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# $Id: password.rb,v 1.24 2006/03/02 19:42:33 ianmacd Exp $
#
# Version : 0.5.3
# Author : Ian Macdonald <ian@caliban.org>
#
# Copyright (C) 2002-2006 Ian Macdonald
#
# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
# any later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
# GNU General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
# along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
# Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
# Ruby/Password is a collection of password handling routines for Ruby,
# including an interface to CrackLib for the purposes of testing password
# strength.
#
# require 'password'
#
# # Define and check a password in code
# pw = Password.new( "bigblackcat" )
# pw.check
#
# # Get and check a password from the keyboard
# begin
# password = Password.get( "New password: " )
# password.check
# rescue Password::WeakPassword => reason
# puts reason
# retry
# end
#
# # Automatically generate and encrypt a password
# password = Password.phonemic( 12, Password:ONE_CASE | Password::ONE_DIGIT )
# crypted = password.crypt
#
#
class Password < String
# This exception class is raised if an error occurs during password
# encryption when calling Password#crypt.
#
class CryptError < StandardError; end
# This exception class is raised if a bad dictionary path is detected by
# Password#check.
#
class DictionaryError < StandardError; end
# This exception class is raised if a weak password is detected by
# Password#check.
#
class WeakPassword < StandardError; end
VERSION = '0.5.3'
# DES algorithm
#
DES = true
# MD5 algorithm (see <em>crypt(3)</em> for more information)
#
MD5 = false
# This flag is used in conjunction with Password.phonemic and states that a
# password must include a digit.
#
ONE_DIGIT = 1
# This flag is used in conjunction with Password.phonemic and states that a
# password must include a capital letter.
#
ONE_CASE = 1 << 1
# Characters that may appear in generated passwords. Password.urandom may
# also use the characters + and /.
#
PASSWD_CHARS = '0123456789' +
'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ' +
'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
# Valid salt characters for use by Password#crypt.
#
SALT_CHARS = '0123456789' +
'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ' +
'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz' +
'./'
