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<title>Rasqal RDF Query Library - Rasqal API</title>
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<h1>Rasqal RDF Query Library - Rasqal API</h1>
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<a name="NAME" id="NAME"></a>
<h2>NAME</h2>
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<p>librasqal − Rasqal RDF query library</p>
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<a name="SYNOPSIS" id="SYNOPSIS"></a>
<h2>SYNOPSIS</h2>
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<pre>
<b>#include <rasqal.h>
rasqal_init();
rasqal_query_results *</b><i>results</i><b>;
raptor_uri *</b><i>base_uri</i><b>=raptor_new_uri(</b><i>"http://example.org/foo"</i><b>);
rasqal_query *</b><i>rq</i><b>=rasqal_new_query(</b><i>"rdql"</i><b>,</b><i>NULL</i><b>);
const char *</b><i>query_string</i><b>="select * from <http://example.org/data.rdf>";
rasqal_query_prepare(</b><i>rq</i><b>,</b><i>query_string</i><b>,</b><i>base_uri</i><b>);
</b><i>results</i><b>=rasqal_query_execute(</b><i>rq</i><b>);
while(!rasqal_query_results_finished(</b><i>results</i><b>)) {
for(</b><i>i</i><b>=0;</b><i>i</i><b><rasqal_query_results_get_bindings_count(</b><i>results</i><b>);</b><i>i</i><b>++) {
const char *</b><i>name</i><b>=rasqal_query_results_get_binding_name(</b><i>results</i><b>,</b><i>i</i><b>);
rasqal_literal *</b><i>value</i><b>=rasqal_query_results_get_binding_value(</b><i>results,</i><b>i);
/* ... */
}
rasqal_query_results_next(</b><i>results</i><b>);
}
rasqal_free_query_results(</b><i>results</i><b>);
rasqal_free_query(</b><i>rq</i><b>);
raptor_free_uri(</b><i>base_uri</i><b>);
rasqal_finish();
cc ‘rasqal-config --cflags‘ file.c ‘rasqal-config --libs‘
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<a name="DESCRIPTION" id="DESCRIPTION"></a>
<h2>DESCRIPTION</h2>
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<p>The <i>Rasqal</i> library provides a high-level interface to RDF query parsing, query construction and query execution over an RDF graph. The library provides APIs to each of the steps in the process and provides support for handling multiple query language syntaxes. At present Rasqal supports RDQL and the draft W3C SPARQL query languages.</p>
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<p>Rasqal uses the libraptor(3) library for providing URI handling, WWW content retrieval and other support functions.</p>
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<a name="LIBRARY_INITIALISATION_AND_CLEANUP"></a>
<h2>LIBRARY INITIALISATION AND CLEANUP</h2>
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<p><b>rasqal_init()</b></p>
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<p><b>rasqal_finish()</b></p>
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<p>Initialise and cleanup the library. These must be called before any Rasqal class is created or used.</p>
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<a name="LIBRARY_FUNCTIONS"></a>
<h2>LIBRARY FUNCTIONS</h2>
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<p>These functions provide general library features not associated to any particular class.</p>
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<p><b>int rasqal_languages_enumerate(const unsigned int</b> <i>counter</i><b>, const char **</b><i>name</i><b>, const char **</b><i>label</i><b>, const unsigned char **</b><i>uri_string</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Return the <i>name</i>, <i>label</i>, <i>uri_string</i> (all optional) for a query language with a given integer <i>counter</i>, returning non-zero if no such query language at that offset exists. The counter should start from 0 and be incremented by 1 until the function returns non-zero.</p>
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<p><b>int rasqal_language_name_check(const char *</b><i>name</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Check <i>name</i> is a known query language name.</p>
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<a name="QUERY_CONSTRUCTOR"></a>
<h2>QUERY CONSTRUCTOR</h2>
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<p><b>rasqal_query* rasqal_new_query(const char *</b><i>name</i><b>, const unsigned char *</b><i>uri</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Create a new rasqal query object for the query syntax with name <i>name</i>. Currently "rdql" for the RDF Data Query Language and "sparql" for the SPARQL query language are recognised. A language may alternatively be identified by a URI <i>uri</i>.</p>
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<a name="QUERY_DESTRUCTOR"></a>
<h2>QUERY DESTRUCTOR</h2>
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<p><b>void rasqal_free_query(rasqal_query*</b> <i>query</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Destroy a rasqal query object.</p>
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<a name="QUERY_METHODS"></a>
<h2>QUERY METHODS</h2>
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<p><b>const char* rasqal_query_get_name(rasqal_query*</b> <i>query</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Get the query language name.</p>
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<p><b>const char* rasqal_query_get_label(rasqal_query*</b> <i>query</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Get the query language human readable label.</p>
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<p><b>void rasqal_query_set_fatal_error_handler(rasqal_query*</b> <i>query</i><b>, void *</b><i>user_data</i><b>, raptor_message_handler</b> <i>handler</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Set the fatal error handler callback.</p>
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<p><b>void rasqal_query_set_error_handler(rasqal_query*</b> <i>query</i><b>, void *</b><i>user_data</i><b>, raptor_message_handler</b> <i>handler</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Set the error handler callback.</p>
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<p><b>void rasqal_query_set_warning_handler(rasqal_query*</b> <i>query</i><b>, void *</b><i>user_data</i><b>, raptor_message_handler</b> <i>handler</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Set the warning handler callback.</p>
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<p><b>void rasqal_query_set_feature(rasqal_query*</b> <i>query</i><b>, rasqal_feature</b> <i>feature</i><b>, int</b> <i>value</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Set a query feature <i>feature</i> to a particular <i>value</i>. Returns non 0 on failure or if the feature is unknown. No current features are defined.</p>
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<p><b>int rasqal_query_get_distinct(rasqal_query*</b> <i>query</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Get the query distinct results flag, returning non-0 if the results should be distinct.</p>
