=head1 NAME

rrdtool graph - Create a graph based on data from one or several RRD

=for html <div align="right"><a href="rrdgraph.pdf">PDF</a> version.</div>

=head1 SYNOPSIS

B<rrdtool> B<graph> I<filename>
S<[B<-s>|B<--start> I<seconds>]>
S<[B<-e>|B<--end> I<seconds>]>
S<[B<-x>|B<--x-grid> I<x-axis grid and label>]>
S<[B<-y>|B<--y-grid> I<y-axis grid and label>]>
S<[B<-Y>|B<--alt-y-grid>]>
S<[B<-A>|B<--alt-autoscale>]>
S<[B<-M>|B<--alt-autoscale-max>]>
S<[B<-X>|B<--units-exponent>]> I<value>]>
S<[B<-v>|B<--vertical-label> I<text>]>
S<[B<-w>|B<--width> I<pixels>]>
S<[B<-h>|B<--height> I<pixels>]>
S<[B<-i>|B<--interlaced>]>
S<[B<-f>|B<--imginfo> I<formatstring>]>
S<[B<-a>|B<--imgformat> B<SVG>|B<PNG>]>
S<[B<-z>|B<--lazy>]>
S<[B<-o>|B<--logarithmic>]>
S<[B<-u>|B<--upper-limit> I<value>]>
S<[B<-l>|B<--lower-limit> I<value>]>
S<[B<-g>|B<--no-legend>]>
S<[B<-r>|B<--rigid>]>
S<[B<-S>|B<--step> I<value>]>
S<[B<-b>|B<--base> I<value>]>
S<[B<-c>|B<--color> I<COLORTAG>B<#>I<rrggbb>]>
S<[B<-t>|B<--title> I<title>]>
S<[B<DEF:>I<vname>B<=>I<rrd>B<:>I<ds-name>B<:>I<CF>]>
S<[B<CDEF:>I<vname>B<=>I<rpn-expression>]>
S<[B<PRINT:>I<vname>B<:>I<CF>B<:>I<format>]>
S<[B<GPRINT:>I<vname>B<:>I<CF>B<:>I<format>]>
S<[B<COMMENT:>I<text>]>
S<[B<HRULE:>I<value>B<#>I<rrggbb>[B<:>I<legend>]]>
S<[B<VRULE:>I<time>B<#>I<rrggbb>[B<:>I<legend>]]>
S<[B<LINE>{B<1>|B<2>|B<3>}B<:>I<vname>[B<#>I<rrggbb>[B<:>I<legend>]]]>
S<[B<AREA:>I<vname>[B<#>I<rrggbb>[B<:>I<legend>]]]>
S<[B<STACK:>I<vname>[B<#>I<rrggbb>[B<:>I<legend>]]]>
S<[B<TICK:>I<vname>B<#>I<rrggbb>[B<:>I<axis-fraction>[B<:>I<legend>]]]>

=head1 DESCRIPTION

The B<graph> functions main purpose is to create graphical
representations of the data stored in one or several B<RRD>s. Apart
from generating graphs, it can also extract numerical reports.

=over

=item I<filename>

The name of the graph to generate. Since B<RRDtool> outputs
SVGs and PNGs, it's recommended that the filename end in either
F<.svg> or F<.png>.  B<RRDtool> does not enforce this, however.
If the  I<filename> is set to '-' the image file will be written
to standard out.  All other output will get suppressed.

If no graph functions are called, the graph will not be created.

=item B<-s>|B<--start> I<seconds> (default end-1day)

The time when the graph should begin. Time in seconds since
epoch (1970-01-01) is required. Negative numbers are relative to the
current time. By default one day worth of data will be graphed.
See also AT-STYLE TIME SPECIFICATION section in the I<rrdfetch>
documentation for a detailed explanation on how to specify time.

=item B<-e>|B<--end> I<seconds> (default now)

The time when the graph should end. Time in seconds since epoch.
See also AT-STYLE TIME SPECIFICATION section in the I<rrdfetch>
documentation for a detailed explanation of ways to specify time.

