

#### `config.assets.unknown_asset_fallback`

Allows you to modify the behavior of the asset pipeline when an asset is not in the pipeline, if you use sprockets-rails 3.2.0 or newer.

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `true`               |
| 5.1                   | `false`              |

#### `config.assets.prefix`

Defines the prefix where assets are served from. Defaults to `/assets`.

#### `config.assets.manifest`

Defines the full path to be used for the asset precompiler's manifest file. Defaults to a file named `manifest-<random>.json` in the `config.assets.prefix` directory within the public folder.

#### `config.assets.digest`

Enables the use of SHA256 fingerprints in asset names. Set to `true` by default.

#### `config.assets.debug`

Disables the concatenation and compression of assets. Set to `true` by default in `development.rb`.

#### `config.assets.version`

Is an option string that is used in SHA256 hash generation. This can be changed to force all files to be recompiled.

#### `config.assets.compile`

Is a boolean that can be used to turn on live Sprockets compilation in production.

#### `config.assets.logger`

Accepts a logger conforming to the interface of Log4r or the default Ruby `Logger` class. Defaults to the same configured at `config.logger`. Setting `config.assets.logger` to `false` will turn off served assets logging.

#### `config.assets.quiet`

Disables logging of assets requests. Set to `true` by default in `config/environments/development.rb`.

### Configuring Generators

Rails allows you to alter what generators are used with the `config.generators` method. This method takes a block:

```ruby
config.generators do |g|
  g.orm :active_record
  g.test_framework :test_unit
end
```

The full set of methods that can be used in this block are as follows:

* `force_plural` allows pluralized model names. Defaults to `false`.
* `helper` defines whether or not to generate helpers. Defaults to `true`.
* `integration_tool` defines which integration tool to use to generate integration tests. Defaults to `:test_unit`.
* `system_tests` defines which integration tool to use to generate system tests. Defaults to `:test_unit`.
* `orm` defines which orm to use. Defaults to `false` and will use Active Record by default.
* `resource_controller` defines which generator to use for generating a controller when using `bin/rails generate resource`. Defaults to `:controller`.
* `resource_route` defines whether a resource route definition should be generated
  or not. Defaults to `true`.
* `scaffold_controller` different from `resource_controller`, defines which generator to use for generating a _scaffolded_ controller when using `bin/rails generate scaffold`. Defaults to `:scaffold_controller`.
* `test_framework` defines which test framework to use. Defaults to `false` and will use minitest by default.
* `template_engine` defines which template engine to use, such as ERB or Haml. Defaults to `:erb`.
* `apply_rubocop_autocorrect_after_generate!` applies RuboCop's autocorrect feature after Rails generators are run.

### Configuring Middleware

Every Rails application comes with a standard set of middleware which it uses in this order in the development environment:

#### `ActionDispatch::HostAuthorization`

Prevents against DNS rebinding and other `Host` header attacks.
It is included in the development environment by default with the following configuration:

```ruby
Rails.application.config.hosts = [
  IPAddr.new("0.0.0.0/0"),        # All IPv4 addresses.
  IPAddr.new("::/0"),             # All IPv6 addresses.
  "localhost",                    # The localhost reserved domain.
  ENV["RAILS_DEVELOPMENT_HOSTS"]  # Additional comma-separated hosts for development.
]
```

In other environments `Rails.application.config.hosts` is empty and no
`Host` header checks will be done. If you want to guard against header
attacks on production, you have to manually permit the allowed hosts
with:

```ruby
Rails.application.config.hosts << "product.com"
```

The host of a request is checked against the `hosts` entries with the case
operator (`#===`), which lets `hosts` support entries of type `Regexp`,
`Proc` and `IPAddr` to name a few. Here is an example with a regexp.

```ruby
# Allow requests from subdomains like `www.product.com` and
# `beta1.product.com`.
Rails.application.config.hosts << /.*\.product\.com/
```

The provided regexp will be wrapped with both anchors (`\A` and `\z`) so it
must match the entire hostname. `/product.com/`, for example, once anchored,
would fail to match `www.product.com`.

A special case is supported that allows you to permit all sub-domains:

```ruby
# Allow requests from subdomains like `www.product.com` and
# `beta1.product.com`.
Rails.application.config.hosts << ".product.com"
```

You can exclude certain requests from Host Authorization checks by setting
`config.host_authorization.exclude`:

```ruby
# Exclude requests for the /healthcheck/ path from host checking
Rails.application.config.host_authorization = {
  exclude: ->(request) { request.path.include?('healthcheck') }
}
```

When a request comes to an unauthorized host, a default Rack application
will run and respond with `403 Forbidden`. This can be customized by setting
`config.host_authorization.response_app`. For example:

```ruby
Rails.application.config.host_authorization = {
  response_app: -> env do
    [400, { "Content-Type" => "text/plain" }, ["Bad Request"]]
  end
}
```

#### `ActionDispatch::ServerTiming`

Adds the [`Server-Timing`][] header to the response, which includes performance
metrics from the server. This data can be viewed by inspecting the response in
the Network panel of the browser's Developer Tools. Most browsers provide a
Timing tab that visualizes the data.

[`Server-Timing`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Server-Timing

#### `ActionDispatch::SSL`

Forces every request to be served using HTTPS. Enabled if `config.force_ssl` is set to `true`. Options passed to this can be configured by setting `config.ssl_options`.

#### `ActionDispatch::Static`

Is used to serve static assets. Disabled if `config.public_file_server.enabled` is `false`. Set `config.public_file_server.index_name` if you need to serve a static directory index file that is not named `index`. For example, to serve `main.html` instead of `index.html` for directory requests, set `config.public_file_server.index_name` to `"main"`.

#### `ActionDispatch::Executor`

Allows thread safe code reloading. Disabled if `config.allow_concurrency` is `false`, which causes `Rack::Lock` to be loaded. `Rack::Lock` wraps the app in mutex so it can only be called by a single thread at a time.

#### `ActiveSupport::Cache::Strategy::LocalCache`

Serves as a basic memory backed cache. This cache is not thread safe and is intended only for serving as a temporary memory cache for a single thread.

#### `Rack::Runtime`

Sets an `X-Runtime` header, containing the time (in seconds) taken to execute the request.

#### `Rails::Rack::Logger`

Notifies the logs that the request has begun. After request is complete, flushes all the logs.

#### `ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions`

Rescues any exception returned by the application and renders nice exception pages if the request is local or if `config.consider_all_requests_local` is set to `true`. If `config.action_dispatch.show_exceptions` is set to `:none`, exceptions will be raised regardless.

#### `ActionDispatch::RequestId`

Makes a unique X-Request-Id header available to the response and enables the `ActionDispatch::Request#uuid` method. Configurable with `config.action_dispatch.request_id_header`.

#### `ActionDispatch::RemoteIp`

Checks for IP spoofing attacks and gets valid `client_ip` from request headers. Configurable with the `config.action_dispatch.ip_spoofing_check`, and `config.action_dispatch.trusted_proxies` options.

#### `Rack::Sendfile`

Intercepts responses whose body is being served from a file and replaces it with a server specific X-Sendfile header. Configurable with `config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header`.

#### `ActionDispatch::Callbacks`

Runs the prepare callbacks before serving the request.

#### `ActionDispatch::Cookies`

Sets cookies for the request.

#### `ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore`

Is responsible for storing the session in cookies. An alternate middleware can be used for this by changing [`config.session_store`](#config-session-store).

#### `ActionDispatch::Flash`

Sets up the `flash` keys. Only available if [`config.session_store`](#config-session-store) is set to a value.

#### `Rack::MethodOverride`

Allows the method to be overridden if `params[:_method]` is set. This is the middleware which supports the PATCH, PUT, and DELETE HTTP method types.

#### `Rack::Head`

Returns an empty body for all HEAD requests. It leaves all other requests unchanged.

#### Adding Custom Middleware

Besides these usual middleware, you can add your own by using the `config.middleware.use` method:

```ruby
config.middleware.use Magical::Unicorns
```

This will put the `Magical::Unicorns` middleware on the end of the stack. You can use `insert_before` if you wish to add a middleware before another.

```ruby
config.middleware.insert_before Rack::Head, Magical::Unicorns
```

Or you can insert a middleware to exact position by using indexes. For example, if you want to insert `Magical::Unicorns` middleware on top of the stack, you can do it, like so:

```ruby
config.middleware.insert_before 0, Magical::Unicorns
```

There's also `insert_after` which will insert a middleware after another:

```ruby
config.middleware.insert_after Rack::Head, Magical::Unicorns
```

Middlewares can also be completely swapped out and replaced with others:

```ruby
config.middleware.swap ActionController::Failsafe, Lifo::Failsafe
```

Middlewares can be moved from one place to another:

```ruby
config.middleware.move_before ActionDispatch::Flash, Magical::Unicorns
```

This will move the `Magical::Unicorns` middleware before
`ActionDispatch::Flash`. You can also move it after:

```ruby
config.middleware.move_after ActionDispatch::Flash, Magical::Unicorns
```

They can also be removed from the stack completely:

```ruby
config.middleware.delete Rack::MethodOverride
```

### Configuring i18n

All these configuration options are delegated to the `I18n` library.

#### `config.i18n.available_locales`

Defines the permitted available locales for the app. Defaults to all locale keys found in locale files, usually only `:en` on a new application.

#### `config.i18n.default_locale`

Sets the default locale of an application used for i18n. Defaults to `:en`.

#### `config.i18n.enforce_available_locales`

Ensures that all locales passed through i18n must be declared in the `available_locales` list, raising an `I18n::InvalidLocale` exception when setting an unavailable locale. Defaults to `true`. It is recommended not to disable this option unless strongly required, since this works as a security measure against setting any invalid locale from user input.

#### `config.i18n.load_path`

Sets the path Rails uses to look for locale files. Defaults to `config/locales/**/*.{yml,rb}`.

#### `config.i18n.raise_on_missing_translations`

Determines whether an error should be raised for missing translations. This defaults to `false`.

#### `config.i18n.fallbacks`

Sets fallback behavior for missing translations. Here are 3 usage examples for this option:

  * You can set the option to `true` for using default locale as fallback, like so:

    ```ruby
    config.i18n.fallbacks = true
    ```

  * Or you can set an array of locales as fallback, like so:

    ```ruby
    config.i18n.fallbacks = [:tr, :en]
    ```

  * Or you can set different fallbacks for locales individually. For example, if you want to use `:tr` for `:az` and `:de`, `:en` for `:da` as fallbacks, you can do it, like so:

    ```ruby
    config.i18n.fallbacks = { az: :tr, da: [:de, :en] }
    #or
    config.i18n.fallbacks.map = { az: :tr, da: [:de, :en] }
    ```

### Configuring Active Model

#### `config.active_model.i18n_customize_full_message`

Controls whether the [`Error#full_message`][ActiveModel::Error#full_message] format can be overridden in an i18n locale file. Defaults to `false`.

When set to `true`, `full_message` will look for a format at the attribute and model level of the locale files. The default format is `"%{attribute} %{message}"`, where `attribute` is the name of the attribute, and `message` is the validation-specific message. The following example overrides the format for all `Person` attributes, as well as the format for a specific `Person` attribute (`age`).

```ruby
class Person
  include ActiveModel::Validations

  attr_accessor :name, :age

  validates :name, :age, presence: true
end
```

```yml
en:
  activemodel: # or activerecord:
    errors:
      models:
        person:
          # Override the format for all Person attributes:
          format: "Invalid %{attribute} (%{message})"
          attributes:
            age:
              # Override the format for the age attribute:
              format: "%{message}"
              blank: "Please fill in your %{attribute}"
```

```irb
irb> person = Person.new.tap(&:valid?)

irb> person.errors.full_messages
=> [
  "Invalid Name (can't be blank)",
  "Please fill in your Age"
]

irb> person.errors.messages
=> {
  :name => ["can't be blank"],
  :age  => ["Please fill in your Age"]
}
```

[ActiveModel::Error#full_message]: https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveModel/Error.html#method-i-full_message

### Configuring Active Record

`config.active_record` includes a variety of configuration options:

#### `config.active_record.logger`

Accepts a logger conforming to the interface of Log4r or the default Ruby Logger class, which is then passed on to any new database connections made. You can retrieve this logger by calling `logger` on either an Active Record model class or an Active Record model instance. Set to `nil` to disable logging.

#### `config.active_record.primary_key_prefix_type`

Lets you adjust the naming for primary key columns. By default, Rails assumes that primary key columns are named `id` (and this configuration option doesn't need to be set). There are two other choices:

* `:table_name` would make the primary key for the Customer class `customerid`.
* `:table_name_with_underscore` would make the primary key for the Customer class `customer_id`.

#### `config.active_record.table_name_prefix`

Lets you set a global string to be prepended to table names. If you set this to `northwest_`, then the Customer class will look for `northwest_customers` as its table. The default is an empty string.

#### `config.active_record.table_name_suffix`

Lets you set a global string to be appended to table names. If you set this to `_northwest`, then the Customer class will look for `customers_northwest` as its table. The default is an empty string.

#### `config.active_record.schema_migrations_table_name`

Lets you set a string to be used as the name of the schema migrations table.

#### `config.active_record.internal_metadata_table_name`

Lets you set a string to be used as the name of the internal metadata table.

#### `config.active_record.protected_environments`

Lets you set an array of names of environments where destructive actions should be prohibited.

#### `config.active_record.pluralize_table_names`

Specifies whether Rails will look for singular or plural table names in the database. If set to `true` (the default), then the Customer class will use the `customers` table. If set to `false`, then the Customer class will use the `customer` table.

#### `config.active_record.default_timezone`

Determines whether to use `Time.local` (if set to `:local`) or `Time.utc` (if set to `:utc`) when pulling dates and times from the database. The default is `:utc`.

#### `config.active_record.schema_format`

Controls the format for dumping the database schema to a file. The options are `:ruby` (the default) for a database-independent version that depends on migrations, or `:sql` for a set of (potentially database-dependent) SQL statements.

#### `config.active_record.error_on_ignored_order`

Specifies if an error should be raised if the order of a query is ignored during a batch query. The options are `true` (raise error) or `false` (warn). Default is `false`.

#### `config.active_record.timestamped_migrations`

Controls whether migrations are numbered with serial integers or with timestamps. The default is `true`, to use timestamps, which are preferred if there are multiple developers working on the same application.

#### `config.active_record.automatically_invert_plural_associations`

Controls whether Active Record will automatically look for inverse relations with a pluralized name.

Example:

```ruby
class Post < ApplicationRecord
  has_many :comments
end

class Comment < ApplicationRecord
  belongs_to :post
end
```

In the above case Active Record used to only look for a `:comment` (singular) association in `Post`, and won't find it.

