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<A NAME="CHILD_LINKS"><STRONG>Subsections</STRONG></A>
<UL>
<LI><A NAME="tex2html2472"
HREF="#SECTION003710000000000000000">34.1 Command-Line Operation</A>
<LI><A NAME="tex2html2473"
HREF="#SECTION003720000000000000000">34.2 Configuration</A>
<UL>
<LI><A NAME="tex2html2474"
HREF="#SECTION003721000000000000000"><TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucico</FONT></TT></A>
</UL>
<LI><A NAME="tex2html2475"
HREF="#SECTION003730000000000000000">34.3 Modem Dial</A>
<LI><A NAME="tex2html2476"
HREF="#SECTION003740000000000000000">34.4 <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">tty</FONT></TT>/UUCP Lock Files</A>
<LI><A NAME="tex2html2477"
HREF="#SECTION003750000000000000000">34.5 Debugging <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucp</FONT></TT></A>
<LI><A NAME="tex2html2478"
HREF="#SECTION003760000000000000000">34.6 Using <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uux</FONT></TT> with <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">exim</FONT></TT></A>
<LI><A NAME="tex2html2479"
HREF="#SECTION003770000000000000000">34.7 Scheduling Dialouts</A>
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<HR>
<H1><A NAME="SECTION003700000000000000000">
34. <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucp</FONT></TT> and <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uux</FONT></TT></A>
</H1>
<P>
<A NAME="chap:uucp"></A>
<P>
<TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucp</FONT></TT> is a command to copy a file from one U<SMALL>NIX</SMALL> system to another.
<TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uux</FONT></TT> executes a command on another U<SMALL>NIX</SMALL> system, even if that
command is receiving data through stdin on the local system. <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uux</FONT></TT> is
extremely useful for automating many kinds of distributed functions,
like mail and news.
<P>
The <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucp</FONT></TT> and <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uux</FONT></TT> commands both come as part of the
<TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucp</FONT></TT> (<I>Unix-to-Unix Copy</I>) package.
<TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucp</FONT></TT> may sound ridiculous considering the availability of modern
commands like <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">rcp</FONT></TT>,
<TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">rsh</FONT></TT>, or even FTP transfers
(which accomplish the same thing), but <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucp</FONT></TT> has features that
these do not, making it an essential, albeit antiquated, utility. For
instance, <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucp</FONT></TT> never executes jobs immediately. It will, for
example, queue a file copy for later processing and then dial the
remote machine during the night to complete the operation.
<P>
<TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucp</FONT></TT> predates the Internet: It was originally
used to implement a mail system, using only modems and
telephone lines. It hence has sophisticated protocols for ensuring that
your file/command <I>really does get there</I>, with the
maximum possible fault tolerance and the minimum of
retransmission. This is why it should always be used for
automated tasks wherever there are unreliable (i.e., modem)
connections. The <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucp</FONT></TT> version that comes with most L<SMALL>INUX</SMALL>
distributions is called Taylor UUCP after its author.
<P>
Especially important is that when a <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucp</FONT></TT> operation is interrupted
by a line break, the connection time is not wasted: <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucp</FONT></TT> will
not have discarded any partially transmitted data. This means that no
matter how slow or error prone the connection, progress is always made.
Compare this to an SMTP or POP3/IMAP
connection: Any line break halfway
through a large mail message will necessitate that the entire operation to be
restarted from scratch.
<P>
<H1><A NAME="SECTION003710000000000000000">
34.1 Command-Line Operation</A>
</H1>
<P>
To copy a file from one machine to another, simply enter
<P><TABLE nowrap="1" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR>
<TD valign="top" class="source" width="2%"><FONT color=red>
<code> </code><br>
</FONT></TD><TD valign="top" class="source" bgcolor="#FFE0C0"><FONT color=blue>
<code>uucp <filename> <machine>!<path></code><br>
</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE><P>
<P>
You can also run commands on the remote system, like
<P><TABLE nowrap="1" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR>
<TD valign="top" class="source" width="2%"><FONT color=red>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
</FONT></TD><TD valign="top" class="source" bgcolor="#FFE0C0"><FONT color=blue>
<code>echo -n 'Hi, this is a short message\n\n-paul' | \</code><br>
<code> uux - 'cericon!rmail' 'john'</code><br>
</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE><P>
which runs <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">rmail</FONT></TT> on the remote system <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">cericon</FONT></TT>,
feeding some text to the <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">rmail</FONT></TT> program. Note how you should quote
the <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff"> ! </FONT></TT> character to prevent it from being interpreted by the shell.
