## ----setup, include=FALSE-----------------------
knitr::opts_chunk$set(cache=TRUE)
library(Rcpp)
library(inline)
options("width"=50, digits=5)

## ---- eval=FALSE--------------------------------
#  vignette("Rcpp-jss-2011")
#  vignette("Rcpp-introduction")
#  vignette("Rcpp-attributes")

## ---- eval=FALSE--------------------------------
#  vignette("Rcpp-package")

## -----------------------------------------------
fx <- cxxfunction(signature(x = "numeric"),
    'NumericVector xx(x);
     return wrap(
              std::accumulate(xx.begin(),
                              xx.end(),
                              0.0)
            );',
    plugin = "Rcpp")
res <- fx(seq(1, 10, by=0.5))
res

## ---- eval=FALSE--------------------------------
#  fx <- cxxfunction(signature(),
#                    paste(readLines("myfile.cpp"),
#                          collapse="\n"),
#                    plugin = "Rcpp")

## -----------------------------------------------
cppFunction('double accu(NumericVector x) {
   return(
      std::accumulate(x.begin(), x.end(), 0.0)
   );
}')
res <- accu(seq(1, 10, by=0.5))
res

## -----------------------------------------------
inc <- 'template <typename T>
        class square :
          public std::unary_function<T,T> {
            public:
              T operator()( T t) const {
                return t*t;
              }
        };
       '

src <- '
       double x = Rcpp::as<double>(xs);
       int i = Rcpp::as<int>(is);
       square<double> sqdbl;
       square<int> sqint;
       return Rcpp::DataFrame::create(
                    Rcpp::Named("x", sqdbl(x)),
                    Rcpp::Named("i", sqint(i)));
       '
fun <- cxxfunction(signature(xs="numeric",
                             is="integer"),
                   body=src, include=inc,
                   plugin="Rcpp")

fun(2.2, 3L)

## ---- eval = FALSE------------------------------
#  lines = '// copy the data to armadillo structures
#  arma::colvec x = Rcpp::as<arma::colvec> (x_);
#  arma::mat Y = Rcpp::as<arma::mat>(Y_) ;
#  arma::colvec z = Rcpp::as<arma::colvec>(z_) ;
#  
#  // calculate the result
#  double result = arma::as_scalar(
#                   arma::trans(x) * arma::inv(Y) * z
#                  );
#  
#  // return it to R
#  return Rcpp::wrap( result );'
#  
#  writeLines(a, file = "myfile.cpp")

## ---- eval = FALSE------------------------------
#  fx <- cxxfunction(signature(x_="numeric",
#                              Y_="matrix",
#                              z_="numeric" ),
#                    paste(readLines("myfile.cpp"),
#                          collapse="\n"),
#                    plugin="RcppArmadillo" )
#  fx(1:4, diag(4), 1:4)

## -----------------------------------------------
fx <- cxxfunction(signature(),
                  'RNGScope();
                   return rnorm(5, 0, 100);',
                  plugin="Rcpp")
set.seed(42)
fx()
fx()

## -----------------------------------------------
cppFunction('Rcpp::NumericVector ff(int n) {
              return rnorm(n, 0, 100);  }')
set.seed(42)
ff(5)
ff(5)
set.seed(42)
rnorm(5, 0, 100)
rnorm(5, 0, 100)

## -----------------------------------------------
src <- 'Rcpp::NumericVector v(4);
        v[0] = R_NegInf; // -Inf
        v[1] = NA_REAL;  // NA
        v[2] = R_PosInf; // Inf
        v[3] = 42;       // c.f. Hitchhiker Guide
        return Rcpp::wrap(v);'
fun <- cxxfunction(signature(), src, plugin="Rcpp")
fun()

## ---- eval = FALSE------------------------------
#  txt <- 'arma::mat Am = Rcpp::as< arma::mat >(A);
#          arma::mat Bm = Rcpp::as< arma::mat >(B);
#          return Rcpp::wrap( Am * Bm );'
#  mmult <- cxxfunction(signature(A="numeric",
#                                 B="numeric"),
#                       body=txt,
#                       plugin="RcppArmadillo")
#  A <- matrix(1:9, 3, 3)
#  B <- matrix(9:1, 3, 3)
#  C <- mmult(A, B)
#  C

