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\name{expm-methods}
\title{Matrix Exponential}
%
\docType{methods}
\keyword{array}
\keyword{math}
\keyword{methods}
%
\alias{expm}
\alias{expm-methods}
%
\alias{expm,Matrix-method}
\alias{expm,dMatrix-method}
\alias{expm,ddiMatrix-method}
\alias{expm,dgeMatrix-method}
\alias{expm,dspMatrix-method}
\alias{expm,dsparseMatrix-method}
\alias{expm,dsyMatrix-method}
\alias{expm,dtpMatrix-method}
\alias{expm,dtrMatrix-method}
\alias{expm,matrix-method}
%
\description{
Compute the exponential of a matrix.
}
\usage{
expm(x)
}
\arguments{
\item{x}{a matrix, typically inheriting from the
\code{\linkS4class{dMatrix}} class.}
}
\details{
The exponential of a matrix is defined as the infinite Taylor
series \code{expm(A) = I + A + A^2/2! + A^3/3! + ...} (although this is
definitely not the way to compute it). The method for the
\code{dgeMatrix} class uses Ward's diagonal Pade' approximation with
three step preconditioning, a recommendation from
Moler & Van Loan (1978) \dQuote{Nineteen dubious ways\dots}.
}
\value{
The matrix exponential of \code{x}.
}
\references{
\url{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_exponential}
Cleve Moler and Charles Van Loan (2003)
Nineteen dubious ways to compute the exponential of a matrix,
twenty-five years later. \emph{SIAM Review} \bold{45}, 1, 3--49.
\doi{10.1137/S00361445024180}
\emph{for historical reference mostly:}\cr
Moler, C. and Van Loan, C. (1978)
Nineteen dubious ways to compute the exponential of a matrix.
\emph{SIAM Review} \bold{20}, 4, 801--836.
\doi{10.1137/1020098}
%% MM: Till we have something better, this is quite good:
Eric W. Weisstein et al. (1999) \emph{Matrix Exponential}.
From MathWorld, \url{https://mathworld.wolfram.com/MatrixExponential.html}
}
\author{This is a translation of the implementation of the corresponding
Octave function contributed to the Octave project by
A. Scottedward Hodel \email{A.S.Hodel@Eng.Auburn.EDU}. A bug in there
has been fixed by Martin Maechler.
}
%\note{}
\seealso{
Package \CRANpkg{expm}, which provides newer (in some cases
faster, more accurate) algorithms for computing the matrix
exponential via its own (non-generic) function \code{expm()}.
\pkg{expm} also implements \code{logm()}, \code{sqrtm()}, etc.
Generic function \code{\link{Schur}}.
}
\examples{
(m1 <- Matrix(c(1,0,1,1), ncol = 2))
(e1 <- expm(m1)) ; e <- exp(1)
stopifnot(all.equal(e1@x, c(e,0,e,e), tolerance = 1e-15))
(m2 <- Matrix(c(-49, -64, 24, 31), ncol = 2))
(e2 <- expm(m2))
(m3 <- Matrix(cbind(0,rbind(6*diag(3),0))))# sparse!
(e3 <- expm(m3)) # upper triangular
}
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