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<p><b>int rasqal_query_get_limit(rasqal_query*</b> <i>query</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Get the query-specified limit on results returning >= 0 if a limit is given, otherwise not specified.</p>
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<p><b>void rasqal_query_add_source(rasqal_query*</b> <i>query</i><b>, raptor_uri*</b> <i>uri</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>DEPRECATED. Add a source URI to the sequence of sources in the query.</p>
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<p><b>raptor_sequence* rasqal_query_get_source_sequence(rasqal_query*</b> <i>query</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>DEPRECATED. Get the sequence of sources in the query.</p>
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<p><b>raptor_uri* rasqal_query_get_source(rasqal_query*</b> <i>query</i><b>, int</b> <i>idx</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>DEPRECATED. Get one source in the sequence of sources in the queyr.</p>
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<p><b>void rasqal_query_add_variable(rasqal_query*</b> <i>query</i><b>, rasqal_variable*</b> <i>var</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Add a variable binding to the sequence of bindings in the query.</p>
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<p><b>raptor_sequence* rasqal_query_get_bound_variable_sequence(rasqal_query*</b> <i>query</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Get the sequence of variables that are returning bindings in the query such as when explicitly chosen via <b>SELECT</b> in RDQL or SPARQL or all variables mentioned with <b>SELECT *</b>.</p>
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<p><b>raptor_sequence* rasqal_query_get_all_variable_sequence(rasqal_query*</b> <i>query</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Get the sequence of all variables mentioned in the query.</p>
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<p><b>rasqal_variable* rasqal_query_get_variable(rasqal_query*</b> <i>query</i><b>, int</b> <i>idx</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Get one variable binding in the sequence of variable bindings in the queyr.</p>
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<p><b>int rasqal_query_has_variable(rasqal_query*</b> <i>query</i><b>, const unsigned char *</b><i>name</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Return non-0 if the named variable is in the variable bindings of the query.</p>
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<p><b>int rasqal_query_set_variable(rasqal_query*</b> <i>query</i><b>, const unsigned char *</b><i>name</i><b>, rasqal_literal*</b> <i>value</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Set the query variable <i>name</i> to a literal <i>value</i> (the variable must already be in the sequence of variable bindings).</p>
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<p><b>raptor_sequence* rasqal_query_get_triple_sequence(rasqal_query*</b> <i>query</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Get the sequence of triples to match in the query.</p>
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<p><b>rasqal_triple* rasqal_query_get_triple(rasqal_query*</b> <i>query</i><b>, int</b> <i>idx</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Get one triple in the sequences of triples to match in the query.</p>
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<p><b>void rasqal_query_add_constraint(rasqal_query*</b> <i>query</i><b>, rasqal_expression*</b> <i>expr</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>DEPRECATED. Add a constraint expression to the sequence of constraints in the query.</p>
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<p><b>raptor_sequence* rasqal_query_get_constraint_sequence(rasqal_query*</b> <i>query</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>DEPRECATED. Get the sequence of constraints in the query.</p>
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<p><b>rasqal_expression* rasqal_query_get_constraint(rasqal_query*</b> <i>query</i><b>, int</b> <i>idx</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>DEPRECATED. Get one constraint expression in the sequences of constraint to match in the query.</p>
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<p><b>void rasqal_query_add_prefix(rasqal_query*</b> <i>query</i><b>, rasqal_prefix*</b> <i>prefix</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Add one namespace prefix/URI to the sequence of prefixes in the query.</p>
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<p><b>raptor_sequence* rasqal_query_get_prefix_sequence(rasqal_query*</b> <i>query</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Get the sequence of prefixes in the query.</p>
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<p><b>rasqal_prefix* rasqal_query_get_prefix(rasqal_query*</b> <i>query</i><b>, int</b> <i>idx</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Get one prefix in the sequence of prefixes in the query at index <i>idx</i>.</p>
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<p><b>raptor_sequence* rasqal_query_get_graph_pattern_sequence(rasqal_query*</b> <i>query</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Get the sequence of graph patterns expressions in the query.</p>
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<p><b>rasqal_graph_pattern* rasqal_query_get_graph_pattern(rasqal_query*</b> <i>query</i><b>, int</b> <i>idx</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Get a graph pattern in the sequence of graph_pattern expressions in the query.</p>
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<p><b>void rasqal_query_print(rasqal_query*</b> <i>query</i><b>, FILE*</b> <i>stream</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Print a query in a debug format. This format may change in any release.</p>
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<p><b>int rasqal_query_prepare(rasqal_query*</b> <i>query</i><b>, const unsigned char *</b><i>query_string</i><b>, raptor_uri *</b><i>base_uri</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Prepare a query string <i>query_string</i>with optional base URI <i>uri_string</i> for execution, parsing it and modifying the rasqal_query internals. Return non-0 on failure.</p>
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<p><b>rasqal_query_results* rasqal_query_execute(rasqal_query*</b> <i>query</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Execute a query, returning a rasqal_query_results* object or NULL on failure.</p>
