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\name{Matrix-class}
\title{Virtual Class "Matrix" of Matrices}
%
\docType{class}
\keyword{array}
\keyword{classes}
%
\alias{Matrix-class}
%
\alias{!,Matrix-method}
\alias{&,Matrix,ddiMatrix-method}
\alias{&,Matrix,ldiMatrix-method}
\alias{&,Matrix,ndiMatrix-method}
\alias{*,Matrix,ddiMatrix-method}
\alias{*,Matrix,ldiMatrix-method}
\alias{*,Matrix,ndiMatrix-method}
\alias{+,Matrix,missing-method}
\alias{-,Matrix,missing-method}
\alias{Arith,Matrix,Matrix-method}
\alias{Arith,Matrix,lsparseMatrix-method}
\alias{Arith,Matrix,nsparseMatrix-method}
\alias{Logic,ANY,Matrix-method}
\alias{Logic,Matrix,ANY-method}
\alias{Logic,Matrix,nMatrix-method}
\alias{Math2,Matrix-method}
\alias{Ops,ANY,Matrix-method}
\alias{Ops,Matrix,ANY-method}
\alias{Ops,Matrix,NULL-method}
\alias{Ops,Matrix,ddiMatrix-method}
\alias{Ops,Matrix,ldiMatrix-method}
\alias{Ops,Matrix,matrix-method}
\alias{Ops,Matrix,sparseVector-method}
\alias{Ops,NULL,Matrix-method}
\alias{Ops,matrix,Matrix-method}
\alias{^,Matrix,ddiMatrix-method}
\alias{^,Matrix,ldiMatrix-method}
\alias{^,Matrix,ndiMatrix-method}
\alias{as.array,Matrix-method}
\alias{as.complex,Matrix-method}
\alias{as.integer,Matrix-method}
\alias{as.logical,Matrix-method}
\alias{as.matrix,Matrix-method}
\alias{as.numeric,Matrix-method}
\alias{as.vector,Matrix-method}
\alias{coerce,ANY,Matrix-method}
\alias{coerce,Matrix,CsparseMatrix-method}
\alias{coerce,Matrix,RsparseMatrix-method}
\alias{coerce,Matrix,TsparseMatrix-method}
\alias{coerce,Matrix,copMatrix-method}
\alias{coerce,Matrix,corMatrix-method}
\alias{coerce,Matrix,dMatrix-method}
\alias{coerce,Matrix,ddenseMatrix-method}
\alias{coerce,Matrix,denseMatrix-method}
\alias{coerce,Matrix,diagonalMatrix-method}
\alias{coerce,Matrix,dpoMatrix-method}
\alias{coerce,Matrix,dppMatrix-method}
\alias{coerce,Matrix,dsparseMatrix-method}
\alias{coerce,Matrix,generalMatrix-method}
\alias{coerce,Matrix,indMatrix-method}
\alias{coerce,Matrix,lMatrix-method}
\alias{coerce,Matrix,ldenseMatrix-method}
\alias{coerce,Matrix,lsparseMatrix-method}
\alias{coerce,Matrix,matrix-method}
\alias{coerce,Matrix,nMatrix-method}
\alias{coerce,Matrix,ndenseMatrix-method}
\alias{coerce,Matrix,nsparseMatrix-method}
\alias{coerce,Matrix,pMatrix-method}
\alias{coerce,Matrix,packedMatrix-method}
\alias{coerce,Matrix,sparseMatrix-method}
\alias{coerce,Matrix,sparseVector-method}
\alias{coerce,Matrix,symmetricMatrix-method}
\alias{coerce,Matrix,triangularMatrix-method}
\alias{coerce,Matrix,unpackedMatrix-method}
\alias{coerce,matrix,Matrix-method}
\alias{coerce,vector,Matrix-method}
\alias{determinant,Matrix,missing-method}
\alias{determinant,Matrix,logical-method}
\alias{dim,Matrix-method}
\alias{dimnames,Matrix-method}
\alias{dimnames<-,Matrix,NULL-method}
\alias{dimnames<-,Matrix,list-method}
\alias{drop,Matrix-method}
\alias{head,Matrix-method}
\alias{initialize,Matrix-method}
\alias{length,Matrix-method}
\alias{tail,Matrix-method}
\alias{unname,Matrix-method}
\alias{zapsmall,Matrix-method}
%
\alias{c.Matrix}
%
\alias{Matrix.Version} % FIXME: belongs in non-existent Matrix-package.Rd
\alias{det} % FIXME: ditto
%
\description{
The \code{Matrix} class is a class contained by all actual
classes in the \pkg{Matrix} package. It is a \dQuote{virtual} class.