## ---- eval = FALSE------------------------------
#  # simple example of seeding RNG and
#  # drawing one random number
#  gslrng <- '
#  int seed = Rcpp::as<int>(par) ;
#  gsl_rng_env_setup();
#  gsl_rng *r = gsl_rng_alloc (gsl_rng_default);
#  gsl_rng_set (r, (unsigned long) seed);
#  double v = gsl_rng_get (r);
#  gsl_rng_free(r);
#  return Rcpp::wrap(v);'
#  
#  plug <- Rcpp::Rcpp.plugin.maker(
#      include.before = "#include <gsl/gsl_rng.h>",
#      libs = paste(
#  "-L/usr/local/lib/R/site-library/Rcpp/lib -lRcpp",
#  "-Wl,-rpath,/usr/local/lib/R/site-library/Rcpp/lib",
#  "-L/usr/lib -lgsl -lgslcblas -lm")
#  )
#  registerPlugin("gslDemo", plug )
#  fun <- cxxfunction(signature(par="numeric"),
#                     gslrng, plugin="gslDemo")
#  fun(0)

## ---- eval=FALSE--------------------------------
#  myplugin <- getPlugin("Rcpp")
#  myplugin$env$PKG_CXXFLAGS <- "-std=c++11"
#  f <- cxxfunction(signature(),
#                   settings = myplugin, body = '
#      // fails without -std=c++0x
#      std::vector<double> x = { 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 };
#      return Rcpp::wrap(x);
#  ')
#  f()

## ---- eval = FALSE------------------------------
#  src <- '
#    Rcpp::NumericMatrix x(2,2);
#    x.fill(42);           // or another value
#    Rcpp::List dimnms =   // list with 2 vecs
#      Rcpp::List::create( // with static names
#        Rcpp::CharacterVector::create("cc", "dd"),
#        Rcpp::CharacterVector::create("ee", "ff")
#      );
#    // and assign it
#    x.attr("dimnames") = dimnms;
#    return(x);
#  '
#  fun <- cxxfunction(signature(),
#                     body=src, plugin="Rcpp")
#  fun()

## ---- eval = FALSE------------------------------
#  BigInts <- cxxfunction(signature(),
#    'std::vector<long> bigints;
#     bigints.push_back(12345678901234567LL);
#     bigints.push_back(12345678901234568LL);
#     Rprintf("Difference of %ld\\n",
#         12345678901234568LL - 12345678901234567LL);
#     return wrap(bigints);',
#    plugin="Rcpp", includes="#include <vector>")
#  
#  retval <- BigInts()
#  
#  # Unique 64-bit integers were cast to identical
#  # lower precision numerics behind my back with
#  # no warnings or errors whatsoever.  Error.
#  
#  stopifnot(length(unique(retval)) == 2)

## -----------------------------------------------
a <- 1.5:4.5
b <- 1.5:4.5
implicit_ref(a)
a
explicit_ref(b)
b

## -----------------------------------------------
a <- 1:5
b <- 1:5
class(a)
int_vec_type(a)
a # variable a changed as a side effect
num_vec_type(b)
b # b unchanged as copy was made for numeric

## -----------------------------------------------
x <- 1:10    # an integer sequence
# returning an altered value
const_override_ex(x)
# but the original value is altered too!
x

## -----------------------------------------------
vec_scalar_assign(5L, 3.14)

## -----------------------------------------------
mat_scalar_assign(2L, 3.0)

## -----------------------------------------------
test_long_vector_support()

## -----------------------------------------------
set.seed(123)
(X <- sample(c(LETTERS[1:5], letters[1:6]), 11))
preferred_sort(X)
stl_sort(X)

## -----------------------------------------------
x <- c("B", "b", "c", "A", "a")
sort(x)
rcpp_sort(x)