(These commands will almost always fail with
<TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">permission denied by remote</FONT></TT>.
The error will come in a mail message to the user
that ran the command.)
<P>
<H1><A NAME="SECTION003720000000000000000">
34.2 Configuration</A>
</H1>
<P>
<TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucp</FONT></TT> comes with comprehensive documentation
in HTML format
(<TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">/usr/doc/uucp-</FONT></TT><I>version</I><TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">/uucp.html</FONT></TT>
or <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">/usr/share/</FONT></TT>...) on RedHat, and
<TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">info</FONT></TT> format on Debian and RedHat. Here, I sketch
a basic and typical configuration.
<P>
The <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucp</FONT></TT> package has a long history of revisions, beginning with
the first modem-based mail networks. The latest GNU editions that
come with L<SMALL>INUX</SMALL> distributions have a configuration file format that
will probably differ from that which old <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucp</FONT></TT> hands are used to.
<P>
Dialup networks today typically use <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucp</FONT></TT> in
combination with normal PPP dialup, probably not using <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucp</FONT></TT>'s
dial-in facilities at all. For example, if you are deploying a number of remote
hosts that are using modems, these hosts should always use <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucp</FONT></TT> to
upload and retrieve mail, rather than POP3/IMAP or straight
SMTP, because of the retransmission problem discussed above.
In other words, <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucp</FONT></TT> is really working as an ordinary TCP service,
albeit with far more fault tolerance.
<P>
To make <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucp</FONT></TT> into a TCP server, place it into
<TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">/etc/inetd.conf</FONT></TT> as follows
<P><TABLE nowrap="1" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR>
<TD valign="top" class="source" width="2%"><FONT color=red>
<code> </code><br>
</FONT></TD><TD valign="top" class="source" bgcolor="#FFE0C0"><FONT color=blue>
<code>uucp stream tcp nowait uucp /usr/sbin/tcpd /usr/lib/uucp/uucico -l</code><br>
</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE><P>
being also <I>very</I> careful to limit the hosts that can connect
by using the techniques discussed in Chapter <A HREF="node32.html#chap:xinetd">29</A>.
Similarly for <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">xinetd</FONT></TT>, create a file <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">/etc/xinetd.d/uucp</FONT></TT> containing,
<P><TABLE nowrap="1" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR>
<TD valign="top" class="source" width="2%"><FONT color=red>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<font size="-1"><code>5</code></font><code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<font size="-1"><code>10</code></font><code> </code><br>
</FONT></TD><TD valign="top" class="source" bgcolor="#FFE0C0"><FONT color=blue>
<code>service uucp</code><br>
<code>{</code><br>
<code> only_from = 127.0.0.1 192.168.0.0/16</code><br>
<code> socket_type = stream</code><br>
<code> wait = no</code><br>
<code> user = uucp</code><br>
<code> server = /usr/lib/uucp/uucico</code><br>
<code> server_args = -l</code><br>
<code> disable = no</code><br>
<code>}</code><br>
</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE><P>
<P>
<TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucp</FONT></TT> configuration files are stored under <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">/etc/uucp/</FONT></TT>.
Now we configure a client machine,
<TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">machine1.cranzgot.co.za</FONT></TT>, to send mail through <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">server1.cranzgot.co.za</FONT></TT>,
where <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">server1.cranzgot.co.za</FONT></TT> is running the <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucico</FONT></TT> service
above.