With this option enabled, it will also look for a `:comments` association. In the vast majority of cases
having the inverse association discovered is beneficial as it can prevent some useless queries, but
it may cause backward compatibility issues with legacy code that doesn't expect it.

This behavior can be disabled on a per-model basis:

```ruby
class Comment < ApplicationRecord
  self.automatically_invert_plural_associations = false

  belongs_to :post
end
```

And on a per-association basis:

```ruby
class Comment < ApplicationRecord
  self.automatically_invert_plural_associations = true

  belongs_to :post, inverse_of: nil
end
```

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `false`              |

#### `config.active_record.validate_migration_timestamps`

Controls whether to validate migration timestamps. When set, an error will be raised if the
timestamp prefix for a migration is more than a day ahead of the timestamp associated with the
current time. This is done to prevent forward-dating of migration files, which can impact migration
generation and other migration commands. `config.active_record.timestamped_migrations` must be set to `true`.

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `false`              |
| 7.2                   | `true`               |

#### `config.active_record.db_warnings_action`

Controls the action to be taken when an SQL query produces a warning. The following options are available:

  * `:ignore` - Database warnings will be ignored. This is the default.

  * `:log` - Database warnings will be logged via `ActiveRecord.logger` at the `:warn` level.

  * `:raise` - Database warnings will be raised as `ActiveRecord::SQLWarning`.

  * `:report` - Database warnings will be reported to subscribers of Rails' error reporter.

  * Custom proc - A custom proc can be provided. It should accept a `SQLWarning` error object.

    For example:

    ```ruby
    config.active_record.db_warnings_action = ->(warning) do
      # Report to custom exception reporting service
      Bugsnag.notify(warning.message) do |notification|
        notification.add_metadata(:warning_code, warning.code)
        notification.add_metadata(:warning_level, warning.level)
      end
    end
    ```

#### `config.active_record.db_warnings_ignore`

Specifies an allowlist of warning codes and messages that will be ignored, regardless of the configured `db_warnings_action`.
The default behavior is to report all warnings. Warnings to ignore can be specified as Strings or Regexps. For example:

  ```ruby
  config.active_record.db_warnings_action = :raise
  # The following warnings will not be raised
  config.active_record.db_warnings_ignore = [
    /Invalid utf8mb4 character string/,
    "An exact warning message",
    "1062", # MySQL Error 1062: Duplicate entry
  ]
  ```

#### `config.active_record.migration_strategy`

Controls the strategy class used to perform schema statement methods in a migration. The default class
delegates to the connection adapter. Custom strategies should inherit from `ActiveRecord::Migration::ExecutionStrategy`,
or may inherit from `DefaultStrategy`, which will preserve the default behaviour for methods that aren't implemented:

```ruby
class CustomMigrationStrategy < ActiveRecord::Migration::DefaultStrategy
  def drop_table(*)
    raise "Dropping tables is not supported!"
  end
end

config.active_record.migration_strategy = CustomMigrationStrategy
```

#### `config.active_record.lock_optimistically`

Controls whether Active Record will use optimistic locking and is `true` by default.

#### `config.active_record.cache_timestamp_format`

Controls the format of the timestamp value in the cache key. Default is `:usec`.

#### `config.active_record.record_timestamps`

Is a boolean value which controls whether or not timestamping of `create` and `update` operations on a model occur. The default value is `true`.

#### `config.active_record.partial_inserts`

Is a boolean value and controls whether or not partial writes are used when creating new records (i.e. whether inserts only set attributes that are different from the default).

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `true`               |
| 7.0                   | `false`              |

#### `config.active_record.partial_updates`

Is a boolean value and controls whether or not partial writes are used when updating existing records (i.e. whether updates only set attributes that are dirty). Note that when using partial updates, you should also use optimistic locking `config.active_record.lock_optimistically` since concurrent updates may write attributes based on a possibly stale read state. The default value is `true`.

#### `config.active_record.maintain_test_schema`

Is a boolean value which controls whether Active Record should try to keep your test database schema up-to-date with `db/schema.rb` (or `db/structure.sql`) when you run your tests. The default is `true`.

#### `config.active_record.dump_schema_after_migration`

Is a flag which controls whether or not schema dump should happen
(`db/schema.rb` or `db/structure.sql`) when you run migrations. This is set to
`false` in `config/environments/production.rb` which is generated by Rails. The
default value is `true` if this configuration is not set.

#### `config.active_record.dump_schemas`

Controls which database schemas will be dumped when calling `db:schema:dump`.
The options are `:schema_search_path` (the default) which dumps any schemas listed in `schema_search_path`,
`:all` which always dumps all schemas regardless of the `schema_search_path`,
or a string of comma separated schemas.

#### `config.active_record.before_committed_on_all_records`

Enable before_committed! callbacks on all enrolled records in a transaction.
The previous behavior was to only run the callbacks on the first copy of a record
if there were multiple copies of the same record enrolled in the transaction.

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `false`              |
| 7.1                   | `true`               |

#### `config.active_record.belongs_to_required_by_default`

Is a boolean value and controls whether a record fails validation if
`belongs_to` association is not present.

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `nil`                |
| 5.0                   | `true`               |

#### `config.active_record.belongs_to_required_validates_foreign_key`

Enable validating only parent-related columns for presence when the parent is mandatory.
The previous behavior was to validate the presence of the parent record, which performed an extra query
to get the parent every time the child record was updated, even when parent has not changed.

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `true`               |
| 7.1                   | `false`              |

#### `config.active_record.marshalling_format_version`

When set to `7.1`, enables a more efficient serialization of Active Record instance with `Marshal.dump`.

This changes the serialization format, so models serialized this
way cannot be read by older (< 7.1) versions of Rails. However, messages that
use the old format can still be read, regardless of whether this optimization is
enabled.

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `6.1`                |
| 7.1                   | `7.1`                |

#### `config.active_record.action_on_strict_loading_violation`

Enables raising or logging an exception if strict_loading is set on an
association. The default value is `:raise` in all environments. It can be
changed to `:log` to send violations to the logger instead of raising.

#### `config.active_record.strict_loading_by_default`

Is a boolean value that either enables or disables strict_loading mode by
default. Defaults to `false`.

#### `config.active_record.warn_on_records_fetched_greater_than`

Allows setting a warning threshold for query result size. If the number of
records returned by a query exceeds the threshold, a warning is logged. This
can be used to identify queries which might be causing a memory bloat.

#### `config.active_record.index_nested_attribute_errors`

Allows errors for nested `has_many` relationships to be displayed with an index
as well as the error. Defaults to `false`.

#### `config.active_record.use_schema_cache_dump`

Enables users to get schema cache information from `db/schema_cache.yml`
(generated by `bin/rails db:schema:cache:dump`), instead of having to send a
query to the database to get this information. Defaults to `true`.

#### `config.active_record.cache_versioning`

Indicates whether to use a stable `#cache_key` method that is accompanied by a
changing version in the `#cache_version` method.

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `false`              |
| 5.2                   | `true`               |

#### `config.active_record.collection_cache_versioning`

Enables the same cache key to be reused when the object being cached of type
`ActiveRecord::Relation` changes by moving the volatile information (max
updated at and count) of the relation's cache key into the cache version to
support recycling cache key.

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `false`              |
| 6.0                   | `true`               |

#### `config.active_record.has_many_inversing`

Enables setting the inverse record when traversing `belongs_to` to `has_many`
associations.

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `false`              |
| 6.1                   | `true`               |

#### `config.active_record.automatic_scope_inversing`

Enables automatically inferring the `inverse_of` for associations with a scope.

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `false`              |
| 7.0                   | `true`               |

#### `config.active_record.destroy_association_async_job`

Allows specifying the job that will be used to destroy the associated records in background. It defaults to `ActiveRecord::DestroyAssociationAsyncJob`.

#### `config.active_record.destroy_association_async_batch_size`

Allows specifying the maximum number of records that will be destroyed in a background job by the `dependent: :destroy_async` association option. All else equal, a lower batch size will enqueue more, shorter-running background jobs, while a higher batch size will enqueue fewer, longer-running background jobs. This option defaults to `nil`, which will cause all dependent records for a given association to be destroyed in the same background job.

#### `config.active_record.queues.destroy`

Allows specifying the Active Job queue to use for destroy jobs. When this option
is `nil`, purge jobs are sent to the default Active Job queue (see
[`config.active_job.default_queue_name`][]). It defaults to `nil`.

#### `config.active_record.enumerate_columns_in_select_statements`

When `true`, will always include column names in `SELECT` statements, and avoid wildcard `SELECT * FROM ...` queries. This avoids prepared statement cache errors when adding columns to a PostgreSQL database for example. Defaults to `false`.

#### `config.active_record.verify_foreign_keys_for_fixtures`

Ensures all foreign key constraints are valid after fixtures are loaded in tests. Supported by PostgreSQL and SQLite only.

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `false`              |
| 7.0                   | `true`               |

#### `config.active_record.raise_on_assign_to_attr_readonly`

Enable raising on assignment to attr_readonly attributes. The previous
behavior would allow assignment but silently not persist changes to the
database.

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `false`              |
| 7.1                   | `true`               |

#### `config.active_record.run_commit_callbacks_on_first_saved_instances_in_transaction`

When multiple Active Record instances change the same record within a transaction, Rails runs `after_commit` or `after_rollback` callbacks for only one of them. This option specifies how Rails chooses which instance receives the callbacks.

When `true`, transactional callbacks are run on the first instance to save, even though its instance state may be stale.

When `false`, transactional callbacks are run on the instances with the freshest instance state. Those instances are chosen as follows:

- In general, run transactional callbacks on the last instance to save a given record within the transaction.
- There are two exceptions:
    - If the record is created within the transaction, then updated by another instance, `after_create_commit` callbacks will be run on the second instance. This is instead of the `after_update_commit` callbacks that would naively be run based on that instance’s state.
    - If the record is destroyed within the transaction, then `after_destroy_commit` callbacks will be fired on the last destroyed instance, even if a stale instance subsequently performed an update (which will have affected 0 rows).

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `true`               |
| 7.1                   | `false`              |

#### `config.active_record.default_column_serializer`

The serializer implementation to use if none is explicitly specified for a given
column.

Historically `serialize` and `store` while allowing to use alternative serializer
implementations, would use `YAML` by default, but it's not a very efficient format
and can be the source of security vulnerabilities if not carefully employed.

As such it is recommended to prefer stricter, more limited formats for database
serialization.

Unfortunately there isn't really any suitable defaults available in Ruby's standard
library. `JSON` could work as a format, but the `json` gems will cast unsupported
types to strings which may lead to bugs.

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `YAML`               |
| 7.1                   | `nil`                |

#### `config.active_record.run_after_transaction_callbacks_in_order_defined`

When `true`, `after_commit` callbacks are executed in the order they are defined in a model. When `false`, they are executed in reverse order.

All other callbacks are always executed in the order they are defined in a model (unless you use `prepend: true`).

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `false`              |
| 7.1                   | `true`               |

#### `config.active_record.query_log_tags_enabled`

Specifies whether or not to enable adapter-level query comments. Defaults to
`false`.

NOTE: When this is set to `true` database prepared statements will be automatically disabled.

#### `config.active_record.query_log_tags`

Define an `Array` specifying the key/value tags to be inserted in an SQL comment. Defaults to
`[ :application, :controller, :action, :job ]`. The available tags are: `:application`, `:controller`,
`:namespaced_controller`, `:action`, `:job`, and `:source_location`.

#### `config.active_record.query_log_tags_format`

A `Symbol` specifying the formatter to use for tags. Valid values are `:sqlcommenter` and `:legacy`.

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `:legacy`            |
| 7.1                   | `:sqlcommenter`      |

#### `config.active_record.cache_query_log_tags`

Specifies whether or not to enable caching of query log tags. For applications
that have a large number of queries, caching query log tags can provide a
performance benefit when the context does not change during the lifetime of the
request or job execution. Defaults to `false`.

#### `config.active_record.schema_cache_ignored_tables`

Define the list of table that should be ignored when generating the schema
cache. It accepts an `Array` of strings, representing the table names, or
regular expressions.

#### `config.active_record.verbose_query_logs`

Specifies if source locations of methods that call database queries should be logged below relevant queries. By default, the flag is `true` in development and `false` in all other environments.

#### `config.active_record.sqlite3_adapter_strict_strings_by_default`

Specifies whether the SQLite3Adapter should be used in a strict strings mode.
The use of a strict strings mode disables double-quoted string literals.

SQLite has some quirks around double-quoted string literals.
It first tries to consider double-quoted strings as identifier names, but if they don't exist
it then considers them as string literals. Because of this, typos can silently go unnoticed.
For example, it is possible to create an index for a non existing column.
See [SQLite documentation](https://www.sqlite.org/quirks.html#double_quoted_string_literals_are_accepted) for more details.

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `false`              |
| 7.1                   | `true`               |

#### `config.active_record.postgresql_adapter_decode_dates`

Specifies whether the PostgresqlAdapter should decode date columns.

```ruby
ActiveRecord::Base.connection
     .select_value("select '2024-01-01'::date").class #=> Date
```


The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `false`              |
| 7.2                   | `true`               |


#### `config.active_record.async_query_executor`

Specifies how asynchronous queries are pooled.

It defaults to `nil`, which means `load_async` is disabled and instead directly executes queries in the foreground.
For queries to actually be performed asynchronously, it must be set to either `:global_thread_pool` or `:multi_thread_pool`.

`:global_thread_pool` will use a single pool for all databases the application connects to. This is the preferred configuration
for applications with only a single database, or applications which only ever query one database shard at a time.

`:multi_thread_pool` will use one pool per database, and each pool size can be configured individually in `database.yml` through the
`max_threads` and `min_thread` properties. This can be useful to applications regularly querying multiple databases at a time, and that need to more precisely define the max concurrency.

#### `config.active_record.global_executor_concurrency`

Used in conjunction with `config.active_record.async_query_executor = :global_thread_pool`, defines how many asynchronous
queries can be executed concurrently.

Defaults to `4`.

This number must be considered in accordance with the database connection pool size configured in `database.yml`. The connection pool
should be large enough to accommodate both the foreground threads (ie. web server or job worker threads) and background threads.

For each process, Rails will create one global query executor that uses this many threads to process async queries. Thus, the pool size
should be at least `thread_count + global_executor_concurrency + 1`. For example, if your web server has a maximum of 3 threads,
and `global_executor_concurrency` is set to 4, then your pool size should be at least 8.

#### `config.active_record.yaml_column_permitted_classes`

Defaults to `[Symbol]`. Allows applications to include additional permitted classes to `safe_load()` on the `ActiveRecord::Coders::YAMLColumn`.

