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<body id="top" lang="en">
<a name="Footnotes" class="anchor"></a>
<a name="Footnotes-1" class="anchor"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">Footnotes</h2>

<a name="index-footnotes_002c-creating" class="anchor"></a>

<p>Place a footnote at the bottom of the current page, as here.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">No&euml;l Coward quipped that having to read a footnote is like having
to go downstairs to answer the door, while in the midst of making
love.\footnote{%
  I wouldn't know, I don't read footnotes.}
</pre></div>

<p>You can put multiple footnotes on a page. If the footnote text becomes
too long then it will flow to the next page.
</p>
<p>You can also produce footnotes by combining the <code>\footnotemark</code> and
the <code>\footnotetext</code> commands, which is useful in special
circumstances.
</p>
<p>To make bibliographic references come out as footnotes you need to
include a bibliographic style with that behavior (see <a href="latex2e_8.html#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a>).
</p>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cfootnote" class="anchor"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cfootnote-1" class="anchor"></a>
<h3 class="section"><code>\footnote</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cfootnote" class="anchor"></a>

<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\footnote{<var>text</var>}
\footnote[<var>number</var>]{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>Place a footnote <var>text</var> at the bottom of the current page.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">There are over a thousand footnotes in Gibbon's 
\textit{Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire}.\footnote{%
  After reading an early version with endnotes David Hume complained, 
  ``One is also plagued with his Notes, according to the present Method 
  of printing the Book'' and suggested that they ``only to be printed 
  at the Margin or the Bottom of the Page.''}
</pre></div>

<p>The optional argument <var>number</var> allows you to specify the number of
the footnote.  If you use this then LaTeX does not increment the
<code>footnote</code> counter.
</p>
<a name="index-footnotes_002c-symbols-instead-of-numbers" class="anchor"></a>
<a name="index-_005cfnsymbol_002c-and-footnotes" class="anchor"></a>
<a name="index-_005c_0040fnsymbol" class="anchor"></a>
<p>By default, LaTeX uses arabic numbers as footnote markers.  Change
this with something like
<code>\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\fnsymbol{footnote}}</code>, which
uses a sequence of symbols (see <a href="latex2e_13.html#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a>).  To make this change global put that in the preamble.  If
you make the change local then you may want to reset the counter with
<code>\setcounter{footnote}{0}</code>.
</p>
<p>LaTeX determines the spacing of footnotes with two parameters.
</p>
<a name="index-footnote-parameters" class="anchor"></a>
<a name="index-parameters_002c-for-footnotes" class="anchor"></a>

<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\footnoterule</code>
<a name="index-_005cfootnoterule" class="anchor"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="footnote-footnoterule" class="anchor"></a><p>Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the page&rsquo;s
footnotes.  Default dimensions in the standard document classes (except
<code>slides</code>, where it does not appear) is: vertical thickness of
<code>0.4pt</code>, and horizontal size of <code>0.4\columnwidth</code> long.
Change the rule with something like this.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\footnoterule}{% Kerns avoid vertical space
  \kern -3pt                         % This -3 is negative
  \hrule width \textwidth height 1pt % of the sum of this 1
  \kern 2pt}                         % and this 2
</pre></div>

</dd>
<dt><code>\footnotesep</code>
<a name="index-_005cfootnotesep" class="anchor"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="footnote-footnotesep" class="anchor"></a><p>The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote
(see <a href="latex2e_19.html#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a>).  By default, this is set to the normal strut for
<code>\footnotesize</code> fonts (see <a href="latex2e_4.html#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a>), therefore there is no
extra space between footnotes.  This is &lsquo;<samp>6.65pt</samp>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<samp>10pt</samp>&rsquo;,
&lsquo;<samp>7.7pt</samp>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<samp>11pt</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp>8.4pt</samp>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<samp>12pt</samp>&rsquo;.  Change
it as with <code>\setlength{\footnotesep}{11pt}</code>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>

