File: Users%20guide%20Nginx.html

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<meta name="generator" content="AsciiDoc 8.6.7">
<title>Phusion Passenger users guide, Nginx version</title>
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 * Table Of Content generator
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<div id="topbar" style="display: none">
	<div class="title">
		<img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAsAAAAKCAYAAAEV95QVAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAAZiS0dEAP8A/wD/oL2nkwAAAAlwSFlzAAALEwAACxMBAJqcGAAAAAd0SU1FB9sGCRMSACDxkZwAAAAidEVYdENvbW1lbnQAQ3JlYXRlZCB3aXRoIEdJTVAgb24gYSBNYWOHqHdDAAAAZUlEQVQY032PSxbAIAjEIlfygL6ePF3UUvpzNjgSYWwqAMEhUQnANnsC7TQPeJpsVWzMuh2sog4vDTUbqP081zECrW4dtdaQGSIKlWluPyjK+VXxAz5XfcKufCzA130AfQHWB30HZxlPaP080xsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" width="11" height="10" alt=""><a href="javascript:void(Mizuho.smoothlyScrollToToc())">Phusion Passenger users guide, Nginx version</a>
	</div>
	<a href="javascript:void(0)" id="current_section"></a>
</div>
<div id="header">
<h1>Phusion Passenger users guide, Nginx version</h1>
<div id="preamble">
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p><span class="image">
<a class="image" href="http://www.phusion.nl/">
<img src="images/phusion_banner.png" alt="images/phusion_banner.png"></a>
</span></p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger is an Nginx module, which makes deploying Ruby and Ruby on
Rails applications on Nginx a breeze. It follows the usual Ruby on Rails
conventions, such as "Don’t-Repeat-Yourself" and ease of setup, while at the
same time providing enough flexibility.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This users guide will teach you:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
How to install Nginx with Phusion Passenger support.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
How to configure Phusion Passenger.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
How to deploy a Ruby on Rails application.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
How to deploy a <a href="http://rack.rubyforge.org/">Rack</a>-based Ruby application.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
How to solve common problems.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This guide assumes that the reader is somewhat familiar with Nginx and with
using the commandline.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="toc">
  <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><div id="toctitle">Table of Contents</div>
  <noscript><p><b>JavaScript must be enabled in your browser to display the table of contents.</b></p></noscript>
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">

<div class="sect1">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h2 id="_support_information" data-comment-topic="support-information-nl5gdn">1. Support information</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_supported_operating_systems" data-comment-topic="supported-operating-systems-a5n2x4">1.1. Supported operating systems</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger works on any POSIX-compliant operating system. In other
words: practically any operating system on earth, except Microsoft Windows.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger is confirmed on a large number of operating systems and Linux
distributions, including, but not limited to, Ubuntu, Debian, CentOS/Fedora/RHEL,
Gentoo, Mac OS X, FreeBSD and Solaris. Both 32-bit and 64-bit platforms are supported.
Please
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/phusion-passenger/issues/list">report a bug</a>
or
<a href="http://groups.google.com/group/phusion-passenger">join our discussion forum</a>
if it doesn’t work on your POSIX-compliant operating system.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_where_to_get_support" data-comment-topic="where-to-get-support-2s9na5">1.2. Where to get support</h3>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/phusion-passenger/issues/list">Issue tracker</a> - report
  bugs here.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<a href="http://groups.google.com/group/phusion-passenger">Discussion forum</a> - post a
  message here if you’re experiencing problems.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h2 id="_installing_phusion_passenger" data-comment-topic="installing-phusion-passenger-hn03ac">2. Installing Phusion Passenger</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_overview" data-comment-topic="overview-kvhzi4">2.1. Overview</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>As you might already know, Nginx does not support loadable modules, in contrast
to most other web servers (e.g. Apache). Therefore, to install Phusion Passenger
for Nginx, one must recompile and reinstall Nginx with Phusion Passenger support.
There are two ways to do this:</p></div>
<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>
By running the Phusion Passenger installer for Nginx. This installer will
   guide you through the entire installation process, including downloading,
   compiling and installing Nginx. You should be able to get Nginx with Phusion
   Passenger support up-and-running in a matter of minutes. This is the
   recommended installation method.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
By manually configuring and compiling Nginx with Phusion Passenger support,
   through Nginx’s <span class="monospaced">--add-module</span> configure option. Generally, using our
   installer is easier, so you should only use this method if you’re already
   familiar with compiling Nginx.
</p>
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<img src="./images/icons/tip.png" alt="Tip">
</td>
<td class="content">You might have to run the installation commands in the following sections
as <em>root</em>. If the installer fails because of permission errors, it will tell
you.</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="specifying_ruby_installation" data-comment-topic="specifying-the-correct-ruby-installation-jvqdv6">2.2. Specifying the correct Ruby installation</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If your system has multiple Ruby installations — which is likely the case on
MacOS X, or if you’ve also installed
<a href="http://www.rubyenterpriseedition.com">Ruby Enterprise Edition</a> — then you
will need to tell the operating system which Ruby installation to use, prior to
running the Phusion Passenger installer. If you only have one Ruby installation
(the case on most Linux systems), then you can skip this section because Phusion
Passenger will automatically detect it.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To specify a Ruby installation, prepend your Ruby installation’s <span class="monospaced">bin</span>
directory to the <span class="monospaced">PATH</span> environment variable. For example, if you have the
following Ruby installations:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
/usr/bin/ruby
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
/opt/myruby/bin/ruby
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>and you want to use the latter, then type:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>export PATH=/opt/myruby/bin:$PATH</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_installing_phusion_passenger_for_nginx_through_the_installer" data-comment-topic="installing-phusion-passenger-for-nginx-through-the-installer-1lqxes1">2.3. Installing Phusion Passenger for Nginx through the installer</h3>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_obtaining_the_phusion_passenger_files_and_running_the_installer" data-comment-topic="obtaining-the-phusion-passenger-files-and-running-the-installer-6l6ula">2.3.1. Obtaining the Phusion Passenger files and running the installer</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You must obtain the Phusion Passenger files in order to run the installer.
This can be done either by installing the Phusion Passenger gem, or by
downloading the source tarball.</p></div>
<div class="sect4">
<h5 id="_gem">Gem</h5>
<div class="paragraph"><p>First, install the Phusion Passenger gem by running:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>gem install passenger</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Next, run the Phusion Passenger installer for Nginx:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>passenger-install-nginx-module</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Please follow the instructions given by the installer.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect4">
<h5 id="_source_tarball">Source tarball</h5>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The source tarball can be download from the
<a href="http://www.modrails.com/">Phusion Passenger website</a>. Extract the tarball to
whatever location you prefer. <strong>The Phusion Passenger files are to reside in that
location permanently.</strong> For example, if you would like Phusion Passenger to
reside in <span class="monospaced">/opt/passenger-x.x.x</span>, then type:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>cd /opt
tar xzvf ~/YourDownloadsFolder/passenger-x.x.x.tar.gz</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Next, run the Phusion Passenger installer for Nginx:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>/opt/passenger-x.x.x/bin/passenger-install-nginx-module</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Please follow the instructions given by the installer.</p></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<img src="./images/icons/important.png" alt="Important">
</td>
<td class="content">Please do not remove the passenger-x.x.x folder after installation.
Furthermore, the passenger-x.x.x folder must be accessible by Nginx.</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_non_interactive_automatic_installation" data-comment-topic="non-interactive-automatic-installation-1u97717">2.3.2. Non-interactive/automatic installation</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>By default, the installer is interactive. If you want to automate installation,
then you can do so by passing various answers to the installer through command
line options.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Please run the installer with <span class="monospaced">--help</span> for a list of available command line
options.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_installing_phusion_passenger_for_nginx_manually" data-comment-topic="installing-phusion-passenger-for-nginx-manually-1qg1e2x">2.4. Installing Phusion Passenger for Nginx manually</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can also install Phusion Passenger the way you install any other Nginx module.
To do this, run Nginx’s configure script with <span class="monospaced">--add-module=/path-to-passenger-root/ext/nginx</span>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you installed Phusion Passenger via the gem, then <em>path-to-passenger-root</em>
can be obtained with the command:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>passenger-config --root</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This will probably output something along the lines of <em>/usr/lib/ruby/gems/1.8/gems/passenger-x.x.x</em>,
so you’ll probably have to specify something like <span class="monospaced">--add-module=/usr/lib/ruby/gems/1.8/gems/passenger-x.x.x/ext/nginx</span>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you installed Phusion Passenger via a source tarball, then <em>path-to-passenger-root</em>
is the directory which contains the Phusion Passenger source code. So if you
extracted the Phusion Passenger source code to <em>/opt/passenger-x.x.x</em>, then you’ll
have to specify <span class="monospaced">--add-module=/opt/passenger-x.x.x/ext/nginx</span>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>After having installed Nginx with Phusion Passenger support, you must paste the following
line into your Nginx configuration file:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>passenger_root /path-to-passenger-root;</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>After having done so, restart Nginx.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_upgrading_or_downgrading_phusion_passenger_or_nginx_itself" data-comment-topic="upgrading-or-downgrading-phusion-passenger-or-nginx-itself-8dulxz">2.5. Upgrading or downgrading Phusion Passenger or Nginx itself</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Whether you’re upgrading/downgrading Phusion Passenger or Nginx itself (or perhaps both),
Nginx will have to be recompiled and reinstalled. The procedure is exactly the same as
a normal installation so just follow the instructions in section 2.3 or 2.4.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>When following the installation instructions, eventually <span class="monospaced">passenger-install-nginx-module</span>
or this document will instruct you to copy &amp; paste some settings into the Nginx
configuration file; something that looks along the lines of:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>passenger_root ...;
passenger_ruby ...;</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Because you already had Phusion Passenger installed, you already had similar settings
in your Nginx configuration file, just with different values. <strong>Replace</strong> the old settings with
the new ones that you are instructed to paste. It is important that the old settings are
removed, otherwise Phusion Passenger may malfunction.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>When you’re done, restart Nginx.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_unloading_disabling_phusion_passenger_from_nginx_without_uninstalling_it" data-comment-topic="unloading-disabling-phusion-passenger-from-nginx-without-uninstalling-it-v447e0">2.6. Unloading (disabling) Phusion Passenger from Nginx without uninstalling it</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can temporarily unload (disable) Phusion Passenger from Nginx, without
uninstalling the Phusion Passenger files, so that Nginx behaves as if Phusion
Passenger was never installed in the first place. This might be useful to you if,
for example, you seem to be experiencing a problem caused by Phusion Passenger,
but you want to make sure whether that’s actually the case, without having
to go through the hassle of uninstalling Phusion Passenger completely. When disabled,
Phusion Passenger will not occupy any memory or CPU or otherwise interfere with
Nginx.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To unload Phusion Passenger, edit your Nginx configuration file(s)
and comment out all Phusion Passenger configuration directives.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>For example, if your configuration file looks like this…</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>...

http {
    passenger_root /somewhere/passenger-x.x.x;
    passenger_ruby /usr/bin/ruby;
    passenger_max_pool_size 10;

    gzip on;

    server {
        server_name www.foo.com;
        listen 80;
        root /webapps/foo/public;
        passenger_enabled on;
        passenger_use_global_queue on;
    }
}</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>…then comment out the relevant directives, so that it looks like this:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>...

http {
    # passenger_root /somewhere/passenger-x.x.x;
    # passenger_ruby /usr/bin/ruby;
    # passenger_max_pool_size 10;

    gzip on;

    server {
        server_name www.foo.com;
        listen 80;
        root /webapps/foo/public;
        # passenger_enabled on;
        # passenger_use_global_queue on;
    }
}</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>After you’ve done this, save the file and restart Nginx.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_uninstalling_phusion_passenger" data-comment-topic="uninstalling-phusion-passenger-wuycvb">2.7. Uninstalling Phusion Passenger</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To uninstall Phusion Passenger, please first remove all Phusion Passenger
configuration directives from your Nginx configuration file(s). After you’ve
done this, you need to remove the Phusion Passenger files.</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
If you installed Phusion Passenger via a gem, then type <span class="monospaced">gem uninstall passenger</span>.
  You might have to run this as root.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
If you installed Phusion Passenger via a source tarball, then remove the directory
  in which you placed the extracted Phusion Passenger files. This directory is the
  same as the one pointed to the by <em>PassengerRoot</em> configuration directive.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>After having done so, recompile and reinstall Nginx itself, this time without
Phusion Passenger support, in order to purge any Phusion Passenger code from the
Nginx binary.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h2 id="deploying_a_ror_app" data-comment-topic="deploying-a-ruby-on-rails-1-x-or-2-x-but-not-rails-3-application-b69gqa">3. Deploying a Ruby on Rails 1.x or 2.x (but NOT Rails &gt;= 3) application</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>Suppose you have a Ruby on Rails application in <em>/webapps/mycook</em>, and you own
the domain <em>www.mycook.com</em>. You can either deploy your application to the
virtual host’s root (i.e. the application will be accessible from the root URL,
<em>http://www.mycook.com/</em>), or in a sub URI (i.e. the application will be
accessible from a sub URL, such as <em>http://www.mycook.com/railsapplication</em>).</p></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<img src="./images/icons/note.png" alt="Note">
</td>
<td class="content">The default <span class="monospaced">RAILS_ENV</span> environment in which deployed Rails applications
are run, is “production”. You can change this by changing the
<a href="#RailsEnv">rails_env</a> configuration option.</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_deploying_to_a_virtual_host_8217_s_root" data-comment-topic="deploying-to-a-virtual-host-s-root-1mh24z5">3.1. Deploying to a virtual host’s root</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Add a <em>server</em> virtual host entry to your Nginx configuration file. The virtual
host’s root must point to your Ruby on Rails application’s <em>public</em> folder.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Inside the <em>server</em> block, set <em>passenger_enabled on</em>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>For example:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>http {
    ...

    server {
        listen 80;
        server_name www.mycook.com;
        root /webapps/mycook/public;
        passenger_enabled on;
    }

    ...
}</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Then restart Nginx. The application has now been deployed.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="deploying_rails_to_sub_uri" data-comment-topic="deploying-to-a-sub-uri-1il2qj7">3.2. Deploying to a sub URI</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Suppose that you already have a <em>server</em> virtual host entry:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>http {
    ...

    server {
        listen 80;
        server_name www.phusion.nl;
        root /websites/phusion;
    }

    ...
}</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>And you want your Ruby on Rails application to be accessible from the URL
<em>http://www.phusion.nl/rails</em>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To do this, make a symlink in the virtual host’s document root, and have it
point to your Ruby on Rails application’s <em>public</em> folder. For example:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>ln -s /webapps/mycook/public /websites/phusion/rails</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Next, set <em>passenger_enabled on</em> and add a <a href="#PassengerBaseURI">passenger_base_uri</a>
option to the <em>server</em> block:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>http {
    ...

    server {
        listen 80;
        server_name www.phusion.nl;
        root /websites/phusion;
        passenger_enabled on;        # &lt;--- These lines have
        passenger_base_uri /rails;   # &lt;--- been added.
    }

