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# topnfiles: Find youngest/oldest or smallest/largest files
In a directory structure, identify those files which
- were least/most recently been used, or
- are smallest/largest
"Used" by default means "modified", but this can be adjusted with the --attribute argument.
Run with the --help argument for usage instructions.
## Motivation
As mentioned at https://troelsarvin.blogspot.com/2024/09/find-recently-updated-files.html a chain of linux tools may obtain the same, but it will be slower and potentially rather memory-intensive with very large file systems.
Indeed, on a file system with 3 million files, topnfiles is 40% faster than the find+sort method (when comparing user+system time), and consumes 10% of the memory that find+sort consumes.
## Examples
troels@host:/usr/share/doc$ topnfiles .
2025-09-01T02:00:00+02:00 ./vim-common/README.txt
2025-09-01T02:00:00+02:00 ./vim-common/README_amibin.txt
2025-09-01T02:00:00+02:00 ./vim-common/README_ole.txt
2025-09-01T02:00:00+02:00 ./vim-common/README_os390.txt
2025-09-01T02:00:00+02:00 ./vim-common/README_ami.txt
2025-09-02T02:00:00+02:00 ./python3-botocore/README.rst
2025-09-02T02:00:00+02:00 ./python3-boto3/CHANGELOG.rst
2025-09-02T02:00:00+02:00 ./python3-boto3/README.rst
2025-09-04T02:00:00+02:00 ./topnfiles/README.md
2025-09-04T02:00:00+02:00 ./topnfiles/CHANGELOG.md
troels@host:/usr/share/doc$ topnfiles --return oldest .
1997-09-16T17:36:28+02:00 ./fcgi-devel/doc/fastcgi-whitepaper/img00001.gif
1997-09-16T17:36:28+02:00 ./fcgi-devel/doc/fastcgi-whitepaper/img00003.gif
1997-09-16T17:36:28+02:00 ./fcgi-devel/doc/fastcgi-whitepaper/img00002.gif
1997-09-16T17:36:27+02:00 ./fcgi-devel/doc/fastcgi-prog-guide/ch1inta1.gif
1997-09-16T17:36:27+02:00 ./fcgi-devel/doc/fastcgi-prog-guide/ch1intra.gif
1997-09-16T17:36:27+02:00 ./fcgi-devel/doc/fastcgi-prog-guide/covera.gif
1997-09-16T17:36:26+02:00 ./fcgi-devel/doc/omi-logo.gif
1997-09-16T17:36:24+02:00 ./fcgi/LICENSE.TERMS
1996-12-14T00:25:34+01:00 ./zip/algorith.txt
1970-01-02T01:00:00+01:00 ./postgresql-jdbc/README.md
## How to rank
The "--return <...>" argument determines how topnfiles pick resulting directory entries.
Possible values for "--return" are:
- youngest
- oldest
- smallest
- largest
The result set is printed like this:
If using "-r youngest", youngest qualifying files are printed last.
If using "-r oldest", oldest qualifying files are printed last.
If using "-r smallest ", smallest qualifying files are printed last.
If using "-r largest", largest qualifying files are printed last.
## Output
Output format is governed by the "-o"/"--output" parameter, defaulting to human readable output.
### Human readable output
For this output mode, for each directory entry found, a line is printed to stdout, in a way which is human readable: Problematic characters are replaced by Unicode control pictures, or are caret escaped, depending on the capabilities of the environment. One implication of this is that the one-line-per-path rule is upheld.
The exact format of human readable output may change between versions.
File metadata elements are separated by a space. Element order is as follows (to the extent the elements are requested in the --output argument):
- Size (in bytes)
- ISO timestamp
- Unix timestamp
- File path
### Machine readable output
The "j" output option (which may not be combined with other output modifiers) results in JSON output.
If using the "0" output option (which may also not be combined with other output modifiers), each resulting path is suffixed with a NULL (ASCII 0) character, instaed of a newline, similar to the *find* tool's -print0 option. In this situation, "odd" characters are not replace with the U+FFFD unicode character.
## See also
Source code is available at https://gitlab.com/troelsarvin/topnfiles
Compiled packages may be available at https://troels.arvin.dk/topnfiles/
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