}
\section{Slots}{
\describe{
\item{\code{Dim}}{an integer vector of length 2 giving the
dimensions of the matrix.}
\item{\code{Dimnames}}{a list of length 2. Each element must
be \code{NULL} or a character vector of length equal to the
corresponding element of \code{Dim}.}
}
}
\section{Methods}{
\describe{
\item{determinant}{\code{signature(x = "Matrix", logarithm = "missing")}: and}
\item{determinant}{\code{signature(x = "Matrix", logarithm = "logical")}:
compute the (\eqn{\log}) determinant of \code{x}. The method
chosen depends on the actual Matrix class of \code{x}. Note that
\code{\link[base]{det}} also works for all our matrices, calling the
appropriate \code{determinant()} method. The \code{Matrix::det}
is an exact copy of \code{base::det}, but in the correct
namespace, and hence calling the S4-aware version of
\code{determinant()}.).}
\item{diff}{\code{signature(x = "Matrix")}: As \code{\link{diff}()}
for traditional matrices, i.e., applying \code{diff()} to each
column.}
\item{dim}{\code{signature(x = "Matrix")}: extract matrix dimensions
\code{\link{dim}}.}
\item{dim<-}{\code{signature(x = "Matrix", value = "ANY")}: where
\code{value} is integer of length 2. Allows to \emph{reshape}
Matrix objects, but only when \code{prod(value) == prod(dim(x))}.}
\item{dimnames}{\code{signature(x = "Matrix")}: extract
\code{\link{dimnames}}.}
\item{dimnames<-}{\code{signature(x = "Matrix", value = "list")}: set
the \code{dimnames} to a \code{\link{list}} of length 2, see
\code{\link{dimnames<-}}.}
\item{length}{\code{signature(x = "Matrix")}: simply defined as
\code{prod(dim(x))} (and hence of mode \code{"double"}).}
\item{show}{\code{signature(object = "Matrix")}: \code{\link{show}}
method for \code{\link{print}}ing. For printing \emph{sparse}
matrices, see \code{\link{printSpMatrix}}.}
\item{zapsmall}{\code{signature(x = "Matrix")}: typically used for
\code{"\linkS4class{dMatrix}"}: \code{\link{round}()} matrix entries
such that (relatively) very small entries become zero exactly.}
\item{image}{\code{signature(object = "Matrix")}: draws an
\code{\link{image}} of the matrix entries, using
\code{\link[lattice]{levelplot}()} from package \pkg{lattice}.}
\item{head}{\code{signature(object = "Matrix")}: return only the
\emph{\dQuote{head}}, i.e., the first few rows.}
\item{tail}{\code{signature(object = "Matrix")}: return only the
\emph{\dQuote{tail}}, i.e., the last few rows of the respective matrix.}
\cr %------------------------------------
\item{as.matrix, as.array}{\code{signature(x = "Matrix")}: the same as
\code{as(x, "matrix")}; see also the note below.}
\item{as.vector}{\code{signature(x = "Matrix", mode = "missing")}:
\code{as.vector(m)} should be identical to \code{as.vector(as(m,
"matrix"))}, implemented more efficiently for some subclasses.}
\item{as(x, "vector"), as(x, "numeric")}{etc, similarly.}
\item{coerce}{\code{signature(from = "ANY", to = "Matrix")}: This
relies on a correct \code{\link{as.matrix}()} method for \code{from}.}
}
There are many more methods that (conceptually should) work for all
\code{"Matrix"} objects, e.g., \code{\link{colSums}},
\code{\link{rowMeans}}. Even \pkg{base} functions may work
automagically (if they first call \code{\link{as.matrix}()} on their
principal argument), e.g., \code{\link{apply}}, \code{\link{eigen}},
\code{\link{svd}} or \code{\link{kappa}} all do work via coercion to a
\dQuote{traditional} (dense) \code{\link{matrix}}.
%% --> ../tests/base-matrix-fun.R
}
\note{
Loading the \code{Matrix} namespace \dQuote{overloads}
\code{\link{as.matrix}} and \code{\link{as.array}} in the \pkg{base}
namespace by the equivalent of \code{function(x) as(x, "matrix")}.
Consequently, \code{as.matrix(m)} or \code{as.array(m)} will properly
work when \code{m} inherits from the \code{"Matrix"} class ---
\emph{also} for functions in package \pkg{base} and other packages.
E.g., \code{\link{apply}} or \code{\link{outer}} can therefore be applied
to \code{"Matrix"} matrices.
}
\author{Douglas Bates \email{bates@stat.wisc.edu} and Martin Maechler}
\seealso{
the classes \code{\linkS4class{dgeMatrix}},
\code{\linkS4class{dgCMatrix}}, and function
\code{\link{Matrix}} for construction (and examples).
Methods, e.g., for \code{\link[=kronecker-methods]{kronecker}}.
}
\examples{
slotNames("Matrix")
cl <- getClass("Matrix")
names(cl@subclasses) # more than 40 ..
showClass("Matrix")#> output with slots and all subclasses
(M <- Matrix(c(0,1,0,0), 6, 4))
dim(M)
diag(M)
cm <- M[1:4,] + 10*Diagonal(4)
diff(M)
## can reshape it even :
dim(M) <- c(2, 12)
M
stopifnot(identical(M, Matrix(c(0,1,0,0), 2,12)),
all.equal(det(cm),
determinant(as(cm,"matrix"), log=FALSE)$modulus,
check.attributes=FALSE))
}
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