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<p><b>void rasqal_query_set_user_data(rasqal_query*</b> <i>query</i><b>, void *</b><i>user_data</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Set some user data to be associated with the query.</p>
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<p><b>void* rasqal_query_get_user_data(rasqal_query*</b> <i>query</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Get the user data associated with the query.</p>
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<p><b>int rasqal_query_add_data_graph(rasqal_query*</b> <i>query</i><b>, raptor_uri*</b> <i>uri, raptor_uri* name_uri, int flags)</i></p>
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<p>Add a data graph to the query’s data sources, constructing a new data graph object with URI <i>uri, optional name URI name_uri and flags. See</i> <b>rasqal_new_data_graph</b> <i>for a description of the argumetns.</i></p>
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<p><b>raptor_sequence* rasqal_query_get_data_graph_sequence(rasqal_query*</b> <i>query</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Get the sequence of data graphs in the query.</p>
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<p><b>rasqal_data_graph* rasqal_query_get_data_graph(rasqal_query*</b> <i>query</i><b>, int</b> <i>idx</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Get one prefix in the sequence of prefixes in the query at index <i>idx</i>.</p>
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<h2>GRAPH PATTERN CLASS</h2>
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<p>A class for graph patterns in a query - a set of triple patterns) with flags and possible sub-graph patterns</p>
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<h2>GRAPH PATTERN CONSTRUCTOR</h2>
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<p>There is no public constructor for this class, it is constructed when the query is prepared from a syntax. The query methods <b>rasqal_query_get_graph_pattern_sequence</b> and <b>rasqal_query_get_graph_pattern</b> provide access to the top-level graph patterns in a query.</p>
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<p><b>rasqal_triple* rasqal_graph_pattern_get_triple(rasqal_graph_pattern*</b> <i>graph_pattern</i><b>, int</b> <i>idx</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Get a rasqal_triple inside a graph pattern at index <i>idx</i> returning NULL when the index is out of range.</p>
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<p><b>void rasqal_graph_pattern_add_sub_graph_pattern(rasqal_graph_pattern*</b> <i>graph_pattern</i><b>, rasqal_graph_pattern*</b> <i>sub_graph_pattern</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Add a sub-graph pattern <i>sub_graph_pattern</i> to the sequence of sub-graph patterns inside the graph pattern.</p>
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<p><b>raptor_sequence* rasqal_graph_pattern_get_sub_graph_pattern_sequence(rasqal_graph_pattern*</b> <i>graph_pattern</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Get the sequence of sub-graph patterns inside the graph pattern returning NULL if there are no sub-graph patterns.</p>
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<p><b>rasqal_graph_pattern* rasqal_graph_pattern_get_sub_graph_pattern(rasqal_graph_pattern*</b> <i>graph_pattern</i><b>, int</b> <i>idx</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Get a sub-graph pattern inside the graph pattern at index <i>idx</i> returning NULL when the index is out of range.</p>
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<p><b>int rasqal_graph_pattern_get_flags(rasqal_graph_pattern*</b> <i>graph_pattern</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Get graph pattern flags, a bitwise or of <i>rasqal_pattern_flags</i> enum values, currently only <b>RASQAL_PATTERN_FLAGS_OPTIONAL</b> is defined.</p>
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<p><b>int rasqal_graph_pattern_add_constraint(rasqal_graph_pattern*</b> <i>gp</i><b>, rasqal_expression*</b> <i>expr</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Add a constraint expression <i>expr</i> to the sequence of constraints in the graph pattern.</p>
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<p><b>raptor_sequence* rasqal_graph_pattern_get_constraint_sequence(rasqal_graph_pattern*</b> <i>gp</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Get the sequence of constraints in the graph pattern.</p>
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<p><b>rasqal_expression* rasqal_graph_pattern_get_constraint(rasqal_graph_pattern*</b> <i>gp</i><b>, int</b> <i>idx</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Get one constraint expression in the sequences of constraint to match in the graph pattern at index <i>idx</i>.</p>
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<p><b>void rasqal_graph_pattern_print(rasqal_graph_pattern*</b> <i>graph_pattern</i><b>, FILE*</b> <i>fh</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Print a graph pattern in a debug format. This format may change in any release.</p>
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<a name="QUERY_RESULTS_CLASS"></a>
<h2>QUERY RESULTS CLASS</h2>
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<p>A class for the results of a query. The results can be in different formats - variable bindings, RDF graphs as a sequence of triples or a boolean result. The format returned is determined by the query which is query-language specific.</p>
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<a name="QUERY_RESULTS_CONSTRUCTOR"></a>
<h2>QUERY RESULTS CONSTRUCTOR</h2>
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<p>There is no public constructor for this class, the <b>rasqal_query_results*</b> is returned from <b>rasqal_query_execute</b>.</p>
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<a name="QUERY_RESULTS_DESTRUCTOR"></a>
<h2>QUERY RESULTS DESTRUCTOR</h2>
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<p><b>rasqal_free_query_results(rasqal_query_results *</b><i>query_results</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Destroy a rasqal query results object.</p>
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<h2>QUERY RESULTS METHODS</h2>
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<p><b>int rasqal_query_results_is_bindings(rasqal_query_results *</b><i>query_results</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p><b>int rasqal_query_results_is_boolean(rasqal_query_results *</b><i>query_results</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p><b>int rasqal_query_results_is_graph(rasqal_query_results *</b><i>query_results</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Return non-0 if the <b>rasqal_query_results</b> is of the given format. Only one of these will be non-0 for any result.</p>