# :stopdoc:
# phoneme flags
#
CONSONANT = 1
VOWEL = 1 << 1
DIPHTHONG = 1 << 2
NOT_FIRST = 1 << 3 # indicates that a given phoneme may not occur first
PHONEMES = {
:a => VOWEL,
:ae => VOWEL | DIPHTHONG,
:ah => VOWEL | DIPHTHONG,
:ai => VOWEL | DIPHTHONG,
:b => CONSONANT,
:c => CONSONANT,
:ch => CONSONANT | DIPHTHONG,
:d => CONSONANT,
:e => VOWEL,
:ee => VOWEL | DIPHTHONG,
:ei => VOWEL | DIPHTHONG,
:f => CONSONANT,
:g => CONSONANT,
:gh => CONSONANT | DIPHTHONG | NOT_FIRST,
:h => CONSONANT,
:i => VOWEL,
:ie => VOWEL | DIPHTHONG,
:j => CONSONANT,
:k => CONSONANT,
:l => CONSONANT,
:m => CONSONANT,
:n => CONSONANT,
:ng => CONSONANT | DIPHTHONG | NOT_FIRST,
:o => VOWEL,
:oh => VOWEL | DIPHTHONG,
:oo => VOWEL | DIPHTHONG,
:p => CONSONANT,
:ph => CONSONANT | DIPHTHONG,
:qu => CONSONANT | DIPHTHONG,
:r => CONSONANT,
:s => CONSONANT,
:sh => CONSONANT | DIPHTHONG,
:t => CONSONANT,
:th => CONSONANT | DIPHTHONG,
:u => VOWEL,
:v => CONSONANT,
:w => CONSONANT,
:x => CONSONANT,
:y => CONSONANT,
:z => CONSONANT
}
# :startdoc:
# Turn local terminal echo on or off. This method is used for securing the
# display, so that a soon to be entered password will not be echoed to the
# screen. It is also used for restoring the display afterwards.
#
# If _masked_ is +true+, the keyboard is put into unbuffered mode, allowing
# the retrieval of characters one at a time. _masked_ has no effect when
# _on_ is +false+. You are unlikely to need this method in the course of
# normal operations.
#
def Password.echo(on=true, masked=false)
require 'termios'
term = Termios::getattr( $stdin )
if on
term.c_lflag |= ( Termios::ECHO | Termios::ICANON )
else # off
term.c_lflag &= ~Termios::ECHO
term.c_lflag &= ~Termios::ICANON if masked
end
Termios::setattr( $stdin, Termios::TCSANOW, term )
end
# Get a password from _STDIN_, using buffered line input and displaying
# _message_ as the prompt. No output will appear while the password is being
# typed. Hitting <b>[Enter]</b> completes password entry. If _STDIN_ is not
# connected to a tty, no prompt will be displayed.
#
def Password.get(message="Password: ")
require 'termios'
begin
if $stdin.tty?
Password.echo false
print message if message
end
pw = Password.new( $stdin.gets || "" )
pw.chomp!
ensure
if $stdin.tty?
Password.echo true
print "\n"
end
end
end
# Get a password from _STDIN_ in unbuffered mode, i.e. one key at a time.
# _message_ will be displayed as the prompt and each key press with echo
# _mask_ to the terminal. There is no need to hit <b>[Enter]</b> at the end.
#
def Password.getc(message="Password: ", mask='*')
require 'termios'
# Save current buffering mode
buffering = $stdout.sync
# Turn off buffering
$stdout.sync = true
begin
Password.echo(false, true)
print message if message
pw = ""
while ( char = $stdin.getc ) != 10 # break after [Enter]
putc mask
pw << char
end
ensure
Password.echo true
print "\n"
end
# Restore original buffering mode
$stdout.sync = buffering
Password.new( pw )
end
# :stopdoc:
# Determine whether next character should be a vowel or consonant.
#
def Password.get_vowel_or_consonant
rand( 2 ) == 1 ? VOWEL : CONSONANT
end
# :startdoc:
# Generate a memorable password of _length_ characters, using phonemes that
# a human-being can easily remember. _flags_ is one or more of
# <em>Password::ONE_DIGIT</em> and <em>Password::ONE_CASE</em>, logically
# OR'ed together. For example:
#
# pw = Password.phonemic( 8, Password::ONE_DIGIT | Password::ONE_CASE )
#
# This would generate an eight character password, containing a digit and an
# upper-case letter, such as <b>Ug2shoth</b>.
#
# This method was inspired by the
# pwgen[http://sourceforge.net/projects/pwgen/] tool, written by Theodore
# Ts'o.
#
# Generated passwords may contain any of the characters in
# <em>Password::PASSWD_CHARS</em>.
#
def Password.phonemic(length=8, flags=nil)
pw = nil
ph_flags = flags
loop do
pw = ""
# Separate the flags integer into an array of individual flags
feature_flags = [ flags & ONE_DIGIT, flags & ONE_CASE ]
prev = []
first = true
desired = Password.get_vowel_or_consonant
# Get an Array of all of the phonemes
phonemes = PHONEMES.keys.map { |ph| ph.to_s }
nr_phonemes = phonemes.size
while pw.length < length do
# Get a random phoneme and its length
phoneme = phonemes[ rand( nr_phonemes ) ]
ph_len = phoneme.length
# Get its flags as an Array
ph_flags = PHONEMES[ phoneme.to_sym ]
ph_flags = [ ph_flags & CONSONANT, ph_flags & VOWEL,
ph_flags & DIPHTHONG, ph_flags & NOT_FIRST ]