<P>
<TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucp</FONT></TT> has an antiquated authentication
mechanism that uses its own
list of users and passwords completely distinct from those of ordinary U<SMALL>NIX</SMALL>
accounts. We must first add a common ``user'' and password to both machines
for authentication purposes. For <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">machine1.cranzgot.co.za</FONT></TT>, we can add to
the file <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">/etc/uucp/call</FONT></TT> the line
<P><TABLE nowrap="1" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR>
<TD valign="top" class="source" width="2%"><FONT color=red>
<code> </code><br>
</FONT></TD><TD valign="top" class="source" bgcolor="#FFE0C0"><FONT color=blue>
<code>server1 machine1login pAsSwOrD123</code><br>
</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE><P>
which tells <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucp</FONT></TT> to use the login <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">machine1login</FONT></TT>
whenever trying to speak to <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">server1</FONT></TT>. On
<TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">server1.cranzgot.co.za</FONT></TT> we can add to the file
<TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">/etc/uucp/passwd</FONT></TT> the line,
<P><TABLE nowrap="1" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR>
<TD valign="top" class="source" width="2%"><FONT color=red>
<code> </code><br>
</FONT></TD><TD valign="top" class="source" bgcolor="#FFE0C0"><FONT color=blue>
<code>machine1login pAsSwOrD123</code><br>
</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE><P>
Note that the <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucp</FONT></TT> name <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">server1</FONT></TT> was chosen for the
machine <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">server1.cranzgot.co.za</FONT></TT> for convenience. <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucp</FONT></TT> names,
however, have nothing to do with domain names.
<P>
Next, we need to tell <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucp</FONT></TT> about the intentions of
<TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">machine1</FONT></TT>. Any machine that you might connect to or from
must be listed in the <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">/etc/uucp/sys</FONT></TT> file.
Our entry looks like
<P><TABLE nowrap="1" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR>
<TD valign="top" class="source" width="2%"><FONT color=red>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<font size="-1"><code>5</code></font><code> </code><br>
</FONT></TD><TD valign="top" class="source" bgcolor="#FFE0C0"><FONT color=blue>
<code>system machine1</code><br>
<code>call-login *</code><br>
<code>call-password *</code><br>
<code>commands rmail</code><br>
<code>protocol t</code><br>
</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE><P>
and can have as many entries as we like. The only things
<TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">server1</FONT></TT> has to know about <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">machine1</FONT></TT> are the user and password
and the preferred protocol. The <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">*</FONT></TT>'s mean to look up the user and
password in the <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">/etc/uucp/passwd</FONT></TT> file, and
<TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">protocol t</FONT></TT>
means to use a simple non-error, correcting protocol (as appropriate for
use over TCP). The <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">commands</FONT></TT> option takes a space-separated list
of permitted commands--for security reasons, commands not in
this list cannot be executed. (This is why I stated above that commands
will almost always fail with
<TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">permission denied by remote</FONT></TT>--they
are usually not listed under <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">commands</FONT></TT>.)
<P>
The <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">/etc/uucp/sys</FONT></TT> file on <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">machine1</FONT></TT> will contain:
<P><TABLE nowrap="1" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR>
<TD valign="top" class="source" width="2%"><FONT color=red>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<font size="-1"><code>5</code></font><code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
</FONT></TD><TD valign="top" class="source" bgcolor="#FFE0C0"><FONT color=blue>
<code>system server1</code><br>
<code>call-login *</code><br>
<code>call-password *</code><br>
<code>time any</code><br>
<code>port TCP</code><br>
<code>address 192.168.3.2</code><br>
<code>protocol t</code><br>
</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE><P>
Here <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">time any</FONT></TT> specifies which times of the day <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucp</FONT></TT> may make calls
to <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">server1</FONT></TT>. The default is <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">time Never</FONT></TT>. <FONT COLOR="#ffa500">[See the <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucp</FONT></TT>
documentation under <B>Time Strings</B> for more info.]</FONT> The option <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">port TCP</FONT></TT>
means that we are using a <I>modem</I> named <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">TCP</FONT></TT> to execute the dialout. All
modems are defined in the file <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">/etc/uucp/port</FONT></TT>. We can add our modem entry
to <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">/etc/uucp/port</FONT></TT> as follows,
<P><TABLE nowrap="1" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR>
<TD valign="top" class="source" width="2%"><FONT color=red>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
</FONT></TD><TD valign="top" class="source" bgcolor="#FFE0C0"><FONT color=blue>
<code>port TCP</code><br>
<code>type tcp</code><br>
</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE><P>
which clearly is not really a modem at all.