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<p><b>int rasqal_query_results_write(raptor_iostream *</b><i>iostr</i><b>, rasqal_query_results *</b><i>results</i><b>, raptor_uri *</b><i>format_uri</i><b>, raptor_uri *</b><i>base_uri</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Write the query results in a syntax to the <i>iostr</i> iostream, the format of the syntax is given by the <i>format_uri</i> URI, with an optional base URI <i>base_uri</i> that may be used. The only value of <i>format_uri</i> currently supported is <i>http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/WD-rdf-sparql-XMLres-20041221/</i>.</p>
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<a name="QUERY_VARIABLE_BINDINGS_RESULTS_METHODS"></a>
<h2>QUERY VARIABLE BINDINGS RESULTS METHODS</h2>
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<p><b>int rasqal_query_results_get_count(rasqal_query_results *</b><i>query_result</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Get the current number of variable bindings results returned. (Variable bindings results only)</p>
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<p><b>int rasqal_query_results_next(rasqal_query_results *</b><i>query_results</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Move to the next variable bindings result, returning non-0 on failure or results are exhausted. (Variable bindings results only)</p>
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<p><b>int rasqal_query_results_finished(rasqal_query_results *</b><i>query_results</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Find out if the variable binding results are exhausted, return non-0 if results are finished or the query failed. (Variable bindings results only)</p>
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<p><b>int rasqal_query_results_get_bindings(rasqal_query_results *</b><i>query_results</i><b>, const unsigned char ***</b><i>names</i><b>, rasqal_literal ***</b><i>values</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Get all variable binding names and values for the current result. If <i>names</i> is not NULL, it is set to the address of a shared array of names of the bindings (an output parameter). If <i>values</i> is not NULL, it is set to the address of a shared array of rasqal_literal* binding values. Note that both the names or values are shared and must not be freed by the caller. Returns non-0 if the assignment failed. (Variable bindings results only)</p>
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<p><b>rasqal_literal* rasqal_query_results_get_binding_value(rasqal_query_results *</b><i>query_results</i><b>, int</b> <i>offset</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Get one variable binding literal value for the current result. Returns the value of the variable indexed in the sequence of variable bindings at position <i>offset</i>. (Variable bindings results only)</p>
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<p><b>const unsigned char* rasqal_query_results_get_binding_name(rasqal_query_results *</b><i>query_results</i><b>, int</b> <i>offset</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Get the name of the variable indexed in the sequence of variable bindings at position <i>offset</i>. (Variable bindings results only)</p>
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<p><b>rasqal_literal* rasqal_query_results_get_binding_value_by_name(rasqal_query_results *</b><i>query_results</i><b>, const unsigned char *</b><i>name</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Get the value of the variable in the sequence of variable bindings named <i>name</i> or NULL if not known or unbound. (Variable bindings results only)</p>
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<p><b>int rasqal_query_results_get_bindings_count(rasqal_query_results *</b><i>query_results</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Get the number of bound variables in the variable bindings result or <0 on failure. (Variable bindings results only)</p>
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<a name="QUERY_BOOLEAN_RESULTS_METHODS"></a>
<h2>QUERY BOOLEAN RESULTS METHODS</h2>
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<p><b>int rasqal_query_results_get_boolean(rasqal_query_results *</b><i>query_results</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Return the value of a boolean query result. This is meaningless if the query result is not a boolean. (Boolean result format only).</p>
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<h2>QUERY RDF GRAPH RESULTS METHODS</h2>
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<p><b>raptor_statement* rasqal_query_results_get_triple(rasqal_query_results *</b><i>query_results</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Return the current triple in the RDF graph results or NULL at end of results or on failure. The returned <b>raptor_statement</b> is a shared pointer. (Graph results format only).</p>
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<p><b>int rasqal_query_results_next_triple(rasqal_query_results *</b><i>query_results</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Move to the next triple in the RDF graph results, returning non-0 at end of results or on failure. (Graph results format only).</p>
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<a name="LITERAL_CLASS"></a>
<h2>LITERAL CLASS</h2>
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<p>A class for the values returned as parts of triples and in variable bindings. The rasqal_literal structure is public and defined in rasqal.h however note that some fields are used for different literal types in different ways. The types of literals are defined in the rasqal_literal_type enum.</p>
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<a name="LITERAL_CONSTRUCTORS"></a>
<h2>LITERAL CONSTRUCTORS</h2>
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<p>There a several constructors for rasqal_literal to build them from simple types and existing rasqal_literal objects. NOTE: Any objects or strings passed into these constructors becomed owned by the literal object except where noted.</p>
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<p><b>rasqal_literal* rasqal_new_integer_literal(rasqal_literal_type</b> <i>type</i><b>, int</b> <i>integer</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Create a new integer literal of an integral type, either type RASQAL_LITERAL_INTEGER or RASQAL_LITERAL_BOOLEAN.</p>
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<p><b>rasqal_literal* rasqal_new_floating_literal(double</b> <i>f</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Create a new floating literal from a <i>f</i>.</p>
