.\"
.\" MAN PAGE COMMENTS to
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.\"	Chet Ramey
.\"	Information Network Services
.\"	Case Western Reserve University
.\"	chet.ramey@case.edu
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.\"	Last Change: Tue Dec 31 13:35:52 EST 2024
.\"
.TH HISTORY 3 "2024 December 31" "GNU History 8.3"
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.SH NAME
history \- GNU History Library
.SH COPYRIGHT
.if t The GNU History Library is Copyright \(co 1989-2025 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
.if n The GNU History Library is Copyright (C) 1989-2025 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
.SH DESCRIPTION
Many programs read input from the user a line at a time.
The GNU
History library is able to keep track of those lines, associate arbitrary
data with each line, and utilize information from previous lines when
composing new ones.
.PP
The History library provides functions that allow applications to their
\fIhistory\fP, the set of previously-typed lines,
which it keeps in a list.
Applications can choose which lines to save into a history list, how
many commands to save, save a history list to a file, read a history
list from a file, and display lines from the history in various
formats.
.SH "HISTORY EXPANSION"
The history library supports a history expansion feature that
is identical to the history expansion in
.BR bash .
This section describes what syntax features are available.
.PP
History expansions introduce words from the history list into
the input stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the
arguments to a previous command into the current input line, or
fix errors in previous commands quickly.
.PP
History expansion is usually performed immediately after a complete line
is read.
It takes place in two parts.
The first is to determine which history list entry
to use during substitution.
The second is to select portions of that entry to include into
the current one.
.PP
The entry selected from the history is the \fIevent\fP,
and the portions of that entry that are acted upon are \fIwords\fP.
Various \fImodifiers\fP are available to manipulate the selected words.
The entry is split into words in the same fashion as \fBbash\fP
does when reading input,
so that several words that would otherwise be separated
are considered one word when surrounded by quotes (see the
description of \fBhistory_tokenize()\fP below).
The \fIevent designator\fP selects the event, the optional
\fIword designator\fP selects words from the event, and
various optional \fImodifiers\fP are available to manipulate the
selected words.
.PP
History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the
history expansion character, which is \^\fB!\fP\^ by default.
History expansions may appear anywhere in the input, but do not nest.
.PP
Only backslash (\^\fB\e\fP\^) and single quotes can quote
the history expansion character.
.PP
There is a special abbreviation for substitution, active when the
\fIquick substitution\fP character (default \fB\*^\fP)
is the first character on the line.
It selects the previous history list entry, using an event designator
equivalent to \fB!!\fP,
and substitutes one string for another in that entry.
It is described below under \fBEvent Designators\fP.
This is the only history expansion that does not begin with the history
expansion character.
.SS Event Designators
An event designator is a reference to an entry in the history list.
The event designator
consists of the portion of the word beginning with the history
expansion character and ending with the word designator if present,
or the end of the word.
Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to the current
position in the history list.
.PP
.PD 0
.TP
.B !
Start a history substitution, except when followed by a
.BR blank ,
newline, carriage return, =,
or (.
.TP
.B !\fIn\fP
Refer to history list entry
.IR n .
.TP
.B !\-\fIn\fP
Refer to the current entry minus
.IR n .
.TP
.B !!
Refer to the previous entry.
This is a synonym for
.Q !\-1 .
.TP
.B !\fIstring\fP
Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in the
history list starting with
.IR string .
.TP
.B !?\fIstring\fR\fB[?]\fP
Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in the
history list containing
.IR string .
The trailing \fB?\fP may be omitted if
.I string
is followed immediately by a newline.
If \fIstring\fP is missing, this uses
the string from the most recent search;
it is an error if there is no previous search string.
.TP
.B \d\s+2\*^\s-2\u\fIstring1\fP\d\s+2\*^\s-2\u\fIstring2\fP\d\s+2\*^\s-2\u
.\" was .B \*^\fIstring1\fP\*^\fIstring2\fP\*^
Quick substitution.