#### `config.active_record.use_yaml_unsafe_load`

Defaults to `false`. Allows applications to opt into using `unsafe_load` on the `ActiveRecord::Coders::YAMLColumn`.

#### `config.active_record.raise_int_wider_than_64bit`

Defaults to `true`. Determines whether to raise an exception or not when
the PostgreSQL adapter is provided an integer that is wider than signed
64bit representation.

#### `config.active_record.generate_secure_token_on`

Controls when to generate a value for `has_secure_token` declarations. By
default, generate the value when the model is initialized:

```ruby
class User < ApplicationRecord
  has_secure_token
end

record = User.new
record.token # => "fwZcXX6SkJBJRogzMdciS7wf"
```

With `config.active_record.generate_secure_token_on = :create`, generate the
value when the model is created:

```ruby
# config/application.rb

config.active_record.generate_secure_token_on = :create

# app/models/user.rb
class User < ApplicationRecord
  has_secure_token on: :create
end

record = User.new
record.token # => nil
record.save!
record.token # => "fwZcXX6SkJBJRogzMdciS7wf"
```

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `:create`            |
| 7.1                   | `:initialize`        |


#### `config.active_record.permanent_connection_checkout`

Controls whether `ActiveRecord::Base.connection` raises an error, emits a deprecation warning, or neither.

`ActiveRecord::Base.connection` checkouts a database connection from the pool and keeps it leased until the end of
the request or job. This behavior can be undesirable in environments that use many more threads or fibers than there
is available connections.

This configuration can be used to track down and eliminate code that calls `ActiveRecord::Base.connection` and
migrate it to use `ActiveRecord::Base.with_connection` instead.

The value can be set to `:disallowed`, `:deprecated`, or `true` to respectively raise an error, emit a deprecation
warning, or neither.

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `true`               |

#### `ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Mysql2Adapter.emulate_booleans` and `ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::TrilogyAdapter.emulate_booleans`

Controls whether the Active Record MySQL adapter will consider all `tinyint(1)` columns as booleans. Defaults to `true`.

#### `ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.create_unlogged_tables`

Controls whether database tables created by PostgreSQL should be "unlogged", which can speed
up performance but adds a risk of data loss if the database crashes. It is
highly recommended that you do not enable this in a production environment.
Defaults to `false` in all environments.

To enable this for tests:

```ruby
# config/environments/test.rb

ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record_postgresqladapter) do
  self.create_unlogged_tables = true
end
```

#### `ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.datetime_type`

Controls what native type the Active Record PostgreSQL adapter should use when you call `datetime` in
a migration or schema. It takes a symbol which must correspond to one of the
configured `NATIVE_DATABASE_TYPES`. The default is `:timestamp`, meaning
`t.datetime` in a migration will create a "timestamp without time zone" column.

To use "timestamp with time zone":

```ruby
# config/application.rb

ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record_postgresqladapter) do
  self.datetime_type = :timestamptz
end
```

You should run `bin/rails db:migrate` to rebuild your schema.rb if you change this.

#### `ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables`

Accepts an array of tables that should _not_ be included in any generated schema file.

#### `ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.fk_ignore_pattern`

Allows setting a different regular expression that will be used to decide
whether a foreign key's name should be dumped to db/schema.rb or not. By
default, foreign key names starting with `fk_rails_` are not exported to the
database schema dump. Defaults to `/^fk_rails_[0-9a-f]{10}$/`.

#### `config.active_record.encryption.add_to_filter_parameters`

Enables automatic filtering of encrypted attributes on `inspect`.

The default value is `true`.

#### `config.active_record.encryption.hash_digest_class`

Sets the digest algorithm used by Active Record Encryption.

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is      |
| --------------------- | ------------------------- |
| (original)            | `OpenSSL::Digest::SHA1`   |
| 7.1                   | `OpenSSL::Digest::SHA256` |

#### `config.active_record.encryption.support_sha1_for_non_deterministic_encryption`

Enables support for decrypting existing data encrypted using a SHA-1 digest class. When `false`,
it will only support the digest configured in `config.active_record.encryption.hash_digest_class`.

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `true`               |
| 7.1                   | `false`              |

#### `config.active_record.protocol_adapters`

When using a URL to configure the database connection, this option provides a mapping from the protocol to the underlying
database adapter. For example, this means the environment can specify `DATABASE_URL=mysql://localhost/database` and Rails will map
`mysql` to the `mysql2` adapter, but the application can also override these mappings:

```ruby
config.active_record.protocol_adapters.mysql = "trilogy"
```

If no mapping is found, the protocol is used as the adapter name.

### Configuring Action Controller

`config.action_controller` includes a number of configuration settings:

#### `config.action_controller.asset_host`

Sets the host for the assets. Useful when CDNs are used for hosting assets rather than the application server itself. You should only use this if you have a different configuration for Action Mailer, otherwise use `config.asset_host`.

#### `config.action_controller.perform_caching`

Configures whether the application should perform the caching features provided by the Action Controller component or not. Set to `false` in the development environment, `true` in production. If it's not specified, the default will be `true`.

#### `config.action_controller.default_static_extension`

Configures the extension used for cached pages. Defaults to `.html`.

#### `config.action_controller.include_all_helpers`

Configures whether all view helpers are available everywhere or are scoped to the corresponding controller. If set to `false`, `UsersHelper` methods are only available for views rendered as part of `UsersController`. If `true`, `UsersHelper` methods are available everywhere. The default configuration behavior (when this option is not explicitly set to `true` or `false`) is that all view helpers are available to each controller.

#### `config.action_controller.logger`

Accepts a logger conforming to the interface of Log4r or the default Ruby Logger class, which is then used to log information from Action Controller. Set to `nil` to disable logging.

#### `config.action_controller.request_forgery_protection_token`

Sets the token parameter name for RequestForgery. Calling `protect_from_forgery` sets it to `:authenticity_token` by default.

#### `config.action_controller.allow_forgery_protection`

Enables or disables CSRF protection. By default this is `false` in the test environment and `true` in all other environments.

#### `config.action_controller.forgery_protection_origin_check`

Configures whether the HTTP `Origin` header should be checked against the site's origin as an additional CSRF defense.

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `false`              |
| 5.0                   | `true`               |

#### `config.action_controller.per_form_csrf_tokens`

Configures whether CSRF tokens are only valid for the method/action they were generated for.

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `false`              |
| 5.0                   | `true`               |

#### `config.action_controller.default_protect_from_forgery`

Determines whether forgery protection is added on `ActionController::Base`.

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `false`              |
| 5.2                   | `true`               |

#### `config.action_controller.relative_url_root`

Can be used to tell Rails that you are [deploying to a subdirectory](
configuring.html#deploy-to-a-subdirectory-relative-url-root). The default is
[`config.relative_url_root`](#config-relative-url-root).

#### `config.action_controller.permit_all_parameters`

Sets all the parameters for mass assignment to be permitted by default. The default value is `false`.

#### `config.action_controller.action_on_unpermitted_parameters`

Controls behavior when parameters that are not explicitly permitted are found. The default value is `:log` in test and development environments, `false` otherwise. The values can be:

* `false` to take no action
* `:log` to emit an `ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument` event on the `unpermitted_parameters.action_controller` topic and log at the DEBUG level
* `:raise` to raise a `ActionController::UnpermittedParameters` exception

#### `config.action_controller.always_permitted_parameters`

Sets a list of permitted parameters that are permitted by default. The default values are `['controller', 'action']`.

#### `config.action_controller.enable_fragment_cache_logging`

Determines whether to log fragment cache reads and writes in verbose format as follows:

```
Read fragment views/v1/2914079/v1/2914079/recordings/70182313-20160225015037000000/d0bdf2974e1ef6d31685c3b392ad0b74 (0.6ms)
Rendered messages/_message.html.erb in 1.2 ms [cache hit]
Write fragment views/v1/2914079/v1/2914079/recordings/70182313-20160225015037000000/3b4e249ac9d168c617e32e84b99218b5 (1.1ms)
Rendered recordings/threads/_thread.html.erb in 1.5 ms [cache miss]
```

By default it is set to `false` which results in following output:

```
Rendered messages/_message.html.erb in 1.2 ms [cache hit]
Rendered recordings/threads/_thread.html.erb in 1.5 ms [cache miss]
```

#### `config.action_controller.raise_on_missing_callback_actions`

Raises an `AbstractController::ActionNotFound` when the action specified in callback's `:only` or `:except` options is missing in the controller.

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `false`              |
| 7.1                   | `true` (development and test), `false` (other envs)|


#### `config.action_controller.raise_on_open_redirects`

Protect an application from unintentionally redirecting to an external host
(also known as an "open redirect") by making external redirects opt-in.

When this configuration is set to `true`, an
`ActionController::Redirecting::UnsafeRedirectError` will be raised when a URL
with an external host is passed to [redirect_to][]. If an open redirect should
be allowed, then `allow_other_host: true` can be added to the call to
`redirect_to`.

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `false`              |
| 7.0                   | `true`               |

[redirect_to]: https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionController/Redirecting.html#method-i-redirect_to

#### `config.action_controller.log_query_tags_around_actions`

Determines whether controller context for query tags will be automatically
updated via an `around_filter`. The default value is `true`.

#### `config.action_controller.wrap_parameters_by_default`

Before Rails 7.0, new applications were generated with an initializer named
`wrap_parameters.rb` that enabled parameter wrapping in `ActionController::Base`
for JSON requests.

Setting this configuration value to `true` has the same behavior as the
initializer, allowing applications to remove the initializer if they do not wish
to customize parameter wrapping behavior.

Regardless of this value, applications can continue to customize the parameter
wrapping behavior as before in an initializer or per controller.

See [`ParamsWrapper`][params_wrapper] for more information on parameter
wrapping.

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `false`              |
| 7.0                   | `true`               |

[params_wrapper]: https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionController/ParamsWrapper.html

#### `ActionController::Base.wrap_parameters`

Configures the [`ParamsWrapper`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionController/ParamsWrapper.html). This can be called at
the top level, or on individual controllers.

### Configuring Action Dispatch

#### `config.action_dispatch.cookies_serializer`

Specifies which serializer to use for cookies. Accepts the same values as
[`config.active_support.message_serializer`](#config-active-support-message-serializer),
plus `:hybrid` which is an alias for `:json_allow_marshal`.

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `:marshal`           |
| 7.0                   | `:json`              |

#### `config.action_dispatch.debug_exception_log_level`

Configures the log level used by the [`ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions`][]
middleware when logging uncaught exceptions during requests.

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `:fatal`             |
| 7.1                   | `:error`             |

[`ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions`]: https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/DebugExceptions.html

#### `config.action_dispatch.default_headers`

Is a hash with HTTP headers that are set by default in each response.

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | <pre><code>{<br>  "X-Frame-Options" => "SAMEORIGIN",<br>  "X-XSS-Protection" => "1; mode=block",<br>  "X-Content-Type-Options" => "nosniff",<br>  "X-Download-Options" => "noopen",<br>  "X-Permitted-Cross-Domain-Policies" => "none",<br>  "Referrer-Policy" => "strict-origin-when-cross-origin"<br>}</code></pre> |
| 7.0                   | <pre><code>{<br>  "X-Frame-Options" => "SAMEORIGIN",<br>  "X-XSS-Protection" => "0",<br>  "X-Content-Type-Options" => "nosniff",<br>  "X-Download-Options" => "noopen",<br>  "X-Permitted-Cross-Domain-Policies" => "none",<br>  "Referrer-Policy" => "strict-origin-when-cross-origin"<br>}</code></pre> |
| 7.1                   | <pre><code>{<br>  "X-Frame-Options" => "SAMEORIGIN",<br>  "X-XSS-Protection" => "0",<br>  "X-Content-Type-Options" => "nosniff",<br>  "X-Permitted-Cross-Domain-Policies" => "none",<br>  "Referrer-Policy" => "strict-origin-when-cross-origin"<br>}</code></pre> |

#### `config.action_dispatch.default_charset`

Specifies the default character set for all renders. Defaults to `nil`.

#### `config.action_dispatch.tld_length`

Sets the TLD (top-level domain) length for the application. Defaults to `1`.

#### `config.action_dispatch.ignore_accept_header`

Is used to determine whether to ignore accept headers from a request. Defaults to `false`.

#### `config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header`

Specifies server specific X-Sendfile header. This is useful for accelerated file sending from server. For example it can be set to 'X-Sendfile' for Apache.

#### `config.action_dispatch.http_auth_salt`

Sets the HTTP Auth salt value. Defaults
to `'http authentication'`.

#### `config.action_dispatch.signed_cookie_salt`

Sets the signed cookies salt value.
Defaults to `'signed cookie'`.

#### `config.action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_salt`

Sets the encrypted cookies salt value. Defaults to `'encrypted cookie'`.

#### `config.action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt`

Sets the signed encrypted cookies salt value. Defaults to `'signed encrypted
cookie'`.

#### `config.action_dispatch.authenticated_encrypted_cookie_salt`

Sets the authenticated encrypted cookie salt. Defaults to `'authenticated
encrypted cookie'`.

#### `config.action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_cipher`

Sets the cipher to be used for encrypted cookies. This defaults to
`"aes-256-gcm"`.

#### `config.action_dispatch.signed_cookie_digest`

Sets the digest to be used for signed cookies. This defaults to `"SHA1"`.

#### `config.action_dispatch.cookies_rotations`

Allows rotating secrets, ciphers, and digests for encrypted and signed cookies.

#### `config.action_dispatch.use_authenticated_cookie_encryption`

Controls whether signed and encrypted cookies use the AES-256-GCM cipher or the
older AES-256-CBC cipher.

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `false`              |
| 5.2                   | `true`               |

#### `config.action_dispatch.use_cookies_with_metadata`

Enables writing cookies with the purpose metadata embedded.

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `false`              |
| 6.0                   | `true`               |

#### `config.action_dispatch.perform_deep_munge`

Configures whether `deep_munge` method should be performed on the parameters.
See [Security Guide](security.html#unsafe-query-generation) for more
information. It defaults to `true`.