    ...
}</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Then restart Nginx. The application has now been deployed.</p></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<img src="./images/icons/tip.png" alt="Tip">
</td>
<td class="content">
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can deploy multiple Rails applications under a virtual host, by specifying
<a href="#PassengerBaseURI">passenger_base_uri</a> multiple times. For example:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>server {
    ...
    passenger_base_uri /app1;
    passenger_base_uri /app2;
    passenger_base_uri /app3;
}</pre>
</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_redeploying_restarting_the_ruby_on_rails_application" data-comment-topic="redeploying-restarting-the-ruby-on-rails-application--1eso761">3.3. Redeploying (restarting the Ruby on Rails application)</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Deploying a new version of a Ruby on Rails application is as simple as
re-uploading the application files, and restarting the application.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>There are two ways to restart the application:</p></div>
<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>
By restarting Nginx.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
By creating or modifying the file <em>tmp/restart.txt</em> in the Rails
   application’s <a href="#application_root">root folder</a>. Phusion Passenger will
   automatically restart the application during the next request.
</p>
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>For example, to restart our example MyCook application, we type this in the
command line:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>touch /webapps/mycook/tmp/restart.txt</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Please note that, unlike earlier versions of Phusion Passenger, <em>restart.txt</em>
is not automatically deleted. Phusion Passenger checks whether the timestamp
of this file has changed in order to determine whether the application should
be restarted.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_migrations" data-comment-topic="migrations-9yyb8w">3.4. Migrations</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger is not related to Ruby on Rails migrations in any way. To
run migrations on your deployment server, please login to your deployment
server (e.g. with <em>ssh</em>) and type <span class="monospaced">rake db:migrate RAILS_ENV=production</span> in
a shell console, just like one would normally run migrations.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_capistrano_integration" data-comment-topic="capistrano-integration-1ktunm6">3.5. Capistrano integration</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>See <a href="#capistrano">Capistrano recipe</a>.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h2 id="deploying_a_rack_app" data-comment-topic="deploying-a-rack-based-ruby-application-including-rails-3--12benx3">4. Deploying a Rack-based Ruby application (including Rails &gt;= 3)</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger supports arbitrary Ruby web applications that follow the
<a href="http://rack.rubyforge.org/">Rack</a> interface.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger assumes that Rack application directories have a certain layout.
Suppose that you have a Rack application in <em>/webapps/rackapp</em>. Then that
folder must contain at least three entries:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
<em>config.ru</em>, a Rackup file for starting the Rack application. This file must contain
  the complete logic for initializing the application.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>public/</em>, a folder containing public static web assets, like images and stylesheets.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>tmp/</em>, used for <em>restart.txt</em> (our application restart mechanism). This will
  be explained in a following subsection.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>So <em>/webapps/rackapp</em> must, at minimum, look like this:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>/webapps/rackapp
  |
  +-- config.ru
  |
  +-- public/
  |
  +-- tmp/</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Suppose you own the domain <em>www.rackapp.com</em>. You can either deploy your application
to the virtual host’s root (i.e. the application will be accessible from the root URL,
<em>http://www.rackapp.com/</em>), or in a sub URI (i.e. the application will be
accessible from a sub URL, such as <em>http://www.rackapp.com/rackapp</em>).</p></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<img src="./images/icons/note.png" alt="Note">
</td>
<td class="content">The default <span class="monospaced">RACK_ENV</span> environment in which deployed Rack applications
are run, is “production”. You can change this by changing the
<a href="#RackEnv">rack_env</a> configuration option.</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_tutorial_example_writing_and_deploying_a_hello_world_rack_application" data-comment-topic="tutorial-example-writing-and-deploying-a-hello-world-rack-application-1wstx99">4.1. Tutorial/example: writing and deploying a Hello World Rack application</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>First we create a Phusion Passenger-compliant Rack directory structure:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>$ mkdir /webapps/rack_example
$ mkdir /webapps/rack_example/public
$ mkdir /webapps/rack_example/tmp</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Next, we write a minimal "hello world" Rack application:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>$ cd /webapps/rack_example
$ some_awesome_editor config.ru
...type in some source code...
$ cat config.ru
app = proc do |env|
    [200, { "Content-Type" =&gt; "text/html" }, ["hello &lt;b&gt;world&lt;/b&gt;"]]
end
run app</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Finally, we deploy it by adding the following configuration options to
the Nginx configuration file:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>http {
    ...
    server {
        listen 80;
        server_name www.rackexample.com;
        root /webapps/rack_example/public;
        passenger_enabled on;
    }
    ...
}</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>And we’re done! After an Nginx restart, the above Rack application will be available
under the URL <em>http://www.rackexample.com/</em>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_deploying_to_a_virtual_host_8217_s_root_2" data-comment-topic="deploying-to-a-virtual-host-s-root-f02erj">4.2. Deploying to a virtual host’s root</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Add a <em>server</em> virtual host entry to your Nginx configuration file. The virtual host’s
root must point to your Rack application’s <em>public</em> folder. You must also set
<em>passenger_enabled on</em> in the <em>server</em> block.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>For example:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>http {
    ...
    server {
        listen 80;
        server_name www.rackapp.com;
        root /webapps/rackapp/public;
        passenger_enabled on;
    }
    ...
}</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Then restart Nginx. The application has now been deployed.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="deploying_rack_to_sub_uri" data-comment-topic="deploying-to-a-sub-uri-37q0ou">4.3. Deploying to a sub URI</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Suppose that you already have a virtual host:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>http {
    ...

    server {
        listen 80;
        server_name www.phusion.nl;
        root /websites/phusion;
        passenger_enabled on;
    }

    ...
}</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>And you want your Rack application to be accessible from the URL
<em>http://www.phusion.nl/rack</em>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To do this, make a symlink in the virtual host’s document root, and have it
point to your Rack application’s <em>public</em> folder. For example:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>ln -s /webapps/rackapp/public /websites/phusion/rack</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Next, set <em>passenger_enabled on</em> and add a <a href="#PassengerBaseURI">passenger_base_uri</a>
option to the <em>server</em> block:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>http {
    ...

    server {
        listen 80;
        server_name www.phusion.nl;
        root /websites/phusion;
        passenger_enabled on;        # &lt;--- These lines have
        passenger_base_uri /rack;    # &lt;--- been added.
    }

    ...
}</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Then restart Nginx. The application has now been deployed.</p></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<img src="./images/icons/tip.png" alt="Tip">
</td>
<td class="content">
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can deploy multiple Rack applications under a virtual host, by specifying
<a href="#PassengerBaseURI">passenger_base_uri</a> multiple times. For example:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>server {
    ...
    passenger_base_uri /app1;
    passenger_base_uri /app2;
    passenger_base_uri /app3;
}</pre>
</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_redeploying_restarting_the_rack_application" data-comment-topic="redeploying-restarting-the-rack-application--xnbfam">4.4. Redeploying (restarting the Rack application)</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Deploying a new version of a Rack application is as simple as
re-uploading the application files, and restarting the application.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>There are two ways to restart the application:</p></div>
<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>
By restarting Nginx.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
By creating or modifying the file <em>tmp/restart.txt</em> in the Rack
   application’s <a href="#application_root">root folder</a>. Phusion Passenger will
   automatically restart the application.
</p>
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>For example, to restart our example application, we type this in the
command line:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>touch /webapps/rackapp/tmp/restart.txt</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_rackup_specifications_for_various_web_frameworks" data-comment-topic="rackup-specifications-for-various-web-frameworks-1a2cs41">4.5. Rackup specifications for various web frameworks</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This subsection shows example <em>config.ru</em> files for various web frameworks.</p></div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_camping" data-comment-topic="camping-16vz2yb">4.5.1. Camping</h4>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>require 'rubygems'
require 'rack'
require 'camping'

##### Begin Camping application
Camping.goes :Blog

...your application code here...
##### End Camping application

run Rack::Adapter::Camping.new(Blog)</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>For Camping versions 2.0 and up, using <span class="monospaced">run Blog</span> as the final line will do.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_halcyon" data-comment-topic="halcyon-1benlfl">4.5.2. Halcyon</h4>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>require 'rubygems'
require 'halcyon'
$LOAD_PATH.unshift(Halcyon.root / 'lib')
Halcyon::Runner.load_config Halcyon.root/'config'/'config.yml'
run Halcyon::Runner.new</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_mack" data-comment-topic="mack-1ezijq6">4.5.3. Mack</h4>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>ENV["MACK_ENV"] = ENV["RACK_ENV"]
load("Rakefile")
require 'rubygems'
require 'mack'
run Mack::Utils::Server.build_app</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_merb" data-comment-topic="merb-ddsh55">4.5.4. Merb</h4>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>require 'rubygems'
require 'merb-core'

Merb::Config.setup(
  :merb_root   =&gt; ::File.expand_path(::File.dirname(__FILE__)),
  :environment =&gt; ENV['RACK_ENV']
)
Merb.environment = Merb::Config[:environment]
Merb.root = Merb::Config[:merb_root]
Merb::BootLoader.run

run Merb::Rack::Application.new</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_ramaze" data-comment-topic="ramaze-1p2zod">4.5.5. Ramaze</h4>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>require "rubygems"
require "ramaze"
Ramaze.trait[:essentials].delete Ramaze::Adapter
require "start"
Ramaze.start!
run Ramaze::Adapter::Base</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_sinatra" data-comment-topic="sinatra-a7u9ag">4.5.6. Sinatra</h4>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>require 'rubygems'
require 'sinatra'
require 'app.rb'

run Sinatra::Application</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h2 id="_configuring_phusion_passenger" data-comment-topic="configuring-phusion-passenger-1g1svey">5. Configuring Phusion Passenger</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>After installation, Phusion Passenger does not need any further configurations.
Nevertheless, the system administrator may be interested in changing
Phusion Passenger’s behavior. Phusion Passenger supports the following configuration
options in the Nginx configuration file:</p></div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_passenger_root_lt_directory_gt" data-comment-topic="passenger-root-directory--bqvhhz">5.1. passenger_root &lt;directory&gt;</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The location to the Phusion Passenger root directory. This configuration option
is essential to Phusion Passenger, and allows Phusion Passenger to locate its own
data files. The correct value is given by the installer.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you’ve moved Phusion Passenger to a different directory then you need to update
this option as well. Please read
<a href="#moving_phusion_passenger">Moving Phusion Passenger to a different directory</a> for more information.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This required option may only occur once, in the <em>http</em> configuration block.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_passenger_ruby_lt_filename_gt" data-comment-topic="passenger-ruby-filename--1gnok5k">5.2. passenger_ruby &lt;filename&gt;</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option allows one to specify the Ruby interpreter to use.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may only occur once, in the <em>http</em> configuration block.
The default is <em>ruby</em>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="PassengerSpawnMethod" data-comment-topic="passenger-spawn-method-string--1sc6njl">5.3. passenger_spawn_method &lt;string&gt;</h3>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<img src="./images/icons/tip.png" alt="Tip">
</td>
<td class="content">
<div class="title">"What spawn method should I use?"</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This subsection attempts to describe spawn methods, but it’s okay if you don’t (want to)
understand it, as it’s mostly a technical detail. You can basically follow this rule of thumb:</p></div>
<div class="sidebarblock">
<div class="content">
<div class="paragraph"><p>If your application works on Mongrel, but not on Phusion Passenger, then set
<span class="monospaced">passenger_spawn_method</span> to <em>conservative</em>. Otherwise, leave it at <em>smart-lv2</em> (the default).</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>However, we do recommend you to try to understand it. The <em>smart</em> and <em>smart-lv2</em> spawn
methods bring many benefits.</p></div>
</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Internally, Phusion Passenger spawns multiple Ruby application processes in order to handle
requests. But there are multiple ways with which processes can be spawned, each having
its own set of pros and cons. Supported spawn methods are:</p></div>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<em>smart</em>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
When this spawn method is used, Phusion Passenger will attempt to cache any
framework code (e.g. Ruby on Rails itself) and application code for a limited
period of time. Please read <a href="#spawning_methods_explained">Spawning methods explained</a>
for a more detailed explanation of what smart spawning exactly does.
</p>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Pros:</strong>
This can significantly decrease spawn time (by as much as 90%). And, when Ruby Enterprise
Edition is used, <a href="#reducing_memory_usage">memory usage can be reduced by 33% on average</a>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Cons:</strong>
Some applications and libraries are not compatible with smart spawning.
If that’s the case for your application, then you should use <em>conservative</em> as
spawning method. Please read <a href="#spawning_methods_explained">Spawning methods explained</a>
for possible compatibility issues.</p></div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<em>smart-lv2</em>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This spawning method is similar to <em>smart</em> but it skips the framework spawner
and uses the application spawner directly. This means the framework code is not
cached between multiple applications, although it is still cached within
instances of the same application. Please read
<a href="#spawning_methods_explained">Spawning methods explained</a> for a more detailed
explanation of what smart-lv2 spawning exactly does.
</p>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Pros:</strong> It is compatible with a larger number of applications when compared to
the <em>smart</em> method, and still performs some caching.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Cons:</strong> It is slower than smart spawning if you have many applications which
use the same framework version. It is therefore advised that shared hosts use the
<em>smart</em> method instead.</p></div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<em>conservative</em>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This spawning method is similar to the one used in Mongrel Cluster. It does not
perform any code caching at all. Please read
<a href="#spawning_methods_explained">Spawning methods explained</a> for a more detailed
explanation of what conservative spawning exactly does.
</p>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Pros:</strong>
Conservative spawning is guaranteed to be compatible with all applications
and libraries.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Cons:</strong>
Much slower than smart spawning. Every spawn action will be equally slow, though no slower than
the startup time of a single server in Mongrel Cluster. Conservative spawning will also
render <a href="#reducing_memory_usage">Ruby Enterprise Edition’s memory reduction technology</a> useless.</p></div>
</dd>
</dl></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
In the <em>http</em> configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <em>server</em> configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <em>location</em> configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In an <em>if</em> configuration scope.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified at most once. The default value is <em>smart-lv2</em>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_important_deployment_options" data-comment-topic="important-deployment-options-av567">5.4. Important deployment options</h3>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_passenger_enabled_lt_on_off_gt" data-comment-topic="passenger-enabled-on-off--1rpb2t7">5.4.1. passenger_enabled &lt;on|off&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may be specified in the <em>http</em> configuration block, a
<em>server</em> configuration block, a <em>location</em> configuration block or
an <em>if</em> configuration scope, to enable or disable Phusion Passenger
for that server or that location.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger is disabled by default, so you must explicitly enable
it for server blocks that you wish to serve through Phusion Passenger.
Please see <a href="#deploying_a_ror_app">Deploying a Ruby on Rails application</a>
and <a href="#deploying_a_rack_app">Deploying a Rack-based Ruby application</a>
for examples.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="PassengerBaseURI" data-comment-topic="passenger-base-uri-uri--1xtuo50">5.4.2. passenger_base_uri &lt;uri&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Used to specify that the given URI is an distinct application that should
be served by Phusion Passenger. This option can be used for both Rails and
Rack applications. See <a href="#deploying_rails_to_sub_uri">Deploying Rails to a sub URI</a>
for an example.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>It is allowed to specify this option multiple times. Do this to deploy multiple
applications in different sub-URIs under the same virtual host.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
In the <em>http</em> configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <em>server</em> configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <em>location</em> configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In an <em>if</em> configuration scope.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_connection_handling_options" data-comment-topic="connection-handling-options-8jgq90">5.5. Connection handling options</h3>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="PassengerUseGlobalQueue" data-comment-topic="passenger-use-global-queue-on-off--14h9n22">5.5.1. passenger_use_global_queue &lt;on|off&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Turns the use of global queuing on or off.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
In the <em>http</em> configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <em>server</em> configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <em>location</em> configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In an <em>if</em> configuration scope.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified at most once. The default value is <em>on</em>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><em>This feature is sponsored by <a href="http://www.37signals.com/">37signals</a>.</em></p></div>
<div class="paragraph">
<div class="title">What does this option do?</div>
<p>Recall that Phusion Passenger spawns multiple backend processes (e.g. multiple
Ruby on Rails processes), each which processes HTTP requests serially. One of
Phusion Passenger’s jobs is to forward HTTP requests to a suitable backend
process. A backend process may take an arbitrary amount of time to process a
specific HTTP request. If the websites are (temporarily) under high load, and
the backend processes cannot process the requests fast enough, then some
requests may have to be queued.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If global queuing is turned off, then Phusion Passenger will use <em>fair load
balancing</em>. This means that each backend process will have its own private
queue. Phusion Passenger will forward an HTTP request to the backend process
that has the least amount of requests in its queue.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If global queuing is turned on, then Phusion Passenger will use a global queue
that’s shared between all backend processes. If an HTTP request comes in, and
all the backend processes are still busy, then Phusion Passenger will wait until
at least one backend process is done, and will then forward the request to that
process.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph">
<div class="title">When to turn on global queuing?</div>
<p>You should turn on global queuing if one of your web applications may have
long-running requests.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>For example suppose that:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
global queuing is turned off.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
we’re currently in a state where all backend processes have 3 requests in
  their queue, except for a single backend process, which has 1 request in its
  queue.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The situation looks like this:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>Backend process A:  [*     ]  (1 request in queue)
Backend process B:  [***   ]  (3 requests in queue)
Backend process C:  [***   ]  (3 requests in queue)
Backend process D:  [***   ]  (3 requests in queue)</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Each process is currently serving short-running requests.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger will forward the next request to backend process A. A will
now have 2 items in its queue. We’ll mark this new request with an X:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>Backend process A:  [*X    ]  (2 request in queue)
Backend process B:  [***   ]  (3 requests in queue)
Backend process C:  [***   ]  (3 requests in queue)
Backend process D:  [***   ]  (3 requests in queue)</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Assuming that B, C and D still aren’t done with their current request, the next
HTTP request - let’s call this Y - will be forwarded to backend process A as
well, because it has the least number of items in its queue:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>Backend process A:  [*XY   ]  (3 requests in queue)
Backend process B:  [***   ]  (3 requests in queue)
Backend process C:  [***   ]  (3 requests in queue)
Backend process D:  [***   ]  (3 requests in queue)</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>But if request X happens to be a long-running request that needs 60 seconds to
complete, then we’ll have a problem. Y won’t be processed for at least 60
seconds. It would have been a better idea if Y was forward to processes B, C or
D instead, because they only have short-living requests in their queues.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This problem will be avoided entirely if you turn global queuing on. With global
queuing, all backend processes will share the same queue. The first backend
process that becomes available will take from the queue, and so this
“queuing-behind-long-running-request” problem will never occur.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_passenger_ignore_client_abort_lt_on_off_gt" data-comment-topic="passenger-ignore-client-abort-on-off--19bapt2">5.5.2. passenger_ignore_client_abort &lt;on|off&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Normally, when the HTTP client aborts the connection (e.g. when the user clicked on "Stop"
in the browser), the connection with the application process will be closed too. If the
application process continues to send its response, then that will result in EPIPE errors
in the application, which will be printed in the error log if the application doesn’t
handle them gracefully.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If this option is turned on then upon client abort Phusion Passenger will continue to
read the application process’s response while discarding all the read data. This prevents
EPIPE errors but it’ll also mean the backend process will be unavailable for new requests
until it is done sending its response.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
In the <em>http</em> configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <em>server</em> configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <em>location</em> configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In an <em>if</em> configuration scope.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified at most once. The default value is <em>off</em>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_passenger_set_cgi_param_lt_cgi_environment_name_gt_lt_value_gt" data-comment-topic="passenger-set-cgi-param-cgi-environment-name-value--rx9gc0">5.5.3. passenger_set_cgi_param &lt;CGI environment name&gt; &lt;value&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Allows one to define additional CGI environment variables to pass to the backend
application. This is equivalent to ngx_http_fastcgi_module’s <em>fastcgi_param</em>
directive, and is comparable to ngx_http_proxy_module’s <em>proxy_set_header</em> option.
Nginx variables in the value are interpolated.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>For example:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre># Application will see a CGI environment "APP_NAME" with value "my super blog".
passenger_set_cgi_param APP_NAME "my super blog";