<P>
Finally, we can queue a mail transfer job with
<P><TABLE nowrap="1" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR>
<TD valign="top" class="source" width="2%"><FONT color=red>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
</FONT></TD><TD valign="top" class="source" bgcolor="#FFE0C0"><FONT color=blue>
<code>echo -e 'Hi Jack\n\nHow are you?\n\n-jill" | \</code><br>
<code> uux - --nouucico 'server1!rmail' 'jack@beanstalk.com'</code><br>
</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE><P>
and copy a file with
<P><TABLE nowrap="1" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR>
<TD valign="top" class="source" width="2%"><FONT color=red>
<code> </code><br>
</FONT></TD><TD valign="top" class="source" bgcolor="#FFE0C0"><FONT color=blue>
<code>uucp --nouucico README 'cericon!/var/spool/uucppublic'</code><br>
</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE><P>
Note that <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">/var/spool/uucppublic/</FONT></TT> is the only directory
you are allowed access to by default. You should probably keep it this
way for security.
<P>
<H2><A NAME="SECTION003721000000000000000">
<TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucico</FONT></TT></A>
</H2>
<P>
Although we have queued a job for processing, nothing will transfer until
the program <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucico</FONT></TT> (which stands for <I>Unix-to-Unix
copy in copy out</I>) is run. The idea is that both <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">server1</FONT></TT> and
<TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">machine1</FONT></TT> may have queued a number of jobs; then when
<TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucico</FONT></TT> is running on both machines and talking to each other,
all jobs on both machines are processed in turn, regardless of which
machine initiated the connection.
<P>
Usually <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucico</FONT></TT> is run from a <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">crond</FONT></TT> script every hour.
(Even having run <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucico</FONT></TT>, nothing will transfer if the time
of day does not come within the ranges specified under <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">time ...</FONT></TT>.)
Here we can run <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">tail -f /var/log/uucp/Log</FONT></TT>
while running <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucico</FONT></TT> manually as follows:
<P><TABLE nowrap="1" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR>
<TD valign="top" class="source" width="2%"><FONT color=red>
<code> </code><br>
</FONT></TD><TD valign="top" class="source" bgcolor="#FFE0C0"><FONT color=blue>
<code>uucico --debug 3 --force --system server1</code><br>
</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE><P>
The higher the debug level, the more verbose output you will
see in the <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">Log</FONT></TT> file. This will <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">--force</FONT></TT>ably dial the
<TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">--system</FONT></TT> <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">server1</FONT></TT> regardless of when it last dialed
(usually there are constraints on calling soon after a failed call:
<TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">--force</FONT></TT> overrides this).
<P>
If your mail server on <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">server1</FONT></TT> is configured correctly, it
should now have queued the message on the remote side.
<P>
<H1><A NAME="SECTION003730000000000000000">
34.3 Modem Dial</A>
</H1>
<P>
<A NAME="sec:dialinuucp"></A>
<P>
If you are really going to use <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucp</FONT></TT> the old-fashioned way,
you can use <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">mgetty</FONT></TT>
to answer <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucp</FONT></TT> calls on <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">server1</FONT></TT>
by adding the following to your <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">/etc/inittab</FONT></TT> file:
<P><TABLE nowrap="1" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR>
<TD valign="top" class="source" width="2%"><FONT color=red>
<code> </code><br>
</FONT></TD><TD valign="top" class="source" bgcolor="#FFE0C0"><FONT color=blue>
<code>S0:2345:respawn:/sbin/mgetty -s 57600 ttyS0</code><br>
</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE><P>
And then add the line
<P><TABLE nowrap="1" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR>
<TD valign="top" class="source" width="2%"><FONT color=red>
<code> </code><br>
</FONT></TD><TD valign="top" class="source" bgcolor="#FFE0C0"><FONT color=blue>
<code>machine1login uucp machine1login /usr/sbin/uucico -l -u machine1login</code><br>
</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE><P>
to the file <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">/etc/mgetty+sendfax/login.config</FONT></TT>
(<TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">/etc/mgetty/login.config</FONT></TT> for Debian). You will then also
have to add a U<SMALL>NIX</SMALL> account <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">machine1login</FONT></TT> with
password <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">pAsSwOrD123</FONT></TT>. This approach works is because
<TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">mgetty</FONT></TT> and <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucico</FONT></TT> have the same login prompt
and password prompt, but <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">mgetty</FONT></TT> uses <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">/etc/passwd</FONT></TT>
instead of <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">/etc/uucp/passwd</FONT></TT> to authenticate. Also, for
a modem connection, <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">protocol t</FONT></TT> is error prone:
change it to <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">protocol g</FONT></TT>,
which has small packet sizes
and error correction.