Repeat the previous command, replacing
.I string1
with
.IR string2 .
Equivalent to
.Q !!:s\d\s+2\*^\s-2\u\fIstring1\fP\d\s+2\*^\s-2\u\fIstring2\fP\d\s+2\*^\s-2\u
.\" was .Q !!:s\*^\fIstring1\fP\*^\fIstring2\fP\*^
(see \fBModifiers\fP below).
.TP
.B !#
The entire command line typed so far.
.PD
.SS Word Designators
Word designators are used to select desired words from the event.
They are optional; if the word designator isn't supplied, the history
expansion uses the entire event.
A
.B :
separates the event specification from the word designator.
It may be omitted if the word designator begins with a
.BR \*^ ,
.BR $ ,
.BR * ,
.BR \- ,
or
.BR % .
Words are numbered from the beginning of the line,
with the first word being denoted by 0 (zero).
Words are inserted into the current line separated by single spaces.
.PP
.PD 0
.TP
.B 0 (zero)
The zeroth word.
For the shell, and many other applications, this is the command word.
.TP
.I n
The \fIn\fPth word.
.TP
.B \*^
The first argument: word 1.
.TP
.B $
The last word.
This is usually the last argument, but expands to the
zeroth word if there is only one word in the line.
.TP
.B %
The first word matched by the most recent
.Q ?\fIstring\fP?
search,
if the search string begins with a character that is part of a word.
By default, searches begin at the end of each line and proceed to the
beginning, so the first word matched is the one closest to the end of
the line.
.TP
.I x\fB\-\fPy
A range of words;
.Q \-\fIy\fP
abbreviates
.Q 0\-\fIy\fP .
.TP
.B *
All of the words but the zeroth.
This is a synonym for
.Q \fI1\-$\fP .
It is not an error to use
.B *
if there is just one word in the event;
it expands to the empty string in that case.
.TP
.B x*
Abbreviates \fIx\-$\fP.
.TP
.B x\-
Abbreviates \fIx\-$\fP like \fBx*\fP, but omits the last word.
If \fBx\fP is missing, it defaults to 0.
.PD
.PP
If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the
previous command is used as the event, equivalent to \fB!!\fP.
.SS Modifiers
After the optional word designator, the expansion may include a
sequence of one or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a
.Q : .
These modify, or edit, the word or words selected from the history event.
.PP
.PD 0
.TP
.B h
Remove a trailing filename component, leaving only the head.
.TP
.B t
Remove all leading filename components, leaving the tail.
.TP
.B r
Remove a trailing suffix of the form \fI.xxx\fP, leaving the
basename.
.TP
.B e
Remove all but the trailing suffix.
.TP
.B p
Print the new command but do not execute it.
.TP
.B q
Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions.
.TP
.B x
Quote the substituted words as with
.BR q ,
but break into words at
.B blanks
and newlines.
The \fBq\fP and \fBx\fP modifiers are mutually exclusive;
expansion uses the last one supplied.
.TP
.B s/\fIold\fP/\fInew\fP/
Substitute
.I new
for the first occurrence of
.I old
in the event line.
Any character may be used as the delimiter in place of /.
The final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the
event line.
A single backslash quotes the delimiter in
.I old
and
.IR new .
If & appears in
.IR new ,
it is replaced with
.IR old .
A single backslash quotes the &.
If
.I old
is null, it is set to the last
.I old
substituted, or, if no previous history substitutions took place,
the last
.I string
in a
.B !?\fIstring\fP[?]
search.
If
.I new
is null, each matching
.I old
is deleted.
.TP
.B &
Repeat the previous substitution.
.TP
.B g
Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line.
This is used in conjunction with
.Q \fB:s\fP
(e.g.,
.Q \fB:gs/\fIold\fP/\fInew\fP/\fR )
or
.Q \fB:&\fP .
If used with
.Q \fB:s\fP ,
any delimiter can be used in place of /,
and the final delimiter is optional
if it is the last character of the event line.
An \fBa\fP may be used as a synonym for \fBg\fP.