<p>The <code>\footnote</code> command is fragile (see <a href="latex2e_12.html#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
</p>
<p>LaTeX&rsquo;s default puts many restrictions on where you can use a
<code>\footnote</code>; for instance, you cannot use it in an argument to a
sectioning command such as <code>\chapter</code> (it can only be used in outer
paragraph mode; see <a href="latex2e_17.html#Modes">Modes</a>).  There are some workarounds; see
following sections.
</p>
<a name="index-Footnotes_002c-in-a-minipage" class="anchor"></a>
<a name="index-mpfootnote-counter" class="anchor"></a>
<p>In a <code>minipage</code> environment the <code>\footnote</code> command uses the
<code>mpfootnote</code> counter instead of the <code>footnote</code> counter, so
they are numbered independently.  They are shown at the bottom of the
environment, not at the bottom of the page.  And by default they are
shown alphabetically. See <a href="latex2e_8.html#minipage">minipage</a> and <a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table">Footnotes in a table</a>.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cfootnotemark" class="anchor"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cfootnotemark-1" class="anchor"></a>
<h3 class="section"><code>\footnotemark</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cfootnotemark" class="anchor"></a>

<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\footnotemark
\footnotemark[<var>number</var>]
</pre></div>

<p>Put the current footnote mark in the text. To specify associated text
for the footnote see&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext">\footnotetext</a>.  The optional argument
<var>number</var> causes the command to use that number to determine the
footnote mark. This command can be used in inner paragraph mode
(see <a href="latex2e_17.html#Modes">Modes</a>).
</p>
<p>If you use <code>\footnotemark</code> without the optional argument then it
increments the footnote counter but if you use the optional <var>number</var>
then it does not. The next example produces several consecutive footnote
markers referring to the same footnote.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">The first theorem\footnote{Due to Gauss.} 
and the second theorem\footnotemark[\value{footnote}] 
and the third theorem.\footnotemark[\value{footnote}]
</pre></div>

<p>If there are intervening footnotes then you must remember the value of the
common mark.  This example gives the same institutional affiliation to
both the first and third authors (<code>\thanks</code> is a version of
<code>footnote</code>), by-hand giving the number of the footnote.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\title{A Treatise on the Binomial Theorem}
\author{J Moriarty\thanks{University of Leeds} 
  \and A C Doyle\thanks{Durham University} 
  \and S Holmes\footnotemark[1]}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
</pre></div>

<p>This uses a counter to remember the footnote number.  The third sentence
is followed by the same footnote marker as the first.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newcounter{footnoteValueSaver}
All babies are illogical.\footnote{%
  Lewis Carroll.}\setcounter{footnoteValueSaver}{\value{footnote}}
Nobody is despised who can manage a crocodile.\footnote{%
  Captain Hook.}
Illogical persons are despised.\footnotemark[\value{footnoteValueSaver}]
Therefore, anyone who can manage a crocodile is not a baby.
</pre></div>

<a name="index-package_002c-cleveref-2" class="anchor"></a>
<a name="index-cleveref-package-2" class="anchor"></a>

<a name="index-package_002c-hyperref" class="anchor"></a>
<a name="index-hyperref-package" class="anchor"></a>

<p>This example accomplishes the same by using the package <samp>cleveref</samp>.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\usepackage{cleveref}[2012/02/15]   % in preamble 
\crefformat{footnote}{#2\footnotemark[#1]#3}
...
The theorem is from Evers.\footnote{\label{fn:TE}Tinker, Evers, 1994.}
The corollary is from Chance.\footnote{Evers, Chance, 1990.}
But the key lemma is from Tinker.\cref{fn:TE}
</pre></div>

<a name="index-package_002c-hyperref-1" class="anchor"></a>
<a name="index-hyperref-package-1" class="anchor"></a>

<p>It will work with the package <samp>hyperref</samp>.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cfootnotetext" class="anchor"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cfootnotetext-1" class="anchor"></a>
<h3 class="section"><code>\footnotetext</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cfootnotetext" class="anchor"></a>