# Nginx variables are interpolated.
passenger_set_cgi_param EXTRA_REQUEST_METHOD method=$request_method;</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you want to set an HTTP header, then you must set it in the CGI environment name
format, i.e. <em>HTTP_*</em>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre># !!!THIS IS WRONG!!! Don't do this!
passenger_set_cgi_param X-Forwarded-For 127.0.0.2;

# Instead, write it like this:
passenger_set_cgi_param HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR 127.0.0.2;</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
In the <em>http</em> configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <em>server</em> configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <em>location</em> configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In an <em>if</em> configuration scope.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_passenger_pass_header_lt_header_name_gt" data-comment-topic="passenger-pass-header-header-name--1cg31je">5.5.4. passenger_pass_header &lt;header name&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Some headers generated by backend applications are not forwarded to the HTTP client,
e.g. <em>X-Accel-Redirect</em> which is directly processed by Nginx and then discarded from
the final response. This directive allows one to force Nginx to pass those headers
anyway, similar to how <em>proxy_pass_header</em> works.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>For example:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>location / {
   passenger_pass_header X-Accel-Redirect;
}</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
In the <em>http</em> configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <em>server</em> configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <em>location</em> configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In an <em>if</em> configuration scope.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_passenger_buffer_response_lt_on_off_gt" data-comment-topic="passenger-buffer-response-on-off--1twmh51">5.5.5. passenger_buffer_response &lt;on|off&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>When turned on, application-generated responses are buffered in memory and also on
disk if the response is larger than a certain threshold. By buffering responses,
protection is provided against slow HTTP clients that can not read your response
immediately.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>For example, consider an HTTP client that’s on a dial-up modem link, and your
application instance generates a 2 MB response. If response buffering is turned
off then your application instance will be blocked until the entire 2 MB has been
sent out to the HTTP client. This disallows your application instance to do any useful
work in the mean time. By enabling response buffering, Phusion Passenger will read
the application response as quickly as possible and will take care of slow clients.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>However, keep in mind that enabling this option will make streaming responses
impossible. Consider for example this piece of Rails code:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>render :text =&gt; lambda { |response, output|
    10.times do |i|
        output.write("entry #{i}\n")
        output.flush
        sleep 1
    end
}</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>…or this piece of Rack code:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>class Response
    def each
        10.times do |i|
            yield("entry #{i}\n")
            sleep 1
        end
    end
end

app = lambda do |env|
    [200, { "Content-Type" =&gt; "text/plain" }, Response.new]
end</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>When response buffering is turned on, Phusion Passenger will wait until
the application is done sending the entire response before forwarding it
to the client. The client will not receive anything for 10 seconds,
after which it receives the entire response at once.
When response buffering is turned off, it works as expected: the client
receives an "entry X" message every second for 10 seconds.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
In the <em>http</em> configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <em>server</em> configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <em>location</em> configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In an <em>if</em> configuration scope.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified at most once. The default value is <em>on</em>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_passenger_buffer_size" data-comment-topic="passenger-buffer-size-1jfkq87">5.5.6. passenger_buffer_size</h4>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_passenger_buffers" data-comment-topic="passenger-buffers-12q1he5">5.5.7. passenger_buffers</h4>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_passenger_busy_buffer_size" data-comment-topic="passenger-busy-buffer-size-1gde265">5.5.8. passenger_busy_buffer_size</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>These options have the same effect as proxy_module’s similarly named options.
They can be used to modify the maximum allowed HTTP header size.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_security_options" data-comment-topic="security-options-1bv93g4">5.6. Security options</h3>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="PassengerUserSwitching" data-comment-topic="passenger-user-switching-on-off--1p37u3l">5.6.1. passenger_user_switching &lt;on|off&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Whether to enable <a href="#user_switching">user switching support</a>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may only occur once, in the <em>http</em> configuration block.
The default value is <em>on</em>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_passenger_user_lt_username_gt" data-comment-topic="passenger-user-username--b06ur7">5.6.2. passenger_user &lt;username&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If <a href="#user_switching">user switching support</a> is enabled, then Phusion Passenger will
by default run the web application as the owner of the file <em>config/environment.rb</em>
(for Rails apps) or <em>config.ru</em> (for Rack apps). This option allows you to override
that behavior and explicitly set a user to run the web application as, regardless
of the ownership of <em>environment.rb</em>/<em>config.ru</em>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
In the <em>http</em> configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <em>server</em> configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <em>location</em> configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In an <em>if</em> configuration scope.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified at most once.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_passenger_user_lt_group_name_gt" data-comment-topic="passenger-user-group-name--1fco4j7">5.6.3. passenger_user &lt;group name&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If <a href="#user_switching">user switching support</a> is enabled, then Phusion Passenger will
by default run the web application as the primary group of the owner of the file
<em>config/environment.rb</em> (for Rails apps) or <em>config.ru</em> (for Rack apps). This option
allows you to override that behavior and explicitly set a group to run the web application
as, regardless of the ownership of <em>environment.rb</em>/<em>config.ru</em>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><em>&lt;group name&gt;</em> may also be set to the special value <em>!STARTUP_FILE!</em>, in which case
the web application’s group will be set to <em>environment.rb</em>/<em>config.ru</em>'s group.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
In the <em>http</em> configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <em>server</em> configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <em>location</em> configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In an <em>if</em> configuration scope.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified at most once.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="PassengerDefaultUser" data-comment-topic="passenger-default-user-username--1h6cdmf">5.6.4. passenger_default_user &lt;username&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger enables <a href="#user_switching">user switching support</a> by default.
This configuration option allows one to specify the user that applications must
run as, if user switching fails or is disabled.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may only occur once, in the <em>http</em> configuration block.
The default value is <em>nobody</em>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="PassengerDefaultGroup" data-comment-topic="passenger-default-group-group-name--1qxn2qa">5.6.5. Passenger_default_group &lt;group name&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger enables <a href="#user_switching">user switching support</a> by default.
This configuration option allows one to specify the group that applications must
run as, if user switching fails or is disabled.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may only occur once, in the <em>http</em> configuration block.
The default value is the primary group of the user specifified by
<a href="#PassengerDefaultUser">passenger_default_user</a>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_passenger_friendly_error_pages_lt_on_off_gt" data-comment-topic="passenger-friendly-error-pages-on-off--27mews">5.6.6. passenger_friendly_error_pages &lt;on|off&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger can display friendly error pages whenever an application fails
to start. This friendly error page presents the startup error message, some
suggestions for solving the problem, and a backtrace. This feature is very useful
during application development and useful for less experienced system administrators,
but the page might reveal potentially sensitive information, depending on the
application. Experienced system administrators who are using Phusion Passenger
on serious production servers should consider turning this feature off.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
In the <em>http</em> configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <em>server</em> configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <em>location</em> configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In an <em>if</em> configuration scope.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified at most once. The default value is <em>on</em>.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_resource_control_and_optimization_options" data-comment-topic="resource-control-and-optimization-options-xd7evs">5.7. Resource control and optimization options</h3>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="PassengerMaxPoolSize" data-comment-topic="passenger-max-pool-size-integer--3jzefs">5.7.1. passenger_max_pool_size &lt;integer&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The maximum number of Ruby on Rails or Rack application instances that may
be simultaneously active. A larger number results in higher memory usage,
but improved ability to handle concurrent HTTP clients.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The optimal value depends on your system’s hardware and the server’s average
load. You should experiment with different values. But generally speaking,
the value should be at least equal to the number of CPUs (or CPU cores) that
you have. If your system has 2 GB of RAM, then we recommend a value of <em>30</em>.
If your system is a Virtual Private Server (VPS) and has about 256 MB RAM, and
is also running other services such as MySQL, then we recommend a value of <em>2</em>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you find that your server is unable to handle the load on your Rails/Rack websites
(i.e. running out of memory) then you should lower this value. (Though if your
sites are really that popular, then you should strongly consider upgrading your
hardware or getting more servers.)</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may only occur once, in the <em>http</em> configuration bock.
The default value is <em>6</em>.</p></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<img src="./images/icons/tip.png" alt="Tip">
</td>
<td class="content">We strongly recommend you to <a href="#reducing_memory_usage">use Ruby Enterprise Edition</a>. This allows you to reduce the memory usage of your Ruby on Rails applications
by about 33%. And it’s not hard to install.</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="PassengerMinInstances" data-comment-topic="passenger-min-instances-integer--uclykt">5.7.2. passenger_min_instances &lt;integer&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This specifies the minimum number of application instances that must be kept around
whenever Phusion Passenger cleans up idle instances. You should set this option to a
non-zero value if you want to avoid potentially long startup times after a website
has been idle for an extended period.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Please note that this option does <strong>not</strong> pre-start application instances during Nginx
startup. It just makes sure that when the application is first accessed:</p></div>
<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>
at least the given number of instances will be spawned.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
the given number of processes will be kept around even when instances are being
   idle cleaned (see <a href="#PassengerPoolIdleTime">passenger_pool_idle_time</a>).
</p>
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you want to pre-start application instances during Nginx startup, then you should use the <a href="#PassengerPreStart">passenger_pre_start</a> directive, possibly in combination with
<em>passenger_min_instances</em>. This behavior might seem counter-intuitive at first sight,
but <a href="#PassengerPreStart">passenger_pre_start</a> explains the rationale behind it.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>For example, suppose that you have the following configuration:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>http {
    ...
    passenger_max_pool_size 15;
    passenger_pool_idle_time 10;

    server {
        listen 80;
        server_name foobar.com;
        root /webapps/foobar/public;
        passenger_min_instances 3;
    }
}</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>When you start Nginx, there are 0 application instances for <em>foobar.com</em>. Things will
stay that way until someone visits <em>foobar.com</em>. Suppose that there is only 1 visitor.
1 application instance will be started immediately to serve the visitor, while 2 will
be spawned in the background. After 10 seconds, when the idle timeout has
been reached, these 3 application instances will not be cleaned up.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Now suppose that there’s a sudden spike of traffic, and 100 users visit <em>foobar.com</em>
simultanously. Phusion Passenger will start 12 more application instances. After the idle
timeout of 10 seconds have passed, Phusion Passenger will clean up 12 application
instances, keeping 3 instances around.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The passenger_min_instances option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
In the <em>http</em> configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <em>server</em> configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <em>location</em> configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In an <em>if</em> configuration scope.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified at most once. The default value is <em>1</em>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_passenger_max_instances_per_app_lt_integer_gt" data-comment-topic="passenger-max-instances-per-app-integer--1p7q3cf">5.7.3. passenger_max_instances_per_app &lt;integer&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The maximum number of application instances that may be simultaneously active
for a single application. This helps to make sure that a single application
will not occupy all available slots in the application pool.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This value must be less than <a href="#PassengerMaxPoolSize">passenger_max_pool_size</a>. A value of 0
means that there is no limit placed on the number of instances a single application
may use, i.e. only the global limit of <a href="#PassengerMaxPoolSize">passenger_max_pool_size</a>
will be enforced.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may only occur once, in the <em>http</em> configuration block.
The default value is <em>0</em>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="PassengerPoolIdleTime" data-comment-topic="passenger-pool-idle-time-integer--xcw65o">5.7.4. passenger_pool_idle_time &lt;integer&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The maximum number of seconds that an application instance may be idle. That is,
if an application instance hasn’t received any traffic after the given number of
seconds, then it will be shutdown in order to conserve memory.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Decreasing this value means that applications will have to be spawned
more often. Since spawning is a relatively slow operation, some visitors may
notice a small delay when they visit your Rails/Rack website. However, it will also
free up resources used by applications more quickly.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The optimal value depends on the average time that a visitor spends on a single
Rails/Rack web page. We recommend a value of <span class="monospaced">2 * x</span>, where <span class="monospaced">x</span> is the average
number of seconds that a visitor spends on a single Rails/Rack web page. But your
mileage may vary.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>When this value is set to <em>0</em>, application instances will not be shutdown unless
it’s really necessary, i.e. when Phusion Passenger is out of worker processes
for a given application and one of the inactive application instances needs to
make place for another application instance. Setting the value to 0 is
recommended if you’re on a non-shared host that’s only running a few
applications, each which must be available at all times.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may only occur once, in the <em>http</em> configuration block.
The default value is <em>300</em>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="PassengerMaxRequests" data-comment-topic="passenger-max-requests-integer--sgzint">5.7.5. passenger_max_requests &lt;integer&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The maximum number of requests an application instance will process. After
serving that many requests, the application instance will be shut down and
Phusion Passenger will restart it. A value of 0 means that there is no maximum:
an application instance will thus be shut down when its idle timeout has been
reached.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option is useful if your application is leaking memory. By shutting
it down after a certain number of requests, all of its memory is guaranteed
to be freed by the operating system.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
In the <em>http</em> configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <em>server</em> configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <em>location</em> configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In an <em>if</em> configuration scope.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified at most once. The default value is <em>0</em>.</p></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<img src="./images/icons/caution.png" alt="Caution">
</td>
<td class="content">
<div class="paragraph"><p>The <a href="#PassengerMaxRequests">passenger_max_requests</a> directive should be considered
as a workaround for misbehaving applications. It is advised that you fix the
problem in your application rather than relying on these directives as a
measure to avoid memory leaks.</p></div>
</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="PassengerPreStart" data-comment-topic="passenger-pre-start-url--qeevln">5.7.6. passenger_pre_start &lt;url&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>By default, Phusion Passenger does not start any application instances until said
web application is first accessed. The result is that the first visitor of said
web application might experience a small delay as Phusion Passenger is starting
the web application on demand. If that is undesirable, then this directive can be
used to pre-started application instances during Nginx startup.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>A few things to be careful of:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
This directive accepts the <strong>URL</strong> of the web application you want to pre-start,
  not a on/off value! This might seem a bit weird, but read on for rationale. As
  for the specifics of the URL:
</p>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
The domain part of the URL must be equal to the value of the <em>server_name</em>
    directive of the server block that defines the web application.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Unless the web application is deployed on port 80, the URL should contain
    the web application’s port number too.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
The path part of the URL must point to some URI that the web application
    handles.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>
You will probably want to combine this option with
  <a href="#PassengerMinInstances">passenger_min_instances</a> because application instances
  started with <em>passenger_pre_start</em> are subject to the usual idle timeout rules.
  See the example below for an explanation.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may only occur in the <em>http</em> configuration block. It may be specified
any number of times.</p></div>
<div class="sect4">
<h5 id="_example_1_basic_usage">Example 1: basic usage</h5>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Suppose that you have the following web applications.</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>server {
    listen 80;
    server_name foo.com;
    root /webapps/foo/public;
    passenger_enabled on;
}