#### `config.action_dispatch.rescue_responses`

Configures what exceptions are assigned to an HTTP status. It accepts a hash and you can specify pairs of exception/status.

```ruby
# It's good to use #[]= or #merge! to respect the default values
config.action_dispatch.rescue_responses['MyAuthenticationError'] = :unauthorized
```

Use `ActionDispatch::ExceptionWrapper.rescue_responses` to observe the configuration. By default, it is defined as:

```ruby
{
  'ActionController::RoutingError' => :not_found,
  'AbstractController::ActionNotFound' => :not_found,
  'ActionController::MethodNotAllowed' => :method_not_allowed,
  'ActionController::UnknownHttpMethod' => :method_not_allowed,
  'ActionController::NotImplemented' => :not_implemented,
  'ActionController::UnknownFormat' => :not_acceptable,
  'ActionDispatch::Http::MimeNegotiation::InvalidType' => :not_acceptable,
  'ActionController::MissingExactTemplate' => :not_acceptable,
  'ActionController::InvalidAuthenticityToken' => :unprocessable_entity,
  'ActionController::InvalidCrossOriginRequest' => :unprocessable_entity,
  'ActionDispatch::Http::Parameters::ParseError' => :bad_request,
  'ActionController::BadRequest' => :bad_request,
  'ActionController::ParameterMissing' => :bad_request,
  'Rack::QueryParser::ParameterTypeError' => :bad_request,
  'Rack::QueryParser::InvalidParameterError' => :bad_request,
  'ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound' => :not_found,
  'ActiveRecord::StaleObjectError' => :conflict,
  'ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid' => :unprocessable_entity,
  'ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved' => :unprocessable_entity
}
```

Any exceptions that are not configured will be mapped to 500 Internal Server Error.

#### `config.action_dispatch.cookies_same_site_protection`

Configures the default value of the `SameSite` attribute when setting cookies.
When set to `nil`, the `SameSite` attribute is not added. To allow the value of
the `SameSite` attribute to be configured dynamically based on the request, a
proc may be specified. For example:

```ruby
config.action_dispatch.cookies_same_site_protection = ->(request) do
  :strict unless request.user_agent == "TestAgent"
end
```

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `nil`                |
| 6.1                   | `:lax`               |

#### `config.action_dispatch.ssl_default_redirect_status`

Configures the default HTTP status code used when redirecting non-GET/HEAD
requests from HTTP to HTTPS in the `ActionDispatch::SSL` middleware.

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `307`                |
| 6.1                   | `308`                |

#### `config.action_dispatch.log_rescued_responses`

Enables logging those unhandled exceptions configured in `rescue_responses`. It
defaults to `true`.

#### `config.action_dispatch.show_exceptions`

The `config.action_dispatch.show_exceptions` configuration controls how Action Pack (specifically the [`ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions`](/configuring.html#actiondispatch-showexceptions) middleware) handles exceptions raised while responding to requests.

Setting the value to `:all` configures Action Pack to rescue from exceptions and render corresponding error pages. For example, Action Pack would rescue from an `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` exception and render the contents of `public/404.html` with a `404 Not found` status code.

Setting the value to `:rescuable` configures Action Pack to rescue from exceptions defined in [`config.action_dispatch.rescue_responses`](/configuring.html#config-action-dispatch-rescue-responses), and raise all others. For example, Action Pack would rescue from `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound`, but would raise a `NoMethodError`.

Setting the value to `:none` configures Action Pack to raise all exceptions.

* `:all` - render error pages for all exceptions
* `:rescuable` - render error pages for exceptions declared by [`config.action_dispatch.rescue_responses`](/configuring.html#config-action-dispatch-rescue-responses)
* `:none` - raise all exceptions

| Starting with version | The default value is  |
| --------------------- | --------------------- |
| (original)            | `true`                |
| 7.1                   | `:all`                |

#### `config.action_dispatch.always_write_cookie`

Cookies will be written at the end of a request if they marked as insecure, if the request is made over SSL, or if the request is made to an onion service.

If set to `true`, cookies will be written even if this criteria is not met.

This defaults to `true` in `development`, and `false` in all other environments.

#### `ActionDispatch::Callbacks.before`

Takes a block of code to run before the request.

#### `ActionDispatch::Callbacks.after`

Takes a block of code to run after the request.

### Configuring Action View

`config.action_view` includes a small number of configuration settings:

#### `config.action_view.cache_template_loading`

Controls whether or not templates should be reloaded on each request. Defaults to `!config.enable_reloading`.

#### `config.action_view.field_error_proc`

Provides an HTML generator for displaying errors that come from Active Model. The block is evaluated within
the context of an Action View template. The default is

```ruby
Proc.new { |html_tag, instance| content_tag :div, html_tag, class: "field_with_errors" }
```

#### `config.action_view.default_form_builder`

Tells Rails which form builder to use by default. The default is
`ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder`. If you want your form builder class to be
loaded after initialization (so it's reloaded on each request in development),
you can pass it as a `String`.

#### `config.action_view.logger`

Accepts a logger conforming to the interface of Log4r or the default Ruby Logger class, which is then used to log information from Action View. Set to `nil` to disable logging.

#### `config.action_view.erb_trim_mode`

Controls if certain ERB syntax should trim. It defaults to `'-'`, which turns on trimming of tail spaces and newline when using `<%= -%>` or `<%= =%>`. Setting this to anything else will turn off trimming support.

#### `config.action_view.frozen_string_literal`

Compiles the ERB template with the `# frozen_string_literal: true` magic comment, making all string literals frozen and saving allocations. Set to `true` to enable it for all views.

#### `config.action_view.embed_authenticity_token_in_remote_forms`

Allows you to set the default behavior for `authenticity_token` in forms with
`remote: true`. By default it's set to `false`, which means that remote forms
will not include `authenticity_token`, which is helpful when you're
fragment-caching the form. Remote forms get the authenticity from the `meta`
tag, so embedding is unnecessary unless you support browsers without
JavaScript. In such case you can either pass `authenticity_token: true` as a
form option or set this config setting to `true`.

#### `config.action_view.prefix_partial_path_with_controller_namespace`

Determines whether or not partials are looked up from a subdirectory in templates rendered from namespaced controllers. For example, consider a controller named `Admin::ArticlesController` which renders this template:

```erb
<%= render @article %>
```

The default setting is `true`, which uses the partial at `/admin/articles/_article.erb`. Setting the value to `false` would render `/articles/_article.erb`, which is the same behavior as rendering from a non-namespaced controller such as `ArticlesController`.

#### `config.action_view.automatically_disable_submit_tag`

Determines whether `submit_tag` should automatically disable on click, this
defaults to `true`.

#### `config.action_view.debug_missing_translation`

Determines whether to wrap the missing translations key in a `<span>` tag or not. This defaults to `true`.

#### `config.action_view.form_with_generates_remote_forms`

Determines whether `form_with` generates remote forms or not.

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| 5.1                   | `true`               |
| 6.1                   | `false`              |

#### `config.action_view.form_with_generates_ids`

Determines whether `form_with` generates ids on inputs.

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `false`              |
| 5.2                   | `true`               |

#### `config.action_view.default_enforce_utf8`

Determines whether forms are generated with a hidden tag that forces older versions of Internet Explorer to submit forms encoded in UTF-8.

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `true`               |
| 6.0                   | `false`              |

#### `config.action_view.image_loading`

Specifies a default value for the `loading` attribute of `<img>` tags rendered by the `image_tag` helper. For example, when set to `"lazy"`, `<img>` tags rendered by `image_tag` will include `loading="lazy"`, which [instructs the browser to wait until an image is near the viewport to load it](https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#lazy-loading-attributes). (This value can still be overridden per image by passing e.g. `loading: "eager"` to `image_tag`.) Defaults to `nil`.

#### `config.action_view.image_decoding`

Specifies a default value for the `decoding` attribute of `<img>` tags rendered by the `image_tag` helper. Defaults to `nil`.

#### `config.action_view.annotate_rendered_view_with_filenames`

Determines whether to annotate rendered view with template file names. This defaults to `false`.

#### `config.action_view.preload_links_header`

Determines whether `javascript_include_tag` and `stylesheet_link_tag` will generate a `link` header that preload assets.

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `nil`                |
| 6.1                   | `true`               |

#### `config.action_view.button_to_generates_button_tag`

When `false`, `button_to` will render a `<button>` or an `<input>` inside a
`<form>` depending on how content is passed (`<form>` omitted for brevity):

```erb
<%= button_to "Content", "/" %>
# => <input type="submit" value="Content">

<%= button_to "/" do %>
  Content
<% end %>
# => <button type="submit">Content</button>
```

Setting this value to `true` makes `button_to` generate a `<button>` tag inside
the `<form>` in both cases.

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `false`              |
| 7.0                   | `true`               |

#### `config.action_view.apply_stylesheet_media_default`

Determines whether `stylesheet_link_tag` will render `screen` as the default
value for the `media` attribute when it's not provided.

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `true`               |
| 7.0                   | `false`              |

#### `config.action_view.prepend_content_exfiltration_prevention`

Determines whether or not the `form_tag` and `button_to` helpers will produce HTML tags prepended with browser-safe (but technically invalid) HTML that guarantees their contents cannot be captured by any preceding unclosed tags. The default value is `false`.

#### `config.action_view.sanitizer_vendor`

Configures the set of HTML sanitizers used by Action View by setting `ActionView::Helpers::SanitizeHelper.sanitizer_vendor`. The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is                 | Which parses markup as |
|-----------------------|--------------------------------------|------------------------|
| (original)            | `Rails::HTML4::Sanitizer`            | HTML4                  |
| 7.1                   | `Rails::HTML5::Sanitizer` (see NOTE) | HTML5                  |

NOTE: `Rails::HTML5::Sanitizer` is not supported on JRuby, so on JRuby platforms Rails will fall back to `Rails::HTML4::Sanitizer`.

### Configuring Action Mailbox

`config.action_mailbox` provides the following configuration options:

#### `config.action_mailbox.logger`

Contains the logger used by Action Mailbox. It accepts a logger conforming to the interface of Log4r or the default Ruby Logger class. The default is `Rails.logger`.

```ruby
config.action_mailbox.logger = ActiveSupport::Logger.new(STDOUT)
```

#### `config.action_mailbox.incinerate_after`

Accepts an `ActiveSupport::Duration` indicating how long after processing `ActionMailbox::InboundEmail` records should be destroyed. It defaults to `30.days`.

```ruby
# Incinerate inbound emails 14 days after processing.
config.action_mailbox.incinerate_after = 14.days
```

#### `config.action_mailbox.queues.incineration`

Accepts a symbol indicating the Active Job queue to use for incineration jobs.
When this option is `nil`, incineration jobs are sent to the default Active Job
queue (see [`config.active_job.default_queue_name`][]).

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `:action_mailbox_incineration` |
| 6.1                   | `nil`                |

#### `config.action_mailbox.queues.routing`

Accepts a symbol indicating the Active Job queue to use for routing jobs. When
this option is `nil`, routing jobs are sent to the default Active Job queue (see
[`config.active_job.default_queue_name`][]).

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `:action_mailbox_routing` |
| 6.1                   | `nil`                |

#### `config.action_mailbox.storage_service`

Accepts a symbol indicating the Active Storage service to use for uploading emails. When this option is `nil`, emails are uploaded to the default Active Storage service (see `config.active_storage.service`).

### Configuring Action Mailer

There are a number of settings available on `config.action_mailer`:

#### `config.action_mailer.asset_host`

Sets the host for the assets. Useful when CDNs are used for hosting assets rather than the application server itself. You should only use this if you have a different configuration for Action Controller, otherwise use `config.asset_host`.

#### `config.action_mailer.logger`

Accepts a logger conforming to the interface of Log4r or the default Ruby Logger class, which is then used to log information from Action Mailer. Set to `nil` to disable logging.

#### `config.action_mailer.smtp_settings`

Allows detailed configuration for the `:smtp` delivery method. It accepts a hash of options, which can include any of these options:

* `:address` - Allows you to use a remote mail server. Just change it from its default "localhost" setting.
* `:port` - On the off chance that your mail server doesn't run on port 25, you can change it.
* `:domain` - If you need to specify a HELO domain, you can do it here.
* `:user_name` - If your mail server requires authentication, set the username in this setting.
* `:password` - If your mail server requires authentication, set the password in this setting.
* `:authentication` - If your mail server requires authentication, you need to specify the authentication type here. This is a symbol and one of `:plain`, `:login`, `:cram_md5`.
* `:enable_starttls` - Use STARTTLS when connecting to your SMTP server and fail if unsupported. It defaults to `false`.
* `:enable_starttls_auto` - Detects if STARTTLS is enabled in your SMTP server and starts to use it. It defaults to `true`.
* `:openssl_verify_mode` - When using TLS, you can set how OpenSSL checks the certificate. This is useful if you need to validate a self-signed and/or a wildcard certificate. This can be one of the OpenSSL verify constants, `:none` or `:peer` -- or the constant directly `OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE` or `OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER`, respectively.
* `:ssl/:tls` - Enables the SMTP connection to use SMTP/TLS (SMTPS: SMTP over direct TLS connection).
* `:open_timeout` - Number of seconds to wait while attempting to open a connection.
* `:read_timeout` - Number of seconds to wait until timing-out a read(2) call.

Additionally, it is possible to pass any [configuration option `Mail::SMTP` respects](https://github.com/mikel/mail/blob/master/lib/mail/network/delivery_methods/smtp.rb).

#### `config.action_mailer.smtp_timeout`

Prior to version 2.8.0, the `mail` gem did not configure any default timeouts
for its SMTP requests. This configuration enables applications to configure
default values for both `:open_timeout` and `:read_timeout` in the `mail` gem so
that requests do not end up stuck indefinitely.

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `nil`                |
| 7.0                   | `5`                  |

#### `config.action_mailer.sendmail_settings`

Allows detailed configuration for the `:sendmail` delivery method. It accepts a hash of options, which can include any of these options:

* `:location` - The location of the sendmail executable. Defaults to `/usr/sbin/sendmail`.
* `:arguments` - The command line arguments. Defaults to `%w[ -i ]`.

#### `config.action_mailer.file_settings`

Configures the `:file` delivery method. It accepts a hash of options, which can include:

* `:location` - The location where files are saved. Defaults to `"#{Rails.root}/tmp/mails"`.
* `:extension` - The file extension. Defaults to the empty string.

#### `config.action_mailer.raise_delivery_errors`

Specifies whether to raise an error if email delivery cannot be completed. It defaults to `true`.

#### `config.action_mailer.delivery_method`

Defines the delivery method and defaults to `:smtp`. See the [configuration section in the Action Mailer guide](action_mailer_basics.html#action-mailer-configuration) for more info.

#### `config.action_mailer.perform_deliveries`

Specifies whether mail will actually be delivered and is `true` by default. It can be convenient to set it to `false` for testing.