<P>
Note that the above configuration also supports faxes, logins, voice, and PPP
(see Section <A HREF="node44.html#sec:dialinppp">41.4</A>) on the same modem, because
<TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">mgetty</FONT></TT> only starts <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucico</FONT></TT> if the user name is
<TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">machine1login</FONT></TT>.
<P>
To dial out from <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">machine1</FONT></TT>, you first need to add a
modem device (besides <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">TCP</FONT></TT>) to your <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">/etc/uucp/port</FONT></TT> file:
<P><TABLE nowrap="1" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR>
<TD valign="top" class="source" width="2%"><FONT color=red>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<font size="-1"><code>5</code></font><code> </code><br>
</FONT></TD><TD valign="top" class="source" bgcolor="#FFE0C0"><FONT color=blue>
<code>port ACU</code><br>
<code>type modem</code><br>
<code>device /dev/ttyS0</code><br>
<code>dialer mymodem</code><br>
<code>speed 57600</code><br>
</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE><P>
<TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">ACU</FONT></TT> is antiquated terminology
and stands for <I>Automatic Calling Unit</I> (i.e., a
modem). We have to specify the usual types of things for serial ports,
like the device (<TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">/dev/ttyS0</FONT></TT> for a modem on COM1) and speed of
the serial line. We also must specify a means to initialize the modem:
the <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">dialer mymodem</FONT></TT> option. A file <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">/etc/uucp/dial</FONT></TT> should
then contain an entry for our type of modem matching ``<TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">mymodem</FONT></TT>''
as follows: <FONT COLOR="#ffa500">[This example
assumes that an initialization string
of <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">AT&F1</FONT></TT> is
sufficient. See Section <A HREF="node6.html#sec:hardwaremodem">3.5</A>.]</FONT>
<P><TABLE nowrap="1" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR>
<TD valign="top" class="source" width="2%"><FONT color=red>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<font size="-1"><code>5</code></font><code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<font size="-1"><code>10</code></font><code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
</FONT></TD><TD valign="top" class="source" bgcolor="#FFE0C0"><FONT color=blue>
<code>dialer mymodem</code><br>
<code>chat "" AT&F1\r\d\c OK\r ATDT\D CONNECT</code><br>
<code>chat-fail RING</code><br>
<code>chat-fail NO\sCARRIER</code><br>
<code>chat-fail ERROR</code><br>
<code>chat-fail NO\sDIALTONE</code><br>
<code>chat-fail BUSY</code><br>
<code>chat-fail NO\sANSWER</code><br>
<code>chat-fail VOICE</code><br>
<code>complete \d\d+++\d\dATH\r\c</code><br>
<code>abort \d\d+++\d\dATH\r\c</code><br>
</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE><P>
More about modems and dialing is covered with <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">pppd</FONT></TT> in
Chapter <A HREF="node44.html#chap:pppdialup">41</A>.
<P>
With the modem properly specified, we can change our
entry in the <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">sys</FONT></TT> file to
<P><TABLE nowrap="1" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR>
<TD valign="top" class="source" width="2%"><FONT color=red>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<font size="-1"><code>5</code></font><code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
</FONT></TD><TD valign="top" class="source" bgcolor="#FFE0C0"><FONT color=blue>
<code>system server1</code><br>
<code>call-login *</code><br>
<code>call-password *</code><br>
<code>time any</code><br>
<code>port ACU</code><br>
<code>phone 555-6789</code><br>
<code>protocol g</code><br>
</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE><P>
The same <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uux</FONT></TT> commands should now work over dialup.
<P>
<H1><A NAME="SECTION003740000000000000000">
34.4 <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">tty</FONT></TT>/UUCP Lock Files</A>
</H1>
<P>
<A NAME="sec:ttylockfile"></A>I hinted about lock files in Section <A HREF="node36.html#sec:faxsetuidbin">33.2</A>. A more detailed
explanation follows.
