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"""
================================
Recognizing hand-written digits
================================
An example showing how the scikit-learn can be used to recognize images of
hand-written digits.
This example is commented in the
:ref:`tutorial section of the user manual <introduction>`.
"""
print __doc__
# Author: Gael Varoquaux <gael dot varoquaux at normalesup dot org>
# License: Simplified BSD
# Standard scientific Python imports
import pylab as pl
# Import datasets, classifiers and performance metrics
from sklearn import datasets, svm, metrics
# The digits dataset
digits = datasets.load_digits()
# The data that we are interested in is made of 8x8 images of digits,
# let's have a look at the first 3 images, stored in the `images`
# attribute of the dataset. If we were working from image files, we
# could load them using pylab.imread. For these images know which
# digit they represent: it is given in the 'target' of the dataset.
for index, (image, label) in enumerate(zip(digits.images, digits.target)[:4]):
pl.subplot(2, 4, index + 1)
pl.axis('off')
pl.imshow(image, cmap=pl.cm.gray_r, interpolation='nearest')
pl.title('Training: %i' % label)
# To apply an classifier on this data, we need to flatten the image, to
# turn the data in a (samples, feature) matrix:
n_samples = len(digits.images)
data = digits.images.reshape((n_samples, -1))
# Create a classifier: a support vector classifier
classifier = svm.SVC(gamma=0.001)
# We learn the digits on the first half of the digits
classifier.fit(data[:n_samples / 2], digits.target[:n_samples / 2])
# Now predict the value of the digit on the second half:
expected = digits.target[n_samples / 2:]
predicted = classifier.predict(data[n_samples / 2:])
print "Classification report for classifier %s:\n%s\n" % (
classifier, metrics.classification_report(expected, predicted))
print "Confusion matrix:\n%s" % metrics.confusion_matrix(expected, predicted)
for index, (image, prediction) in enumerate(
zip(digits.images[n_samples / 2:], predicted)[:4]):
pl.subplot(2, 4, index + 5)
pl.axis('off')
pl.imshow(image, cmap=pl.cm.gray_r, interpolation='nearest')
pl.title('Prediction: %i' % prediction)
pl.show()
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