=item B<-x>|B<--x-grid> I<x-axis grid and label> (default autoconfigure)

The x-axis label is quite complex to configure. So if you don't have
very special needs, you can rely on the auto configuration to get this
right.

If you want no x-grid at all, use the magic setting B<none>.

The x-axis label and grid can be configured, using the following format:

I<GTM>B<:>I<GST>B<:>I<MTM>B<:>I<MST>B<:>I<LTM>:I<LST>B<:>I<LPR>B<:>I<LFM>

You have to configure three elements making up the x-axis labels and
grid. The base grid (I<G??>), the major grid (I<M??>) and the labels
(I<L??>). The configuration is based on the idea that you first
specify a well known amount of time (I<?TM>) and then say how many
times it has to pass between each grid line or label (I<?ST>). For the
label you have to define two additional items: The precision of the
label in seconds (I<LPR>) and the strftime format used to generate the
text of the label (I<LFM>).

The I<?TM> elements must be one of the following keywords: B<SECOND>,
B<MINUTE>, B<HOUR>, B<DAY>, B<WEEK>, B<MONTH> or B<YEAR>.

If you wanted a graph with a base grid every 10 minutes and a major
one every hour, with labels every hour you would use the following
x-axis definition.

C<MINUTE:10:HOUR:1:HOUR:1:0:%X>

The precision in this example is 0 because the %X format is exact. If
the label was the name of the day, we would have had a precision of 24
hours, because when you say something like 'Monday' you mean the whole
day and not Monday morning 00:00. Thus the label should be positioned
at noon. By defining a precision of 24 hours or rather 86400 seconds,
you make sure that this happens.

=item B<-y>|B<--y-grid> I<grid step>:I<label factor> (default autoconfigure)

Makes vertical grid lines appear at I<grid step> interval. Every
I<label factor> grid step, a major grid line is printed, along with
label showing the value of the grid line.

If you want no y-grid at all set specify the magic word B<none>.

=item B<--alt-y-grid>

Place Y grid dynamically based on graph Y range. Algorithm ensures
that you always have grid, that there are enough but not too many
grid lines and the grid is metric. That is grid lines are placed
every 1, 2, 5 or 10 units.  (contributed by Sasha Mikheev)


=item B<--alt-autoscale>

Compute Y range  based on function absolute minimum and
maximum values. Default algorithm uses predefined set of ranges.
This is good in many cases but it fails miserably when you need
to graph something like 260 + 0.001 * sin(x). Default algorithm
will use Y range from 250 to 300 and on the graph you will see
almost straight line. With --alt-autoscale Y range will be
from slightly less the 260 - 0.001 to slightly more then 260 + 0.001
and periodic behavior will be seen.   (contributed by Sasha Mikheev)

=item B<--alt-autoscale-max>

Where --alt-autoscale will modify both the absolute maximum AND minimum
values, this option will only affect the maximum value. The minimum
value, if not defined on the command line, will be 0. This option can
be useful when graphing router traffic when the WAN line uses compression,
and thus the throughput may be higher than the WAN line speed.

=item B<--units-exponent> I<value> (default autoconfigure)

This sets the 10**exponent scaling of the y-axis values.  Normally
values will be scaled to the appropriate units (k, M, etc.).  However
you may wish to display units always in k (Kilo, 10e3) even if the data
is in the M (Mega, 10e6) range for instance.  Value should be an
integer which is a multiple of 3 between -18 and 18 inclusive.  It is
the exponent on the units you which to use.  For example, use 3 to
display the y-axis values in k (Kilo, 10e3, thousands), use -6 to
display the y-axis values in u (Micro, 10e-6, millionths).  Use a value
of 0 to prevent any scaling of the y-axis values.

=item B<-v>|B<--vertical-label> I<text>

Vertical label on the left side of the graph. This is normally used to
specify the units used.

=item B<-w>|B<--width> I<pixels> (default 400 pixel)

Width of the drawing area within the graph. This affects the size of the
image.