server {
    listen 3500;
    server_name bar.com;
    root /webapps/bar/public;
    passenger_enabled on;
}</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You want both of them to be pre-started during Nginx startup. The URL for
foo.com is <em>http://foo.com/</em> (or, equivalently, <em>http://foo.com:80/</em>) and
the URL for bar.com is <em>http://bar.com:3500/</em>. So we add two passenger_pre_start
directives, like this:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>server {
    listen 80;
    server_name foo.com;
    root /webapps/foo/public;
    passenger_enabled on;
}

server {
    listen 3500;
    server_name bar.com;
    root /webapps/bar/public;
    passenger_enabled on;
}

passenger_pre_start http://foo.com/;           # &lt;--- added
passenger_pre_start http://bar.com:3500/;      # &lt;--- added</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect4">
<h5 id="_example_2_pre_starting_apps_that_are_deployed_in_sub_uris">Example 2: pre-starting apps that are deployed in sub-URIs</h5>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Suppose that you have a web application deployed in a sub-URI <em>/store</em>, like this:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>server {
    listen 80;
    server_name myblog.com;
    root /webapps/wordpress;
    rails_base_uri /store;
}</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Then specify the <em>server_name</em> value followed by the sub-URI, like this:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>server {
    listen 80;
    server_name myblog.com;
    root /webapps/wordpress;
    rails_base_uri /store;
}

passenger_pre_start http://myblog.com/store;    # &lt;----- added</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The sub-URI <strong>must</strong> be included; if you don’t then the directive will have no effect.
The following example is wrong and won’t pre-start the store web application:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>passenger_pre_start http://myblog.com/;    # &lt;----- WRONG! Missing "/store" part.</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect4">
<h5 id="_example_3_combining_with_passenger_min_instances">Example 3: combining with passenger_min_instances</h5>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Application instances started with passenger_pre_start are
also subject to the idle timeout rules as specified by
<a href="#PassengerPoolIdleTime">passenger_pool_idle_time</a>! That means that by default,
the pre-started application instances for foo.com are bar.com are shut down
after a few minutes of inactivity. If you don’t want that to happen, then
you should combine passenger_pre_start with
<a href="#PassengerMinInstances">passenger_min_instances</a>, like this:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>server {
    listen 80;
    server_name foo.com;
    root /webapps/foo/public;
    passenger_enabled on;
    passenger_min_instances 1;      # &lt;--- added
}

server {
    listen 3500;
    server_name bar.com;
    root /webapps/bar/public;
    passenger_enabled on;
    passenger_min_instances 1;      # &lt;--- added
}

passenger_pre_start http://foo.com/;
passenger_pre_start http://bar.com:3500/;</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect4">
<h5 id="_so_why_a_url_why_not_just_an_on_off_flag">So why a URL? Why not just an on/off flag?</h5>
<div class="paragraph"><p>A directive that accepts a simple on/off flag is definitely more intuitive,
but due technical difficulties w.r.t. the way Nginx works, it’s very hard
to implement it like that:</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>It is very hard to obtain a full list of web applications defined in the
Nginx configuration file(s). In other words, it’s hard for Phusion Passenger
to know which web applications are deployed on Nginx until a web application
is first accessed, and without such a list Phusion Passenger wouldn’t know
which web applications to pre-start. So as a compromise, we made it accept a
URL.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect4">
<h5 id="_what_does_phusion_passenger_do_with_the_url">What does Phusion Passenger do with the URL?</h5>
<div class="paragraph"><p>During Nginx startup, Phusion Passenger will send a dummy HEAD request to the
given URL and discard the result. In other words, Phusion Passenger simulates a
web access at the given URL. However this simulated request is always sent to
localhost, <strong>not</strong> to the IP that the domain resolves to. Suppose that bar.com
in example 1 resolves to 209.85.227.99; Phusion Passenger will
send the following HTTP request to 127.0.0.1 port 3500 (and not to 209.85.227.99
port 3500):</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>HEAD / HTTP/1.1
Host: bar.com
Connection: close</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Similarly, for example 2, Phusion Passenger will send the following HTTP request
to 127.0.0.1 port 80:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>HEAD /store HTTP/1.1
Host: myblog.com
Connection: close</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect4">
<h5 id="_do_i_need_to_edit_etc_hosts_and_point_the_domain_in_the_url_to_127_0_0_1">Do I need to edit /etc/hosts and point the domain in the URL to 127.0.0.1?</h5>
<div class="paragraph"><p>No. See previous subsection.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect4">
<h5 id="_my_web_application_consists_of_multiple_web_servers_what_url_do_i_need_to_specify_and_in_which_web_server_8217_s_nginx_config_file">My web application consists of multiple web servers. What URL do I need to specify, and in which web server’s Nginx config file?</h5>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Put the web application’s <em>server_name</em> value and the server block’s
port in the URL, and put
passenger_pre_start on all machines that you want to pre-start the web application
on. The simulated web request is always sent to 127.0.0.1, with the domain name
in the URL as value for the <em>Host</em> HTTP header, so you don’t need to worry about
the request ending up at a different web server in the cluster.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect4">
<h5 id="_does_passenger_pre_start_support_https_urls">Does passenger_pre_start support https:// URLs?</h5>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Yes. And it does not perform any certificate validation.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_logging_and_debugging_options" data-comment-topic="logging-and-debugging-options-14e91ni">5.8. Logging and debugging options</h3>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_passenger_log_level_lt_integer_gt" data-comment-topic="passenger-log-level-integer--17snhon">5.8.1. passenger_log_level &lt;integer&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option allows one to specify how much information Phusion Passenger should
write to the Nginx error log file. A higher log level value means that more
information will be logged.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Possible values are:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
<em>0</em>: Show only errors and warnings.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>1</em>: Show the most important debugging information. This might be useful for
       system administrators who are trying to figure out the cause of a
       problem.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>2</em>: Show more debugging information. This is typically only useful for developers.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>3</em>: Show even more debugging information.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may only occur once, in the <em>http</em> configuration block.
The default is <em>0</em>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_passenger_debug_log_file_lt_filename_gt" data-comment-topic="passenger-debug-log-file-filename--21ubaj">5.8.2. passenger_debug_log_file &lt;filename&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>By default Phusion Passenger debugging and error messages are written to the global
web server error log. This option allows one to specify the file that debugging and
error messages should be written to instead.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may only occur once, in the <em>http</em> configuration block.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_ruby_on_rails_specific_options" data-comment-topic="ruby-on-rails-specific-options-12vfokt">5.9. Ruby on Rails-specific options</h3>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="RailsEnv" data-comment-topic="rails-env-string--jlh7v9">5.9.1. rails_env &lt;string&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option allows one to specify the default <span class="monospaced">RAILS_ENV</span> value.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
In the <em>http</em> configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <em>server</em> configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <em>location</em> configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In an <em>if</em> configuration scope.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified at most once. The default value is <em>production</em>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_rails_framework_spawner_idle_time_lt_integer_gt" data-comment-topic="rails-framework-spawner-idle-time-integer--q5ljd5">5.9.2. rails_framework_spawner_idle_time &lt;integer&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The FrameworkSpawner server (explained in <a href="#spawning_methods_explained">Spawning methods explained</a>) has an idle timeout, just like the backend processes spawned by
Phusion Passenger do. That is, it will automatically shutdown if it hasn’t done
anything for a given period.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option allows you to set the FrameworkSpawner server’s idle timeout, in
seconds. A value of <em>0</em> means that it should never idle timeout.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Setting a higher value will mean that the FrameworkSpawner server is kept around
longer, which may slightly increase memory usage. But as long as the
FrameworkSpawner server is running, the time to spawn a Ruby on Rails backend
process only takes about 40% of the time that is normally needed, assuming that
you’re using the <em>smart</em> <a href="#RailsSpawnMethod">spawning method</a>. So if your
system has enough memory, is it recommended that you set this option to a high
value or to <em>0</em>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
In the <em>http</em> configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <em>server</em> configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <em>location</em> configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In an <em>if</em> configuration scope.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified at most once. The default value is <em>1800</em> (30 minutes).</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_rails_app_spawner_idle_time_lt_integer_gt" data-comment-topic="rails-app-spawner-idle-time-integer--1xjqe4b">5.9.3. rails_app_spawner_idle_time &lt;integer&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The ApplicationSpawner server (explained in <a href="#spawning_methods_explained">Spawning methods explained</a>) has an idle timeout, just like the backend processes spawned by
Phusion Passenger do. That is, it will automatically shutdown if it hasn’t done
anything for a given period.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option allows you to set the ApplicationSpawner server’s idle timeout, in
seconds. A value of <em>0</em> means that it should never idle timeout.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Setting a higher value will mean that the ApplicationSpawner server is kept around
longer, which may slightly increase memory usage. But as long as the
ApplicationSpawner server is running, the time to spawn a Ruby on Rails backend
process only takes about 10% of the time that is normally needed, assuming that
you’re using the <em>smart</em> or <em>smart-lv2</em> <a href="#RailsSpawnMethod">spawning method</a>. So if your
system has enough memory, is it recommended that you set this option to a high
value or to <em>0</em>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
In the <em>http</em> configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <em>server</em> configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <em>location</em> configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In an <em>if</em> configuration scope.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified at most once. The default value is <em>600</em> (10 minutes).</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_rack_specific_options" data-comment-topic="rack-specific-options-13yvdxs">5.10. Rack-specific options</h3>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="RackEnv" data-comment-topic="rack-env-string--tqmrt0">5.10.1. rack_env &lt;string&gt;</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option allows one to specify the default <span class="monospaced">RACK_ENV</span> value.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
In the <em>http</em> configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <em>server</em> configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In a <em>location</em> configuration block.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In an <em>if</em> configuration scope.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified at most once. The default value is <em>production</em>.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_deprecated_options" data-comment-topic="deprecated-options-1dtzo0g">5.11. Deprecated options</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The following options have been deprecated, but are still supported for backwards
compatibility reasons.</p></div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_rails_spawn_method" data-comment-topic="rails-spawn-method-17vdnpt">5.11.1. rails_spawn_method</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Deprecated in favor of <a href="#PassengerSpawnMethod">passenger_spawn_method</a>.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h2 id="_analysis_and_system_maintenance" data-comment-topic="analysis-and-system-maintenance-1nnlnj8">6. Analysis and system maintenance</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger provides a set of tools, which are useful for system analysis,
maintenance and troubleshooting.</p></div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_inspecting_memory_usage" data-comment-topic="inspecting-memory-usage-1k6y8v0">6.1. Inspecting memory usage</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Process inspection tools such as <span class="monospaced">ps</span> and <span class="monospaced">top</span> are useful, but they
<a href="http://groups.google.com/group/phusion-passenger/msg/1fd1c233456d3180">rarely show the correct memory usage</a>.
The real memory usage is usually lower than what <span class="monospaced">ps</span> and <span class="monospaced">top</span> report.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>There are many technical reasons why this is so, but an explanation is beyond
the scope of this Users Guide. We kindly refer the interested reader to
operating systems literature about <em>virtual memory</em> and <em>copy-on-write</em>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The tool <span class="monospaced">passenger-memory-stats</span> allows one to easily analyze Phusion Passenger’s
and Apache’s real memory usage. For example:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>[bash@localhost root]# passenger-memory-stats
------------- Apache processes --------------.
PID    PPID  Threads  VMSize   Private  Name
---------------------------------------------.
5947   1     9        90.6 MB  0.5 MB   /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
5948   5947  1        18.9 MB  0.7 MB   /usr/sbin/fcgi-pm -k start
6029   5947  1        42.7 MB  0.5 MB   /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
6030   5947  1        42.7 MB  0.5 MB   /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
6031   5947  1        42.5 MB  0.3 MB   /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
6033   5947  1        42.5 MB  0.4 MB   /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
6034   5947  1        50.5 MB  0.4 MB   /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
23482  5947  1        82.6 MB  0.4 MB   /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
### Processes: 8
### Total private dirty RSS: 3.50 MB

--------- Passenger processes ---------.
PID    Threads  VMSize   Private  Name
---------------------------------------.
6026   1        10.9 MB  4.7 MB   Passenger spawn server
23481  1        26.7 MB  3.0 MB   Passenger FrameworkSpawner: 2.0.2
23791  1        26.8 MB  2.9 MB   Passenger ApplicationSpawner: /var/www/projects/app1-foobar
23793  1        26.9 MB  17.1 MB  Rails: /var/www/projects/app1-foobar
### Processes: 4
### Total private dirty RSS: 27.76 M</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The <em>Private</em> or <em>private dirty RSS</em> field shows the <strong>real</strong> memory usage of processes. Here,
we see that all the Apache worker processes only take less than 1 MB memory each.
This is a lot less than the 50 MB-ish memory usage as shown in the <em>VMSize</em> column
(which is what a lot of people think is the real memory usage, but is actually not).</p></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<img src="./images/icons/note.png" alt="Note">
</td>
<td class="content">Private dirty RSS reporting only works on Linux. Unfortunately other operating systems
don’t provide facilities for determining processes' private dirty RSS. On non-Linux systems,
the Resident Set Size is reported instead.</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_inspecting_phusion_passenger_8217_s_internal_status" data-comment-topic="inspecting-phusion-passenger-s-internal-status-v36wbc">6.2. Inspecting Phusion Passenger’s internal status</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>One can inspect Phusion Passenger’s internal status with the tool <span class="monospaced">passenger-status</span>.
This tool must typically be run as root. For example:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>[bash@localhost root]# passenger-status
----------- General information -----------
max      = 6
count    = 1
active   = 0
inactive = 1

