use core::fmt;
use core::hash;
use core::marker::PhantomData;
use core::ptr::NonNull;

use crate::encode::{Encoding, RefEncode};
use crate::rc::{autoreleasepool_leaking, Retained};
use crate::runtime::__nsstring::nsstring_to_str;
use crate::runtime::{AnyObject, NSObjectProtocol};
use crate::Message;

/// An internal helper trait for [`ProtocolObject`].
///
///
/// # Safety
///
/// This is meant to be a sealed trait, and should not be implemented outside
/// of the [`extern_protocol!`] macro.
///
/// [`extern_protocol!`]: crate::extern_protocol
pub unsafe trait ImplementedBy<T: ?Sized + Message> {
    #[doc(hidden)]
    const __INNER: ();
}

/// An object representing any object that implements a specified protocol.
///
/// Objective-C has [a feature][protocol-type-checking] where you can write
/// `id<MyProtocol>`, and then work with the protocol as-if it was an object;
/// this is very similar to `dyn` traits in Rust!
///
/// If we could customize how `dyn Trait` works, then this struct would not
/// have been necessary; however, `dyn Trait` is a wide pointer with overhead,
/// which this struct helps avoid.
///
/// If the trait `T` inherits [`NSObjectProtocol`], this will implement common
/// traits like `Debug`, `PartialEq`, `Eq` and `Hash`.
///
/// [protocol-type-checking]: https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/Cocoa/Conceptual/ObjectiveC/Chapters/ocProtocols.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP30001163-CH15-TPXREF151
///
///
/// # Example
///
/// Convert an object `MyObject` that implements the a protocol `MyProtocol`
/// into a [`ProtocolObject`] for working with the protocol in a type-erased
/// way.
///
/// ```
/// use objc2::runtime::ProtocolObject;
/// use objc2::rc::Retained;
/// # use objc2::runtime::NSObject as MyObject;
/// # use objc2::runtime::NSObjectProtocol as MyProtocol;
///
/// let obj: Retained<MyObject> = MyObject::new();
/// let proto: &ProtocolObject<dyn MyProtocol> = ProtocolObject::from_ref(&*obj);
/// let proto: Retained<ProtocolObject<dyn MyProtocol>> = ProtocolObject::from_retained(obj);
/// ```
#[doc(alias = "id")]
#[repr(C)]
pub struct ProtocolObject<P: ?Sized> {
    inner: AnyObject,
    p: PhantomData<P>,
}

// SAFETY: `Send` if the underlying trait promises `Send`.
//
// E.g. `ProtocolObject<dyn NSObjectProtocol + Send>` is naturally `Send`.
unsafe impl<P: ?Sized + Send> Send for ProtocolObject<P> {}

// SAFETY: `Sync` if the underlying trait promises `Sync`.
//
// E.g. `ProtocolObject<dyn NSObjectProtocol + Sync>` is naturally `Sync`.
unsafe impl<P: ?Sized + Sync> Sync for ProtocolObject<P> {}

// SAFETY: The type is `#[repr(C)]` and `AnyObject` internally
unsafe impl<P: ?Sized> RefEncode for ProtocolObject<P> {
    const ENCODING_REF: Encoding = Encoding::Object;
}

// SAFETY: The type is `AnyObject` internally, and is mean to be messaged
// as-if it's an object.
unsafe impl<P: ?Sized> Message for ProtocolObject<P> {}

impl<P: ?Sized> ProtocolObject<P> {
    /// Get an immutable type-erased reference from a type implementing a
    /// protocol.
    #[inline]
    pub fn from_ref<T: ?Sized + Message>(obj: &T) -> &Self
    where
        P: ImplementedBy<T>,
    {
        let ptr: NonNull<T> = NonNull::from(obj);
        let ptr: NonNull<Self> = ptr.cast();
        // SAFETY: Implementer ensures that the object conforms to the
        // protocol; so converting the reference here is safe.
        unsafe { ptr.as_ref() }
    }

    /// Get a type-erased object from a type implementing a protocol.
    #[deprecated = "use `ProtocolObject::from_retained` instead"]
    #[inline]
    pub fn from_id<T>(obj: Retained<T>) -> Retained<Self>
    where
        P: ImplementedBy<T> + 'static,
        T: Message + 'static,
    {
        Self::from_retained(obj)
    }