=item B<-h>|B<--height> I<pixels> (default 100 pixel)

Width of the drawing area within the graph. This affects the size of the
image.

=item B<-i>|B<--interlaced> (default: false)

If you set this option, then the resulting image will be interlaced.
Most web browsers display these incrementally as they load. If
you do not use this option, the image defaults to being progressive
scanned. The only effect of this option is to control the format
of the image on disk. It makes no changes to the layout or contents
of the graph.

=item B<-f>|B<--imginfo> I<formatstring>

After the image has been created, the graph function uses printf
together with this format string to create output similar to the PRINT
function, only that the printf is supplied with the parameters
I<filename>, I<xsize> and I<ysize>. In order to generate an B<IMG> tag
suitable for including the graph into a web page, the command line
would look like this:

 --imginfo '<IMG SRC="/img/%s" WIDTH="%lu" HEIGHT="%lu" ALT="Demo">'

=item B<-a>|B<--imgformat> B<SVG>|B<PNG> (default: PNG)

Allows you to produce PNG output from RRDtool.

=item B<-z>|B<--lazy> (default: false)

Only generate the graph, if the current image is out of date or not
existent.

=item B<-u>|B<--upper-limit> I<value> (default autoconfigure)

Defines the value normally located at the upper border of the
graph. If the graph contains higher values, the upper border will
move upward to accommodate these values as well.

If you want to define an upper-limit which will not move in any
event you have to set the B<--rigid> option as well.

=item B<-l>|B<--lower-limit> I<value> (default autoconfigure)

This is not the lower limit of a graph.  But rather, this is the
maximum lower bound of a graph.  For example, the value -100 will
result in a graph that has a lower limit of -100 or less.  Use this
keyword to expand graphs down.

=item B<-r>|B<--rigid>

rigid boundaries mode.  Normally rrdgraph will automatically expand the
lower and upper limit if the graph contains a value outside the valid
range. With the r option you can disable this behavior

=item B<-b>|B<--base> I<value>

if you are graphing memory (and NOT network traffic) this switch
should be set to 1024 so that one Kb is 1024 byte. For traffic
measurement, 1 kb/s is 1000 b/s.

=item B<-o>|B<--logarithmic>

logarithmic y-axis scaling

=item B<-c>|B<--color> I<COLORTAG>B<#>I<rrggbb> (default colors)

override the colors for the standard elements of the graph. The I<COLORTAG>
must be one of the following symbolic names: B<BACK> ground, B<CANVAS>,
B<SHADEA> left/top border, B<SHADEB> right/bottom border, B<GRID>, B<MGRID>
major grid, B<FONT>, B<FRAME> and axis of the graph or B<ARROW>. This option
can be called multiple times to set several colors.

=item B<-g>|B<--no-legend>

Suppress generation of legend; only render the graph.

=item B<-t>|B<--title> I<text> (default no title)

Define a title to be written into the graph

=item B<--step> I<value> (default automatic)

By default rrdgraph calculates the width of one pixel in the time domain and
tries to get data at that resolution from the RRD. With this switch you can
override this behavior. If you want rrdgraph to get data at 1 hour
resolution from the RRD, then you can set the step to 3600 seconds. Note,
that a step smaller than 1 pixel will be silently ignored.

=item B<DEF:>I<vname>B<=>I<rrd>B<:>I<ds-name>B<:>I<CF>

Define virtual name for a data source. This name can then be used
in the functions explained below. The
DEF call automatically chooses an B<RRA> which contains I<CF> consolidated data in a
resolution appropriate for the size of the graph to be drawn.  Ideally
this means that one data point from the B<RRA> should be represented
by one pixel in the graph.  If the resolution of the B<RRA> is higher
than the resolution of the graph, the data in the RRA will be further
consolidated according to the consolidation function (I<CF>) chosen.