----------- Domains -----------
/var/www/projects/app1-foobar:
  PID: 9617      Sessions: 0    Processed: 7       Uptime: 2m 23s</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The <em>general information</em> section shows the following information:</p></div>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
max
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
The maximum number of application instances that Phusion Passenger will
spawn. This equals the value given for <a href="#PassengerMaxPoolSize">PassengerMaxPoolSize</a> (Apache)
or <a href="#PassengerMaxPoolSize">passenger_max_pool_size</a> (Nginx).
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
count
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
The number of application instances that are currently alive. This value
is always less than or equal to <em>max</em>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
active
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
The number of application instances that are currently processing
requests. This value is always less than or equal to <em>count</em>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
inactive
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
The number of application instances that are currently <strong>not</strong> processing
requests, i.e. are idle. Idle application instances will be shutdown after a while,
as can be specified with <a href="#PassengerPoolIdleTime">PassengerPoolIdleTime (Apache)</a>/<a href="#PassengerPoolIdleTime">passenger_pool_idle_time (Nginx)</a> (unless this
value is set to 0, in which case application instances are never shut down via idle
time). The value of <em>inactive</em> equals <span class="monospaced">count - active</span>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The <em>domains</em> section shows, for each application directory, information about running
application instances:</p></div>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
Sessions
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Shows how many HTTP client are currently in the queue of that application
Instance, waiting to be processed.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
Processed
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Indicates how many requests the instance has served until now. <strong>Tip:</strong> it’s
possible to limit this number with the <a href="#PassengerMaxRequests">PassengerMaxRequests</a>
configuration directive.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
Uptime
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Shows for how long the application instance has been running.
</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Since Phusion Passenger uses fair load balancing by default, the number of sessions for the
application instances should be fairly close to each other. For example, this is fairly
normal:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>  PID: 4281      Sessions: 2      Processed: 7      Uptime: 5m 11s
  PID: 4268      Sessions: 0      Processed: 5      Uptime: 4m 52s
  PID: 4265      Sessions: 1      Processed: 6      Uptime: 5m 38s
  PID: 4275      Sessions: 1      Processed: 7      Uptime: 3m 14s</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>But if you see a "spike", i.e. an application instance has an unusually high number of
sessions compared to the others, then there might be a problem:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>  PID: 4281      Sessions: 2      Processed: 7      Uptime: 5m 11s
  PID: 17468     Sessions: 8 &lt;-+  Processed: 2      Uptime: 4m 47s
  PID: 4265      Sessions: 1   |  Processed: 6      Uptime: 5m 38s
  PID: 4275      Sessions: 1   |  Processed: 7      Uptime: 3m 14s
                               |
                               +---- "spike"</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Possible reasons why spikes can occur:</p></div>
<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>
Your application is busy processing a request that takes a very long time.
  If this is the case, then you might want to turn
  <a href="#PassengerUseGlobalQueue">global queuing</a> on.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Your application is frozen, i.e. has stopped responding. See
  <a href="#debugging_frozen">Debugging frozen applications</a> for tips.
</p>
</li>
</ol></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="debugging_frozen" data-comment-topic="debugging-frozen-applications-qoctl8">6.3. Debugging frozen applications</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If one of your application instances is frozen (stopped responding), then you
can figure out where it is frozen by killing it with <em>SIGABRT</em>. This will cause the
application to raise an exception, with a backtrace.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The exception (with full backtrace information) is normally logged into the Apache
error log. But if your application or if its web framework has its own exception logging
routines, then exceptions might be logged into the application’s log files instead.
This is the case with Ruby on Rails. So if you kill a Ruby on Rails application with
<em>SIGABRT</em>, please check the application’s <em>production.log</em> first (assuming that you’re
running it in a <em>production</em> environment). If you don’t see a backtrace there, check
the Apache error log.</p></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<img src="./images/icons/note.png" alt="Note">
</td>
<td class="content">It is safe to kill application instances, even in live environments. Phusion Passenger
will restart killed application instances, as if nothing bad happened.</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_accessing_individual_application_processes" data-comment-topic="accessing-individual-application-processes-1qe4fqk">6.4. Accessing individual application processes</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>When a request is sent to the web server, Phusion Passenger will automatically forward
the request to the most suitable application process, but sometimes it is desirable to
be able to directly access the individual application processes. Use cases include, but
are not limited to:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
One wants to debug a memory leak or memory bloat problem that only seems to appear on
  certain URIs. One can send a request to a specific process to see whether that request
  causes the process’s memory usage to rise.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
The application caches data in local memory, and one wants to tell a specific
  application process to clear that local data.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Other debugging use cases.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>All individual application processes are accessible via HTTP, so you can use standard
HTTP tools like <em>curl</em>. The exact addresses can be obtained with the command
<span class="monospaced">passenger-status --verbose</span>. These sockets are all bound to 127.0.0.1, but the port
number is dynamically assigned. As a security measure, the sockets are also protected
with a process-specific random password, which you can see in the
<span class="monospaced">passenger-status --verbose</span> output. This password must be sent through the
“X-Passenger-Connect-Password” HTTP header.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Example:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>bash# passenger-status --verbose
----------- General information -----------
max      = 6
count    = 2
active   = 0
inactive = 2
Waiting on global queue: 0

----------- Application groups -----------
/Users/hongli/Sites/rack.test:
  App root: /Users/hongli/Sites/rack.test
  * PID: 24235   Sessions: 0    Processed: 7       Uptime: 17s
      URL     : http://127.0.0.1:58122
      Password: nFfVOX1F8LjZ90HJh28Sd_htJOsgRsNne2QXKf8NIXw
  * PID: 24250   Sessions: 0    Processed: 4       Uptime: 1s
      URL     : http://127.0.0.1:57933
      Password: _RGXlQ9EGDGJKLevQ_qflUtF1KmxEo2UiRzMwIE1sBY</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Here we see that the web application <em>rack.test</em> has two processes.
Process 24235 is accessible via <a href="http://127.0.0.1:58122">http://127.0.0.1:58122</a>, and
process 24250 is accessible via <a href="http://127.0.0.1:57933">http://127.0.0.1:57933</a>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To access 24235 we must send its password, <em>nFfVOX1F8LjZ90HJh28Sd_htJOsgRsNne2QXKf8NIXw</em>,
through the <em>X-Passenger-Connect-Password</em> HTTP header, like this:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>bash# curl -H "X-Passenger-Connect-Password: nFfVOX1F8LjZ90HJh28Sd_htJOsgRsNne2QXKf8NIXw" http://127.0.0.1:58122/</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h2 id="_tips" data-comment-topic="tips-n4c22d">7. Tips</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="user_switching" data-comment-topic="user-switching-security--zmsy9o">7.1. User switching (security)</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>There is a problem that plagues most PHP web hosts, namely the fact that all PHP
applications are run in the same user context as the web server. So for
example, Joe’s PHP application will be able to read Jane’s PHP application’s
passwords. This is obviously undesirable on many servers.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger solves this problem by implementing <em>user switching</em>. A Rails
application is started as the owner of the file <em>config/environment.rb</em>,
and a Rack application is started as the owner of the file <em>config.ru</em>.
So if <em>/home/webapps/foo/config/environment.rb</em> is owned by <em>joe</em>, then Phusion
Passenger will launch the corresponding Rails application as <em>joe</em> as well.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This behavior is the default, and you don’t need to configure anything. But
there are things that you should keep in mind:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
The owner of <em>environment.rb</em>/<em>config.ru</em> must have read access to the application’s
  root directory, and read/write access to the application’s <em>logs</em> directory.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
This feature is only available if Apache is started by <em>root</em>. This is the
  case on most Apache installations.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Under no circumstances will applications be run as <em>root</em>. If
  <em>environment.rb</em>/<em>config.ru</em> is owned as root or by an unknown user, then the
  Rails/Rack application will run as the user specified by
  <a href="#PassengerDefaultUser">passenger_default_user</a> and
  <a href="#PassengerDefaultGroup">passenger_default_group</a>.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>User switching can be disabled with the
<a href="#PassengerUserSwitching">passenger_user_switching</a>
option.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="reducing_memory_usage" data-comment-topic="reducing-memory-consumption-of-ruby-on-rails-applications-by-33--1o3z66q">7.2. Reducing memory consumption of Ruby on Rails applications by 33%</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Is it possible to reduce memory consumption of your Rails applications by 33% on average,
by using <a href="http://www.rubyenterpriseedition.com/">Ruby Enterprise Edition</a>.
Please visit the website for details.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Note that this feature does not apply to Rack applications.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="capistrano" data-comment-topic="capistrano-recipe-pfn4qu">7.3. Capistrano recipe</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger can be combined with <a href="http://capify.org/">Capistrano</a>.
The following Capistrano recipe demonstrates Phusion Passenger support.
It assumes that you’re using Git as version control system.</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>set :application, "myapp"
set :domain,      "example.com"
set :repository,  "ssh://#{domain}/path-to-your-git-repo/#{application}.git"
set :use_sudo,    false
set :deploy_to,   "/path-to-your-web-app-directory/#{application}"
set :scm,         "git"

role :app, domain
role :web, domain
role :db,  domain, :primary =&gt; true

namespace :deploy do
  task :start, :roles =&gt; :app do
    run "touch #{current_release}/tmp/restart.txt"
  end