# Filter on the basic type of the next phoneme
next if ph_flags.include? desired
# Handle the NOT_FIRST flag
next if first and ph_flags.include? NOT_FIRST
# Don't allow a VOWEL followed a vowel/diphthong pair
next if prev.include? VOWEL and ph_flags.include? VOWEL and
ph_flags.include? DIPHTHONG
# Don't allow us to go longer than the desired length
next if ph_len > length - pw.length
# We've found a phoneme that meets our criteria
pw << phoneme
# Handle ONE_CASE
if feature_flags.include? ONE_CASE
if (first or ph_flags.include? CONSONANT) and rand( 10 ) < 3
pw[-ph_len, 1] = pw[-ph_len, 1].upcase
feature_flags.delete ONE_CASE
end
end
# Is password already long enough?
break if pw.length >= length
# Handle ONE_DIGIT
if feature_flags.include? ONE_DIGIT
if ! first and rand( 10 ) < 3
pw << ( rand( 10 ) + ?0 ).chr
feature_flags.delete ONE_DIGIT
first = true
prev = []
desired = Password.get_vowel_or_consonant
next
end
end
if desired == CONSONANT
desired = VOWEL
elsif prev.include? VOWEL or ph_flags.include? DIPHTHONG or
rand(10) > 3
desired = CONSONANT
else
desired = VOWEL
end
prev = ph_flags
first = false
end
# Try again
break unless feature_flags.include? ONE_CASE or
feature_flags.include? ONE_DIGIT
end
Password.new( pw )
end
# Generate a random password of _length_ characters. Unlike the
# Password.phonemic method, no attempt will be made to generate a memorable
# password. Generated passwords may contain any of the characters in
# <em>Password::PASSWD_CHARS</em>.
#
#
def Password.random(length=8)
pw = ""
nr_chars = PASSWD_CHARS.size
length.times { pw << PASSWD_CHARS[ rand( nr_chars ) ] }
Password.new( pw )
end
# An alternative to Password.random. It uses the <tt>/dev/urandom</tt>
# device to generate passwords, returning +nil+ on systems that do not
# implement the device. The passwords it generates may contain any of the
# characters in <em>Password::PASSWD_CHARS</em>, plus the additional
# characters + and /.
#
def Password.urandom(length=8)
return nil unless File.chardev? '/dev/urandom'
rand_data = nil
File.open( "/dev/urandom" ) { |f| rand_data = f.read( length ) }
# Base64 encode it
Password.new( [ rand_data ].pack( 'm' )[ 0 .. length - 1 ] )
end
# Encrypt a password using _type_ encryption. _salt_, if supplied, will be
# used to perturb the encryption algorithm and should be chosen from the
# <em>Password::SALT_CHARS</em>. If no salt is given, a randomly generated
# salt will be used.
#
def crypt(type=DES, salt='')
# Compatibility with String's crypt method.
# Really, salt should be the first argument here.
if (type.kind_of?(String) && salt == '')
salt = type
type = (type =~ /^\$1\$/ ? MD5 : DES)
end
# Compatibility with String's crypt method.
# Really, salt should be the first argument here.
if (type.kind_of?(String) && salt == '')
salt = type
type = (salt =~ /^\$1\$/ ? MD5 : DES)
end
unless ( salt.split( // ) - SALT_CHARS.split( // ) ).empty?
raise CryptError, 'bad salt'
end
salt = Password.random( type ? 2 : 8 ) if salt.empty?
# (Linux glibc2 interprets a salt prefix of '$1$' as a call to use MD5
# instead of DES when calling crypt(3))
salt = '$1$' + salt if type == MD5
# Pass to crypt in class String (our parent class)
crypt = super( salt )
# Raise an exception if MD5 was wanted, but result is not recognisable
if type == MD5 && crypt !~ /^\$1\$/
raise CryptError, 'MD5 not implemented'
end
crypt
end
# :stopdoc:
def check(dict=nil)
# Load the crack module (which injects a check method into this class,
# overriding this one) and try again.
self.send("check") if require 'crack'
end
end
# Display a phonemic password, if run directly.
#
if $0 == __FILE__
puts Password.phonemic
end
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