    /// Get a type-erased object from a type implementing a protocol.
    #[inline]
    pub fn from_retained<T>(obj: Retained<T>) -> Retained<Self>
    where
        P: ImplementedBy<T> + 'static,
        T: Message + 'static,
    {
        // SAFETY:
        // - The type can be represented as the casted-to type.
        // - Both types are `'static` (this could maybe be relaxed a bit, but
        //   let's be on the safe side)!
        unsafe { Retained::cast_unchecked::<Self>(obj) }
    }
}

impl<P: ?Sized + NSObjectProtocol> PartialEq for ProtocolObject<P> {
    #[inline]
    #[doc(alias = "isEqual:")]
    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
        self.isEqual(Some(&other.inner))
    }
}

impl<P: ?Sized + NSObjectProtocol> Eq for ProtocolObject<P> {}

impl<P: ?Sized + NSObjectProtocol> hash::Hash for ProtocolObject<P> {
    #[inline]
    fn hash<H: hash::Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
        <Self as NSObjectProtocol>::hash(self).hash(state);
    }
}

impl<P: ?Sized + NSObjectProtocol> fmt::Debug for ProtocolObject<P> {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        let description = self.description();

        // `NSString`s in return types, such as the one in `description`, are
        // in general _supposed_ to be immutable:
        // <https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/General/Conceptual/CocoaEncyclopedia/ObjectMutability/ObjectMutability.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP40010810-CH5-SW65>
        //
        // In reality, that isn't actually the case for `NSMutableString`,
        // the `description` of that just returns itself instead of copying.
        //
        // Luckily though, the `UTF8String` returned by mutable objects do not
        // return a reference to internal data, and instead always allocate
        // a new autoreleased object (see details in `nsstring_to_str`), so
        // we do not have to worry about the string being mutated in e.g. a
        // malicious `Write` implementation in `fmt::Formatter` while we hold
        // the `&str`.

        // We use a leaking autorelease pool since often the string will be
        // UTF-8, and in that case the pool will be irrelevant. Also, it
        // allows us to pass the formatter into the pool (since it may contain
        // a pool internally that it assumes is current when writing).
        autoreleasepool_leaking(|pool| {
            // SAFETY:
            // - The `description` selector is guaranteed to always return an
            //   instance of `NSString`.
            // - We control the scope in which the string is alive, so we know
            //   it is not moved outside the current autorelease pool
            //   (`autoreleasepool_leaking` is greatly helping with this,
            //   though by itself does not fully ensure it).
            let s = unsafe { nsstring_to_str(&description, pool) };
            fmt::Display::fmt(s, f)
        })
    }
}

impl<P: ?Sized, T> AsRef<ProtocolObject<T>> for ProtocolObject<P>
where
    T: ?Sized + ImplementedBy<ProtocolObject<P>>,
{
    #[inline]
    fn as_ref(&self) -> &ProtocolObject<T> {
        ProtocolObject::from_ref(self)
    }
}

// TODO: Maybe implement Borrow?

impl<P: ?Sized + 'static> AsRef<AnyObject> for ProtocolObject<P> {
    #[inline]
    fn as_ref(&self) -> &AnyObject {
        let ptr: NonNull<ProtocolObject<P>> = NonNull::from(self);
        let ptr: NonNull<AnyObject> = ptr.cast();
        // SAFETY: All protocol objects are Objective-C objects too.
        unsafe { ptr.as_ref() }
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
#[allow(clippy::missing_safety_doc)]
#[allow(dead_code)]
mod tests {
    use alloc::format;
    use core::ffi::CStr;

    use static_assertions::{assert_impl_all, assert_not_impl_any};

    use super::*;
    use crate::runtime::{ClassBuilder, NSObject};
    use crate::{define_class, extern_methods, extern_protocol, msg_send, ClassType};

    extern_protocol!(
        unsafe trait Foo {
            #[unsafe(method(foo))]
            fn foo_class();

            #[unsafe(method(foo))]
            fn foo_instance(&self);
        }
    );

    extern_protocol!(
        unsafe trait Bar: NSObjectProtocol {
            #[unsafe(method(bar))]
            fn bar_class();

            #[unsafe(method(bar))]
            fn bar_instance(&self);
        }
    );

    extern_protocol!(
        unsafe trait FooBar: Foo + Bar {
            #[unsafe(method(foobar))]
            fn foobar_class();