  task :stop, :roles =&gt; :app do
    # Do nothing.
  end

  desc "Restart Application"
  task :restart, :roles =&gt; :app do
    run "touch #{current_release}/tmp/restart.txt"
  end
end</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="bundler_support" data-comment-topic="bundler-support-19v1h43">7.4. Bundler support</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger has automatic support for <a href="http://gembundler.com/git.html">Bundler</a>.
It works as follows:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
If you have a <em>.bundle/environment.rb</em> in your application root, then Phusion
  Passenger will require that file before loading your application.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Otherwise, if you have a <em>Gemfile</em>, then Phusion Passenger will automatically call
  <span class="monospaced">Bundler.setup()</span> before loading your application.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>It’s possible that your application also calls <span class="monospaced">Bundler.setup</span> during loading, e.g. in
<em>config.ru</em> or in <em>config/boot.rb</em>. This is the case with Rails 3, and is also the case if you
modified your <em>config/boot.rb</em> according to the
<a href="http://gembundler.com/rails23.html">Bundler Rails 2.3 instructions</a>.
This leads to <span class="monospaced">Bundler.setup</span> being called twice, once before the application startup file
is required and once during application startup. However this is harmless and doesn’t
have any negative effects.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger assumes that you’re using Bundler &gt;= 0.9.5. If you don’t want Phusion
Passenger to run its Bundler support code, e.g. because you need to use an older version
of Bundler with an incompatible API or because you use a system other than Bundler, then
you can override Phusion Passenger’s Bundler support code by creating a file
<em>config/setup_load_paths.rb</em>. If this file exists then it will be required before loading
the application startup file. In this file you can do whatever you need to setup Bundler
or a similar system.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="moving_phusion_passenger" data-comment-topic="moving-phusion-passenger-to-a-different-directory-1hel5cp">7.5. Moving Phusion Passenger to a different directory</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>It is possible to relocate the Phusion Passenger files to a different directory. It
involves two steps:</p></div>
<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>
Moving the directory.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Updating the “PassengerRoot” configuration option in Apache.
</p>
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>For example, if Phusion Passenger is located in <em>/opt/passenger/</em>, and you’d like to
move it to <em>/usr/local/passenger/</em>, then do this:</p></div>
<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>
Run the following command:
</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>mv /opt/passenger /usr/local/passenger</pre>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Edit your Apache configuration file, and set:
</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>PassengerRoot /usr/local/passenger</pre>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ol></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_installing_multiple_ruby_on_rails_versions" data-comment-topic="installing-multiple-ruby-on-rails-versions-1bp1fff">7.6. Installing multiple Ruby on Rails versions</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Each Ruby on Rails applications that are going to be deployed may require a
specific Ruby on Rails version. You can install a specific version with
this command:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>gem install rails -v X.X.X</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>where <em>X.X.X</em> is the version number of Ruby on Rails.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>All of these versions will exist in parallel, and will not conflict with each
other. Phusion Passenger will automatically make use of the correct version.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_making_the_application_restart_after_each_request" data-comment-topic="making-the-application-restart-after-each-request-vimy48">7.7. Making the application restart after each request</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In some situations it might be desirable to restart the web application after
each request, for example when developing a non-Rails application that doesn’t
support code reloading, or when developing a web framework.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To achieve this, simply create the file <em>tmp/always_restart.txt</em> in your
application’s root folder. Unlike <em>restart.txt</em>, Phusion Passenger does not
check for this file’s timestamp: Phusion Passenger will always restart the
application, as long as <em>always_restart.txt</em> exists.</p></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<img src="./images/icons/note.png" alt="Note">
</td>
<td class="content">If you’re just developing a Rails application then you probably don’t need
this feature. If you set <em>RailsEnv development</em> in your Apache configuration,
then Rails will automatically reload your application code after each request.
<em>always_restart.txt</em> is only useful if you’re working on Ruby on Rails itself,
or when you’re not developing a Rails application and your web framework
does not support code reloading.</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="sub_uri_deployment_uri_fix" data-comment-topic="how-to-fix-broken-images-css-javascript-uris-in-sub-uri-deployments-11mzwt6">7.8. How to fix broken images/CSS/JavaScript URIs in sub-URI deployments</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Some people experience broken images and other broken static assets when they
deploy their application to a sub-URI (i.e. <em>http://mysite.com/railsapp/</em>).
The reason for this usually is that you used a
static URI for your image in the views. This means your <em>img</em> source probably refers
to something like <em>/images/foo.jpg</em>. The leading slash means that it’s an absolute URI:
you’re telling the browser to always load <em>http://mysite.com/images/foo.jpg</em> no
matter what. The problem is that the image is actually at
<em>http://mysite.com/railsapp/images/foo.jpg</em>. There are two ways to fix this.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The first way (not recommended) is to change your view templates to refer to
<em>images/foo.jpg</em>. This is a relative URI: note the lack of a leading slash). What
this does is making the path relative to the current URI. The problem is that if you
use restful URIs, then your images will probably break again when you add a level to
the URI.
For example, when you’re at <em>http://mysite.com/railsapp</em> the browser will look for
<em>http://mysite.com/railsapp/images/foo.jpg</em>. But when you’re at
<em>http://mysite.com/railsapp/controller</em>. the browser will look for
<em>http://mysite.com/railsapp/controller/images/foo.jpg</em>.
So relative URIs usually don’t work well with layout templates.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The second and highly recommended way is to always use Rails helper methods to
output tags for static assets. These helper methods automatically take care
of prepending the base URI that you’ve deployed the application to. For images
there is <span class="monospaced">image_tag</span>, for JavaScript there is <span class="monospaced">javascript_include_tag</span> and for
CSS there is <span class="monospaced">stylesheet_link_tag</span>. In the above example you would simply remove
the <em>&lt;img&gt;</em> HTML tag and replace it with inline Ruby like this:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>&lt;%= image_tag("foo.jpg") %&gt;</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This will generate the proper image tag to <span class="monospaced">$RAILS_ROOT/public/images/foo.jpg</span>
so that your images will always work no matter what sub-URI you’ve deployed to.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>These helper methods are more valuable than you may think. For example they also
append a timestamp to the URI to better facilitate HTTP caching. For more information,
please refer to
<a href="http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/AssetTagHelper.html">the Rails API docs</a>.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h2 id="_under_the_hood" data-comment-topic="under-the-hood-8uney">8. Under the hood</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger hides a lot of complexity for the end user (i.e. the web server
system administrator), but sometimes it is desirable to know what is going on.
This section describes a few things that Phusion Passenger does under the hood.</p></div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_page_caching_support" data-comment-topic="page-caching-support-nafhf6">8.1. Page caching support</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>For each HTTP request, Phusion Passenger will automatically look for a corresponding
page cache file, and serve that if it exists. It does this by appending ".html" to
the filename that the URI normally maps to, and checking whether that file exists.
This check occurs after checking whether the original mapped filename exists (as part
of static asset serving). All this is done without the need for special mod_rewrite
rules.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>For example, suppose that the browser requests <em>/foo/bar</em>.</p></div>
<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>
Phusion Passenger will first check whether this URI maps to a static file, i.e.
   whether the file <em>foo/bar</em> exists in the web application’s <em>public</em> directory.
   If it does then Phusion Passenger will serve this file through Apache immediately.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
If that doesn’t exist, then Phusion Passenger will check whether the file
   <em>foo/bar.html</em> exists. If it does then Phusion Passenger will serve this file
   through Apache immediately.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
If <em>foo/bar.html</em> doesn’t exist either, then Phusion Passenger will forward the
   request to the underlying web application.
</p>
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Note that Phusion Passenger’s page caching support doesn’t work if your web
application uses a non-standard page cache directory, i.e. if it doesn’t cache to
the <em>public</em> directory. In that case you’ll need to use mod_rewrite to serve such
page cache files.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="application_detection" data-comment-topic="how-phusion-passenger-detects-whether-a-virtual-host-is-a-web-application-13qbmhn">8.2. How Phusion Passenger detects whether a virtual host is a web application</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>After you’ve read the deployment instructions you might wonder how Phusion Passenger
knows that the server root points to a web application that Phusion Passenger is
able to serve, and how it knows what kind of web application it is (e.g. Rails or Rack).</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger checks whether the virtual host is a Rails application by checking
whether the following file exists:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>dirname(DocumentRoot) + "/config/environment.rb"</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you’re not a programmer and don’t understand the above pseudo-code snippet, it means
that Phusion Passenger will:</p></div>
<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>
Extract the parent directory filename from the value of the “root” directive.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Append the text "/config/environment.rb" to the result, and check whether the resulting
   filename exists.
</p>
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>So suppose that your server root is <em>/webapps/foo/public</em>. Phusion Passenger will check
whether the file <em>/webapps/foo/config/environment.rb</em> exists.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Note that Phusion Passenger for Nginx does <strong>not</strong> resolve any symlinks in the root path.
So for example, suppose that your root points to <em>/home/www/example.com</em>, which in
turn is a symlink to <em>/webapps/example.com/public</em>. Phusion Passenger for Nginx will check for
<em>/home/www/config/environment.rb</em>, <strong>not</strong> <em>/webapps/example.com/config/environment.rb</em>.
This file of course doesn’t exist, and as a result Phusion Passenger will not activate
itself for this virtual host, and you’ll most likely see some output generated by the
Nginx default directory handler such as a Forbidden error message.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Detection of Rack applications happens through the same mechanism, exception that
Phusion Passenger will look for <em>config.ru</em> instead of <em>config/environment.rb</em>.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h2 id="_appendix_a_about_this_document" data-comment-topic="appendix-a-about-this-document-zfvixm">9. Appendix A: About this document</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>The text of this document is licensed under the
<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">Creative Commons
Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License</a>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><span class="image">
<a class="image" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">
<img src="images/by_sa.png" alt="images/by_sa.png"></a>
</span></p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger is brought to you by <a href="http://www.phusion.nl/">Phusion</a>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><span class="image">
<a class="image" href="http://www.phusion.nl/">
<img src="images/phusion_banner.png" alt="images/phusion_banner.png"></a>
</span></p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger is a trademark of Hongli Lai &amp; Ninh Bui.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h2 id="_appendix_b_terminology" data-comment-topic="appendix-b-terminology-wzv5ro">10. Appendix B: Terminology</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="application_root" data-comment-topic="application-root-1fd6bqv">10.1. Application root</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The root directory of an application that’s served by Phusion Passenger.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In case of Ruby on Rails applications, this is the directory that contains
<em>Rakefile</em>, <em>app/</em>, <em>config/</em>, <em>public/</em>, etc. In other words, the directory
pointed to by <span class="monospaced">RAILS_ROOT</span>. For example, take the following directory structure:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>/apps/foo/       &lt;------ This is the Rails application's application root!
   |
   +- app/
   |   |
   |   +- controllers/
   |   |
   |   +- models/
   |   |
   |   +- views/
   |
   +- config/
   |   |
   |   +- environment.rb
   |   |
   |   +- ...
   |
   +- public/
   |   |
   |   +- ...
   |
   +- ...</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In case of Rack applications, this is the directory that contains <em>config.ru</em>.
For example, take the following directory structure:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>/apps/bar/      &lt;----- This is the Rack application's application root!
   |
   +- public/
   |    |
   |    +- ...
   |
   +- config.ru
   |
   +- ...</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In case of Python (WSGI) applications, this is the directory that contains
<em>passenger_wsgi.py</em>. For example, take the following directory structure:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>/apps/baz/      &lt;----- This is the WSGI application's application root!
   |
   +- public/
   |    |
   |    +- ...
   |
   +- passenger_wsgi.py
   |
   +- ...</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h2 id="spawning_methods_explained" data-comment-topic="appendix-c-spawning-methods-explained-tcp8e6">11. Appendix C: Spawning methods explained</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>At its core, Phusion Passenger is an HTTP proxy and process manager. It spawns
Ruby on Rails/Rack/WSGI worker processes (which may also be referred to as
<em>backend processes</em>), and forwards incoming HTTP request to one of the worker
processes.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>While this may sound simple, there’s not just one way to spawn worker processes.
Let’s go over the different spawning methods. For simplicity’s sake, let’s
assume that we’re only talking about Ruby on Rails applications.</p></div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_the_most_straightforward_and_traditional_way_conservative_spawning" data-comment-topic="the-most-straightforward-and-traditional-way-conservative-spawning-civ29z">11.1. The most straightforward and traditional way: conservative spawning</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger could create a new Ruby process, which will then load the
Rails application along with the entire Rails framework. This process will then
enter an request handling main loop.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This is the most straightforward way to spawn worker processes. If you’re
familiar with the Mongrel application server, then this approach is exactly
what mongrel_cluster performs: it creates N worker processes, each which loads
a full copy of the Rails application and the Rails framework in memory. The Thin
application server employs pretty much the same approach.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Note that Phusion Passenger’s version of conservative spawning differs slightly
from mongrel_cluster. Mongrel_cluster creates entirely new Ruby processes. In
programmers jargon, mongrel_cluster creates new Ruby processes by forking the
current process and exec()-ing a new Ruby interpreter. Phusion Passenger on the
other hand creates processes that reuse the already loaded Ruby interpreter. In
programmers jargon, Phusion Passenger calls fork(), but not exec().</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_the_smart_spawning_method" data-comment-topic="the-smart-spawning-method-7nhgtj">11.2. The smart spawning method</h3>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<img src="./images/icons/note.png" alt="Note">
</td>
<td class="content">Smart spawning is supported for all Ruby applications but not for WSGI applications.</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>While conservative spawning works well, it’s not as efficient as it could be
because each worker process has its own private copy of the Rails application
as well as the Rails framework. This wastes memory as well as startup time.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><span class="image">
<img src="images/conservative_spawning.png" alt="Worker processes and conservative spawning"></span><br><em>Figure: Worker processes and conservative spawning. Each worker process has its
own private copy of the application code and Rails framework code.</em></p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>It is possible to make the different worker processes share the memory occupied
by application and Rails framework code, by utilizing so-called
copy-on-write semantics of the virtual memory system on modern operating
systems. As a side effect, the startup time is also reduced. This is technique
is exploited by Phusion Passenger’s <em>smart</em> and <em>smart-lv2</em> spawn methods.</p></div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_how_it_works" data-comment-topic="how-it-works-f9umga">11.2.1. How it works</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>When the <em>smart-lv2</em> spawn method is being used, Phusion Passenger will first
create a so-called <em>ApplicationSpawner server</em> process. This process loads the
entire Rails application along with the Rails framework, by loading
<em>environment.rb</em>. Then, whenever Phusion Passenger needs a new worker process,
it will instruct the ApplicationSpawner server to do so. The ApplicationSpawner
server will create a worker new process
that reuses the already loaded Rails application/framework. Creating a worker
process through an already running ApplicationSpawner server is very fast, about
10 times faster than loading the Rails application/framework from scratch. If
the Ruby interpreter is copy-on-write friendly (that is, if you’re running
<a href="#reducing_memory_usage">Ruby Enterprise Edition</a>) then all created worker
processes will share as much common
memory as possible. That is, they will all share the same application and Rails
framework code.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><span class="image">
<img src="images/smart-lv2.png" alt="images/smart-lv2.png"></span><br><em>Figure: Worker processes and the smart-lv2 spawn method. All worker processes,
as well as the ApplicationSpawner, share the same application code and Rails
framework code.</em></p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The <em>smart</em> spawn method goes even further, by caching the Rails framework in
another process called the <em>FrameworkSpawner server</em>. This process only loads
the Rails framework, not the application. When a FrameworkSpawner server is
instructed to create a new worker process, it will create a new
ApplicationSpawner to which the instruction will be delegated. All those
ApplicationSpawner servers, as well as all worker processes created by those
ApplicationSpawner servers, will share the same Rails framework code.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The <em>smart-lv2</em> method allows different worker processes that belong to the same
application to share memory. The <em>smart</em> method allows different worker
processes - that happen to use the same Rails version - to share memory, even if
they don’t belong to the same application.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Notes:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
Vendored Rails frameworks cannot be shared by different applications, even if
  both vendored Rails frameworks are the same version. So for efficiency reasons
  we don’t recommend vendoring Rails.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
ApplicationSpawner and FrameworkSpawner servers have an idle timeout just
  like worker processes. If an ApplicationSpawner/FrameworkSpawner server hasn’t
  been instructed to do anything for a while, it will be shutdown in order to
  conserve memory. This idle timeout is configurable.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_summary_of_benefits" data-comment-topic="summary-of-benefits-qovyvk">11.2.2. Summary of benefits</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Suppose that Phusion Passenger needs a new worker process for an application
that uses Rails 2.2.1.</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
If the <em>smart-lv2</em> spawning method is used, and an ApplicationSpawner server
  for this application is already running, then worker process creation time is
  about 10 times faster than conservative spawning. This worker process will also
  share application and Rails framework code memory with the ApplicationSpawner
  server and the worker processes that had been spawned by this ApplicationSpawner
  server.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
If the <em>smart</em> spawning method is used, and a FrameworkSpawner server for
  Rails 2.2.1 is already running, but no ApplicationSpawner server for this
  application is running, then worker process creation time is about 2 times
  faster than conservative spawning. If there is an ApplicationSpawner server
  for this application running, then worker process creation time is about 10
  times faster. This worker process will also share application and Rails
  framework code memory with the ApplicationSpawner and FrameworkSpawner
  servers.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You could compare ApplicationSpawner and FrameworkSpawner servers with stem
cells, that have the ability to quickly change into more specific cells (worker
process).</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In practice, the smart spawning methods could mean a memory saving of about 33%,
assuming that your Ruby interpreter is <a href="#reducing_memory_usage">copy-on-write friendly</a>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Of course, smart spawning is not without gotchas. But if you understand the
gotchas you can easily reap the benefits of smart spawning.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_smart_spawning_gotcha_1_unintentional_file_descriptor_sharing" data-comment-topic="smart-spawning-gotcha-1-unintentional-file-descriptor-sharing-cebw6q">11.3. Smart spawning gotcha #1: unintentional file descriptor sharing</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Because worker processes are created by forking from an ApplicationSpawner
server, it will share all file descriptors that are opened by the
ApplicationSpawner server. (This is part of the semantics of the Unix
<em>fork()</em> system call. You might want to Google it if you’re not familiar with
it.) A file descriptor is a handle which can be an opened file, an opened socket
connection, a pipe, etc. If different worker processes write to such a file
descriptor at the same time, then their write calls will be interleaved, which
may potentially cause problems.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The problem commonly involves socket connections that are unintentionally being
shared. You can fix it by closing and reestablishing the connection when Phusion
Passenger is creating a new worker process. Phusion Passenger provides the API
call <span class="monospaced">PhusionPassenger.on_event(:starting_worker_process)</span> to do so. So you
could insert the following code in your <em>environment.rb</em>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.11.1
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http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">if</span></span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">defined</span></span><span style="color: #990000">?(</span>PhusionPassenger<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
    PhusionPassenger<span style="color: #990000">.</span>on_event<span style="color: #990000">(:</span>starting_worker_process<span style="color: #990000">)</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">do</span></span> <span style="color: #990000">|</span>forked<span style="color: #990000">|</span>
        <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">if</span></span> forked
            <span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># We're in smart spawning mode.</span></span>
            <span style="color: #990000">...</span> code to reestablish socket connections here <span style="color: #990000">...</span>
        <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">else</span></span>
            <span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># We're in conservative spawning mode. We don't need to do anything.</span></span>
        <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span></tt></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Note that Phusion Passenger automatically reestablishes the connection to the
database upon creating a new worker process, which is why you normally do not
encounter any database issues when using smart spawning mode.</p></div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_example_1_memcached_connection_sharing_harmful" data-comment-topic="example-1-memcached-connection-sharing-harmful--1wfs3ad">11.3.1. Example 1: Memcached connection sharing (harmful)</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Suppose we have a Rails application that connects to a Memcached server in
<em>environment.rb</em>. This causes the ApplicationSpawner to have a socket connection
(file descriptor) to the Memcached server, as shown in the following figure:</p></div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>+--------------------+
| ApplicationSpawner |-----------[Memcached server]
+--------------------+</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger then proceeds with creating a new Rails worker process, which
is to process incoming HTTP requests. The result will look like this:</p></div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>+--------------------+
| ApplicationSpawner |------+----[Memcached server]
+--------------------+      |
                            |
+--------------------+      |
| Worker process 1   |-----/
+--------------------+</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Since a <em>fork()</em> makes a (virtual) complete copy of a process, all its file
descriptors will be copied as well. What we see here is that ApplicationSpawner
and Worker process 1 both share the same connection to Memcached.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Now supposed that your site gets Slashdotted and Phusion Passenger needs to
spawn another worker process. It does so by forking ApplicationSpawner. The
result is now as follows:</p></div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>+--------------------+
| ApplicationSpawner |------+----[Memcached server]
+--------------------+      |
                            |
+--------------------+      |
| Worker process 1   |-----/|
+--------------------+      |
                            |
+--------------------+      |
| Worker process 2   |-----/
+--------------------+</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>As you can see, Worker process 1 and Worker process 2 have the same Memcached
connection.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Suppose that users Joe and Jane visit your website at the same time. Joe’s
request is handled by Worker process 1, and Jane’s request is handled by Worker
process 2. Both worker processes want to fetch something from Memcached. Suppose
that in order to do that, both handlers need to send a "FETCH" command to Memcached.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>But suppose that, after worker process 1 having only sent "FE", a context switch
occurs, and worker process 2 starts sending a "FETCH" command to Memcached as
well. If worker process 2 succeeds in sending only one bye, <em>F</em>, then Memcached
will receive a command which begins with "FEF", a command that it does not
recognize. In other words: the data from both handlers get interleaved. And thus
Memcached is forced to handle this as an error.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This problem can be solved by reestablishing the connection to Memcached after forking:</p></div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content monospaced">
<pre>+--------------------+
| ApplicationSpawner |------+----[Memcached server]
+--------------------+      |                   |
                            |                   |
+--------------------+      |                   |
| Worker process 1   |-----/|                   |
+--------------------+      |                   |  &lt;--- created this
                            X                   |       new
                                                |       connection
                            X &lt;-- closed this   |
+--------------------+      |     old           |
| Worker process 2   |-----/      connection    |
+--------------------+                          |
          |                                     |
          +-------------------------------------+</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Worker process 2 now has its own, separate communication channel with Memcached.
The code in <em>environment.rb</em> looks like this:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.11.1
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">if</span></span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">defined</span></span><span style="color: #990000">?(</span>PhusionPassenger<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
    PhusionPassenger<span style="color: #990000">.</span>on_event<span style="color: #990000">(:</span>starting_worker_process<span style="color: #990000">)</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">do</span></span> <span style="color: #990000">|</span>forked<span style="color: #990000">|</span>
        <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">if</span></span> forked
            <span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># We're in smart spawning mode.</span></span>
            reestablish_connection_to_memcached
        <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">else</span></span>
            <span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># We're in conservative spawning mode. We don't need to do anything.</span></span>
        <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span></tt></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_example_2_log_file_sharing_not_harmful" data-comment-topic="example-2-log-file-sharing-not-harmful--ox4yfy">11.3.2. Example 2: Log file sharing (not harmful)</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>There are also cases in which unintentional file descriptor sharing is not harmful.
One such case is log file file descriptor sharing. Even if two processes write
to the log file at the same time, the worst thing that can happen is that the
data in the log file is interleaved.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To guarantee that the data written to the log file is never interleaved, you
must synchronize write access via an inter-process synchronization mechanism,
such as file locks. Reopening the log file, like you would have done in the
Memcached example, doesn’t help.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_smart_spawning_gotcha_2_the_need_to_revive_threads" data-comment-topic="smart-spawning-gotcha-2-the-need-to-revive-threads-1ey176o">11.4. Smart spawning gotcha #2: the need to revive threads</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Another part of the <em>fork()</em> system call’s semantics is the fact that threads
disappear after a fork call. So if you’ve created any threads in environment.rb,
then those threads will no longer be running in newly created worker process.
You need to revive them when a new worker process is created. Use the
<span class="monospaced">:starting_worker_process</span> event that Phusion Passenger provides, like this:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.11.1
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">if</span></span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">defined</span></span><span style="color: #990000">?(</span>PhusionPassenger<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
    PhusionPassenger<span style="color: #990000">.</span>on_event<span style="color: #990000">(:</span>starting_worker_process<span style="color: #990000">)</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">do</span></span> <span style="color: #990000">|</span>forked<span style="color: #990000">|</span>
        <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">if</span></span> forked
            <span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># We're in smart spawning mode.</span></span>
            <span style="color: #990000">...</span> code to revive threads here <span style="color: #990000">...</span>
        <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">else</span></span>
            <span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># We're in conservative spawning mode. We don't need to do anything.</span></span>
        <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span></tt></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_smart_spawning_gotcha_3_code_load_order" data-comment-topic="smart-spawning-gotcha-3-code-load-order-12ydsn8">11.5. Smart spawning gotcha #3: code load order</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This gotcha is only applicable to the <em>smart</em> spawn method, not the <em>smart-lv2</em>
spawn method.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If your application expects the Rails framework to be not loaded during the
beginning of <em>environment.rb</em>, then it can cause problems when an
ApplicationSpawner is created from a FrameworkSpawner, which already has the
Rails framework loaded. The most common case is when applications try to patch
Rails by dropping a modified file that has the same name as Rails’s own file,
in a path that comes earlier in the Ruby search path.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>For example, suppose that we have an application which has a patched version
of <em>active_record/base.rb</em> located in <em>RAILS_ROOT/lib/patches</em>, and
<em>RAILS_ROOT/lib/patches</em> comes first in the Ruby load path. When conservative
spawning is used, the patched version of <em>base.rb</em> is properly loaded. When
<em>smart</em> (not <em>smart-lv2</em>) spawning is used, the original <em>base.rb</em> is used
because it was already loaded, so a subsequent <span class="monospaced">require "active_record/base"</span>
has no effect.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnotes"><hr></div>
<div id="footer">
<div id="footer-text">
Last updated 2012-06-14 09:44:53 CEST
</div>
</div>
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f.Event(h),c.type=h,c.isTrigger=!0,c.exclusive=k,c.namespace=i.join("."),c.namespace_re=c.namespace?new RegExp("(^|\\.)"+i.join("\\.(?:.*\\.)?")+"(\\.|$)"):null,o=h.indexOf(":")<0?"on"+h:"";if(!e){j=f.cache;for(l in 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d=(f._data(this,"events")||{})[c.type]||[],e=d.delegateCount,g=[].slice.call(arguments,0),h=!c.exclusive&&!c.namespace,i=[],j,k,l,m,n,o,p,q,r,s,t;g[0]=c,c.delegateTarget=this;if(e&&!c.target.disabled&&(!c.button||c.type!=="click")){m=f(this),m.context=this.ownerDocument||this;for(l=c.target;l!=this;l=l.parentNode||this){o={},q=[],m[0]=l;for(j=0;j<e;j++)r=d[j],s=r.selector,o[s]===b&&(o[s]=r.quick?H(l,r.quick):m.is(s)),o[s]&&q.push(r);q.length&&i.push({elem:l,matches:q})}}d.length>e&&i.push({elem:this,matches:d.slice(e)});for(j=0;j<i.length&&!c.isPropagationStopped();j++){p=i[j],c.currentTarget=p.elem;for(k=0;k<p.matches.length&&!c.isImmediatePropagationStopped();k++){r=p.matches[k];if(h||!c.namespace&&!r.namespace||c.namespace_re&&c.namespace_re.test(r.namespace))c.data=r.data,c.handleObj=r,n=((f.event.special[r.origType]||{}).handle||r.handler).apply(p.elem,g),n!==b&&(c.result=n,n===!1&&(c.preventDefault(),c.stopPropagation()))}}return c.result},props:"attrChange attrName relatedNode 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b,c,d,e=cr||cs(),g=!0,h=this.elem,i=this.options;if(a||e>=i.duration+this.startTime){this.now=this.end,this.pos=this.state=1,this.update(),i.animatedProperties[this.prop]=!0;for(b in i.animatedProperties)i.animatedProperties[b]!==!0&&(g=!1);if(g){i.overflow!=null&&!f.support.shrinkWrapBlocks&&f.each(["","X","Y"],function(a,b){h.style["overflow"+b]=i.overflow[a]}),i.hide&&f(h).hide();if(i.hide||i.show)for(b in i.animatedProperties)f.style(h,b,i.orig[b]),f.removeData(h,"fxshow"+b,!0),f.removeData(h,"toggle"+b,!0);d=i.complete,d&&(i.complete=!1,d.call(h))}return!1}i.duration==Infinity?this.now=e:(c=e-this.startTime,this.state=c/i.duration,this.pos=f.easing[i.animatedProperties[this.prop]](this.state,c,0,1,i.duration),this.now=this.start+(this.end-this.start)*this.pos),this.update();return!0}},f.extend(f.fx,{tick:function(){var a,b=f.timers,c=0;for(;c<b.length;c++)a=b[c],!a()&&b[c]===a&&b.splice(c--,1);b.length||f.fx.stop()},interval:13,stop:function(){clearInterval(cp),cp=null},speeds:{slow:600,fast:200,_default:400},step:{opacity:function(a){f.style(a.elem,"opacity",a.now)},_default:function(a){a.elem.style&&a.elem.style[a.prop]!=null?a.elem.style[a.prop]=a.now+a.unit:a.elem[a.prop]=a.now}}}),f.each(["width","height"],function(a,b){f.fx.step[b]=function(a){f.style(a.elem,b,Math.max(0,a.now)+a.unit)}}),f.expr&&f.expr.filters&&(f.expr.filters.animated=function(a){return f.grep(f.timers,function(b){return a===b.elem}).length});var cw=/^t(?:able|d|h)$/i,cx=/^(?:body|html)$/i;"getBoundingClientRect"in c.documentElement?f.fn.offset=function(a){var b=this[0],c;if(a)return this.each(function(b){f.offset.setOffset(this,a,b)});if(!b||!b.ownerDocument)return null;if(b===b.ownerDocument.body)return f.offset.bodyOffset(b);try{c=b.getBoundingClientRect()}catch(d){}var e=b.ownerDocument,g=e.documentElement;if(!c||!f.contains(g,b))return c?{top:c.top,left:c.left}:{top:0,left:0};var h=e.body,i=cy(e),j=g.clientTop||h.clientTop||0,k=g.clientLeft||h.clientLeft||0,l=i.pageYOffset||f.support.boxModel&&g.scrollTop||h.scrollTop,m=i.pageXOffset||f.support.boxModel&&g.scrollLeft||h.scrollLeft,n=c.top+l-j,o=c.left+m-k;return{top:n,left:o}}:f.fn.offset=function(a){var b=this[0];if(a)return this.each(function(b){f.offset.setOffset(this,a,b)});if(!b||!b.ownerDocument)return null;if(b===b.ownerDocument.body)return f.offset.bodyOffset(b);var c,d=b.offsetParent,e=b,g=b.ownerDocument,h=g.documentElement,i=g.body,j=g.defaultView,k=j?j.getComputedStyle(b,null):b.currentStyle,l=b.offsetTop,m=b.offsetLeft;while((b=b.parentNode)&&b!==i&&b!==h){if(f.support.fixedPosition&&k.position==="fixed")break;c=j?j.getComputedStyle(b,null):b.currentStyle,l-=b.scrollTop,m-=b.scrollLeft,b===d&&(l+=b.offsetTop,m+=b.offsetLeft,f.support.doesNotAddBorder&&(!f.support.doesAddBorderForTableAndCells||!cw.test(b.nodeName))&&(l+=parseFloat(c.borderTopWidth)||0,m+=parseFloat(c.borderLeftWidth)||0),e=d,d=b.offsetParent),f.support.subtractsBorderForOverflowNotVisible&&c.overflow!=="visible"&&(l+=parseFloat(c.borderTopWidth)||0,m+=parseFloat(c.borderLeftWidth)||0),k=c}if(k.position==="relative"||k.position==="static")l+=i.offsetTop,m+=i.offsetLeft;f.support.fixedPosition&&k.position==="fixed"&&(l+=Math.max(h.scrollTop,i.scrollTop),m+=Math.max(h.scrollLeft,i.scrollLeft));return{top:l,left:m}},f.offset={bodyOffset:function(a){var b=a.offsetTop,c=a.offsetLeft;f.support.doesNotIncludeMarginInBodyOffset&&(b+=parseFloat(f.css(a,"marginTop"))||0,c+=parseFloat(f.css(a,"marginLeft"))||0);return{top:b,left:c}},setOffset:function(a,b,c){var d=f.css(a,"position");d==="static"&&(a.style.position="relative");var e=f(a),g=e.offset(),h=f.css(a,"top"),i=f.css(a,"left"),j=(d==="absolute"||d==="fixed")&&f.inArray("auto",[h,i])>-1,k={},l={},m,n;j?(l=e.position(),m=l.top,n=l.left):(m=parseFloat(h)||0,n=parseFloat(i)||0),f.isFunction(b)&&(b=b.call(a,c,g)),b.top!=null&&(k.top=b.top-g.top+m),b.left!=null&&(k.left=b.left-g.left+n),"using"in b?b.using.call(a,k):e.css(k)}},f.fn.extend({position:function(){if(!this[0])return null;var a=this[0],b=this.offsetParent(),c=this.offset(),d=cx.test(b[0].nodeName)?{top:0,left:0}:b.offset();c.top-=parseFloat(f.css(a,"marginTop"))||0,c.left-=parseFloat(f.css(a,"marginLeft"))||0,d.top+=parseFloat(f.css(b[0],"borderTopWidth"))||0,d.left+=parseFloat(f.css(b[0],"borderLeftWidth"))||0;return{top:c.top-d.top,left:c.left-d.left}},offsetParent:function(){return this.map(function(){var a=this.offsetParent||c.body;while(a&&!cx.test(a.nodeName)&&f.css(a,"position")==="static")a=a.offsetParent;return a})}}),f.each(["Left","Top"],function(a,c){var d="scroll"+c;f.fn[d]=function(c){var e,g;if(c===b){e=this[0];if(!e)return null;g=cy(e);return g?"pageXOffset"in g?g[a?"pageYOffset":"pageXOffset"]:f.support.boxModel&&g.document.documentElement[d]||g.document.body[d]:e[d]}return this.each(function(){g=cy(this),g?g.scrollTo(a?f(g).scrollLeft():c,a?c:f(g).scrollTop()):this[d]=c})}}),f.each(["Height","Width"],function(a,c){var d=c.toLowerCase();f.fn["inner"+c]=function(){var a=this[0];return a?a.style?parseFloat(f.css(a,d,"padding")):this[d]():null},f.fn["outer"+c]=function(a){var b=this[0];return b?b.style?parseFloat(f.css(b,d,a?"margin":"border")):this[d]():null},f.fn[d]=function(a){var e=this[0];if(!e)return a==null?null:this;if(f.isFunction(a))return this.each(function(b){var c=f(this);c[d](a.call(this,b,c[d]()))});if(f.isWindow(e)){var g=e.document.documentElement["client"+c],h=e.document.body;return e.document.compatMode==="CSS1Compat"&&g||h&&h["client"+c]||g}if(e.nodeType===9)return Math.max(e.documentElement["client"+c],e.body["scroll"+c],e.documentElement["scroll"+c],e.body["offset"+c],e.documentElement["offset"+c]);if(a===b){var i=f.css(e,d),j=parseFloat(i);return f.isNumeric(j)?j:i}return this.css(d,typeof a=="string"?a:a+"px")}}),a.jQuery=a.$=f,typeof define=="function"&&define.amd&&define.amd.jQuery&&define("jquery",[],function(){return f})})(window);
/**
 * jQuery hashchange 1.0.0
 * 
 * (based on jquery.history)
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2008 Chris Leishman (chrisleishman.com)
 * Dual licensed under the MIT (MIT-LICENSE.txt)
 * and GPL (GPL-LICENSE.txt) licenses.
 */
(function($) {