#### `config.action_mailer.default_options`

Configures Action Mailer defaults. Use to set options like `from` or `reply_to` for every mailer. These default to:

```ruby
{
  mime_version:  "1.0",
  charset:       "UTF-8",
  content_type: "text/plain",
  parts_order:  ["text/plain", "text/enriched", "text/html"]
}
```

Assign a hash to set additional options:

```ruby
config.action_mailer.default_options = {
  from: "noreply@example.com"
}
```

#### `config.action_mailer.observers`

Registers observers which will be notified when mail is delivered.

```ruby
config.action_mailer.observers = ["MailObserver"]
```

#### `config.action_mailer.interceptors`

Registers interceptors which will be called before mail is sent.

```ruby
config.action_mailer.interceptors = ["MailInterceptor"]
```

#### `config.action_mailer.preview_interceptors`

Registers interceptors which will be called before mail is previewed.

```ruby
config.action_mailer.preview_interceptors = ["MyPreviewMailInterceptor"]
```

#### `config.action_mailer.preview_paths`

Specifies the locations of mailer previews. Appending paths to this configuration option will cause those paths to be used in the search for mailer previews.

```ruby
config.action_mailer.preview_paths << "#{Rails.root}/lib/mailer_previews"
```

#### `config.action_mailer.show_previews`

Enable or disable mailer previews. By default this is `true` in development.

```ruby
config.action_mailer.show_previews = false
```

#### `config.action_mailer.perform_caching`

Specifies whether the mailer templates should perform fragment caching or not. If it's not specified, the default will be `true`.

#### `config.action_mailer.deliver_later_queue_name`

Specifies the Active Job queue to use for the default delivery job (see
`config.action_mailer.delivery_job`). When this option is set to `nil`, delivery
jobs are sent to the default Active Job queue (see
[`config.active_job.default_queue_name`][]).

Mailer classes can override this to use a different queue. Note that this only applies when using the default delivery job. If your mailer is using a custom job, its queue will be used.

Ensure that your Active Job adapter is also configured to process the specified queue, otherwise delivery jobs may be silently ignored.

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `:mailers`           |
| 6.1                   | `nil`                |

#### `config.action_mailer.delivery_job`

Specifies delivery job for mail.

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `ActionMailer::MailDeliveryJob` |
| 6.0                   | `"ActionMailer::MailDeliveryJob"` |

### Configuring Active Support

There are a few configuration options available in Active Support:

#### `config.active_support.bare`

Enables or disables the loading of `active_support/all` when booting Rails. Defaults to `nil`, which means `active_support/all` is loaded.

#### `config.active_support.test_order`

Sets the order in which the test cases are executed. Possible values are `:random` and `:sorted`. Defaults to `:random`.

#### `config.active_support.escape_html_entities_in_json`

Enables or disables the escaping of HTML entities in JSON serialization. Defaults to `true`.

#### `config.active_support.use_standard_json_time_format`

Enables or disables serializing dates to ISO 8601 format. Defaults to `true`.

#### `config.active_support.time_precision`

Sets the precision of JSON encoded time values. Defaults to `3`.

#### `config.active_support.hash_digest_class`

Allows configuring the digest class to use to generate non-sensitive digests, such as the ETag header.

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `OpenSSL::Digest::MD5` |
| 5.2                   | `OpenSSL::Digest::SHA1` |
| 7.0                   | `OpenSSL::Digest::SHA256` |

#### `config.active_support.key_generator_hash_digest_class`

Allows configuring the digest class to use to derive secrets from the configured secret base, such as for encrypted cookies.

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `OpenSSL::Digest::SHA1` |
| 7.0                   | `OpenSSL::Digest::SHA256` |

#### `config.active_support.use_authenticated_message_encryption`

Specifies whether to use AES-256-GCM authenticated encryption as the default cipher for encrypting messages instead of AES-256-CBC.

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `false`              |
| 5.2                   | `true`               |

#### `config.active_support.message_serializer`

Specifies the default serializer used by [`ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor`][]
and [`ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier`][] instances. To make migrating between
serializers easier, the provided serializers include a fallback mechanism to
support multiple deserialization formats:

| Serializer | Serialize and deserialize | Fallback deserialize |
| ---------- | ------------------------- | -------------------- |
| `:marshal` | `Marshal` | `ActiveSupport::JSON`, `ActiveSupport::MessagePack` |
| `:json` | `ActiveSupport::JSON` | `ActiveSupport::MessagePack` |
| `:json_allow_marshal` | `ActiveSupport::JSON` | `ActiveSupport::MessagePack`, `Marshal` |
| `:message_pack` | `ActiveSupport::MessagePack` | `ActiveSupport::JSON` |
| `:message_pack_allow_marshal` | `ActiveSupport::MessagePack` | `ActiveSupport::JSON`, `Marshal` |

WARNING: `Marshal` is a potential vector for deserialization attacks in cases
where a message signing secret has been leaked. _If possible, choose a
serializer that does not support `Marshal`._

INFO: The `:message_pack` and `:message_pack_allow_marshal` serializers support
roundtripping some Ruby types that are not supported by JSON, such as `Symbol`.
They can also provide improved performance and smaller payload sizes. However,
they require the [`msgpack` gem](https://rubygems.org/gems/msgpack).

Each of the above serializers will emit a [`message_serializer_fallback.active_support`][]
event notification when they fall back to an alternate deserialization format,
allowing you to track how often such fallbacks occur.

Alternatively, you can specify any serializer object that responds to `dump` and
`load` methods. For example:

```ruby
config.active_support.message_serializer = YAML
```

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `:marshal`           |
| 7.1                   | `:json_allow_marshal` |

[`ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor`]: https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/MessageEncryptor.html
[`ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier`]: https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/MessageVerifier.html
[`message_serializer_fallback.active_support`]: active_support_instrumentation.html#message-serializer-fallback-active-support

#### `config.active_support.use_message_serializer_for_metadata`

When `true`, enables a performance optimization that serializes message data and
metadata together. This changes the message format, so messages serialized this
way cannot be read by older (< 7.1) versions of Rails. However, messages that
use the old format can still be read, regardless of whether this optimization is
enabled.

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `false`              |
| 7.1                   | `true`               |

#### `config.active_support.cache_format_version`

Specifies which serialization format to use for the cache. Possible values are
`7.0`, and `7.1`.

`7.0` serializes cache entries more efficiently.

`7.1` further improves efficiency, and allows expired and version-mismatched
cache entries to be detected without deserializing their values. It also
includes an optimization for bare string values such as view fragments.

All formats are backward and forward compatible, meaning cache entries written
in one format can be read when using another format. This behavior makes it
easy to migrate between formats without invalidating the entire cache.

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| 7.0                   | `7.0`                |
| 7.1                   | `7.1`                |

#### `config.active_support.deprecation`

Configures the behavior of deprecation warnings. See
[`Deprecation::Behavior`][deprecation_behavior] for a description of the
available options.

In the default generated `config/environments` files, this is set to `:log` for
development and `:stderr` for test, and it is omitted for production in favor of
[`config.active_support.report_deprecations`](#config-active-support-report-deprecations).

[deprecation_behavior]: https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/Deprecation/Behavior.html#method-i-behavior-3D

#### `config.active_support.disallowed_deprecation`

Configures the behavior of disallowed deprecation warnings. See
[`Deprecation::Behavior`][deprecation_behavior] for a description of the
available options.

In the default generated `config/environments` files, this is set to `:raise`
for both development and test, and it is omitted for production in favor of
[`config.active_support.report_deprecations`](#config-active-support-report-deprecations).

#### `config.active_support.disallowed_deprecation_warnings`

Configures deprecation warnings that the Application considers disallowed. This allows, for example, specific deprecations to be treated as hard failures.

#### `config.active_support.report_deprecations`

When `false`, disables all deprecation warnings, including disallowed deprecations, from the [application’s deprecators](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/Rails/Application.html#method-i-deprecators). This includes all the deprecations from Rails and other gems that may add their deprecator to the collection of deprecators, but may not prevent all deprecation warnings emitted from ActiveSupport::Deprecation.

In the default generated `config/environments` files, this is set to `false` for production.

#### `config.active_support.isolation_level`

Configures the locality of most of Rails internal state. If you use a fiber based server or job processor (e.g. `falcon`), you should set it to `:fiber`. Otherwise it is best to use `:thread` locality. Defaults to `:thread`.

#### `config.active_support.executor_around_test_case`

Configure the test suite to call `Rails.application.executor.wrap` around test cases.
This makes test cases behave closer to an actual request or job.
Several features that are normally disabled in test, such as Active Record query cache
and asynchronous queries will then be enabled.

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `false`              |
| 7.0                   | `true`               |

#### `ActiveSupport::Logger.silencer`

Is set to `false` to disable the ability to silence logging in a block. The default is `true`.

#### `ActiveSupport::Cache::Store.logger`

Specifies the logger to use within cache store operations.

#### `ActiveSupport.to_time_preserves_timezone`

Specifies whether `to_time` methods preserve the UTC offset of their receivers. If `false`, `to_time` methods will convert to the local system UTC offset instead.

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `false`              |
| 5.0                   | `true`               |

#### `ActiveSupport.utc_to_local_returns_utc_offset_times`

Configures `ActiveSupport::TimeZone.utc_to_local` to return a time with a UTC
offset instead of a UTC time incorporating that offset.

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `false`              |
| 6.1                   | `true`               |

#### `config.active_support.raise_on_invalid_cache_expiration_time`

Specifies if an `ArgumentError` should be raised if `Rails.cache` `fetch` or
`write` are given an invalid `expires_at` or `expires_in` time.

Options are `true`, and `false`. If `false`, the exception will be reported
as `handled` and logged instead.

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `false`              |
| 7.1                   | `true`               |

### Configuring Active Job

`config.active_job` provides the following configuration options:

#### `config.active_job.queue_adapter`

Sets the adapter for the queuing backend. The default adapter is `:async`. For an up-to-date list of built-in adapters see the [ActiveJob::QueueAdapters API documentation](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveJob/QueueAdapters.html).

```ruby
# Be sure to have the adapter's gem in your Gemfile
# and follow the adapter's specific installation
# and deployment instructions.
config.active_job.queue_adapter = :sidekiq
```

#### `config.active_job.default_queue_name`

Can be used to change the default queue name. By default this is `"default"`.

```ruby
config.active_job.default_queue_name = :medium_priority
```

[`config.active_job.default_queue_name`]: #config-active-job-default-queue-name

#### `config.active_job.queue_name_prefix`

Allows you to set an optional, non-blank, queue name prefix for all jobs. By default it is blank and not used.

The following configuration would queue the given job on the `production_high_priority` queue when run in production:

```ruby
config.active_job.queue_name_prefix = Rails.env
```

```ruby
class GuestsCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base
  queue_as :high_priority
  #....
end
```

#### `config.active_job.queue_name_delimiter`

Has a default value of `'_'`. If `queue_name_prefix` is set, then `queue_name_delimiter` joins the prefix and the non-prefixed queue name.

The following configuration would queue the provided job on the `video_server.low_priority` queue:

```ruby
# prefix must be set for delimiter to be used
config.active_job.queue_name_prefix = 'video_server'
config.active_job.queue_name_delimiter = '.'
```

```ruby
class EncoderJob < ActiveJob::Base
  queue_as :low_priority
  #....
end
```

#### `config.active_job.enqueue_after_transaction_commit`

Controls whether Active Job's `#perform_later` and similar methods automatically defer
the job queuing to after the current Active Record transaction is committed.

It can be set to:

* `:never` - Never defer the enqueue.
* `:always` - Always defer the enqueue.
* `:default` - Let the queue adapter define the behaviour.

Active Job backends that use the same database as Active Record as a queue,
should generally prevent the deferring, and others should allow it.

Example:

```ruby
Topic.transaction do
  topic = Topic.create(title: "New Topic")
  NewTopicNotificationJob.perform_later(topic)
end
```

In this example, if the configuration is set to `:never`, the job will
be enqueued immediately, even though the `Topic` hasn't been committed yet.
Because of this, if the job is picked up almost immediately, or if the
transaction doesn't succeed for some reason, the job will fail to find this
topic in the database.

If it's set to `:always`, the job will be actually enqueued after the
transaction has been committed. If the transaction is rolled back, the job
won't be enqueued at all.

This configuration can additionally be set on a per job class basis:

```ruby
class SomeJob < ApplicationJob
  self.enqueue_after_transaction_commit = :never
end
```

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `:never`             |
| 7.2                   | `:default`           |

#### `config.active_job.logger`

Accepts a logger conforming to the interface of Log4r or the default Ruby Logger class, which is then used to log information from Active Job. You can retrieve this logger by calling `logger` on either an Active Job class or an Active Job instance. Set to `nil` to disable logging.

#### `config.active_job.custom_serializers`

Allows to set custom argument serializers. Defaults to `[]`.

#### `config.active_job.log_arguments`

Controls if the arguments of a job are logged. Defaults to `true`.

#### `config.active_job.verbose_enqueue_logs`

Specifies if source locations of methods that enqueue background jobs should be logged below relevant enqueue log lines. By default, the flag is `true` in development and `false` in all other environments.

#### `config.active_job.retry_jitter`

Controls the amount of "jitter" (random variation) applied to the delay time calculated when retrying failed jobs.

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `0.0`                |
| 6.1                   | `0.15`               |

#### `config.active_job.log_query_tags_around_perform`

Determines whether job context for query tags will be automatically updated via
an `around_perform`. The default value is `true`.

### Configuring Action Cable

#### `config.action_cable.url`

Accepts a string for the URL for where you are hosting your Action Cable
server. You would use this option if you are running Action Cable servers that
are separated from your main application.

#### `config.action_cable.mount_path`

Accepts a string for where to mount Action Cable, as part of the main server
process. Defaults to `/cable`. You can set this as nil to not mount Action
Cable as part of your normal Rails server.

You can find more detailed configuration options in the
[Action Cable Overview](action_cable_overview.html#configuration).

#### `config.action_cable.precompile_assets`

Determines whether the Action Cable assets should be added to the asset pipeline precompilation. It
has no effect if Sprockets is not used. The default value is `true`.

### Configuring Active Storage

`config.active_storage` provides the following configuration options:

#### `config.active_storage.variant_processor`

Accepts a symbol `:mini_magick` or `:vips`, specifying whether variant transformations and blob analysis will be performed with MiniMagick or ruby-vips.

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `:mini_magick`       |
| 7.0                   | `:vips`              |

#### `config.active_storage.analyzers`

Accepts an array of classes indicating the analyzers available for Active Storage blobs.
By default, this is defined as:

```ruby
config.active_storage.analyzers = [ActiveStorage::Analyzer::ImageAnalyzer::Vips, ActiveStorage::Analyzer::ImageAnalyzer::ImageMagick, ActiveStorage::Analyzer::VideoAnalyzer, ActiveStorage::Analyzer::AudioAnalyzer]
```

The image analyzers can extract width and height of an image blob; the video analyzer can extract width, height, duration, angle, aspect ratio, and presence/absence of video/audio channels of a video blob; the audio analyzer can extract duration and bit rate of an audio blob.