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<p><b>rasqal_literal* rasqal_new_uri_literal(raptor_uri*</b> <i>uri</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Create a new URI literal from a raptor_uri <i>uri</i>.</p>
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<p><b>rasqal_literal* rasqal_new_pattern_literal(const unsigned char *</b><i>pattern</i><b>, const char *</b><i>flags</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Create a new regular expression literal from regex <i>pattern</i> and <i>flags</i>.</p>
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<p><b>rasqal_literal* rasqal_new_string_literal(const unsigned char *</b><i>string</i><b>, const char *</b><i>language</i><b>, raptor_uri *</b><i>datatype</i><b>, const unsigned char *</b><i>datatype_qname</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Create a new Rasqal string literal. The <i>datatype</i> and <i>datatype_qname</i> parameters are alternatives; the QName is a datatype that cannot be resolved till later since the prefixes have not yet been declared or checked at the time this constructor is called.</p>
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<p>If the string literal is datatyped and of certain types recognised (currently xsd:decimal, xsd:double) it may be internally converted to a different literal type.</p>
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<p><b>rasqal_literal* rasqal_new_simple_literal(rasqal_literal_type</b> <i>type</i><b>, const unsigned char *</b><i>string</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Create a new Rasqal simple literal of <i>type</i> RASQAL_LITERAL_BLANK or RASQAL_LITERAL_BLANK_QNAME.</p>
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<p><b>rasqal_literal* rasqal_new_boolean_literal(int</b> <i>value</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Create a new Raqal boolean literal, where <i>value</i> is non-0 for true, 0 for false.</p>
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<p><b>rasqal_literal* rasqal_new_variable_literal(rasqal_variable*</b> <i>variable</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Create a new Rasqal variable literal using an existing <i>variable</i> object.</p>
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<h2>LITERAL COPY CONSTRUCTOR</h2>
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<p><b>rasqal_literal* rasqal_new_literal_from_literal(rasqal_literal*</b> <i>literal</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Copy an existing literal object.</p>
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<h2>LITERAL DESTRUCTOR</h2>
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<p><b>void rasqal_free_literal(rasqal_uri*</b> <i>literal</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Destroy a rasqal literal object.</p>
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<h2>LITERAL METHODS</h2>
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<p><b>void rasqal_literal_print(rasqal_literal*</b> <i>literal</i><b>, FILE*</b> <i>fh</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Print a literal in a debug format. This format may change in any release.</p>
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<p><b>rasqal_variable* rasqal_literal_as_variable(rasqal_literal*</b> <i>literal</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Return a rasqal literal as a variable, if it is one, otherwise return NULL.</p>
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<p><b>const unsigned char* rasqal_literal_as_string(rasqal_literal*</b> <i>literal</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Return a rasqal literal as a string value. This always succeeds.</p>
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<p><b>rasqal_literal* rasqal_literal_as_node(rasqal_literal*</b> <i>literal</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Return a new rasqal literal into one suitable for a node in an RDF triple or binding - as a URI, literal string (or datatyped) or blank node. The returned literal is owned by the caller and must be freed by rasqal_free_literal.</p>
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<p><b>int rasqal_literal_compare(rasqal_literal*</b> <i>literal</i><b>1, rasqal_literal*</b> <i>literal</i><b>2, int</b> <i>flags</i><b>, int*</b> <i>error</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Compare two literals with type promotion across their range. If the types are not the same, they are promoted. If one is a floating, the other is promoted to floating, otherwise for integers, otherwise as strings (all literals have a string value).</p>
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<p>flags affects string comparisons and if the RASQAL_COMPARE_NOCASE bit is set, a case independent comparison is made.</p>
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<p>The return value is comparable to strcmp(3), first before second returns <0. equal returns 0, and first after second returns >0. If there is no ordering, such as for URIs, the return value is 0 for equal, non-0 for different (using raptor_uri_equals).</p>
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<p><b>int rasqal_literal_equals(rasqal_literal*</b> <i>literal1</i><b>, rasqal_literal*</b> <i>literal2</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Compare two literals with no type promotion If <i>literal2</i>’s value is a boolean, it will match the string "true" or "false" in <i>literal1</i>.</p>
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<h2>TRIPLE CLASS</h2>
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<p>A class for triples of three literals, used for matching triples in a query where the literals may be variables as well as in then interface between Rasqal and RDF systems using RDF triples, when the literals may not be literals. The structure of this class is public and defined in rasqal.h</p>
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<a name="TRIPLE_CONSTRUCTOR"></a>
<h2>TRIPLE CONSTRUCTOR</h2>
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<p><b>rasqal_triple* rasqal_new_triple(rasqal_literal*</b> <i>subject</i><b>, rasqal_literal*</b> <i>predicate</i><b>, rasqal_literal*</b> <i>object</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Create a new rasqal triple from three literals.</p>
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<h2>TRIPLE COPY CONSTRUCTOR</h2>
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<p><b>rasqal_triple* rasqal_new_triple_from_triple(rasqal_triple*</b> <i>triple</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Copy an existing rasqal triple object.</p>
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<h2>TRIPLE DESTRUCTOR</h2>
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<p><b>void rasqal_free_triple(rasqal_triple*</b> <i>triple</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Destroy a rasqal triple object.</p>
