"""
==========================================
Scikit-learn hyperparameter search wrapper
==========================================

Iaroslav Shcherbatyi, Tim Head and Gilles Louppe. June 2017.
Reformatted by Holger Nahrstaedt 2020

.. currentmodule:: skopt

Introduction
============

This example assumes basic familiarity with
`scikit-learn <http://scikit-learn.org/stable/index.html>`_.

Search for parameters of machine learning models that results in best
cross-validation performance is necessary in almost all practical
cases to get a model with best generalization estimate.
A standard approach in scikit-learn is to use
:obj:`sklearn.model_selection.GridSearchCV` class, which enumerates
all combinations of hyperparameters values given as input.
This search complexity grows exponentially with the number of parameters.
A more scalable approach is to use
:obj:`sklearn.model_selection.RandomizedSearchCV`, which however does not
take advantage of the structure of a search space.
Scikit-optimize provides a drop-in replacement for these two scikit-learn
methods. The hyperparameter search is achieved by Bayesian Optimization
At each step of the optimization, a surrogate model infers the objective
function using observed evluation results as priors. An acquisition function
utilizes these predictions to navigate between exploration (sampling
unexplored areas) and exploitation (focusing on regions likely containing
the global optimum). By balancing these two strategies, Bayesian Optimization
identifies probable optimal areas while ensuring comprehensive search
coverage.
In practice, this method often leads to quicker and better results.

Note: for a manual hyperparameter optimization example, see
"Hyperparameter Optimization" notebook.

"""

print(__doc__)
import numpy as np

np.random.seed(123)
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sklearn.datasets import load_digits
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.svm import SVC

from skopt import BayesSearchCV

#############################################################################
# Minimal example
# ===============
#
# A minimal example of optimizing hyperparameters of SVC (Support Vector machine Classifier) is given below.


X, y = load_digits(n_class=10, return_X_y=True)
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(
    X, y, train_size=0.75, test_size=0.25, random_state=0
)

# log-uniform: understand as search over p = exp(x) by varying x
opt = BayesSearchCV(
    SVC(),
    {
        'C': (1e-6, 1e6, 'log-uniform'),
        'gamma': (1e-6, 1e1, 'log-uniform'),
        'degree': (1, 8),  # integer valued parameter
        'kernel': ['linear', 'poly', 'rbf'],  # categorical parameter
    },
    n_iter=32,
    cv=3,
)

opt.fit(X_train, y_train)

print("val. score: %s" % opt.best_score_)
print("test score: %s" % opt.score(X_test, y_test))

#############################################################################
# Advanced example
# ================
#
# In practice, one wants to enumerate over multiple predictive model classes,
# with different search spaces and number of evaluations per class. An
# example of such search over parameters of Linear SVM, Kernel SVM, and
# decision trees is given below.

from sklearn.datasets import load_digits
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.pipeline import Pipeline
from sklearn.svm import SVC, LinearSVC

from skopt import BayesSearchCV
from skopt.plots import plot_histogram, plot_objective
from skopt.space import Categorical, Integer, Real

X, y = load_digits(n_class=10, return_X_y=True)
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, random_state=0)

# pipeline class is used as estimator to enable
# search over different model types
pipe = Pipeline([('model', SVC())])

# single categorical value of 'model' parameter is
# sets the model class
# We will get ConvergenceWarnings because the problem is not well-conditioned.
# But that's fine, this is just an example.
linsvc_search = {
    'model': [LinearSVC(max_iter=1000, dual="auto")],
    'model__C': (1e-6, 1e6, 'log-uniform'),
}

# explicit dimension classes can be specified like this
svc_search = {
    'model': Categorical([SVC()]),
    'model__C': Real(1e-6, 1e6, prior='log-uniform'),
    'model__gamma': Real(1e-6, 1e1, prior='log-uniform'),
    'model__degree': Integer(1, 8),
    'model__kernel': Categorical(['linear', 'poly', 'rbf']),
}

opt = BayesSearchCV(
    pipe,
    # (parameter space, # of evaluations)
    [(svc_search, 40), (linsvc_search, 16)],
    cv=3,
)

opt.fit(X_train, y_train)

print("val. score: %s" % opt.best_score_)
print("test score: %s" % opt.score(X_test, y_test))
print("best params: %s" % str(opt.best_params_))

#############################################################################
# Partial Dependence plot of the objective function for SVC
#
_ = plot_objective(
    opt.optimizer_results_[0],
    dimensions=["C", "degree", "gamma", "kernel"],
    n_minimum_search=int(1e8),
)
plt.show()

#############################################################################
# Plot of the histogram for LinearSVC
#
_ = plot_histogram(opt.optimizer_results_[1], 1)
plt.show()

#############################################################################
# Progress monitoring and control using `callback` argument of `fit` method
# =========================================================================
#
# It is possible to monitor the progress of :class:`BayesSearchCV` with an event
# handler that is called on every step of subspace exploration. For single job
# mode, this is called on every evaluation of model configuration, and for
# parallel mode, this is called when n_jobs model configurations are evaluated
# in parallel.
#
# Additionally, exploration can be stopped if the callback returns `True`.
# This can be used to stop the exploration early, for instance when the
# accuracy that you get is sufficiently high.
#
# An example usage is shown below.

from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
from sklearn.svm import SVC

from skopt import BayesSearchCV

X, y = load_iris(return_X_y=True)

searchcv = BayesSearchCV(
    SVC(gamma='scale'),
    search_spaces={'C': (0.01, 100.0, 'log-uniform')},
    n_iter=10,
    cv=3,
)


# callback handler
def on_step(optim_result):
    score = -optim_result['fun']
    print("best score: %s" % score)
    if score >= 0.98:
        print('Interrupting!')
        return True


searchcv.fit(X, y, callback=on_step)

#############################################################################
# Counting total iterations that will be used to explore all subspaces
# ====================================================================
#
# Subspaces in previous examples can further increase in complexity if you add
# new model subspaces or dimensions for feature extraction pipelines. For
# monitoring of progress, you would like to know the total number of
# iterations it will take to explore all subspaces. This can be
# calculated with `total_iterations` property, as in the code below.

from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
from sklearn.svm import SVC

from skopt import BayesSearchCV

X, y = load_iris(return_X_y=True)

searchcv = BayesSearchCV(
    SVC(),
    search_spaces=[
        ({'C': (0.1, 1.0)}, 19),  # 19 iterations for this subspace
        {'gamma': (0.1, 1.0)},
    ],
    n_iter=10,
)

print(searchcv.total_iterations)