<P>
You will have noticed by now that several services use serial devices,
and many of them can use the same device at different times. This creates
a possible conflict should two services wish to use the same device at the same
time. For instance, what if someone wants to send a fax, while another person is
dialing in?
<P>
The solution is the <I>UUCP lock file</I>. This is a file created by a process
in <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">/var/lock/</FONT></TT> of the
form <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">LCK..</FONT></TT><I>device</I> that indicates
the serial port is being used by that process. For instance, when running
<TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">sendfax</FONT></TT> through a modem connected on
<TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">/dev/ttyS0</FONT></TT>, a file <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">/var/lock/LCK..ttyS0</FONT></TT> suddenly appears.
This is because <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">sendfax</FONT></TT>, along with all other <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">mgetty</FONT></TT>
programs, obeys the UUCP lock file convention. The contents
of this file actually contain the process ID of the program using the
serial device, so it is easy to check whether the lock file is bogus. A lock
file of such a dead process is called a <I>stale lock file</I> and
can be removed manually.
<P>
<H1><A NAME="SECTION003750000000000000000">
34.5 Debugging <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucp</FONT></TT></A>
</H1>
<P>
<TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucp</FONT></TT> implementations rarely run smoothly the first time.
Fortunately, you have available a variety of verbose debugging options. <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucico</FONT></TT> takes
the <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">--debug</FONT></TT> option to specify the level of debug output. You
should examine the files <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">/var/log/uucp/Log</FONT></TT>,
<TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">/var/log/uucp/Debug</FONT></TT>,
and <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">/var/log/uucp/Stats</FONT></TT> to get an idea
about what is going on in the background. Also important
is the spool directory <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">/var/spool/uucp/</FONT></TT>. You can
specify
the debugging level with <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">--debug </FONT></TT><I>level</I> where <I>level</I>
is in the range of <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">0</FONT></TT> through <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">11</FONT></TT>. You can also use
<TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">--debug chat</FONT></TT> to only see modem communication details. A full description
of other options follows <FONT COLOR="#ffa500">[Credits to the <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucp</FONT></TT> documentation.]</FONT>:
<DL COMPACT>
<DT><B><TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">--debug abnormal</FONT></TT></B>
<DD>Output debugging messages for abnormal situations, such as recoverable errors.
<DT><B><TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">--debug chat</FONT></TT></B>
<DD>Output debugging messages for chat scripts.
<DT><B><TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">--debug handshake</FONT></TT></B>
<DD>Output debugging messages for the initial handshake.
<DT><B><TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">--debug uucp</FONT></TT></B>
<DD>protocol Output debugging messages for the UUCP session protocol.
<DT><B><TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">--debug proto</FONT></TT></B>
<DD>Output debugging messages for the individual link protocols.
<DT><B><TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">--debug port</FONT></TT></B>
<DD>Output debugging messages for actions on the communication port.
<DT><B><TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">--debug config</FONT></TT></B>
<DD>Output debugging messages while reading the configuration files.
<DT><B><TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">--debug spooldir</FONT></TT></B>
<DD>Output debugging messages for actions in the spool directory.
<DT><B><TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">--debug execute</FONT></TT></B>
<DD>Output debugging messages whenever another program is executed.
<DT><B><TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">--debug incoming</FONT></TT></B>
<DD>List all incoming data in the debugging file.
<DT><B><TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">--debug outgoing</FONT></TT></B>
<DD>List all outgoing data in the debugging file.
<DT><B><TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">--debug all</FONT></TT></B>
<DD>All of the above.
</DD>
</DL>
<P>
<H1><A NAME="SECTION003760000000000000000">
34.6 Using <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uux</FONT></TT> with <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">exim</FONT></TT></A>
</H1>
<P>
On <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">machine1</FONT></TT> we would like <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">exim</FONT></TT> to spool all mail through
<TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucp</FONT></TT>. Using <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucp</FONT></TT> requires a pipe transport (<TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">exim</FONT></TT>
transports are
discussed in Section <A HREF="node33.html#sec:eximtransports">30.3.2</A>). <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">exim</FONT></TT>
merely sends mail through stdin of the <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uux</FONT></TT> command and then forgets
about it. <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uux</FONT></TT> is then responsible for executing <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">rmail</FONT></TT>
on <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">server1</FONT></TT>. The complete <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">exim.conf</FONT></TT> file is simply as follows.