#### `config.active_storage.previewers`

Accepts an array of classes indicating the image previewers available in Active Storage blobs.
By default, this is defined as:

```ruby
config.active_storage.previewers = [ActiveStorage::Previewer::PopplerPDFPreviewer, ActiveStorage::Previewer::MuPDFPreviewer, ActiveStorage::Previewer::VideoPreviewer]
```

`PopplerPDFPreviewer` and `MuPDFPreviewer` can generate a thumbnail from the first page of a PDF blob; `VideoPreviewer` from the relevant frame of a video blob.

#### `config.active_storage.paths`

Accepts a hash of options indicating the locations of previewer/analyzer commands. The default is `{}`, meaning the commands will be looked for in the default path. Can include any of these options:

* `:ffprobe` - The location of the ffprobe executable.
* `:mutool` - The location of the mutool executable.
* `:ffmpeg` - The location of the ffmpeg executable.

```ruby
config.active_storage.paths[:ffprobe] = '/usr/local/bin/ffprobe'
```

#### `config.active_storage.variable_content_types`

Accepts an array of strings indicating the content types that Active Storage
can transform through the variant processor.
By default, this is defined as:

```ruby
config.active_storage.variable_content_types = %w(image/png image/gif image/jpeg image/tiff image/bmp image/vnd.adobe.photoshop image/vnd.microsoft.icon image/webp image/avif image/heic image/heif)
```

#### `config.active_storage.web_image_content_types`

Accepts an array of strings regarded as web image content types in which
variants can be processed without being converted to the fallback PNG format.
For example, if you want to use `AVIF` variants in your application you can add
`image/avif` to this array.

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is                            |
| --------------------- | ----------------------------------------------- |
| (original)            | `%w(image/png image/jpeg image/gif)`            |
| 7.2                   | `%w(image/png image/jpeg image/gif image/webp)` |

#### `config.active_storage.content_types_to_serve_as_binary`

Accepts an array of strings indicating the content types that Active Storage will always serve as an attachment, rather than inline.
By default, this is defined as:

```ruby
config.active_storage.content_types_to_serve_as_binary = %w(text/html image/svg+xml application/postscript application/x-shockwave-flash text/xml application/xml application/xhtml+xml application/mathml+xml text/cache-manifest)
```

#### `config.active_storage.content_types_allowed_inline`

Accepts an array of strings indicating the content types that Active Storage allows to serve as inline.
By default, this is defined as:

```ruby
config.active_storage.content_types_allowed_inline = %w(image/webp image/avif image/png image/gif image/jpeg image/tiff image/vnd.adobe.photoshop image/vnd.microsoft.icon application/pdf)
```

#### `config.active_storage.queues.analysis`

Accepts a symbol indicating the Active Job queue to use for analysis jobs. When
this option is `nil`, analysis jobs are sent to the default Active Job queue
(see [`config.active_job.default_queue_name`][]).

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| 6.0                   | `:active_storage_analysis` |
| 6.1                   | `nil`                |

#### `config.active_storage.queues.mirror`

Accepts a symbol indicating the Active Job queue to use for direct upload
mirroring jobs. When this option is `nil`, mirroring jobs are sent to the
default Active Job queue (see [`config.active_job.default_queue_name`][]). The
default is `nil`.

#### `config.active_storage.queues.preview_image`

Accepts a symbol indicating the Active Job queue to use for preprocessing
previews of images. When this option is `nil`, jobs are sent to the default
Active Job queue (see [`config.active_job.default_queue_name`][]). The default
is `nil`.

#### `config.active_storage.queues.purge`

Accepts a symbol indicating the Active Job queue to use for purge jobs. When
this option is `nil`, purge jobs are sent to the default Active Job queue (see
[`config.active_job.default_queue_name`][]).

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| 6.0                   | `:active_storage_purge` |
| 6.1                   | `nil`                |

#### `config.active_storage.queues.transform`

Accepts a symbol indicating the Active Job queue to use for preprocessing
variants. When this option is `nil`, jobs are sent to the default Active Job
queue (see [`config.active_job.default_queue_name`][]). The default is `nil`.

#### `config.active_storage.logger`

Can be used to set the logger used by Active Storage. Accepts a logger conforming to the interface of Log4r or the default Ruby Logger class.

```ruby
config.active_storage.logger = ActiveSupport::Logger.new(STDOUT)
```

#### `config.active_storage.service_urls_expire_in`

Determines the default expiry of URLs generated by:

* [`ActiveStorage::Blob#url`][]
* [`ActiveStorage::Blob#service_url_for_direct_upload`][]
* [`ActiveStorage::Preview#url`][]
* [`ActiveStorage::Variant#url`][]

The default is 5 minutes.

[`ActiveStorage::Blob#url`]: https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveStorage/Blob.html#method-i-url
[`ActiveStorage::Blob#service_url_for_direct_upload`]: https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveStorage/Blob.html#method-i-service_url_for_direct_upload
[`ActiveStorage::Preview#url`]: https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveStorage/Preview.html#method-i-url
[`ActiveStorage::Variant#url`]: https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveStorage/Variant.html#method-i-url

#### `config.active_storage.urls_expire_in`

Determines the default expiry of URLs in the Rails application generated by Active Storage. The default is nil.

#### `config.active_storage.touch_attachment_records`

Directs ActiveStorage::Attachments to touch its corresponding record when updated. The default is true.

#### `config.active_storage.routes_prefix`

Can be used to set the route prefix for the routes served by Active Storage. Accepts a string that will be prepended to the generated routes.

```ruby
config.active_storage.routes_prefix = '/files'
```

The default is `/rails/active_storage`.

#### `config.active_storage.track_variants`

Determines whether variants are recorded in the database.

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `false`              |
| 6.1                   | `true`               |

#### `config.active_storage.draw_routes`

Can be used to toggle Active Storage route generation. The default is `true`.

#### `config.active_storage.resolve_model_to_route`

Can be used to globally change how Active Storage files are delivered.

Allowed values are:

* `:rails_storage_redirect`: Redirect to signed, short-lived service URLs.
* `:rails_storage_proxy`: Proxy files by downloading them.

The default is `:rails_storage_redirect`.

#### `config.active_storage.video_preview_arguments`

Can be used to alter the way ffmpeg generates video preview images.

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `"-y -vframes 1 -f image2"` |
| 7.0                   | `"-vf 'select=eq(n\\,0)+eq(key\\,1)+gt(scene\\,0.015)"`<sup><mark><strong><em>1</em></strong></mark></sup> <br> `+ ",loop=loop=-1:size=2,trim=start_frame=1'"`<sup><mark><strong><em>2</em></strong></mark></sup><br> `+ " -frames:v 1 -f image2"` <br><br> <ol><li>Select the first video frame, plus keyframes, plus frames that meet the scene change threshold.</li> <li>Use the first video frame as a fallback when no other frames meet the criteria by looping the first (one or) two selected frames, then dropping the first looped frame.</li></ol> |

#### `config.active_storage.multiple_file_field_include_hidden`

In Rails 7.1 and beyond, Active Storage `has_many_attached` relationships will
default to _replacing_ the current collection instead of _appending_ to it. Thus
to support submitting an _empty_ collection, when `multiple_file_field_include_hidden`
is `true`, the [`file_field`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/FormBuilder.html#method-i-file_field)
helper will render an auxiliary hidden field, similar to the auxiliary field
rendered by the [`check_box`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/FormBuilder.html#method-i-check_box)
helper.

The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is |
| --------------------- | -------------------- |
| (original)            | `false`              |
| 7.0                   | `true`               |

#### `config.active_storage.precompile_assets`

Determines whether the Active Storage assets should be added to the asset pipeline precompilation. It
has no effect if Sprockets is not used. The default value is `true`.

### Configuring Action Text

#### `config.action_text.attachment_tag_name`

Accepts a string for the HTML tag used to wrap attachments. Defaults to `"action-text-attachment"`.

#### `config.action_text.sanitizer_vendor`

Configures the HTML sanitizer used by Action Text by setting `ActionText::ContentHelper.sanitizer` to an instance of the class returned from the vendor's `.safe_list_sanitizer` method. The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:

| Starting with version | The default value is                 | Which parses markup as |
|-----------------------|--------------------------------------|------------------------|
| (original)            | `Rails::HTML4::Sanitizer`            | HTML4                  |
| 7.1                   | `Rails::HTML5::Sanitizer` (see NOTE) | HTML5                  |

NOTE: `Rails::HTML5::Sanitizer` is not supported on JRuby, so on JRuby platforms Rails will fall back to `Rails::HTML4::Sanitizer`.

### Configuring a Database

Just about every Rails application will interact with a database. You can connect to the database by setting an environment variable `ENV['DATABASE_URL']` or by using a configuration file called `config/database.yml`.

Using the `config/database.yml` file you can specify all the information needed to access your database:

```yaml
development:
  adapter: postgresql
  database: blog_development
  pool: 5
```

This will connect to the database named `blog_development` using the `postgresql` adapter. This same information can be stored in a URL and provided via an environment variable like this:

```ruby
ENV['DATABASE_URL'] # => "postgresql://localhost/blog_development?pool=5"
```

The `config/database.yml` file contains sections for three different environments in which Rails can run by default:

* The `development` environment is used on your development/local computer as you interact manually with the application.
* The `test` environment is used when running automated tests.
* The `production` environment is used when you deploy your application for the world to use.

If you wish, you can manually specify a URL inside of your `config/database.yml`

```yaml
development:
  url: postgresql://localhost/blog_development?pool=5
```

The `config/database.yml` file can contain ERB tags `<%= %>`. Anything in the tags will be evaluated as Ruby code. You can use this to pull out data from an environment variable or to perform calculations to generate the needed connection information.

When using a `ENV['DATABASE_URL']` or a `url` key in your `config/database.yml`
file, Rails allows mapping the protocol in the URL to a database adapter that
can be configured from within the application. This allows the adapter to be
configured without modifying the URL set in the deployment environment. See:
[`config.active_record.protocol_adapters`](#config-active-record-protocol-adapters).

TIP: You don't have to update the database configurations manually. If you look at the options of the application generator, you will see that one of the options is named `--database`. This option allows you to choose an adapter from a list of the most used relational databases. You can even run the generator repeatedly: `cd .. && rails new blog --database=mysql`. When you confirm the overwriting of the `config/database.yml` file, your application will be configured for MySQL instead of SQLite. Detailed examples of the common database connections are below.

### Connection Preference

Since there are two ways to configure your connection (using `config/database.yml` or using an environment variable) it is important to understand how they can interact.

If you have an empty `config/database.yml` file but your `ENV['DATABASE_URL']` is present, then Rails will connect to the database via your environment variable:

```bash
$ cat config/database.yml

$ echo $DATABASE_URL
postgresql://localhost/my_database
```

If you have a `config/database.yml` but no `ENV['DATABASE_URL']` then this file will be used to connect to your database:

```bash
$ cat config/database.yml
development:
  adapter: postgresql
  database: my_database
  host: localhost

$ echo $DATABASE_URL
```

If you have both `config/database.yml` and `ENV['DATABASE_URL']` set then Rails will merge the configuration together. To better understand this we must see some examples.

When duplicate connection information is provided the environment variable will take precedence:

```bash
$ cat config/database.yml
development:
  adapter: sqlite3
  database: NOT_my_database
  host: localhost

$ echo $DATABASE_URL
postgresql://localhost/my_database

$ bin/rails runner 'puts ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.inspect'
#<ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations:0x00007fc8eab02880 @configurations=[
  #<ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations::UrlConfig:0x00007fc8eab020b0
    @env_name="development", @spec_name="primary",
    @config={"adapter"=>"postgresql", "database"=>"my_database", "host"=>"localhost"}
    @url="postgresql://localhost/my_database">
  ]
```

Here the adapter, host, and database match the information in `ENV['DATABASE_URL']`.

If non-duplicate information is provided you will get all unique values, environment variable still takes precedence in cases of any conflicts.

```bash
$ cat config/database.yml
development:
  adapter: sqlite3
  pool: 5

$ echo $DATABASE_URL
postgresql://localhost/my_database

$ bin/rails runner 'puts ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.inspect'
#<ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations:0x00007fc8eab02880 @configurations=[
  #<ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations::UrlConfig:0x00007fc8eab020b0
    @env_name="development", @spec_name="primary",
    @config={"adapter"=>"postgresql", "database"=>"my_database", "host"=>"localhost", "pool"=>5}
    @url="postgresql://localhost/my_database">
  ]
```

Since pool is not in the `ENV['DATABASE_URL']` provided connection information its information is merged in. Since `adapter` is duplicate, the `ENV['DATABASE_URL']` connection information wins.

The only way to explicitly not use the connection information in `ENV['DATABASE_URL']` is to specify an explicit URL connection using the `"url"` sub key:

```bash
$ cat config/database.yml
development:
  url: sqlite3:NOT_my_database

$ echo $DATABASE_URL
postgresql://localhost/my_database

$ bin/rails runner 'puts ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.inspect'
#<ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations:0x00007fc8eab02880 @configurations=[
  #<ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations::UrlConfig:0x00007fc8eab020b0
    @env_name="development", @spec_name="primary",
    @config={"adapter"=>"sqlite3", "database"=>"NOT_my_database"}
    @url="sqlite3:NOT_my_database">
  ]
```

Here the connection information in `ENV['DATABASE_URL']` is ignored, note the different adapter and database name.

Since it is possible to embed ERB in your `config/database.yml` it is best practice to explicitly show you are using the `ENV['DATABASE_URL']` to connect to your database. This is especially useful in production since you should not commit secrets like your database password into your source control (such as Git).

```bash
$ cat config/database.yml
production:
  url: <%= ENV['DATABASE_URL'] %>
```

Now the behavior is clear, that we are only using the connection information in `ENV['DATABASE_URL']`.

#### Configuring an SQLite3 Database

Rails comes with built-in support for [SQLite3](https://www.sqlite.org), which is a lightweight serverless database application. While Rails better configures SQLite for production workloads, a busy production environment may overload SQLite. Rails defaults to using an SQLite database when creating a new project, but you can always change it later.

Here's the section of the default configuration file (`config/database.yml`) with connection information for the development environment:

```yaml
development:
  adapter: sqlite3
  database: storage/development.sqlite3
  pool: 5
  timeout: 5000
```

NOTE: Rails uses an SQLite3 database for data storage by default because it is a zero configuration database that just works. Rails also supports MySQL (including MariaDB) and PostgreSQL "out of the box", and has plugins for many database systems. If you are using a database in a production environment Rails most likely has an adapter for it.