$.fn.extend({
    hashchange: function(callback) { this.bind('hashchange', callback) },
    openOnClick: function(href) {
		if (href === undefined || href.length == 0)
			href = '#';
		return this.click(function(ev) {
			if (href && href.charAt(0) == '#') {
				// execute load in separate call stack
				window.setTimeout(function() { $.locationHash(href) }, 0);
			} else {
				window.location(href);
			}
			ev.stopPropagation();
			return false;
		});
    }
});

// IE 8 introduces the hashchange event natively - so nothing more to do
if ($.browser.msie && document.documentMode && document.documentMode >= 8) {
	$.extend({
		locationHash: function(hash) {
	        if (!hash) hash = '#';
	        else if (hash.charAt(0) != '#') hash = '#' + hash;
	        location.hash = hash;
	    }
	});
	return;
}

var curHash;
// hidden iframe for IE (earlier than 8)
var iframe;

$.extend({
	locationHash: function(hash) {
		if (curHash === undefined) return;

		if (!hash) hash = '#';
		else if (hash.charAt(0) != '#') hash = '#' + hash;
		
		location.hash = hash;
		
		if (curHash == hash) return;
		curHash = hash;
		
		if ($.browser.msie) updateIEFrame(hash);
		$.event.trigger('hashchange');
	}
});

$(document).ready(function() {
    curHash = location.hash;
    if ($.browser.msie) {
        // stop the callback firing twice during init if no hash present
        if (curHash == '') curHash = '#';
        // add hidden iframe for IE
        iframe = $('<iframe />').hide().get(0);
        $('body').prepend(iframe);
        updateIEFrame(location.hash);
        setInterval(checkHashIE, 100);
    } else {
        setInterval(checkHash, 100);
    }
});
$(window).unload(function() { iframe = null });

function checkHash() {
    var hash = location.hash;
    if (hash != curHash) {
        curHash = hash;
        $.event.trigger('hashchange');
    }
}

if ($.browser.msie) {
    // Attach a live handler for any anchor links
    $('a[href^=#]').live('click', function() {
        var hash = $(this).attr('href');
        // Don't intercept the click if there is an existing anchor on the page
        // that matches this hash
        if ($(hash).length == 0 && $('a[name='+hash.slice(1)+']').length == 0) {
            $.locationHash(hash);
            return false;
        }
    });
}

function checkHashIE() {
    // On IE, check for location.hash of iframe
    var idoc = iframe.contentDocument || iframe.contentWindow.document;
    var hash = idoc.location.hash;
    if (hash == '') hash = '#';

    if (hash != curHash) {
        if (location.hash != hash) location.hash = hash;
        curHash = hash;
        $.event.trigger('hashchange');
    }
}

function updateIEFrame(hash) {
    if (hash == '#') hash = '';
    var idoc = iframe.contentWindow.document;
    idoc.open();
    idoc.close();
    if (idoc.location.hash != hash) idoc.location.hash = hash;
}