<P><TABLE nowrap="1" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR>
<TD valign="top" class="source" width="2%"><FONT color=red>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<font size="-1"><code>5</code></font><code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<font size="-1"><code>10</code></font><code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<font size="-1"><code>15</code></font><code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<font size="-1"><code>20</code></font><code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<font size="-1"><code>25</code></font><code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<font size="-1"><code>30</code></font><code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<font size="-1"><code>35</code></font><code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<font size="-1"><code>40</code></font><code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
</FONT></TD><TD valign="top" class="source" bgcolor="#FFE0C0"><FONT color=blue>
<code>#################### MAIN CONFIGURATION SETTINGS #####################</code><br>
<code>log_subject</code><br>
<code>errors_address = admin</code><br>
<code>local_domains = localhost : ${primary_hostname} : machine1 : \</code><br>
<code> machine1.cranzgot.co.za</code><br>
<code>host_accept_relay = 127.0.0.1 : localhost : ${primary_hostname} : \</code><br>
<code> machine1 : machine1.cranzgot.co.za</code><br>
<code>never_users = root</code><br>
<code>exim_user = mail</code><br>
<code>exim_group = mail</code><br>
<code>end</code><br>
<code>###################### TRANSPORTS CONFIGURATION ######################</code><br>
<code>uucp:</code><br>
<code> driver = pipe</code><br>
<code> user = nobody</code><br>
<code> command = "/usr/bin/uux - --nouucico ${host}!rmail \</code><br>
<code> ${local_part}@${domain}"</code><br>
<code> return_fail_output = true</code><br>
<code>local_delivery:</code><br>
<code> driver = appendfile</code><br>
<code> file = /var/spool/mail/${local_part}</code><br>
<code> delivery_date_add</code><br>
<code> envelope_to_add</code><br>
<code> return_path_add</code><br>
<code> group = mail</code><br>
<code> mode_fail_narrower =</code><br>
<code> mode = 0660</code><br>
<code>end</code><br>
<code>###################### DIRECTORS CONFIGURATION #######################</code><br>
<code>localuser:</code><br>
<code> driver = localuser</code><br>
<code> transport = local_delivery</code><br>
<code>end</code><br>
<code>###################### ROUTERS CONFIGURATION #########################</code><br>
<code>touucp:</code><br>
<code> driver = domainlist</code><br>
<code> route_list = "* server1"</code><br>
<code> transport = uucp</code><br>
<code>end</code><br>
<code>###################### RETRY CONFIGURATION ###########################</code><br>
<code>* * F,2m,1m</code><br>
<code>end</code><br>
</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE><P>
<P>
On machine <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">server1</FONT></TT>, <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">exim</FONT></TT> must however be running
as a full-blown mail server to properly route the mail elsewhere. Of
course, on <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">server1</FONT></TT>, <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">rmail</FONT></TT> is the sender; hence, it appears to
<TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">exim</FONT></TT> that the mail is coming from the local machine. This means
that no extra configuration is required to support mail coming
<I>from</I> a <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uux</FONT></TT> command.
<P>
Note that you can add further domains to your
<TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">route_list</FONT></TT>
so that your dialouts occur directly to the recipient's machine.