#### Configuring a MySQL or MariaDB Database

If you choose to use MySQL or MariaDB instead of the shipped SQLite3 database, your `config/database.yml` will look a little different. Here's the development section:

```yaml
development:
  adapter: mysql2
  encoding: utf8mb4
  database: blog_development
  pool: 5
  username: root
  password:
  socket: /tmp/mysql.sock
```

If your development database has a root user with an empty password, this configuration should work for you. Otherwise, change the username and password in the `development` section as appropriate.

NOTE: If your MySQL version is 5.5 or 5.6 and want to use the `utf8mb4` character set by default, please configure your MySQL server to support the longer key prefix by enabling `innodb_large_prefix` system variable.

Advisory Locks are enabled by default on MySQL and are used to make database migrations concurrent safe. You can disable advisory locks by setting `advisory_locks` to `false`:

```yaml
production:
  adapter: mysql2
  advisory_locks: false
```

#### Configuring a PostgreSQL Database

If you choose to use PostgreSQL, your `config/database.yml` will be customized to use PostgreSQL databases:

```yaml
development:
  adapter: postgresql
  encoding: unicode
  database: blog_development
  pool: 5
```

By default Active Record uses database features like prepared statements and advisory locks. You might need to disable those features if you're using an external connection pooler like PgBouncer:

```yaml
production:
  adapter: postgresql
  prepared_statements: false
  advisory_locks: false
```

If enabled, Active Record will create up to `1000` prepared statements per database connection by default. To modify this behavior you can set `statement_limit` to a different value:

```yaml
production:
  adapter: postgresql
  statement_limit: 200
```

The more prepared statements in use: the more memory your database will require. If your PostgreSQL database is hitting memory limits, try lowering `statement_limit` or disabling prepared statements.

#### Configuring an SQLite3 Database for JRuby Platform

If you choose to use SQLite3 and are using JRuby, your `config/database.yml` will look a little different. Here's the development section:

```yaml
development:
  adapter: jdbcsqlite3
  database: storage/development.sqlite3
```

#### Configuring a MySQL or MariaDB Database for JRuby Platform

If you choose to use MySQL or MariaDB and are using JRuby, your `config/database.yml` will look a little different. Here's the development section:

```yaml
development:
  adapter: jdbcmysql
  database: blog_development
  username: root
  password:
```

#### Configuring a PostgreSQL Database for JRuby Platform

If you choose to use PostgreSQL and are using JRuby, your `config/database.yml` will look a little different. Here's the development section:

```yaml
development:
  adapter: jdbcpostgresql
  encoding: unicode
  database: blog_development
  username: blog
  password:
```

Change the username and password in the `development` section as appropriate.

#### Configuring Metadata Storage

By default Rails will store information about your Rails environment and schema
in an internal table named `ar_internal_metadata`.

To turn this off per connection, set `use_metadata_table` in your database
configuration. This is useful when working with a shared database and/or
database user that cannot create tables.

```yaml
development:
  adapter: postgresql
  use_metadata_table: false
```

#### Configuring Retry Behaviour

By default, Rails will automatically reconnect to the database server and retry certain queries
if something goes wrong. Only safely retryable (idempotent) queries will be retried. The number
of retries can be specified in your the database configuration via `connection_retries`, or disabled
by setting the value to 0. The default number of retries is 1.

```yaml
development:
  adapter: mysql2
  connection_retries: 3
```

The database config also allows a `retry_deadline` to be configured. If a `retry_deadline` is configured,
an otherwise-retryable query will _not_ be retried if the specified time has elapsed while the query was
first tried. For example, a `retry_deadline` of 5 seconds means that if 5 seconds have passed since a query
was first attempted, we won't retry the query, even if it is idempotent and there are `connection_retries` left.

This value defaults to nil, meaning that all retryable queries are retried regardless of time elapsed.
The value for this config should be specified in seconds.

```yaml
development:
  adapter: mysql2
  retry_deadline: 5 # Stop retrying queries after 5 seconds
```

#### Configuring Query Cache

By default, Rails automatically caches the result sets returned by queries. If Rails encounters the same query
again for that request or job, it will use the cached result set as opposed to running the query against
the database again.

The query cache is stored in memory, and to avoid using too much memory, it automatically evicts the least recently
used queries when reaching a threshold. By default the threshold is `100`, but can be configured in the `database.yml`.

```yaml
development:
  adapter: mysql2
  query_cache: 200
```

To entirely disable query caching, it can be set to `false`

```yaml
development:
  adapter: mysql2
  query_cache: false
```

### Creating Rails Environments

By default Rails ships with three environments: "development", "test", and "production". While these are sufficient for most use cases, there are circumstances when you want more environments.

Imagine you have a server which mirrors the production environment but is only used for testing. Such a server is commonly called a "staging server". To define an environment called "staging" for this server, just create a file called `config/environments/staging.rb`. Since this is a production-like environment, you could copy the contents of `config/environments/production.rb` as a starting point and make the necessary changes from there. It's also possible to require and extend other environment configurations like this:

```ruby
# config/environments/staging.rb
require_relative "production"

Rails.application.configure do
  # Staging overrides
end
```

That environment is no different than the default ones, start a server with `bin/rails server -e staging`, a console with `bin/rails console -e staging`, `Rails.env.staging?` works, etc.

### Deploy to a Subdirectory (relative URL root)

By default Rails expects that your application is running at the root
(e.g. `/`). This section explains how to run your application inside a directory.

Let's assume we want to deploy our application to "/app1". Rails needs to know
this directory to generate the appropriate routes:

```ruby
config.relative_url_root = "/app1"
```

alternatively you can set the `RAILS_RELATIVE_URL_ROOT` environment
variable.

Rails will now prepend "/app1" when generating links.

#### Using Passenger

Passenger makes it easy to run your application in a subdirectory. You can find the relevant configuration in the [Passenger manual](https://www.phusionpassenger.com/library/deploy/apache/deploy/ruby/#deploying-an-app-to-a-sub-uri-or-subdirectory).

#### Using a Reverse Proxy

Deploying your application using a reverse proxy has definite advantages over traditional deploys. They allow you to have more control over your server by layering the components required by your application.

Many modern web servers can be used as a proxy server to balance third-party elements such as caching servers or application servers.

One such application server you can use is [Unicorn](https://bogomips.org/unicorn/) to run behind a reverse proxy.

In this case, you would need to configure the proxy server (NGINX, Apache, etc) to accept connections from your application server (Unicorn). By default Unicorn will listen for TCP connections on port 8080, but you can change the port or configure it to use sockets instead.

You can find more information in the [Unicorn readme](https://bogomips.org/unicorn/README.html) and understand the [philosophy](https://bogomips.org/unicorn/PHILOSOPHY.html) behind it.

Once you've configured the application server, you must proxy requests to it by configuring your web server appropriately. For example your NGINX config may include:

```nginx
upstream application_server {
  server 0.0.0.0:8080;
}

server {
  listen 80;
  server_name localhost;

  root /root/path/to/your_app/public;

  try_files $uri/index.html $uri.html @app;

  location @app {
    proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
    proxy_set_header Host $http_host;
    proxy_redirect off;
    proxy_pass http://application_server;
  }

  # some other configuration
}
```

Be sure to read the [NGINX documentation](https://nginx.org/en/docs/) for the most up-to-date information.


Rails Environment Settings
--------------------------

Some parts of Rails can also be configured externally by supplying environment variables. The following environment variables are recognized by various parts of Rails:

* `ENV["RAILS_ENV"]` defines the Rails environment (production, development, test, and so on) that Rails will run under.

* `ENV["RAILS_RELATIVE_URL_ROOT"]` is used by the routing code to recognize URLs when you [deploy your application to a subdirectory](configuring.html#deploy-to-a-subdirectory-relative-url-root).

* `ENV["RAILS_CACHE_ID"]` and `ENV["RAILS_APP_VERSION"]` are used to generate expanded cache keys in Rails' caching code. This allows you to have multiple separate caches from the same application.


Using Initializer Files
-----------------------

After loading the framework and any gems in your application, Rails turns to
loading initializers. An initializer is any Ruby file stored under
`config/initializers` in your application. You can use initializers to hold
configuration settings that should be made after all of the frameworks and gems
are loaded, such as options to configure settings for these parts.

The files in `config/initializers` (and any subdirectories of
`config/initializers`) are sorted and loaded one by one as part of
the `load_config_initializers` initializer.

If an initializer has code that relies on code in another initializer, you can
combine them into a single initializer instead. This makes the dependencies more
explicit, and can help surface new concepts within your application. Rails also
supports numbering of initializer file names, but this can lead to file name
churn. Explicitly loading initializers with `require` is not recommended, since
it will cause the initializer to get loaded twice.

NOTE: There is no guarantee that your initializers will run after all the gem
initializers, so any initialization code that depends on a given gem having been
initialized should go into a `config.after_initialize` block.

Load Hooks
----------

Rails code can often be referenced on load of an application. Rails is responsible for the load order of these frameworks, so when you load frameworks, such as `ActiveRecord::Base`, prematurely you are violating an implicit contract your application has with Rails. Moreover, by loading code such as `ActiveRecord::Base` on boot of your application you are loading entire frameworks which may slow down your boot time and could cause conflicts with load order and boot of your application.

Load and configuration hooks are the API that allow you to hook into this initialization process without violating the load contract with Rails. This will also mitigate boot performance degradation and avoid conflicts.

### Avoid Loading Rails Frameworks

Since Ruby is a dynamic language, some code will cause different Rails frameworks to load. Take this snippet for instance:

```ruby
ActiveRecord::Base.include(MyActiveRecordHelper)
```

This snippet means that when this file is loaded, it will encounter `ActiveRecord::Base`. This encounter causes Ruby to look for the definition of that constant and will require it. This causes the entire Active Record framework to be loaded on boot.

`ActiveSupport.on_load` is a mechanism that can be used to defer the loading of code until it is actually needed. The snippet above can be changed to:

```ruby
ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do
  include MyActiveRecordHelper
end
```

This new snippet will only include `MyActiveRecordHelper` when `ActiveRecord::Base` is loaded.

### When are Hooks called?

In the Rails framework these hooks are called when a specific library is loaded. For example, when `ActionController::Base` is loaded, the `:action_controller_base` hook is called. This means that all `ActiveSupport.on_load` calls with `:action_controller_base` hooks will be called in the context of `ActionController::Base` (that means `self` will be an `ActionController::Base`).

### Modifying Code to Use Load Hooks

Modifying code is generally straightforward. If you have a line of code that refers to a Rails framework such as `ActiveRecord::Base` you can wrap that code in a load hook.

**Modifying calls to `include`**

```ruby
ActiveRecord::Base.include(MyActiveRecordHelper)
```

becomes

```ruby
ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do
  # self refers to ActiveRecord::Base here,
  # so we can call .include
  include MyActiveRecordHelper
end
```

**Modifying calls to `prepend`**

```ruby
ActionController::Base.prepend(MyActionControllerHelper)
```

becomes

```ruby
ActiveSupport.on_load(:action_controller_base) do
  # self refers to ActionController::Base here,
  # so we can call .prepend
  prepend MyActionControllerHelper
end
```

**Modifying calls to class methods**

```ruby
ActiveRecord::Base.include_root_in_json = true
```

becomes

```ruby
ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do
  # self refers to ActiveRecord::Base here
  self.include_root_in_json = true
end
```

### Available Load Hooks

These are the load hooks you can use in your own code. To hook into the initialization process of one of the following classes use the available hook.

| Class                                | Hook                                 |
| -------------------------------------| ------------------------------------ |
| `ActionCable`                        | `action_cable`                       |
| `ActionCable::Channel::Base`         | `action_cable_channel`               |
| `ActionCable::Connection::Base`      | `action_cable_connection`            |
| `ActionCable::Connection::TestCase`  | `action_cable_connection_test_case`  |
| `ActionController::API`              | `action_controller_api`              |
| `ActionController::API`              | `action_controller`                  |
| `ActionController::Base`             | `action_controller_base`             |
| `ActionController::Base`             | `action_controller`                  |
| `ActionController::TestCase`         | `action_controller_test_case`        |
| `ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest`    | `action_dispatch_integration_test`   |
| `ActionDispatch::Response`           | `action_dispatch_response`           |
| `ActionDispatch::Request`            | `action_dispatch_request`            |
| `ActionDispatch::SystemTestCase`     | `action_dispatch_system_test_case`   |
| `ActionMailbox::Base`                | `action_mailbox`                     |
| `ActionMailbox::InboundEmail`        | `action_mailbox_inbound_email`       |
| `ActionMailbox::Record`              | `action_mailbox_record`              |
| `ActionMailbox::TestCase`            | `action_mailbox_test_case`           |
| `ActionMailer::Base`                 | `action_mailer`                      |
| `ActionMailer::TestCase`             | `action_mailer_test_case`            |
| `ActionText::Content`                | `action_text_content`                |
| `ActionText::Record`                 | `action_text_record`                 |
| `ActionText::RichText`               | `action_text_rich_text`              |
| `ActionText::EncryptedRichText`      | `action_text_encrypted_rich_text`    |
| `ActionView::Base`                   | `action_view`                        |
| `ActionView::TestCase`               | `action_view_test_case`              |
| `ActiveJob::Base`                    | `active_job`                         |
| `ActiveJob::TestCase`                | `active_job_test_case`               |
| `ActiveModel::Model`                 | `active_model`                       |
| `ActiveRecord::Base`                 | `active_record`                      |
| `ActiveRecord::Encryption`           | `active_record_encryption`           |
| `ActiveRecord::TestFixtures`         | `active_record_fixtures`             |
| `ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter`    | `active_record_postgresqladapter`    |
| `ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Mysql2Adapter`        | `active_record_mysql2adapter`        |
| `ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::TrilogyAdapter`       | `active_record_trilogyadapter`       |
| `ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SQLite3Adapter`       | `active_record_sqlite3adapter`       |
| `ActiveStorage::Attachment`          | `active_storage_attachment`          |
| `ActiveStorage::VariantRecord`       | `active_storage_variant_record`      |
| `ActiveStorage::Blob`                | `active_storage_blob`                |
| `ActiveStorage::Record`              | `active_storage_record`              |
| `ActiveSupport::TestCase`            | `active_support_test_case`           |
| `i18n`                               | `i18n`                               |

Initialization Events
---------------------

Rails has 5 initialization events which can be hooked into (listed in the order that they are run):

* `before_configuration`: This is run when the application class inherits from `Rails::Application` in `config/application.rb`. Before the class body is executed. Engines may use this hook to run code before the application itself gets configured.

* `before_initialize`: This is run directly before the initialization process of the application occurs with the `:bootstrap_hook` initializer near the beginning of the Rails initialization process.