=item B<CDEF:>I<vname>B<=>I<rpn-expression>

Create a new virtual data source by evaluating a mathematical expression,
specified in Reverse Polish Notation (RPN). If you have ever used a traditional
HP calculator you already know RPN. The idea behind RPN notation is,
that you have a stack and push your data onto this stack. When ever
you execute an operation, it takes as many data values from the stack
as needed. The pushing of data is implicit, so when ever you specify a number
or a variable, it gets pushed automatically.

If this is all a big load of incomprehensible words for you, maybe an
example helps (a more complete explanation is given in [1]): The
expression I<vname+3/2> becomes C<vname,3,2,/,+> in RPN. First the three
values get pushed onto the stack (which now contains (the current
value of) vname, a 3 and a 2).  Then the / operator pops two values
from the stack (3 and 2), divides the first argument by the second
(3/2) and pushes the result (1.5) back onto the stack. Then the +
operator pops two values (vname and 1.5) from the stack; both values
are added up and the result gets pushes back onto the stack. In the
end there is only one value left on the stack: The result of the
expression.

The I<rpn-expression> in the B<CDEF> function takes both, constant values
as well as I<vname> variables. The following operators can be used on these
values:

=over

=item +, -, *, /, %

Pops two values from the stack applies the selected operator and pushes
the result back onto the stack. The % operator stands for the modulo
operation.

=item SIN, COS, LOG, EXP, FLOOR, CEIL

Pops one value from the stack, applies the selected function and pushes
the result back onto the stack.

=item LT, LE, GT, GE, EQ

Pops two values from the stack, compares them according to the selected
condition and pushes either 1 back onto the stack if the condition is true
and 0 if the condition was not true.

=item IF

Pops three values from the stack. If the last value is not 0, the
second value will be pushed back onto the stack, otherwise the
first value is pushed back.

If the stack contains the values A, B, C, D, E are presently on the
stack, the IF operator will pop the values E D and C of the stack. It will
look at C and if it is not 0 it will push D back onto the stack, otherwise
E will be sent back to the stack.

=item MIN, MAX

Selects the lesser or larger of the two top stack values respectively

=item LIMIT

Replaces the value with I<*UNKNOWN*> if it is outside the limits specified
by the two values above it on the stack.

 CDEF:a=alpha,0,100,LIMIT

=item DUP, EXC, POP

These manipulate the stack directly.  DUP will duplicate the top of the
stack, pushing the result back onto the stack.  EXC will exchange the top
two elements of the stack, and POP will pop off the top element of the
stack.  Having insufficient elements on the stack for these operations is
an error.

=item UN

Pops one value off the stack, if it is I<*UNKNOWN*>, 1 will be pushed
back otherwise 0.

=item UNKN

Push an I<*UNKNOWN*> value onto the stack.

=item PREV

Push I<*UNKNOWN*> if its at the first value of a data set or otherwise
the value of this CDEF at the previous time step. This allows you to
perform calculations across the data.

=item COUNT

Pushes the number 1 if it is at the first value of the data set, the
number 2 if it is at the second, and so on. This special value, allows
you to make calculations based on the position of the value within
the data set.

=item INF, NEGINF

Push a positive or negative infinite (oo) value onto the stack. When
drawing an infinite number it appears right at the top or bottom edge of the
graph, depending whether you have a positive or negative infinite number.

=item NOW

Push the current (real world) time onto the stack.

=item TIME

Push the time the current sample was taken onto the stack. This is the
number of non-skip seconds since 0:00:00 January 1, 1970.

=item LTIME

This is like TIME B<+ current timezone offset in seconds>. The current
offset takes daylight saving time into account, given your OS supports
this. If you were looking at a sample, in Zurich, in summer, the
offset would be 2*3600 seconds, as Zurich at that time of year is 2
hours ahead of UTC.

Note that the timezone offset is always calculated for the time the
current sample was taken at. It has nothing to do with the time you are
doing the calculation.