.TP
.B G
Apply the following
.Q \fBs\fP
or
.Q \fB&\fP
modifier once to each word in the event line.
.PD
.SH "PROGRAMMING WITH HISTORY FUNCTIONS"
This section describes how to use the History library in other programs.
.SS "Introduction to History"
A programmer using the History library has available functions
for remembering lines on a history list, associating arbitrary data
with a line, removing lines from the list, searching through the list
for a line containing an arbitrary text string, and referencing any line
in the list directly.  In addition, a history \fIexpansion\fP function
is available which provides for a consistent user interface across
different programs.
.PP
The user using programs written with the History library has the
benefit of a consistent user interface with a set of well-known
commands for manipulating the text of previous lines and using that text
in new commands.  The basic history manipulation commands are
identical to
the history substitution provided by \fBbash\fP.
.PP
The programmer can also use the readline library, which
includes some history manipulation by default, and has the added
advantage of command line editing.
.PP
Before declaring any functions using any functionality the History
library provides in other code, an application writer should include
the file
.FN <readline/history.h>
in any file that uses the
History library's features.  It supplies extern declarations for all
of the library's public functions and variables, and declares all of
the public data structures.
.SS History Storage
The history list is an array of history entries.  A history entry is
declared as follows:
.PP
.Vb "typedef void *" histdata_t;
.PP
.nf
.EX
typedef struct _hist_entry {
  char *line;
  char *timestamp;
  histdata_t data;
} HIST_ENTRY;
.EE
.fi
.PP
The history list itself might therefore be declared as
.PP
.Vb "HIST_ENTRY **" the_history_list;
.PP
The state of the History library is encapsulated into a single structure:
.PP
.nf
.EX
/*
 * A structure used to pass around the current state of the history.
 */
typedef struct _hist_state {
  HIST_ENTRY **entries; /* Pointer to entry records. */
  int offset;           /* The current record. */
  int length;           /* Number of records in list. */
  int size;             /* Number of records allocated. */
  int flags;
} HISTORY_STATE;
.EE
.fi
.PP
If the flags member includes \fBHS_STIFLED\fP, the history has been
stifled.
.SH "History Functions"
This section describes the calling sequence for the various functions
exported by the GNU History library.
.SS Initializing History and State Management
This section describes functions used to initialize and manage
the state of the History library when you want to use the history
functions in your program.
.PP
.F1 void using_history void
Begin a session in which the history functions might be used.  This
initializes the interactive variables.
.PP
.F1 "HISTORY_STATE *" history_get_history_state void
Return a structure describing the current state of the input history.
.PP
.F1 void history_set_history_state "HISTORY_STATE *state"
Set the state of the history list according to \fIstate\fP.
.SS History List Management
These functions manage individual entries on the history list, or set
parameters managing the list itself.
.PP
.F1 void add_history "const char *string"
Place \fIstring\fP at the end of the history list.  The associated data
field (if any) is set to \fBNULL\fP.
If the maximum number of history entries has been set using
\fBstifle_history()\fP, and the new number of history entries would exceed
that maximum, the oldest history entry is removed.
.PP
.F1 void add_history_time "const char *string"
Change the time stamp associated with the most recent history entry to
\fIstring\fP.
.PP
.F1 "HIST_ENTRY *" remove_history "int which"
Remove history entry at offset \fIwhich\fP from the history.  The
removed element is returned so you can free the line, data,
and containing structure.
.PP
.F1 "histdata_t" free_history_entry "HIST_ENTRY *histent"
Free the history entry \fIhistent\fP and any history library private
data associated with it.  Returns the application-specific data
so the caller can dispose of it.
.PP
.F3 "HIST_ENTRY *" replace_history_entry "int which" "const char *line" "histdata_t data"
Make the history entry at offset \fIwhich\fP have \fIline\fP and \fIdata\fP.
This returns the old entry so the caller can dispose of any
application-specific data.  In the case
of an invalid \fIwhich\fP, a \fBNULL\fP pointer is returned.