            #[unsafe(method(foobar))]
            fn foobar_instance(&self);
        }
    );

    extern_protocol!(
        unsafe trait FooFooBar: Foo + FooBar {
            #[unsafe(method(foofoobar))]
            fn foofoobar_class();

            #[unsafe(method(foofoobar))]
            fn foofoobar_instance(&self);
        }
    );

    define_class!(
        #[unsafe(super(NSObject))]
        #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
        struct DummyClass;

        unsafe impl NSObjectProtocol for DummyClass {}
    );

    unsafe impl Foo for DummyClass {}
    unsafe impl Bar for DummyClass {}
    unsafe impl FooBar for DummyClass {}
    // unsafe impl FooFooBar for DummyClass {}

    impl DummyClass {
        extern_methods!(
            #[unsafe(method(new))]
            fn new() -> Retained<Self>;
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn impl_traits() {
        assert_impl_all!(NSObject: NSObjectProtocol);
        assert_impl_all!(ProtocolObject<dyn NSObjectProtocol>: NSObjectProtocol);
        assert_not_impl_any!(ProtocolObject<dyn NSObjectProtocol>: Send, Sync);
        assert_impl_all!(ProtocolObject<dyn NSObjectProtocol + Send>: NSObjectProtocol, Send);
        assert_not_impl_any!(ProtocolObject<dyn NSObjectProtocol + Send>: Sync);
        assert_impl_all!(ProtocolObject<dyn NSObjectProtocol + Sync>: NSObjectProtocol, Sync);
        assert_not_impl_any!(ProtocolObject<dyn NSObjectProtocol + Sync>: Send);
        assert_impl_all!(ProtocolObject<dyn NSObjectProtocol + Send + Sync>: NSObjectProtocol, Send, Sync);
        assert_not_impl_any!(ProtocolObject<dyn Foo>: NSObjectProtocol);
        assert_impl_all!(ProtocolObject<dyn Bar>: NSObjectProtocol);
        assert_impl_all!(ProtocolObject<dyn FooBar>: NSObjectProtocol);
        assert_impl_all!(ProtocolObject<dyn FooFooBar>: NSObjectProtocol);
        assert_impl_all!(DummyClass: NSObjectProtocol);

        assert_not_impl_any!(NSObject: Foo);
        assert_not_impl_any!(ProtocolObject<dyn NSObjectProtocol>: Foo);
        assert_impl_all!(ProtocolObject<dyn Foo>: Foo);
        assert_not_impl_any!(ProtocolObject<dyn Bar>: Foo);
        assert_impl_all!(ProtocolObject<dyn FooBar>: Foo);
        assert_impl_all!(ProtocolObject<dyn FooFooBar>: Foo);
        assert_impl_all!(DummyClass: Foo);

        assert_not_impl_any!(NSObject: Bar);
        assert_not_impl_any!(ProtocolObject<dyn NSObjectProtocol>: Bar);
        assert_not_impl_any!(ProtocolObject<dyn Foo>: Bar);
        assert_impl_all!(ProtocolObject<dyn Bar>: Bar);
        assert_impl_all!(ProtocolObject<dyn FooBar>: Bar);
        assert_impl_all!(ProtocolObject<dyn FooFooBar>: Bar);
        assert_impl_all!(DummyClass: Bar);

        assert_not_impl_any!(NSObject: FooBar);
        assert_not_impl_any!(ProtocolObject<dyn NSObjectProtocol>: FooBar);
        assert_not_impl_any!(ProtocolObject<dyn Foo>: FooBar);
        assert_not_impl_any!(ProtocolObject<dyn Bar>: FooBar);
        assert_impl_all!(ProtocolObject<dyn FooBar>: FooBar);
        assert_impl_all!(ProtocolObject<dyn FooFooBar>: FooBar);
        assert_impl_all!(DummyClass: FooBar);

        assert_not_impl_any!(NSObject: FooFooBar);
        assert_not_impl_any!(ProtocolObject<dyn NSObjectProtocol>: FooFooBar);
        assert_not_impl_any!(ProtocolObject<dyn Foo>: FooFooBar);
        assert_not_impl_any!(ProtocolObject<dyn Bar>: FooFooBar);
        assert_not_impl_any!(ProtocolObject<dyn FooBar>: FooFooBar);
        assert_impl_all!(ProtocolObject<dyn FooFooBar>: FooFooBar);
        assert_not_impl_any!(DummyClass: FooFooBar);
    }