=back

Please note that you may only use I<vname> variables that you
previously defined by either B<DEF> or B<CDEF>. Furthermore, as of
this writing (version 0.99.25), you must use at least one I<vname>
per expression, that is "CDEF:fourtytwo=2,40,+" will yield an error
message but not a I<vname> fourtytwo that's always equal to 42.

=item B<PRINT:>I<vname>B<:>I<CF>B<:>I<format>

Calculate the chosen consolidation function I<CF> over the data-source
variable I<vname> and C<printf> the result to stdout using I<format>.
In the I<format> string there should be a '%lf', '%le' or'%lg' marker in the
place where the number should be printed.

If an additional '%s' is found AFTER the marker, the value will be scaled
and an appropriate SI magnitude unit will be printed in place of the '%s'
marker. The scaling will take the '--base' argument into consideration!

If a '%S' is used instead of a '%s', then instead of calculating the
appropriate SI magnitude unit for this value, the previously calculated
SI magnitude unit will be used.  This is useful if you want all the values
in a PRINT statement to have the same SI magnitude unit.  If there was
no previous SI magnitude calculation made, then '%S' behaves like a '%s',
unless the value is 0, in which case it does not remember a SI magnitude
unit and a SI magnitude unit will only be calculated when the next '%s' is
seen or the next '%S' for a non-zero value.

If you want to put a '%' into your PRINT string, use '%%' instead.

=item B<GPRINT:>I<vname>B<:>I<CF>B<:>I<format>

Same as B<PRINT> but the result is printed into the graph below the legend.

=back

B<Caveat:> When using the B<PRINT> and B<GRPRINT> functions to
calculate data summaries over time periods bounded by the current
time, it is important to note that the last sample will almost always
yield a value of UNKNOWN as it lies after the last update time.  This
can result in slight data skewing, particularly with the B<AVERAGE>
function.  In order to avoid this, make sure that your end time is at
least one heartbeat prior to the current time.

=over


=item B<COMMENT:>I<text>

Like B<GPRINT> but the I<text> is simply printed into the graph.

=item B<HRULE:>I<value>B<#>I<rrggbb>[B<:>I<legend>]

Draw a horizontal rule into the graph and optionally add a legend

=item B<VRULE:>I<time>B<#>I<rrggbb>[B<:>I<legend>]

Draw a vertical rule into the graph and optionally add a legend

=item B<LINE>{B<1>|B<2>|B<3>}B<:>I<vname>[B<#>I<rrggbb>[B<:>I<legend>]]

Plot for the requested data, using the color specified. Write a legend
into the graph. The 3 possible keywords B<LINE1>, B<LINE2>, and B<LINE3>
generate increasingly wide lines. If no color is defined,
the drawing is done 'blind' this is useful in connection with the
B<STACK> function when you want to ADD the values of two
data-sources without showing it in the graph.

=item B<AREA>:I<vname>[B<#>I<rrggbb>[B<:>I<legend>]]

Does the same as B<LINE?>, but the area between 0 and
the graph will be filled with the color specified.

=item B<STACK>:I<vname>[B<#>I<rrggbb>[B<:>I<legend>]]

Does the same as B<LINE?>, but the graph gets stacked on top of the previous
B<LINE?>, B<AREA> or B<STACK> graph. Depending on the type of the
previous graph, the B<STACK> will be either a B<LINE?> or an B<AREA>.
This obviously implies that the first B<STACK> must be preceded by an
B<AREA> or B<LINE?> -- you need something to stack something onto in
the first place ;)

Note, that when you STACK onto *UNKNOWN* data, RRDtool will not draw
any graphics ... *UNKNOWN* is not zero ... if you want it to be zero
then you might want to use a CDEF argument with IF and UN functions to
turn *UNKNOWN* into zero ...

=item B<TICK:>I<vname>B<#>I<rrggbb>[B<:>I<axis-fraction>[B<:>I<legend>]]

Plot a tick mark (a vertical line) for each value of I<vname> that is
non-zero and not *UNKNOWN*. The I<axis-fraction> argument specifies the
length of the tick mark as a fraction of the y-axis; the default value
is 0.1 (10% of the axis). Note that the color specification is not
optional.