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<h2>TRIPLE METHODS</h2>
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<p><b>void rasqal_triple_print(rasqal_triple*</b> <i>triple</i><b>, FILE*</b> <i>fh</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Print a triple in a debug format. This format may change in any release.</p>
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<p><b>void rasqal_triple_set_origin(rasqal_triple*</b> <i>triple</i><b>, rasqal_literal *</b><i>literal</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Set the origin rasqal_literal of the triple, typically a URI literal.</p>
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<p><b>rasqal_literal* rasqal_triple_get_origin(rasqal_triple*</b> <i>triple</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Get the origin rasqal_literal of the triple.</p>
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<p><b>void rasqal_triple_set_flags(rasqal_triple*</b> <i>triple</i><b>, unsigned int</b> <i>flags</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Set triple flags. Currently only <b>RASQAL_TRIPLE_FLAGS_EXACT</b> and <b>RASQAL_TRIPLE_FLAGS_OPTIONAL</b> are defined.</p>
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<p><b>unsigned int rasqal_triple_get_flags(rasqal_triple*</b> <i>triple</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Get triple flags as set by <b>rasqal_triple_set_flags</b>.</p>
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<h2>VARIABLE CLASS</h2>
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<p>A class for variable name and literal used to capture a variable with optional value binding such as returned as query results by various methods. The structure of this class is public and defined in rasqal.h</p>
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<h2>VARIABLE CONSTRUCTOR</h2>
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<p><b>rasqal_variable* rasqal_new_variable(rasqal_query*</b> <i>query</i><b>, const unsigned char *</b><i>name</i><b>, rasqal_literal*</b> <i>value</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Create a new rasqal variable scoped to a Rasqal <i>query</i>, with required <i>name</i> and optional rasqal_literal <i>value</i></p>
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<h2>VARIABLE DESTRUCTOR</h2>
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<p><b>void rasqal_free_variable(rasqal_variable*</b> <i>variable</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Destroy a rasqal variable object.</p>
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<h2>VARIABLE METHODS</h2>
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<p><b>void rasqal_variable_print(rasqal_variable*</b> <i>variable</i><b>, FILE*</b> <i>fh</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Print a variable in a debug format. This format may change in any release.</p>
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<p><b>void rasqal_variable_set_value(rasqal_variable*</b> <i>variable</i><b>, rasqal_literal*</b> <i>literal</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Set the value of a rasqal <i>variable</i> to an rasqal_literal value, freeing any current value. The new <i>literal</i> may be NULL.</p>
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<h2>PREFIX CLASS</h2>
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<p>A class for namespace name/URI prefix association used to shorten URIs in some query languages using XML-style QNames. The structure of this class is public and defined in rasqal.h</p>
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<h2>PREFIX CONSTRUCTOR</h2>
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<p><b>rasqal_prefix* rasqal_new_prefix(const unsigned char*</b> <i>prefix</i><b>, raptor_uri*</b> <i>uri</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Create a new namespace prefix with the given short <i>prefix</i> and URI <i>uri</i>.</p>
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<h2>PREFIX DESTRUCTOR</h2>
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<p><b>void rasqal_free_prefix(rasqal_prefix*</b> <i>prefix</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Destroy a rasqal prefix object.</p>
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<p><b>void rasqal_prefix_print(rasqal_prefix*</b> <i>prefix</i><b>, FILE*</b> <i>fh</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Print a prefix in a debug format. This format may change in any release.</p>
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<h2>EXPRESSION CLASS</h2>
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<p>A class for constraint expressions over literals and variables. The expression operators are defined in rasqal.h as enum rasqal_op and take one, two or more complex parameters.</p>
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<h2>EXPRESSION CONSTRUCTORS</h2>
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<p><b>rasqal_expression* rasqal_new_1op_expression(rasqal_op</b> <i>op</i><b>, rasqal_expression* arg)</b></p>
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<p>Create a new expression with a 1-argument operator.</p>
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<p><b>rasqal_expression* rasqal_new_2op_expression(rasqal_op</b> <i>op</i><b>, rasqal_expression*</b> <i>arg1</i><b>, rasqal_expression*</b> <i>arg2</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Create a new expression with a 2-argument operator.</p>
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<p><b>rasqal_expression* rasqal_new_string_op_expression(rasqal_op</b> <i>op</i><b>, rasqal_expression*</b> <i>arg1</i><b>, rasqal_literal*</b> <i>literal</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Create a new expression with a 2-argument operator, the second of which is a literal string.</p>
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<p><b>rasqal_expression* rasqal_new_literal_expression(rasqal_literal*</b> <i>literal</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Create a new expression over an existing rasqal <i>literal</i>.</p>
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<p><b>rasqal_expression* rasqal_new_variable_expression(rasqal_variable*</b> <i>variable</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Create a new expression over an existing rasqal <i>variable</i>.</p>
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<p><b>rasqal_expression* rasqal_new_function_expression(raptor_uri*</b> <i>name</i><b>, raptor_sequence*</b> <i>args</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Create a new expression for a function named <i>name</i> and with sequence of <b>rasqal_literal*</b> arguments <i>args</i>.</p>