* `to_prepare`: Run after the initializers are run for all Railties (including the application itself), but before eager loading and the middleware stack is built. More importantly, will run upon every code reload in `development`, but only once (during boot-up) in `production` and `test`.

* `before_eager_load`: This is run directly before eager loading occurs, which is the default behavior for the `production` environment and not for the `development` environment.

* `after_initialize`: Run directly after the initialization of the application, after the application initializers in `config/initializers` are run.

To define an event for these hooks, use the block syntax within a `Rails::Application`, `Rails::Railtie` or `Rails::Engine` subclass:

```ruby
module YourApp
  class Application < Rails::Application
    config.before_initialize do
      # initialization code goes here
    end
  end
end
```

Alternatively, you can also do it through the `config` method on the `Rails.application` object:

```ruby
Rails.application.config.before_initialize do
  # initialization code goes here
end
```

WARNING: Some parts of your application, notably routing, are not yet set up at the point where the `after_initialize` block is called.

### `Rails::Railtie#initializer`

Rails has several initializers that run on startup that are all defined by using the `initializer` method from `Rails::Railtie`. Here's an example of the `set_helpers_path` initializer from Action Controller:

```ruby
initializer "action_controller.set_helpers_path" do |app|
  ActionController::Helpers.helpers_path = app.helpers_paths
end
```

The `initializer` method takes three arguments with the first being the name for the initializer and the second being an options hash (not shown here) and the third being a block. The `:before` key in the options hash can be specified to specify which initializer this new initializer must run before, and the `:after` key will specify which initializer to run this initializer _after_.

Initializers defined using the `initializer` method will be run in the order they are defined in, with the exception of ones that use the `:before` or `:after` methods.

WARNING: You may put your initializer before or after any other initializer in the chain, as long as it is logical. Say you have 4 initializers called "one" through "four" (defined in that order) and you define "four" to go _before_ "two" but _after_ "three", that just isn't logical and Rails will not be able to determine your initializer order.

The block argument of the `initializer` method is the instance of the application itself, and so we can access the configuration on it by using the `config` method as done in the example.

Because `Rails::Application` inherits from `Rails::Railtie` (indirectly), you can use the `initializer` method in `config/application.rb` to define initializers for the application.

### Initializers

Below is a comprehensive list of all the initializers found in Rails in the order that they are defined (and therefore run in, unless otherwise stated).

* `load_environment_hook`: Serves as a placeholder so that `:load_environment_config` can be defined to run before it.

* `load_active_support`: Requires `active_support/dependencies` which sets up the basis for Active Support. Optionally requires `active_support/all` if `config.active_support.bare` is un-truthful, which is the default.

* `initialize_logger`: Initializes the logger (an `ActiveSupport::BroadcastLogger` object) for the application and makes it accessible at `Rails.logger`, provided that no initializer inserted before this point has defined `Rails.logger`.

* `initialize_cache`: If `Rails.cache` isn't set yet, initializes the cache by referencing the value in `config.cache_store` and stores the outcome as `Rails.cache`. If this object responds to the `middleware` method, its middleware is inserted before `Rack::Runtime` in the middleware stack.

* `set_clear_dependencies_hook`: This initializer - which runs only if `config.enable_reloading` is set to `true` - uses `ActionDispatch::Callbacks.after` to remove the constants which have been referenced during the request from the object space so that they will be reloaded during the following request.

* `bootstrap_hook`: Runs all configured `before_initialize` blocks.

* `i18n.callbacks`: In the development environment, sets up a `to_prepare` callback which will call `I18n.reload!` if any of the locales have changed since the last request. In production this callback will only run on the first request.

* `active_support.deprecation_behavior`: Sets up deprecation reporting behavior for [`Rails.application.deprecators`][] based on [`config.active_support.report_deprecations`](#config-active-support-report-deprecations), [`config.active_support.deprecation`](#config-active-support-deprecation), [`config.active_support.disallowed_deprecation`](#config-active-support-disallowed-deprecation), and [`config.active_support.disallowed_deprecation_warnings`](#config-active-support-disallowed-deprecation-warnings).

* `active_support.initialize_time_zone`: Sets the default time zone for the application based on the `config.time_zone` setting, which defaults to "UTC".

* `active_support.initialize_beginning_of_week`: Sets the default beginning of week for the application based on `config.beginning_of_week` setting, which defaults to `:monday`.

* `active_support.set_configs`: Sets up Active Support by using the settings in `config.active_support` by `send`'ing the method names as setters to `ActiveSupport` and passing the values through.

* `action_dispatch.configure`: Configures the `ActionDispatch::Http::URL.tld_length` to be set to the value of `config.action_dispatch.tld_length`.

* `action_view.set_configs`: Sets up Action View by using the settings in `config.action_view` by `send`'ing the method names as setters to `ActionView::Base` and passing the values through.

* `action_controller.assets_config`: Initializes the `config.action_controller.assets_dir` to the app's public directory if not explicitly configured.

* `action_controller.set_helpers_path`: Sets Action Controller's `helpers_path` to the application's `helpers_path`.

* `action_controller.parameters_config`: Configures strong parameters options for `ActionController::Parameters`.

* `action_controller.set_configs`: Sets up Action Controller by using the settings in `config.action_controller` by `send`'ing the method names as setters to `ActionController::Base` and passing the values through.

* `action_controller.compile_config_methods`: Initializes methods for the config settings specified so that they are quicker to access.

* `active_record.initialize_timezone`: Sets `ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes` to `true`, as well as setting `ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone` to UTC. When attributes are read from the database, they will be converted into the time zone specified by `Time.zone`.

* `active_record.logger`: Sets `ActiveRecord::Base.logger` - if it's not already set - to `Rails.logger`.

* `active_record.migration_error`: Configures middleware to check for pending migrations.

* `active_record.check_schema_cache_dump`: Loads the schema cache dump if configured and available.

* `active_record.warn_on_records_fetched_greater_than`: Enables warnings when queries return large numbers of records.

* `active_record.set_configs`: Sets up Active Record by using the settings in `config.active_record` by `send`'ing the method names as setters to `ActiveRecord::Base` and passing the values through.

* `active_record.initialize_database`: Loads the database configuration (by default) from `config/database.yml` and establishes a connection for the current environment.

* `active_record.log_runtime`: Includes `ActiveRecord::Railties::ControllerRuntime` and `ActiveRecord::Railties::JobRuntime` which are responsible for reporting the time taken by Active Record calls for the request back to the logger.

* `active_record.set_reloader_hooks`: Resets all reloadable connections to the database if `config.enable_reloading` is set to `true`.

* `active_record.add_watchable_files`: Adds `schema.rb` and `structure.sql` files to watchable files.

* `active_job.logger`: Sets `ActiveJob::Base.logger` - if it's not already set -
  to `Rails.logger`.

* `active_job.set_configs`: Sets up Active Job by using the settings in `config.active_job` by `send`'ing the method names as setters to `ActiveJob::Base` and passing the values through.

* `action_mailer.logger`: Sets `ActionMailer::Base.logger` - if it's not already set - to `Rails.logger`.

* `action_mailer.set_configs`: Sets up Action Mailer by using the settings in `config.action_mailer` by `send`'ing the method names as setters to `ActionMailer::Base` and passing the values through.

* `action_mailer.compile_config_methods`: Initializes methods for the config settings specified so that they are quicker to access.

* `set_load_path`: This initializer runs before `bootstrap_hook`. Adds paths
  specified by `config.paths.load_paths` to `$LOAD_PATH`. And unless you set
  `config.add_autoload_paths_to_load_path` to `false`, it will also add all
  autoload paths specified by `config.autoload_paths`,
  `config.eager_load_paths`, `config.autoload_once_paths`.

* `set_autoload_paths`: This initializer runs before `bootstrap_hook`. Adds all sub-directories of `app` and paths specified by `config.autoload_paths`, `config.eager_load_paths` and `config.autoload_once_paths` to `ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_paths`.

* `add_routing_paths`: Loads (by default) all `config/routes.rb` files (in the application and railties, including engines) and sets up the routes for the application.

* `add_locales`: Adds the files in `config/locales` (from the application, railties, and engines) to `I18n.load_path`, making available the translations in these files.

* `add_view_paths`: Adds the directory `app/views` from the application, railties, and engines to the lookup path for view files for the application.

* `add_mailer_preview_paths`: Adds the directory `test/mailers/previews` from the application, railties, and engines to the lookup path for mailer preview files for the application.

* `load_environment_config`: This initializer runs before `load_environment_hook`. Loads the `config/environments` file for the current environment.

* `prepend_helpers_path`: Adds the directory `app/helpers` from the application, railties, and engines to the lookup path for helpers for the application.

* `load_config_initializers`: Loads all Ruby files from `config/initializers` in the application, railties, and engines. The files in this directory can be used to hold configuration settings that should be made after all of the frameworks are loaded.

* `engines_blank_point`: Provides a point-in-initialization to hook into if you wish to do anything before engines are loaded. After this point, all railtie and engine initializers are run.

* `add_generator_templates`: Finds templates for generators at `lib/templates` for the application, railties, and engines, and adds these to the `config.generators.templates` setting, which will make the templates available for all generators to reference.

* `ensure_autoload_once_paths_as_subset`: Ensures that the `config.autoload_once_paths` only contains paths from `config.autoload_paths`. If it contains extra paths, then an exception will be raised.

* `add_to_prepare_blocks`: The block for every `config.to_prepare` call in the application, a railtie, or engine is added to the `to_prepare` callbacks for Action Dispatch which will be run per request in development, or before the first request in production.

* `add_builtin_route`: If the application is running under the development environment then this will append the route for `rails/info/properties` to the application routes. This route provides the detailed information such as Rails and Ruby version for `public/index.html` in a default Rails application.

* `build_middleware_stack`: Builds the middleware stack for the application, returning an object which has a `call` method which takes a Rack environment object for the request.

* `eager_load!`: If `config.eager_load` is `true`, runs the `config.before_eager_load` hooks and then calls `eager_load!` which will load all `config.eager_load_namespaces`.

* `finisher_hook`: Provides a hook for after the initialization of process of the application is complete, as well as running all the `config.after_initialize` blocks for the application, railties, and engines.

* `set_routes_reloader_hook`: Configures Action Dispatch to reload the routes file using `ActiveSupport::Callbacks.to_run`.

* `disable_dependency_loading`: Disables the automatic dependency loading if the `config.eager_load` is set to `true`.

[`Rails.application.deprecators`]: https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/Rails/Application.html#method-i-deprecators

Database Pooling
----------------

Active Record database connections are managed by [`ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionPool`][] which ensures that a connection pool synchronizes the amount of thread access to a limited number of database connections. This limit defaults to 5 and can be configured in `database.yml`.

```yaml
development:
  adapter: sqlite3
  database: storage/development.sqlite3
  pool: 5
  timeout: 5000
```

Since the connection pooling is handled inside of Active Record by default, all application servers (Thin, Puma, Unicorn, etc.) should behave the same. The database connection pool is initially empty. As demand for connections increases it will create them until it reaches the connection pool limit.

Any one request will check out a connection the first time it requires access to the database. At the end of the request it will check the connection back in. This means that the additional connection slot will be available again for the next request in the queue.

If you try to use more connections than are available, Active Record will block
you and wait for a connection from the pool. If it cannot get a connection, a
timeout error similar to that given below will be thrown.

```
ActiveRecord::ConnectionTimeoutError - could not obtain a database connection within 5.000 seconds (waited 5.000 seconds)
```

If you get the above error, you might want to increase the size of the
connection pool by incrementing the `pool` option in `database.yml`

NOTE. If you are running in a multi-threaded environment, there could be a chance that several threads may be accessing multiple connections simultaneously. So depending on your current request load, you could very well have multiple threads contending for a limited number of connections.

[`ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionPool`]: https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/ConnectionAdapters/ConnectionPool.html

Custom Configuration
--------------------

You can configure your own code through the Rails configuration object with
custom configuration under either the `config.x` namespace, or `config` directly.
The key difference between these two is that you should be using `config.x` if you
are defining _nested_ configuration (ex: `config.x.nested.hi`), and just
`config` for _single level_ configuration (ex: `config.hello`).

```ruby
config.x.payment_processing.schedule = :daily
config.x.payment_processing.retries  = 3
config.super_debugger = true
```

These configuration points are then available through the configuration object:

```ruby
Rails.configuration.x.payment_processing.schedule # => :daily
Rails.configuration.x.payment_processing.retries  # => 3
Rails.configuration.x.payment_processing.not_set  # => nil
Rails.configuration.super_debugger                # => true
```

You can also use `Rails::Application.config_for` to load whole configuration files:

```yaml
# config/payment.yml
production:
  environment: production
  merchant_id: production_merchant_id
  public_key:  production_public_key
  private_key: production_private_key

development:
  environment: sandbox
  merchant_id: development_merchant_id
  public_key:  development_public_key
  private_key: development_private_key
```

```ruby
# config/application.rb
module MyApp
  class Application < Rails::Application
    config.payment = config_for(:payment)
  end
end
```

```ruby
Rails.configuration.payment['merchant_id'] # => production_merchant_id or development_merchant_id
```

`Rails::Application.config_for` supports a `shared` configuration to group common
configurations. The shared configuration will be merged into the environment
configuration.

```yaml
# config/example.yml
shared:
  foo:
    bar:
      baz: 1

development:
  foo:
    bar:
      qux: 2
```

```ruby
# development environment
Rails.application.config_for(:example)[:foo][:bar] #=> { baz: 1, qux: 2 }
```

Search Engines Indexing
-----------------------

Sometimes, you may want to prevent some pages of your application to be visible
on search sites like Google, Bing, Yahoo, or Duck Duck Go. The robots that index
these sites will first analyze the `http://your-site.com/robots.txt` file to
know which pages it is allowed to index.

Rails creates this file for you inside the `/public` folder. By default, it allows
search engines to index all pages of your application. If you want to block
indexing on all pages of your application, use this:

```
User-agent: *
Disallow: /
```

To block just specific pages, it's necessary to use a more complex syntax. Learn
it on the [official documentation](https://www.robotstxt.org/robotstxt.html).

Evented File System Monitor
---------------------------

If the [listen gem](https://github.com/guard/listen) is loaded Rails uses an
evented file system monitor to detect changes when reloading is enabled:

```ruby
group :development do
  gem "listen", "~> 3.5"
end
```

Otherwise, in every request Rails walks the application tree to check if
anything has changed.

On Linux and macOS no additional gems are needed, but some are required
[for *BSD](https://github.com/guard/listen#on-bsd) and
[for Windows](https://github.com/guard/listen#on-windows).

Note that [some setups are unsupported](https://github.com/guard/listen#issues--limitations).