=back

=head1 NOTES on legend arguments

=head2 Escaping the colon

In a ':' in a I<legend> argument will mark the end of the legend. To
enter a ':' into a legend, the colon must be escaped with a backslash '\:'.
Beware, that many environments look for backslashes themselves, so it may
be necessary to write two backslashes so that one is passed onto rrd_graph.

=head2 String Formatting

The text printed below the actual graph can be formatted by appending special
escaped characters at the end of a text. When ever such a character occurs,
all pending text is pushed onto the graph according to the character
specified.

Valid markers are: B<\j> for justified, B<\l> for left aligned, B<\r> for
right aligned and B<\c> for centered. In the next section there is an
example showing how to use centered formatting.

Normally there are two space characters inserted between every two items
printed into the graph. The space following a string can be suppressed by
putting a B<\g> at the end of the string. The B<\g> also ignores any space
inside the string if it is at the very end of the string. This can be used
in connection with B<%s> to suppress empty unit strings.

 GPRINT:a:MAX:%lf%s\g

A special case is COMMENT:B<\s> this inserts some additional vertical space
before placing the next row of legends.

=head1 NOTE on Return Values

Whenever rrd_graph gets called, it prints a line telling the size of
the image it has just created to stdout. This line looks like this: XSIZExYSIZE.

=head1 EXAMPLE 1

  rrdtool graph demo.png --title="Demo Graph" \
          DEF:cel=demo.rrd:exhaust:AVERAGE \
          "CDEF:far=cel,1.8,*,32,+"" \
          LINE2:cel#00a000:"D. Celsius" \
          LINE2:far#ff0000:"D. Fahrenheit\c"

=head1 EXAMPLE 2

This example demonstrates the syntax for using IF and UN to set
I<*UNKNOWN*> values to 0.  This technique is useful if you are
aggregating interface data where the start dates of the data sets
doesn't match.

  rrdtool graph demo.png --title="Demo Graph" \
         DEF:idat1=interface1.rrd:ds0:AVERAGE \
         DEF:idat2=interface2.rrd:ds0:AVERAGE \
         DEF:odat1=interface1.rrd:ds1:AVERAGE \
         DEF:odat2=interface2.rrd:ds1:AVERAGE \
         CDEF:agginput=idat1,UN,0,idat1,IF,idat2,UN,0,idat2,IF,+,8,* \
         CDEF:aggoutput=odat1,UN,0,odat1,IF,odat2,UN,0,odat2,IF,+,8,* \
         AREA:agginput#00cc00:Input Aggregate \
         LINE1:agginput#0000FF:Output Aggregate

Assuming that idat1 has a data value of I<*UNKNOWN*>, the CDEF expression

 idat1,UN,0,idat1,IF

leaves us with a stack with contents of 1,0,NaN and the IF function
will pop off the 3 values and replace them with 0.  If idat1 had a
real value like 7942099, then the stack would have 0,0,7942099 and the
real value would be the replacement.

=head1 EXAMPLE 3

This example shows two ways to use the INF function. First it makes
the background change color during half of the hours. Then, it uses
AREA and STACK to draw a picture. If one of the inputs was UNKNOWN,
all inputs are overlaid with another AREA.

  rrdtool graph example.png --title="INF demo" \
         DEF:val1=some.rrd:ds0:AVERAGE \
         DEF:val2=some.rrd:ds1:AVERAGE \
         DEF:val3=some.rrd:ds2:AVERAGE \
         DEF:val4=other.rrd:ds0:AVERAGE \
         CDEF:background=val4,POP,TIME,7200,%,3600,LE,INF,UNKN,IF \
         CDEF:wipeout=val1,val2,val3,val4,+,+,+,UN,INF,UNKN,IF \
         AREA:background#F0F0F0 \
         AREA:val1#0000FF:Value1 \
         STACK:val2#00C000:Value2 \
         STACK:val3#FFFF00:Value3 \
         STACK:val4#FFC000:Value4 \
         AREA:wipeout#FF0000:Unknown

The first CDEF uses val4 as a dummy value. It's value is removed immediately
from the stack. Then a decision is made based on the time that a sample was
taken. If it is an even hour (UTC time !) then the area will be filled. If
it is not, the value is set to UNKN and is not plotted.

