---
title: \pkg{Rcpp} Extending

# Use letters for affiliations
author:
  - name: Dirk Eddelbuettel
    affiliation: a
  - name: Romain François
    affiliation: b

address:
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    address: \url{http://dirk.eddelbuettel.com}
  - code: b
    address: \url{https://romain.rbind.io/}

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lead_author_surname: Eddelbuettel and François

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doi: "https://cran.r-project.org/package=Rcpp"

# Abstract
abstract: |
  This note provides an overview of the steps programmers should follow to
  extend \pkg{Rcpp} \citep{CRAN:Rcpp,JSS:Rcpp} for use with their own classes. This document
  is based on our experience in extending \pkg{Rcpp} to work with the
  \pkg{Armadillo} \citep{Sanderson:2010:Armadillo} classes, available in the separate package
  \pkg{RcppArmadillo} \citep{CRAN:RcppArmadillo}. This document assumes
  knowledge of \pkg{Rcpp} as well as some knowledge of \proglang{C++}
  templates \citep{Abrahams+Gurtovoy:2004:TemplateMetaprogramming}.

# Optional: Acknowledgements
# acknowledgements: |

# Optional: One or more keywords
keywords:
  - Rcpp
  - extending
  - R
  - C++

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---

# Introduction

\pkg{Rcpp} facilitates data interchange between \proglang{R} and
\proglang{C++} through the templated functions `Rcpp::as` (for
conversion of objects from \proglang{R} to \proglang{C++}) and
`Rcpp::wrap` (for conversion from \proglang{C++} to \proglang{R}).  In
other words, we convert between the so-called \proglang{S}-expression
pointers (in type `SEXP`) to a templated \proglang{C++} type, and vice
versa.  The corresponding function declarations are as follows:

```{Rcpp, eval = FALSE}
// conversion from R to C++
template <typename T> T as(SEXP x);

// conversion from C++ to R
template <typename T> SEXP wrap(const T& object);
```

These converters are often used implicitly, as in the following code chunk:

```{Rcpp}
#include <Rcpp.h>
using namespace Rcpp;

// [[Rcpp::export]]
List fx(List input) { // we get a list from R
// pull std::vector<double> from R list
// this is achieved through an implicit
// call to Rcpp::as
std::vector<double> x = input["x"];

// return an R list; this is achieved
// through an implicit call to Rcpp::wrap
return List::create(_["front"] = x.front(),
                    _["back"]  = x.back());
}
```

Example:

```{r}
# Run sourceCpp compilation to include file
# Rcpp::sourceCpp(file= "code.cpp")
input <- list( x = seq(1, 10, by = 0.5) )
fx(input)
```

The \pkg{Rcpp} converter function `Rcpp::as` and `Rcpp::wrap` have been
designed to be extensible to user-defined types and third-party types.

# Extending `Rcpp::wrap`

The \pkg{Rcpp::wrap} converter is extensible in essentially two ways : intrusive
and non-intrusive.

## Intrusive extension

When extending \pkg{Rcpp} with your own data type, the recommended way is to
implement a conversion to `SEXP`. This lets `Rcpp::wrap` know
about the new data type.  The template meta programming (or TMP) dispatch is able to
recognize that a type is convertible to a `SEXP` and
`Rcpp::wrap` will use that conversion.

The caveat is that the type must be declared before the main header
file `Rcpp.h` is included.

```{Rcpp, eval = FALSE}
#include <RcppCommon.h>

class Foo {
public:
    Foo();

    // this operator enables implicit Rcpp::wrap
    operator SEXP();
}

#include <Rcpp.h>
```

This is called \emph{intrusive} because the conversion to `SEXP`
operator has to be declared within the class.

## Non-intrusive extension

It is often desirable to offer automatic conversion to third-party types, over
which the developer has no control and can therefore not include a conversion
to `SEXP` operator in the class definition.

To provide automatic conversion from \proglang{C++} to \proglang{R}, one must
declare a specialization of the `Rcpp::wrap` template between the
includes of `RcppCommon.h` and `Rcpp.h`.

```{Rcpp, eval = FALSE}
#include <RcppCommon.h>

// third party library that declares class Bar
#include <foobar.h>

// declaring the specialization
namespace Rcpp {
    template <> SEXP wrap(const Bar&);
}

// this must appear after the specialization,
// otherwise the specialization will not be
// seen by Rcpp types
#include <Rcpp.h>
```

It should be noted that only the declaration is required. The implementation
can appear after the `Rcpp.h` file is included, and therefore take
full advantage of the \pkg{Rcpp} type system.