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<p><b>rasqal_expression* rasqal_new_cast_expression(raptor_uri*</b> <i>name, rasqal_expression* value)</i></p>
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<p>Create a new expression for a casting of <i>value</i> to a datatype with URI <i>name.</i></p>
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<h2>EXPRESSION DESTRUCTOR</h2>
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<p><b>void rasqal_free_expression(rasqal_expression*</b> <i>expression</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Destroy a rasqal expression object.</p>
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<h2>EXPRESSION METHODS</h2>
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<p><b>void rasqal_expression_print_op(rasqal_expression*</b> <i>expression</i><b>, FILE*</b> <i>fh</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Print an expression operator in a debug format. This format may change in any release.</p>
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<p><b>void rasqal_expression_print(rasqal_expression*</b> <i>expression</i><b>, FILE*</b> <i>fh</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Print an expression in a debug format. This format may change in any release.</p>
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<p><b>rasqal_literal* rasqal_expression_evaluate(rasqal_query*</b> <i>query</i><b>, rasqal_expression*</b> <i>expression</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Evalute an expression, returning a rasqal boolean with the result or NULL on failure.</p>
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<p><b>int rasqal_expression_foreach(rasqal_expression*</b> <i>expression</i><b>, rasqal_expression_foreach_fn</b> <i>fn</i><b>, void *</b><i>user_data</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Apply the function <i>fn</i> recursively over the expression and it’s sub-expressions. The order is the first expression at hand and then the arguments, if any. function <i>fn</i> is called at each point with the arguments of <i>user_data</i> and the expression.</p>
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<a name="DATA_GRAPH_CLASS"></a>
<h2>DATA GRAPH CLASS</h2>
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<p>A class for graph data sources to query over from a source URI with an optional name URI.</p>
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<h2>DATA GRAPH CONSTRUCTOR</h2>
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<p><b>rasqal_data_graph* rasqal_new_data_graph(raptor_uri*</b> <i>uri, raptor_uri* name_uri, int flags)</i></p>
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<p>Create a new data graph with source URI <i>uri and optional name URI name_uri. Flags can be</i> <b>RASQAL_DATA_GRAPH_NONE</b><i>,</i> <b>RASQAL_DATA_GRAPH_NAMED</b> <i>or</i> <b>RASQAL_DATA_GRAPH_BACKGROUND</b><i>.</i></p>
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<a name="DATA_GRAPH_DESTRUCTOR"></a>
<h2>DATA GRAPH DESTRUCTOR</h2>
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<p><b>void rasqal_free_data_graph(rasqal_data_graph*</b> <i>dg</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Destroy a rasqal data_graph object.</p>
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<p><b>void rasqal_data_graph_print(rasqal_data_graph*</b> <i>dg</i><b>, FILE*</b> <i>fh</i><b>)</b></p>
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<p>Print a data graph in a debug format. This format may change in any release.</p>
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<h2>API CHANGES</h2>
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<p><b>0.9.8</b></p>
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<p>Added a <i>Data Graph</i> class with constructor <b>rasqal_new_data_graph</b>, destructor <b>rasqal_free_data_graph</b> and debug method <b>rasqal_data_graph_print</b>.</p>
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<p>Added casting expressions with type <b>RASQAL_EXPR_CAST</b> and expression constructor <i>rasqal_new_cast_expression</i></p>
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<p>Added a no-arg graph pattern constructor <b>rasqal_new_graph_pattern</b></p>
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<p>Added graph pattern methods <b>rasqal_graph_pattern_add_triples</b> to add triples to a graph pattern and <b>rasqal_graph_pattern_add_sub_graph_pattern</b> to add a sub-graph pattern to a graph pattern.</p>
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<p>Added graph pattern methods <b>rasqal_graph_pattern_add_constraint</b>, <b>rasqal_graph_pattern_get_constraint_sequence</b> and <b>rasqal_graph_pattern_get_constraint</b> to add constraints to a graph pattern.</p>
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<p>Added query methods for data graphs: <b>rasqal_query_add_data_graph</b>, <b>rasqal_query_get_data_graph_sequence</b>, <b>rasqal_query_get_data_graph</b>.</p>
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<p>Deprecated query methods: <b>rasqal_query_add_constraint</b>, <b>rasqal_query_get_constraint_sequence rasqal_query_get_constraint</b>, <b>rasqal_query_add_source</b>, <b>rasqal_query_get_source_sequence</b> and <b>rasqal_query_get_source</b>.</p>
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<p>Removed deprecated query methods: <b>rasqal_query_get_variable_sequence</b> and <b>rasqal_query_add_triple</b>.</p>
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<p><b>0.9.7</b></p>
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<p>Export <i>rasqal_graph_pattern</i> typedef for graph patterns and added access methods: <b>rasqal_query_get_graph_pattern_sequence rasqal_query_get_graph_pattern</b>, rasqal_graph_pattern_get_triple<b>, rasqal_graph_pattern_get_sub_graph_pattern_sequence, rasqal_graph_pattern_get_sub_graph_pattern, rasqal_graph_pattern_get_flags and exported previously internal rasqal_graph_pattern_print Export</b> <i>rasqal_pattern_flags</i> <b>enum for graph pattern flags.</b></p>
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<p>Added <b>rasqal_query_get_bound_variable_sequence</b> and <b>rasqal_query_get_all_variable_sequence</b>.</p>
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<p>Deprecate <b>rasqal_query_get_variable_sequence</b> prefering <b>rasqal_query_get_bound_variable_sequence</b></p>
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<p>Added <b>rasqal_query_get_distinct</b> and <b>rasqal_query_get_limit</b> to get access to query flags.</p>
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<p>Deleted <b>RASQAL_EXPR_PATTERN</b> which was never used.</p>
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<p><b>0.9.6</b></p>
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<p>Added new 1-argument expressions to the expression constructor; <b>rasqal_op</b> enum gained the following values: <b>RASQAL_EXPR_LANG</b>, <b>RASQAL_EXPR_DATATYPE</b>, <b>RASQAL_EXPR_BOUND</b>, <b>RASQAL_EXPR_ISURI</b>, <b>RASQAL_EXPR_ISBLANK</b> and <b>RASQAL_EXPR_ISLITERAL</b></p>