The second CDEF looks if any of val1,val2,val3,val4 is unknown. It does so by
checking the outcome of sum(val1,val2,val3,val4). Again, INF is returned when
the condition is true, UNKN is used to not plot the data.

The different items are plotted in a particular order. First do the background, then use a
normal area to overlay it with data. Stack the other data until they are all plotted. Last but
not least, overlay everything with eye-hurting red
to signal any unknown data.

Note that this example assumes that your data is in the positive half of the y-axis
otherwise you would would have to add NEGINF in order to extend the coverage
of the area to whole graph.

=head1 EXAMPLE 4

If the specialized function B<RRAs> exist for aberrant behavior detection, they
can be used to generate the graph of a time series with confidence bands and
failures.

   rrdtool graph example.png \
          DEF:obs=monitor.rrd:ifOutOctets:AVERAGE \
          DEF:pred=monitor.rrd:ifOutOctets:HWPREDICT \
          DEF:dev=monitor.rrd:ifOutOctets:DEVPREDICT \
          DEF:fail=monitor.rrd:ifOutOctets:FAILURES \
          TICK:fail#ffffa0:1.0:"Failures\: Average bits out" \
          CDEF:scaledobs=obs,8,* \
          CDEF:upper=pred,dev,2,*,+ \
          CDEF:lower=pred,dev,2,*,- \
          CDEF:scaledupper=upper,8,* \
          CDEF:scaledlower=lower,8,* \
          LINE2:scaledobs#0000ff:"Average bits out" \
          LINE1:scaledupper#ff0000:"Upper Confidence Bound: Average bits out" \
          LINE1:scaledlower#ff0000:"Lower Confidence Bound: Average bits out"

This example generates a graph of the data series in blue (LINE2 with the scaledobs
virtual data source), confidence bounds in red (scaledupper and scaledlower virtual
data sources), and potential failures (i.e. potential aberrant aberrant behavior)
marked by vertical yellow lines (the fail data source).

The raw data comes from an AVERAGE B<RRA>, the finest resolution of the observed
time series (one consolidated data point per primary data point). The predicted
(or smoothed) values are stored in the HWPREDICT B<RRA>. The predicted deviations
(think standard deviation) values are stored in the DEVPREDICT B<RRA>. Finally,
the FAILURES B<RRA> contains indicators, with 1 denoting a potential failure.

All of the data is rescaled to bits (instead of Octets) by multiplying by 8.
The confidence bounds are computed by an offset of 2 deviations both above
and below the predicted values (the CDEFs upper and lower). Vertical lines
indicated potential failures are graphed via the TICK graph element, which
converts non-zero values in an B<RRA> into tick marks. Here an axis-fraction
argument of 1.0 means the tick marks span the entire y-axis, and hence become
vertical lines on the graph.

The choice of 2 deviations (a scaling factor) matches the default used internally
by the FAILURES B<RRA>. If the internal value is changed (see L<rrdtune>), this
graphing command should be changed to be consistent.

=head2 A note on data reduction:

The B<rrdtool> I<graph> command is designed to plot data at a specified temporal
resolution, regardless of the actually resolution of the data in the RRD file.
This can present a problem for the specialized consolidation functions which
maintain a one-to-one mapping between primary data points and consolidated
data points. If a graph insists on viewing the contents of these B<RRAs> on a
coarser temporal scale, the I<graph> command tries to do something intelligent,
but the confidence bands and failures no longer have the same meaning and may
be misleading.

=head1 AUTHOR

Tobias Oetiker E<lt>tobi@oetiker.chE<gt>

=head1 REFERENCES

[1] http://www.dotpoint.com/xnumber/rpn_or_adl.htm