Another non-intrusive option is to expose an external pointer. The macro
`RCPP_EXPOSED_WRAP` provides an easy way to expose a \proglang{C++} class
to \proglang{R} as an external pointer. It can be used instead of specializing
`Rcpp::wrap`, and should not be used simultaneously.

```{Rcpp, eval = FALSE}
#include RcppCommon.h
#include foobar.h

RCPP_EXPOSED_WRAP(Bar)
```

## Templates and partial specialization

It is perfectly valid to declare a partial specialization for the
`Rcpp::wrap` template. The compiler will identify the appropriate
overload:

```{Rcpp, eval = FALSE}
#include <RcppCommon.h>

// third party library that declares
// a template class Bling<T>
#include <foobar.h>

// declaring the partial specialization
namespace Rcpp {
    namespace traits {

        template <typename T>
        SEXP wrap(const Bling<T>&);

    }
}

// this must appear after the specialization, or
// specialization will not be seen by Rcpp types
#include <Rcpp.h>

```


# Extending `Rcpp::as`

Conversion from \proglang{R} to \proglang{C++} is also possible
in both intrusive and non-intrusive ways.

## Intrusive extension

As part of its template meta programming dispatch logic, `Rcpp::as`
will attempt to use the constructor of the target class taking a `SEXP`.

```{Rcpp, eval = FALSE}
#include <RcppCommon.h>

class Foo{
    public:
        Foo();

        // this ctor enables implicit Rcpp::as
        Foo(SEXP);
}


// this must appear after the specialization, or
// specialization will not be seen by Rcpp types
#include <Rcpp.h>
```

## Non-intrusive extension

It is also possible to fully specialize `Rcpp::as` to enable
non-intrusive implicit conversion capabilities.

```{Rcpp, eval = FALSE}
#include <RcppCommon.h>

// third party library that declares class Bar
#include <foobar.h>

// declaring the specialization
namespace Rcpp {
    template <> Bar as(SEXP);
}

// this must appear after the specialization, or
// specialization will not be seen by Rcpp types
#include <Rcpp.h>
```

Furthermore, another non-intrusive option is to opt for sharing an R
external pointer. The macro `RCPP_EXPOSED_AS` provides an easy way to
extend `Rcpp::as` to expose \proglang{R} external pointers to
\proglang{C++}. It can be used instead of specializing `Rcpp::as`, and
should not be used simultaneously.

```{Rcpp, eval = FALSE}
#include RcppCommon.h
#include foobar.h

RCPP_EXPOSED_AS(Bar)
```

With this being said, there is one additional macro that can be used to
simultaneously define both `Rcpp::wrap` and `Rcpp::as`
specialization for an external pointer. The macro `RCPP_EXPOSED_CLASS`
can be use to transparently exchange a class between \proglang{R} and
\proglang{C++} as an external pointer. Do not simultaneously use it alongside
`RCPP_EXPOSED_AS`, `RCPP_EXPOSED_WRAP`, `Rcpp::wrap`, or
`Rcpp::as`.


## Templates and partial specialization

The signature of `Rcpp::as` does not allow partial specialization.
When exposing a templated class to `Rcpp::as`, the programmer must
specialize the \pkg{Rcpp::traits::Exporter} template class. The TMP dispatch
will recognize that a specialization of `Exporter` is available
and delegate the conversion to this class. \pkg{Rcpp} defines
the `Rcpp::traits::Exporter` template class as follows :

```{Rcpp, eval = FALSE}
namespace Rcpp {
    namespace traits {

        template <typename T> class Exporter{
        public:
            Exporter(SEXP x) : t(x){}
            inline T get() { return t; }

        private:
            T t;
        };
    }
}
```

This is the reason why the default behavior of `Rcpp::as` is to
invoke the constructor of the type `T` taking a `SEXP`.

Since partial specialization of class templates is allowed, we can expose
a set of classes as follows:

```{Rcpp, eval = FALSE}
#include <RcppCommon.h>

// third party library that declares
// a template class Bling<T>
#include <foobar.h>

// declaring the partial specialization
namespace Rcpp {
    namespace traits {
        template <typename T>
        class Exporter< Bling<T> >;
    }
}

// this must appear after the specialization, or
// specialization will not be seen by Rcpp types
#include <Rcpp.h>
```

Using this approach, the requirements for the
`Exporter< Bling<T> >` class are:

- it should have a constructor taking a `SEXP`
- it should have a methods called `get` that returns an instance
  of the `Bling<T>` type.

# Summary

The \pkg{Rcpp} package greatly facilitates the transfer of objects between
\proglang{R} and \proglang{C++}. This note has shown how to extend \pkg{Rcpp}
to either user-defined or third-party classes via the `Rcpp::as` and
`Rcpp::wrap` template functions. Both intrusive and non-intrusive
approaches were discussed.