})(jQuery);
// IE...
if (!Date.now) {
	Date.now = function() {
		return new Date().getTime();
	}
}

var Mizuho = {
	/** Cached DOM elements so that we don't have to re-find them over and over. */
	$document: undefined,
	$window: undefined,
	$mainSections: undefined,
	$sectionHeaders: undefined,

	/** Constants */
	MAX_TOC_LEVEL: 3,

	sectionHeadersSelector: undefined,
	scrollMemory: {},
	changingHash: false,
	activeHash: undefined,
	/** Whether in single-page or multi-page mode. Either 'single' or 'multi'. */
	mode: 'single',
	/** Whether smooth scrolling is enabled. It is always enabled except right
	 * after page load: when the page is scrolled to the section as pointed to
	 * by location.hash.
	 */
	smoothScrolling: true,
	
	initialize: function() {
		this.sectionHeadersSelector = '';
		for (var i = 0; i < this.MAX_TOC_LEVEL; i++) {
			if (i != 0) {
				this.sectionHeadersSelector += ', ';
			}
			this.sectionHeadersSelector += 'h' + (i + 2);
		}
		
		this.$document = $(document);
		this.$window = $(window);
		this.$mainSections = $('.sect1');
		this.$sectionHeaders = $(this.sectionHeadersSelector, '#content');
		this.$sectionHeaders.sort(function(a, b) {
			var off_a = $(a).offset();
			var off_b = $(b).offset();
			return off_a.top - off_b.top;
		});
		
		if (this.isMobileDevice()) {
			$(document.body).addClass('mobile');
		}
	},
	

	/********* Generic utility functions *********/

	isMobileDevice: function() {
		return navigator.userAgent.match(
			/(IEMobile|Windows CE|NetFront|PlayStation|PLAYSTATION|like Mac OS X|MIDP|UP\.Browser|Symbian|Nintendo|Android)/
		);
	},
	
	virtualAnimate: function(options) {
		var options = $.extend({
			duration: 1000
		}, options || {});
		var animation_start = Date.now();
		var animation_end = Date.now() + options.duration;
		var interval = animation_end - animation_start;
		this._virtualAnimate_step(animation_start, animation_end, interval, options);
	},

	_virtualAnimate_step: function(animation_start, animation_end, interval, options) {
		var self = this;
		var now = new Date();
		var progress = (now - animation_start) / interval;
		if (progress > 1) {
			progress = 1;
		}
		progress = (1 + Math.sin(-Math.PI / 2 + progress * Math.PI)) / 2;
		options.step(progress);
		if (now < animation_end) {
			setTimeout(function() {
				self._virtualAnimate_step(animation_start,
					animation_end, interval, options);
			}, 15);
		} else {
			options.step(1);
			if (options.finish) {
				options.finish();
			}
		}
	},
	
	smoothlyScrollTo: function(top) {
		if (!this.smoothScrolling) {
			return this.setScrollTop(top);
		}
		
		var self = this;
		var $document = this.$document;
		var current = $document.scrollTop();
		this.virtualAnimate({
			duration: 300,
			step: function(x) {
				$document.scrollTop(Math.floor(
					top + (1 - x) * (current - top)
				));
			},
			finish: function() {
				self.setScrollTop(top);
			}
		});
	},
	
	smoothlyScrollToToc: function() {
		this.smoothlyScrollTo($('#toc').position().top);
	},

	scrollToHeader: function(header) {
		this.smoothlyScrollTo($(header).offset().top - 50);
	},
	
	setScrollTop: function(top, element) {
		// Browsers don't always scroll properly so work around
		// this with a few timers.
		var self = this;
		element = element || this.$document;
		element = $(element);
		element.scrollTop(top);
		setTimeout(function() {
			element.scrollTop(top);
		}, 1);
		setTimeout(function() {
			element.scrollTop(top);
			self.$document.trigger('mizuho:updateTopBar');
		}, 20);
	},
	

	/********* Mizuho-specific functions *********/

	/** Returns the currently displayed section's header DOM element. */
	currentSubsection: function() {
		var $sectionHeaders = this.$sectionHeaders;
		var scrollTop = this.$document.scrollTop();
		var windowHeight = this.$window.height();
		var offset;
		
		var low = 0;
		var high = this.$sectionHeaders.length - 1;
		var mid = 0;
		
		while (low <= high) {
			mid = Math.floor((low + high) / 2);
			offset = $($sectionHeaders[mid]).offset();
			
			if (offset.top >= scrollTop) {
				high = mid - 1;
			} else {
				low = mid + 1;
			}
		}
		
		var $found = $($sectionHeaders[low]);
		if ($found.offset().top > scrollTop + windowHeight) {
			if (low > 0) {
				return $sectionHeaders[low - 1];
			} else {
				return undefined;
			}
		} else {
			return $sectionHeaders[low];
		}
	},
	
	/** Looks up a section's header DOM element corresponding to a hash name. */
	lookupHeader: function(hash) {
		var id = hash.replace(/^#!\//, '#');
		if (id == '') {
			return undefined;
		} else {
			var header = $(id);
			if (header.length == 0) {
				return undefined;
			} else {
				return header;
			}
		}
	}
};

for (var key in Mizuho) {
	if (typeof(Mizuho[key]) == 'function') {
		Mizuho[key] = $.proxy(Mizuho[key], Mizuho);
	}
}
$(document).ready(Mizuho.initialize);
//$(document).ready(Mizuho.installHashbangLinks);

Mizuho.initializeTopBar = $.proxy(function() {
	var $window = this.$window;
	var $document = this.$document;
	var self = this;
	var $topbar = $('#topbar');
	var $title = $('#header h1');
	var $currentSection = $('#current_section');
	var isMobileDevice = this.isMobileDevice();
	var timerId;
	
	var $floattoc = $('<div id="floattoc"></div>').html($('#toc').html());
	$floattoc.find('#toctitle').remove();
	$floattoc.find('.comments').remove();
	$floattoc.css('visibility', 'hidden');
	$floattoc.insertAfter($topbar);
	var $floattoclinks = $floattoc.find('a');
	$floattoclinks.each(function() {
		// Firefox changes '#!' to '#%21' so change that back.
		var $this = $(this);
		var href = $this.attr('href');
		if (href.match(/^#%21/)) {
			$this.attr('href', href.replace(/^#%21/, '#!'));
		}
	});
	$floattoclinks.click(function(event) {
		self.internalLinkClicked(this, event);
	});
	
	function showFloatingToc() {
		var scrollUpdateTimerId;
		
		function reposition() {
			if (isMobileDevice) {
				$floattoc.css({
					top: $currentSection.offset().top +
						$currentSection.innerHeight() +
						'px',
					height: $window.height() * 0.7 + 'px'
				});
			}
		}
		
		function highlightCurrentTocEntry() {
			var currentSubsection = self.currentSubsection();
			$floattoclinks.removeClass('current');
			if (currentSubsection) {
				var currentSubsectionTitle = $(currentSubsection).text();
				var $link;
				
				$floattoclinks.each(function() {
					if ($(this).text() == currentSubsectionTitle) {
						$link = $(this);
						return false;
					}
				});
				if ($link) {
					$link.addClass('current');
					self.setScrollTop(
						$floattoc.scrollTop() +
							$link.position().top -
							$floattoc.height() * 0.45,
						$floattoc);
					return false;
				}
			}
		}
		
		function hideFloatingToc() {
			$currentSection.removeClass('pressed');
			$floattoc.css('visibility', 'hidden');
			$floattoclinks.unbind('click', hideFloatingToc);
			$document.unbind('mousedown', onMouseDown);
			$document.unbind('touchdown', onMouseDown);
			$document.unbind('mizuho:hideTopBar', hideFloatingToc);
			$window.unbind('scroll', onScroll);
			if (scrollUpdateTimerId !== undefined) {
				clearTimeout(scrollUpdateTimerId);
				scrollUpdateTimerId = undefined;
			}
		}
		
		function onMouseDown(event) {
			if (event.target != $floattoc[0]
			 && $(event.target).closest('#floattoc').length == 0) {
				hideFloatingToc();
			}
		}
		
		function onScroll(event) {
			if (scrollUpdateTimerId === undefined) {
				scrollUpdateTimerId = setTimeout(function() {
					scrollUpdateTimerId = undefined;
					reposition();
					highlightCurrentTocEntry();
				}, 100);
			}
		}
		
		// Layout and display floating TOC.
		highlightCurrentTocEntry();
		var origScrollTop = $document.scrollTop();
		var windowWidth = $window.width();
		var maxRight = windowWidth - Math.floor(windowWidth * 0.1);
		
		if ($currentSection.offset().left + $floattoc.outerWidth() > maxRight) {
			$floattoc.css('left', maxRight - $floattoc.outerWidth());
		} else {
			$floattoc.css('left', $currentSection.offset().left + 'px');
		}
		reposition();
		$floattoc.css('visibility', 'visible');
		$currentSection.addClass('pressed');
		
		$floattoclinks.bind('click', hideFloatingToc);
		$document.bind('mousedown', onMouseDown)
		$document.bind('touchdown', onMouseDown);
		$document.bind('mizuho:hideTopBar', hideFloatingToc);
		$window.bind('scroll', onScroll);
	}
	
	function update() {
		if ($title.offset().top + $title.height() < $document.scrollTop()) {
			if (!$topbar.is(':visible')) {
				$topbar.slideDown(250);
				$document.trigger('mizuho:showTopBar');
			}
		} else {
			if ($topbar.is(':visible')) {
				$topbar.slideUp();
				$document.trigger('mizuho:hideTopBar');
			}
		}
		
		if (isMobileDevice) {
			$topbar.css({
				top: $document.scrollTop() + 'px',
				width: $window.width() -
					parseInt($topbar.css('padding-left')) -
					parseInt($topbar.css('padding-right')) +
					'px'
			});
		}
		
		var header = self.currentSubsection();
		var name;
		if (header) {
			name = $(header).text();
		} else {
			name = 'Preamble';
		}
		$currentSection.text(name);
	}
	
	function scheduleUpdate() {
		if (timerId !== undefined) {
			return;
		}
		timerId = setTimeout(function() {
			timerId = undefined;
			update();
		}, 100);
	}
	
	if (isMobileDevice) {
		// Mobile devices don't support position fixed.
		$topbar.css('position', 'absolute');
		$floattoc.css('position', 'absolute');
	}
	
	$currentSection.click(showFloatingToc);
	$window.scroll(scheduleUpdate);
	$document.bind('mizuho:updateTopBar', update);
}, Mizuho);

$(document).ready(Mizuho.initializeTopBar);


				var JUVIA_URL = 'http://juvia.phusion.nl';
				var JUVIA_SITE_KEY = 'q0ptarhn8o9xanwomq8zkgewbtwffyz';
			var disqus_identifier;
var disqus_title;
var disqus_url;
var disqus_developer = 1;

Mizuho.initializeCommenting = $.proxy(function() {
	var self = this;
	this.commentBalloons = $('.comments');
	this.commentBalloons.click(function() {
		self.showCommentsPopup(this);
	});
	this.reloadCommentCount();
}, Mizuho);

Mizuho.showLightbox = $.proxy(function(creationCallback, closeCallback) {
	var lightbox = $(
		'<div id="comments_lightbox">' +
		'  <div id="comments_lightbox_shadow"></div>' +
		'  <div id="comments_lightbox_contents"><div class="shell"></div></div>' +
		'</div>');
	var shadow = $('#comments_lightbox_shadow', lightbox);
	var contents = $('#comments_lightbox_contents > .shell', lightbox);
	
	function close() {
		if (lightbox) {
			lightbox.remove();
			lightbox = undefined;
			if (closeCallback) {
				closeCallback();
			}
		}
	}

	shadow.click(close);
	lightbox.bind('lightbox:close', close);
	lightbox.appendTo(document.body);
	creationCallback(contents);
}, Mizuho);

Mizuho.getCommentThreadInfo = $.proxy(function(balloon) {
	var info = {};
	if ($(balloon).closest('#toc').length > 0) {
		info.id = 'toctitle';
		info.topic = 'toctitle';
		info.title = $('#header h1').text() + " - " + $('#toctitle').text();
	} else {
		var header = $(balloon).next('h2, h3, h4');
		if (header.length > 0) {
			info.id = header.attr('id');
			info.topic = header.data('comment-topic');
			info.title = $('#header h1').text() + " - " + header.text();
		} else {
			info = undefined;
		}
	}
	return info;
}, Mizuho);

Mizuho.callJuviaApi = function(action, options) {
	function makeQueryString(options) {
		var key, params = [];
		for (key in options) {
			params.push(
				encodeURIComponent(key) +
				'=' +
				encodeURIComponent(options[key]));
		}
		return params.join('&');
	}

	// Makes sure that each call generates a unique URL, otherwise
	// the browser may not actually perform the request.
	if (!('_juviaRequestCounter' in window)) {
		window._juviaRequestCounter = 0;
	}

	var url =
		JUVIA_URL + '/api/' + action +
		'?_c=' + window._juviaRequestCounter +
		'&' + makeQueryString(options);
	window._juviaRequestCounter++;
	
	var s       = document.createElement('script');
	s.async     = true;
	s.type      = 'text/javascript';
	s.className = 'juvia';
	s.src       = url;
	(document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0] ||
	 document.getElementsByTagName('body')[0]).appendChild(s);
}

Mizuho.showCommentsPopup = $.proxy(function(balloon) {
	var info = this.getCommentThreadInfo(balloon);
	if (!info) {
		return;
	}
	
	var self = this;
	this.showLightbox(function(element) {
		// We install a 'Close' button in the Juvia comment form after it has loaded.
		function installCloseButton() {
			if ($('#comments .juvia-form-actions').size() > 0) {
				// The Juvia form is now loaded. Install the button.
				var div = $('<div class="juvia-action" style="margin-left: 0.5em"></div>');
				var button = $('<input type="button" value="Cancel"></div>').appendTo(div);
				div.insertBefore('#comments .juvia-form-actions .juvia-error');
				button.click(function() {
					$(element).trigger('lightbox:close');
				});
			} else {
				// Continue polling.
				setTimeout(installCloseButton, 50);
			}
		}
		setTimeout(installCloseButton, 50);

		// Now load the Juvia comments form.
		element.html('<div id="comments">Loading comments...</div>');
		self.changingHash = true;
		location.hash = '#!/' + info.id;
		self.callJuviaApi('show_topic.js', {
			container   : '#comments',
			site_key    : JUVIA_SITE_KEY,
			topic_key   : info.topic,
			topic_url   : location.href,
			topic_title : info.topic,
			include_base: !window.Juvia,
			include_css : !window.Juvia
		});
	}, function() {
		self.reloadCommentCount();
	});
}, Mizuho);

Mizuho.reloadCommentCount = $.proxy(function() {
	this.callJuviaApi('list_topics.jsonp', {
		site_key: JUVIA_SITE_KEY,
		jsonp   : 'Mizuho.topicListReceived'
	});
}, Mizuho);

Mizuho.topicListReceived = $.proxy(function(result) {
	var self = this;
	var i, topic, map = {};
	for (i = 0; i < result.topics.length; i++) {
		topic = result.topics[i];
		map[topic.key] = topic;
	}

	this.commentBalloons.each(function() {
		var info = self.getCommentThreadInfo(this);
		if (info) {
			topic = map[info.topic];
			if (topic) {
				var balloon = $(this);
				$('.count', balloon).text(topic.comment_count);
				balloon.removeClass('empty');
				balloon.addClass('nonempty');
				balloon.attr('title', null);
			}
		}
	});
}, Mizuho);

$(document).ready(Mizuho.initializeCommenting);

</script>
</body>
</html>