    #[test]
    fn convertible() {
        let obj = DummyClass::new();
        let foobar: &ProtocolObject<dyn FooBar> = ProtocolObject::from_ref(&*obj);
        let foobar: &ProtocolObject<dyn FooBar> = ProtocolObject::from_ref(foobar);

        let _bar: &ProtocolObject<dyn Bar> = ProtocolObject::from_ref(foobar);
        let bar: &ProtocolObject<dyn Bar> = ProtocolObject::from_ref(&*obj);
        let bar: &ProtocolObject<dyn Bar> = ProtocolObject::from_ref(bar);

        let _foo: &ProtocolObject<dyn Foo> = ProtocolObject::from_ref(foobar);
        let foo: &ProtocolObject<dyn Foo> = ProtocolObject::from_ref(&*obj);
        let _foo: &ProtocolObject<dyn Foo> = ProtocolObject::from_ref(foo);

        let _nsobject: &ProtocolObject<dyn NSObjectProtocol> = ProtocolObject::from_ref(foobar);
        let _nsobject: &ProtocolObject<dyn NSObjectProtocol> = ProtocolObject::from_ref(bar);
        let nsobject: &ProtocolObject<dyn NSObjectProtocol> = ProtocolObject::from_ref(&*obj);
        let _nsobject: &ProtocolObject<dyn NSObjectProtocol> = ProtocolObject::from_ref(nsobject);
        let _: &ProtocolObject<dyn NSObjectProtocol + Send> = ProtocolObject::from_ref(&*obj);
        let _: &ProtocolObject<dyn NSObjectProtocol + Sync> = ProtocolObject::from_ref(&*obj);
        let _: &ProtocolObject<dyn NSObjectProtocol + Send + Sync> =
            ProtocolObject::from_ref(&*obj);

        let _foobar: Retained<ProtocolObject<dyn FooBar>> = ProtocolObject::from_retained(obj);
    }

    #[test]
    fn convert_to_anyobj() {
        let obj = NSObject::new();
        let obj: Retained<ProtocolObject<dyn NSObjectProtocol>> =
            ProtocolObject::from_retained(obj);
        let _obj: &AnyObject = obj.as_ref();
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_traits() {
        use core::hash::Hasher;
        use std::collections::hash_map::DefaultHasher;
        use std::hash::Hash;

        let obj = DummyClass::new();
        let obj2 = DummyClass::new();

        let foobar: &ProtocolObject<dyn FooBar> = ProtocolObject::from_ref(&*obj);
        let foobar2: &ProtocolObject<dyn FooBar> = ProtocolObject::from_ref(&*obj2);

        assert_eq!(
            format!("{obj:?}"),
            format!("DummyClass {{ super: {foobar:?}, ivars: () }}"),
        );
        assert_eq!(obj == obj2, foobar == foobar2);

        let mut hashstate_a = DefaultHasher::new();
        let mut hashstate_b = DefaultHasher::new();

        obj.hash(&mut hashstate_a);
        <_ as Hash>::hash(foobar, &mut hashstate_b);

        assert_eq!(hashstate_a.finish(), hashstate_b.finish());
    }

    // We use `debug_assertions` here just because it's something that we know
    // our CI already tests.
    extern_protocol!(
        #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
        unsafe trait CfgTest {}
    );

    #[test]
    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
    fn test_meta() {
        if false {
            let _protocol = <dyn CfgTest as crate::ProtocolType>::protocol();
        }
    }

    #[test]
    #[cfg_attr(
        feature = "gnustep-1-7",
        ignore = "depends on the platform's NSString unicode handling"
    )]
    fn debug_non_utf8_classname() {
        // Some class with invalid UTF-8 character inside
        let s = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"My\xF0\x90\x80Class\0").unwrap();

        let cls = ClassBuilder::new(s, NSObject::class()).unwrap().register();
        let obj: Retained<NSObject> = unsafe { msg_send![cls, new] };

        let expected = format!("<My\u{f8ff}êÄClass: {:p}>", &*obj);
        assert_eq!(format!("{obj:?}"), expected);
    }
}