.PP
.F1 void clear_history "void"
Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.
.PP
.F1 void stifle_history "int max"
Stifle the history list, remembering only the last \fImax\fP entries.
The history list will contain only \fImax\fP entries at a time.
.PP
.F1 int unstifle_history "void"
Stop stifling the history.  This returns the previously-set
maximum number of history entries (as set by \fBstifle_history()\fP).
history was stifled.
The value is positive if the history was
stifled, negative if it wasn't.
.PP
.F1 int history_is_stifled "void"
Returns non-zero if the history is stifled, zero if it is not.
.SS Information About the History List
These functions return information about the entire history list or
individual list entries.
.PP
.F1 "HIST_ENTRY **" history_list "void"
Return a \fBNULL\fP terminated array of \fIHIST_ENTRY *\fP which is the
current input history.  Element 0 of this list is the beginning of time.
If there is no history, return \fBNULL\fP.
.PP
.F1 int where_history "void"
Returns the offset of the current history element.
.PP
.F1 "HIST_ENTRY *" current_history "void"
Return the history entry at the current position, as determined by
\fBwhere_history()\fP.  If there is no entry there, return a \fBNULL\fP
pointer.
.PP
.F1 "HIST_ENTRY *" history_get "int offset"
Return the history entry at position \fIoffset\fP.
The range of valid values of \fIoffset\fP starts at \fBhistory_base\fP
and ends at \fBhistory_length\fP \- 1.
If there is no entry there, or if \fIoffset\fP is outside the valid
range, return a \fBNULL\fP pointer.
.PP
.F1 "time_t" history_get_time "HIST_ENTRY *"
Return the time stamp associated with the history entry passed as the argument.
.PP
.F1 int history_total_bytes "void"
Return the number of bytes that the primary history entries are using.
This function returns the sum of the lengths of all the lines in the
history.
.SS Moving Around the History List
These functions allow the current index into the history list to be
set or changed.
.PP
.F1 int history_set_pos "int pos"
Set the current history offset to \fIpos\fP, an absolute index
into the list.
Returns 1 on success, 0 if \fIpos\fP is less than zero or greater
than the number of history entries.
.PP
.F1 "HIST_ENTRY *" previous_history "void"
Back up the current history offset to the previous history entry, and
return a pointer to that entry.  If there is no previous entry, return
a \fBNULL\fP pointer.
.PP
.F1 "HIST_ENTRY *" next_history "void"
If the current history offset refers to a valid history entry,
increment the current history offset.
If the possibly-incremented history offset refers to a valid history
entry, return a pointer to that entry;
otherwise, return a \fBNULL\fP pointer.
.SS Searching the History List
These functions allow searching of the history list for entries containing
a specific string.  Searching may be performed both forward and backward
from the current history position.  The search may be \fIanchored\fP,
meaning that the string must match at the beginning of the history entry.
.PP
.F2 int history_search "const char *string" "int direction"
Search the history for \fIstring\fP, starting at the current history offset.
If \fIdirection\fP is less than 0, then the search is through
previous entries, otherwise through subsequent entries.
If \fIstring\fP is found, then
the current history index is set to that history entry, and the value
returned is the offset in the line of the entry where
\fIstring\fP was found.
Otherwise, nothing is changed, and the function returns \-1.
.PP
.F2 int history_search_prefix "const char *string" "int direction"
Search the history for \fIstring\fP, starting at the current history
offset.  The search is anchored: matching lines must begin with
\fIstring\fP.  If \fIdirection\fP is less than 0, then the search is
through previous entries, otherwise through subsequent entries.
If \fIstring\fP is found, then the
current history index is set to that entry, and the return value is 0.
Otherwise, nothing is changed, and the function returns \-1.
.PP
.F3 int history_search_pos "const char *string" "int direction" "int pos"
Search for \fIstring\fP in the history list, starting at \fIpos\fP, an
absolute index into the list.  If \fIdirection\fP is negative, the search
proceeds backward from \fIpos\fP, otherwise forward.  Returns the absolute
index of the history element where \fIstring\fP was found, or \-1 otherwise.