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<p>Added user-defined function expressions to the expression constructor: <b>rasqal_op</b> enum gained <b>RASQAL_EXPR_FUNCTION</b> value; <b>rasqal_expression</b> gained name and args fields and added <b>rasqal_new_function_expression</b> to construct a function expression.</p>
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<p>Added <b>rasqal_query_results_is_bindings</b>, <b>rasqal_query_results_is_boolean</b> and <b>rasqal_query_results_is_graph</b> to test the format of query result.</p>
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<p>Added <b>rasqal_query_results_get_boolean</b> to get the value of a boolean query result.</p>
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<p>Added <b>rasqal_query_results_get_triple</b> and <b>rasqal_query_results_next_triple</b> to return an RDF graph query result.</p>
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<p>Added <b>rasqal_new_triple_from_triple</b> triple copy constructor.</p>
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<p><b>0.9.5</b></p>
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<p>Added <b>rasqal_query_results_write</b> to format query results into a syntax, written to a raptor iostream.</p>
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<p>Changed <b>rasqal_new_floating_literal</b> to take a double argument.</p>
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<p>Added flags for triples with <b>rasqal_triple_get_flags</b> and <b>rasqal_triple_set_flags</b> to get and set them.</p>
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<p>Added <b>rasqal_triple_parts</b> enum and updated the <i>bind_match</i> factory method of the <b>rasqal_triples_match</b> structure to take and return them.</p>
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<p><b>0.9.4</b></p>
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<p>No API changes.</p>
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<p><b>0.9.3</b></p>
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<p>The struct <b>rasqal_prefix</b> gained a <i>declared</i> field.</p>
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<p>The struct <b>rasqal_triple</b> gained an origin field; not used at present but intended to support work on tracking triple provenance such as provided by Redland Contexts.</p>
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<p>Added methods <b>rasqal_triple_set_origin</b> and <b>rasqal_triple_get_origin</b> to support the above.</p>
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<p>Exported function <b>rasqal_set_triples_source_factory</b> publically as intended.</p>
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<p><b>0.9.2</b></p>
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<p>Several functions changed their parameters or return values from char* to unsigned char* or const unsigned char* to reflect the actual use.</p>
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<p>Changed to return a const unsigned char*:<b><br />
rasqal_literal_as_string</b></p>
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<p>Changed to take const unsigned char* (or add const):<b><br />
rasqal_new_floating_literal<br />
rasqal_new_pattern_literal<br />
rasqal_new_prefix<br />
rasqal_new_simple_literal<br />
rasqal_new_string_literal<br />
rasqal_new_variable<br />
rasqal_query_has_variable<br />
rasqal_query_results_get_binding_name<br />
rasqal_query_results_get_binding_value_by_name<br />
rasqal_query_results_get_bindings<br />
rasqal_query_set_variable</b></p>
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<p><b>0.9.1</b></p>
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<p>Added the <b>rasqal_query_results</b> class and moved the results methods from <b>rasqal_query</b>.</p>
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<p>Made <b>rasqal_query_execute</b> return a <b>rasqal_query_result*</b>.</p>
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<p>Renamed all <b>rasqal_query</b><i>*result*</i> methods to be rasqal_query_result_* Added <b>rasqal_free_query_results</b> to tidy up.</p>
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<p><i>OLD API (0.9.0) NEW API (0.9.1+)</i><b><br />
rasqal_query_get_result_count rasqal_query_results_get_count<br />
rasqal_query_next_result rasqal_query_results_next<br />
rasqal_query_results_finished rasqal_query_results_finished<br />
rasqal_query_get_result_bindings rasqal_query_results_get_bindings<br />
rasqal_query_get_result_binding_value rasqal_query_results_get_binding_value<br />
rasqal_query_get_result_binding_name rasqal_query_results_get_binding_name<br />
rasqal_query_get_result_binding_by_name rasqal_query_results_get_binding_value_by_name<br />
rasqal_query_get_bindings_count rasqal_query_results_get_bindings_count</b></p>
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<p><b>0.9.0</b></p>
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<p>All new.</p>
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<h2>CONFORMING TO</h2>
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<p><i>RDQL - A Query Language for RDF</i>, Andy Seaborne, W3C Member Submission 9 January 2004 http://www.w3.org/Submission/2004/SUBM-RDQL-20040109/</p>
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<p><i>SPARQL Query Language for RDF</i>, Eric Prud’hommeaux and Andy Seaborne (ed), W3C Working Draft, 17 February 2005. http://www.w3.org/TR/2005/WD-rdf-sparql-query-20050217/</p>
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<p><i>SPARQL Variable Binding Results XML Format</i>, Dave Beckett (ed), W3C Working Draft, 21 December 2004. http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/WD-rdf-sparql-XMLres-20041221/</p>
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<h2>SEE ALSO</h2>
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<p><b>roqet</b>(1),<b>rasqal-config</b>(1)</p>
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<h2>AUTHOR</h2>
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<p><a href="http://purl.org/net/dajobe/">Dave Beckett</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ilrt.bristol.ac.uk/">Institute for Learning and Research Technology (ILRT)</a><br />
<a href="http://www.bristol.ac.uk/">University of Bristol</a></p>
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<p>Copyright 2002-2005 <a href="http://purl.org/net/dajobe/">Dave Beckett</a>, <a href="http://www.ilrt.bristol.ac.uk/">Institute for Learning and Research Technology</a>, <a href="http://www.bristol.ac.uk/">University of Bristol</a></p>
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