////// badcase.apex //////

if (Reports.get(0) instanceof CustomReport) {
    // Can safely cast it back to a custom report object
   CustomReport c = (CustomReport) Reports.get(0);
} else {
   // Do something with the non-custom-report.
}

Object o = null;
Boolean result = o instanceof Account;
System.assertEquals(false, result);

String dq = "This is a double-quoted string.";
String sq = 'This is a single-quoted string.';
String es_dq = "This is a string with \" escape sequences \b.";
String es_sq = 'This is a string with \' escape sequences \n.';

1;
1.0;
0b01;
0xFFFFFF;
01;

public virtual class SuperClass {
    public String mySalutation;
    public String myFirstName;
    public String myLastName;

    public SuperClass() {

        mySalutation = 'Mr.';
        myFirstName = 'Carl';
        myLastName = 'Vonderburg';
    }

    public SuperClass(String salutation, String firstName, String lastName) {

        mySalutation = salutation;
        myFirstName = firstName;
        myLastName = lastName;
    }

    public virtual void printName() {

        System.debug('My name is ' + mySalutation + myLastName);
    }

   public virtual String getFirstName() {
       return myFirstName;
   }
}

public class Subclass extends Superclass {
  public override void printName() {
        super.printName();
        System.debug('But you can call me ' + super.getFirstName());
    }
}

public Subclass() {
    super('Madam', 'Brenda', 'Clapentrap');
}

// using `this`
public class myTestThis {

    string s;
    {
        this.s = 'TestString';
    }
}

public class testThis {

    // First constructor for the class. It requires a string parameter.
    public testThis(string s2) {
    }

    // Second constructor for the class. It does not require a parameter.
    // This constructor calls the first constructor using the this keyword.
    public testThis() {
        this('None');
    }
}

// using transient
public class ExampleController {

    DateTime t1;
    transient DateTime t2;

    public String getT1() {
        if (t1 == null) t1 = System.now();
        return '' + t1;
    }

    public String getT2() {
        if (t2 == null) t2 = System.now();
        return '' + t2;
    }
}

// page controller
public inherited sharing class InheritedSharingClass{
    public List<Contact> getAllTheSecrets(){
        return [SELECT Name FROM Contact];
    }
}

// annotations
global class MyClass {

    @Future(callout=true) @IsTest
    public static void myMethod(String a)
    {
        /* ... */
    }
}

// Invokables
public without sharing class AccountQueryAction {
    @InvocableMethod(label='Get Account Names' description='Returns the list of account names corresponding to the specified account IDs.')
        public static List<String> getAccountNames(List<ID> ids) {
            List<String> accountNames = new List<String>();
            List<Account> accounts = [SELECT Name FROM Account WHERE Id in :ids];
            for (Account account : accounts) {
                accountNames.add(account.Name);
            }
            return accountNames;
        }
}

public class AccountInsertAction {
    @InvocableMethod(label='Insert Accounts' description='Inserts the accounts specified and returns the IDs of the new accounts.')
        public static List<ID> insertAccounts(List<Account> accounts) {
            Database.SaveResult[] results = Database.insert(accounts);
            List<ID> accountIds = new List<ID>();
            for (Database.SaveResult result : results) {
                if (result.isSuccess()) {
                    accountIds.add(result.getId());
                }
            }
            return accountIds;
        }
}

// test class
@isTest(SeeAllData=true)
public class TestDataAccessClass {

    static testmethod void myTestMethod1() {
        // Query an existing account in the organization. 
        Account a = [SELECT Id, Name FROM Account WHERE Name='Acme' LIMIT 1];
        System.assert(a != null);

        // Create a test account based on the queried account.
        Account testAccount = a.clone();
        testAccount.Name = 'Acme Test';

        insert testAccount;

        // Query the test account that was inserted.
        Account testAccount2 = [SELECT Id, Name FROM Account 
                                WHERE Name='Acme Test' LIMIT 1];

        System.assert(testAccount2 != null);
    }

    @isTest static void myTestMethod2() {
        // Can access all data in the organization.
   }

}

// Soql
[SELECT Company, toLabel(Status) FROM Lead WHERE toLabel(Status) = 'le Draft']