.SS Managing the History File
The History library can read the history from and write it to a file.
This section documents the functions for managing a history file.
.PP
.F1 int read_history "const char *filename"
Add the contents of \fIfilename\fP to the history list, a line at a time.
If \fIfilename\fP is \fBNULL\fP, then read from \fI\*~/.history\fP.
Returns 0 if successful, or \fBerrno\fP if not.
.PP
.F3 int read_history_range "const char *filename" "int from" "int to"
Read a range of lines from \fIfilename\fP, adding them to the history list.
Start reading at line \fIfrom\fP and end at \fIto\fP.
If \fIfrom\fP is zero, start at the beginning.  If \fIto\fP is less than
\fIfrom\fP, then read until the end of the file.  If \fIfilename\fP is
\fBNULL\fP, then read from \fI\*~/.history\fP.  Returns 0 if successful,
or \fBerrno\fP if not.
.PP
.F1 int write_history "const char *filename"
Write the current history to \fIfilename\fP, overwriting \fIfilename\fP
if necessary.
If \fIfilename\fP is \fBNULL\fP, then write the history list to \fI\*~/.history\fP.
Returns 0 on success, or \fBerrno\fP on a read or write error.
.PP
.F2 int append_history "int nelements" "const char *filename"
Append the last \fInelements\fP of the history list to \fIfilename\fP.
If \fIfilename\fP is \fBNULL\fP, then append to \fI\*~/.history\fP.
Returns 0 on success, or \fBerrno\fP on a read or write error.
.PP
.F2 int history_truncate_file "const char *filename" "int nlines"
Truncate the history file \fIfilename\fP, leaving only the last
\fInlines\fP lines.
If \fIfilename\fP is \fBNULL\fP, then \fI\*~/.history\fP is truncated.
Returns 0 on success, or \fBerrno\fP on failure.
.SS History Expansion
These functions implement history expansion.
.PP
.F2 int history_expand "const char *string" "char **output"
Expand \fIstring\fP, placing the result into \fIoutput\fP, a pointer
to a string.  Returns:
.RS
.PD 0
.TP
0
If no expansions took place (or, if the only change in
the text was the removal of escape characters preceding the history expansion
character);
.TP
1
if expansions did take place;
.TP
\-1
if there was an error in expansion;
.TP
2
if the returned line should be displayed, but not executed,
as with the \fB:p\fP modifier.
.PD
.RE
If an error occurred in expansion, then \fIoutput\fP contains a descriptive
error message.
.PP
.F3 "char *" get_history_event "const char *string" "int *cindex" "int qchar"
Returns the text of the history event beginning at \fIstring\fP +
\fI*cindex\fP.  \fI*cindex\fP is modified to point to after the event
specifier.  At function entry, \fIcindex\fP points to the index into
\fIstring\fP where the history event specification begins.  \fIqchar\fP
is a character that is allowed to end the event specification in addition
to the
.Q normal
terminating characters.
.PP
.F1 "char **" history_tokenize "const char *string"
Return an array of tokens parsed out of \fIstring\fP, much as the
shell might.
The tokens are split on the characters in the
\fBhistory_word_delimiters\fP variable,
and shell quoting conventions are obeyed.
.PP
.F3 "char *" history_arg_extract "int first" "int last" "const char *string"
Extract a string segment consisting of the \fIfirst\fP through \fIlast\fP
arguments present in \fIstring\fP.  Arguments are split using
\fBhistory_tokenize()\fP.
.SS History Variables
This section describes the externally-visible variables exported by
the GNU History Library.
.PP
.Vb int history_base
The logical offset of the first entry in the history list.
.PP
.Vb int history_length
The number of entries currently stored in the history list.
.PP
.Vb int history_max_entries
The maximum number of history entries.  This must be changed using
\fBstifle_history()\fP.