For instance:
<P><TABLE nowrap="1" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR>
<TD valign="top" class="source" width="2%"><FONT color=red>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<font size="-1"><code>5</code></font><code> </code><br>
</FONT></TD><TD valign="top" class="source" bgcolor="#FFE0C0"><FONT color=blue>
<code> route_list = "machine2.cranzgot.co.za machine2 ; \</code><br>
<code> machine2 machine2 ; \</code><br>
<code> machine3.cranzgot.co.za machine3 ; \</code><br>
<code> machine3 machine3 ; \</code><br>
<code> * server1"</code><br>
</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE><P>
<P>
You can then add further entries to your <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">/etc/uucp/sys</FONT></TT>
file as follows:
<P><TABLE nowrap="1" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR>
<TD valign="top" class="source" width="2%"><FONT color=red>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<font size="-1"><code>5</code></font><code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<font size="-1"><code>10</code></font><code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<font size="-1"><code>15</code></font><code> </code><br>
</FONT></TD><TD valign="top" class="source" bgcolor="#FFE0C0"><FONT color=blue>
<code>system machine2</code><br>
<code>call-login *</code><br>
<code>call-password *</code><br>
<code>time any</code><br>
<code>port ACU</code><br>
<code>phone 555-6789</code><br>
<code>protocol g</code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code>system machine3</code><br>
<code>call-login *</code><br>
<code>call-password *</code><br>
<code>time any</code><br>
<code>port ACU</code><br>
<code>phone 554-3210</code><br>
<code>protocol g</code><br>
</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE><P>
<P>
The <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">exim.conf</FONT></TT> file on <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">server1</FONT></TT> must also have a
router to get mail back to <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">machine1</FONT></TT>. The router will look like this:
<P><TABLE nowrap="1" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR>
<TD valign="top" class="source" width="2%"><FONT color=red>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<font size="-1"><code>5</code></font><code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<font size="-1"><code>10</code></font><code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
</FONT></TD><TD valign="top" class="source" bgcolor="#FFE0C0"><FONT color=blue>
<code>###################### ROUTERS CONFIGURATION #########################</code><br>
<code>touucp:</code><br>
<code> driver = domainlist</code><br>
<code> route_list = "machine2.cranzgot.co.za machine2 ; \</code><br>
<code> machine2 machine2 ; \</code><br>
<code> machine3.cranzgot.co.za machine3 ; \</code><br>
<code> machine3 machine3"</code><br>
<code> transport = uucp</code><br>
<code>lookuphost:</code><br>
<code> driver = lookuphost</code><br>
<code> transport = remote_smtp</code><br>
<code>end</code><br>
</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE><P>
This router sends all mail matching our dial-in hosts through the
<TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucp</FONT></TT> transport while all other mail (destined for the Internet)
falls through to the <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">lookuphost</FONT></TT> router.
<P>
<H1><A NAME="SECTION003770000000000000000">
34.7 Scheduling Dialouts</A>
</H1>
<P>
Above, we used <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucico</FONT></TT> only manually. <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucico</FONT></TT> does not operate
as a daemon process on its own and must be invoked by <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">crond</FONT></TT>.
All systems that use <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucp</FONT></TT> have a <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">/etc/crontab</FONT></TT> entry
or a script under <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">/etc/cron.hourly</FONT></TT>.
<P>
A typical <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">/etc/crontab</FONT></TT> for <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">machine1</FONT></TT> might contain:
<P><TABLE nowrap="1" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR>
<TD valign="top" class="source" width="2%"><FONT color=red>
<code> </code><br>
<code> </code><br>
</FONT></TD><TD valign="top" class="source" bgcolor="#FFE0C0"><FONT color=blue>
<code>45 * * * * uucp /usr/lib/uucp/uucico --master</code><br>
<code>40 8,13,18 * * * root /usr/bin/uux -r server1!</code><br>
</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE><P>
The option <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">--master</FONT></TT> tells <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucico</FONT></TT> to loop through
all pending jobs and call any machines for which jobs are queued. It
does this every hour. The second line queues a null command three times
daily for the machine <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">server1</FONT></TT>. This will force <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucico</FONT></TT> to
dial out to <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">server1</FONT></TT> at least three times a day on the appearance
of real work to be done. The point of this to pick up any jobs coming
the other way. This process is known as creating a <I>poll file</I>.
<P>
Clearly, you can use <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucp</FONT></TT> over a TCP link initiated by
<TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">pppd</FONT></TT>. If a dial link is running in demand mode, a <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucp</FONT></TT>
call will trigger a dialout and make a straight TCP connection through
to the remote host. A common situation occurs when a number of satellite
systems are dialing an ISP that has no <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucp</FONT></TT> facility.
To service the satellite machines, a separate <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucp</FONT></TT> server is
deployed that has no modems of its own. The server will have a permanent
Internet connection and listen on TCP for <TT>
<FONT COLOR="#0000ff">uucp</FONT></TT> transfers.
<P>
<HR>
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