.PP
.Vb int history_write_timestamps
If non-zero, timestamps are written to the history file, so they can be
preserved between sessions.  The default value is 0, meaning that
timestamps are not saved.
The current timestamp format uses the value of \fIhistory_comment_char\fP
to delimit timestamp entries in the history file.
If that variable does
not have a value (the default),
the history library will not write timestamps.
.PP
.Vb char history_expansion_char
The character that introduces a history event.
The default is \fB!\fP.
Setting this to 0 inhibits history expansion.
.PP
.Vb char history_subst_char
The character that invokes word substitution if found at the start of
a line.
The default is \fB\*^\fP.
.PP
.Vb char history_comment_char
During tokenization, if this character is seen as the first character
of a word, then it and all subsequent characters up to a newline are
ignored, suppressing history expansion for the remainder of the line.
This is disabled by default.
.PP
.Vb "char *" history_word_delimiters
The characters that separate tokens for \fBhistory_tokenize()\fP.
The default value is \fB\*"\ \et\en()<>;&|\*"\fP.
.PP
.Vb "char *" history_no_expand_chars
The list of characters which inhibit history expansion if found immediately
following \fBhistory_expansion_char\fP.  The default is space, tab, newline,
\fB\er\fP, and \fB=\fP.
.PP
.Vb "char *" history_search_delimiter_chars
The list of additional characters which can delimit a history search
string, in addition to space, tab, \fI:\fP and \fI?\fP in the case of
a substring search.  The default is empty.
.PP
.Vb int history_quotes_inhibit_expansion
If non-zero, the history expansion code implements shell-like quoting:
single-quoted words are not scanned for the history expansion
character or the history comment character, and double-quoted words may
have history expansion performed, since single quotes are not special
within double quotes.
The default value is 0.
.PP
.Vb int history_quoting_state
An application may set this variable to indicate that the current line
being expanded is subject to existing quoting.
If set to \fI\*'\fP,
history expansion assumes that the line is single-quoted and
inhibit expansion until it reads an unquoted closing single quote;
if set to \fI\*"\fP, history expansion assumes the line is double quoted
until it reads an unquoted closing double quote.
If set to zero, the default,
history expansion assumes the line is not quoted and
treats quote characters within the line as described above.
This is only effective if \fBhistory_quotes_inhibit_expansion\fP is set.
.PP
.Vb "rl_linebuf_func_t *" history_inhibit_expansion_function
This should be set to the address of a function that takes two arguments:
a \fBchar *\fP (\fIstring\fP)
and an \fBint\fP index into that string (\fIi\fP).
It should return a non-zero value if the history expansion starting at
\fIstring[i]\fP should not be performed; zero if the expansion should
be done.
It is intended for use by applications like \fBbash\fP that use the history
expansion character for additional purposes.
By default, this variable is set to \fBNULL\fP.
.SH FILES
.PD 0
.TP
.FN \*~/.history
Default filename for reading and writing saved history
.PD
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.PD 0
.TP
\fIThe Gnu Readline Library\fP, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
.TP
\fIThe Gnu History Library\fP, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
.TP
\fIbash\fP(1)
.TP
\fIreadline\fP(3)
.PD
.SH AUTHORS
Brian Fox, Free Software Foundation
.br
bfox@gnu.org
.PP
Chet Ramey, Case Western Reserve University
.br
chet.ramey@case.edu
.SH BUG REPORTS
If you find a bug in the
.B history
library, you should report it.  But first, you should
make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest
version of the
.B history
library that you have.
.PP
Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, mail a
bug report to \fIbug\-readline\fP@\fIgnu.org\fP.
If you have a fix, you are welcome to mail that
as well!  Suggestions and
.Q philosophical
bug reports may be mailed
to \fIbug\-readline\fP@\fIgnu.org\fP or posted to the Usenet
newsgroup
.BR gnu.bash.bug .
.PP
Comments and bug reports concerning
this manual page should be directed to
.IR chet.ramey@case.edu .