<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\footnotetext{<var>text</var>}
\footnotetext[<var>number</var>]{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>Place <var>text</var> at the bottom of the page as a footnote.  It pairs with
<code>\footnotemark</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a>) and can come anywhere after
that command, but must appear in outer paragraph mode (see <a href="latex2e_17.html#Modes">Modes</a>).
The optional argument <var>number</var> changes the number of the footnote
mark.
</p>
<p>See <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a> and&nbsp;<a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table">Footnotes in a table</a> for usage
examples.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="Footnotes-in-section-headings" class="anchor"></a>
<a name="Footnotes-in-section-headings-1" class="anchor"></a>
<h3 class="section">Footnotes in section headings</h3>

<a name="index-footnote_002c-in-section-headings" class="anchor"></a>
<a name="index-table-of-contents_002c-avoiding-footnotes" class="anchor"></a>

<p>Putting a footnote in a section heading, as in:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\section{Full sets\protect\footnote{This material due to ...}}
</pre></div>

<p>causes the footnote to appear at the bottom of the page where the
section starts, as usual, but also at the bottom of the table of
contents, where it is not likely to be desired.  The simplest way
to have it not appear on the table of contents is to use the optional
argument to <code>\section</code>
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\section[Please]{Please\footnote{%
  Don't footnote in chapter and section headers!}}
</pre></div>

<p>No <code>\protect</code> is needed in front of <code>\footnote</code> here because
what gets moved to the table of contents is the optional argument.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="Footnotes-in-a-table" class="anchor"></a>
<a name="Footnotes-in-a-table-1" class="anchor"></a>
<h3 class="section">Footnotes in a table</h3>

<a name="index-footnote_002c-in-a-table" class="anchor"></a>

<p>Inside a <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment the <code>\footnote</code>
command does not work; there is a footnote mark in the table cell but
the footnote text does not appear.  The solution is to use a
<code>minipage</code> environment as here (see <a href="latex2e_8.html#minipage">minipage</a>).
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{center}
  \begin{minipage}{\textwidth} \centering
     \begin{tabular}{l|l}
       \textsc{Ship}           &amp;\textsc{Book} \\ \hline 
       \textit{HMS Sophie}     &amp;Master and Commander  \\ 
       \textit{HMS Polychrest} &amp;Post Captain  \\  
       \textit{HMS Lively}     &amp;Post Captain \\
       \textit{HMS Surprise}   &amp;A number of books\footnote{%
                                  Starting with HMS Surprise.}
     \end{tabular}
  \end{minipage}                              
\end{center}
</pre></div>

<p>Inside a <code>minipage</code>, footnote marks are lowercase letters.  Change
that with something like
<code>\renewcommand{\thempfootnote}{\arabic{mpfootnote}}</code>
(see <a href="latex2e_13.html#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a>).
</p>
<p>The footnotes in the prior example appear at the bottom of the
<code>minipage</code>.  To have them appear at the bottom of the main page, as
part of the regular footnote sequence, use the <code>\footnotemark</code> and
<code>\footnotetext</code> pair and make a new counter.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newcounter{mpFootnoteValueSaver}
\begin{center}
  \begin{minipage}{\textwidth}
    \setcounter{mpFootnoteValueSaver}{\value{footnote}} \centering
     \begin{tabular}{l|l}
       \textsc{Woman}             &amp;\textsc{Relationship} \\ \hline 
       Mona                       &amp;Attached\footnotemark  \\ 
       Diana Villiers             &amp;Eventual wife  \\  
       Christine Hatherleigh Wood &amp;Fiance\footnotemark 
     \end{tabular}
  \end{minipage}%  percent sign keeps footnote text close to minipage
  \stepcounter{mpFootnoteValueSaver}%
    \footnotetext[\value{mpFootnoteValueSaver}]{%
      Little is known other than her death.}%
  \stepcounter{mpFootnoteValueSaver}%
    \footnotetext[\value{mpFootnoteValueSaver}]{%
      Relationship is unresolved in XXI.}
\end{center}
</pre></div>

<p>For a floating <code>table</code> environment (see <a href="latex2e_8.html#table">table</a>), use the
<samp>tablefootnote</samp> package.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\usepackage{tablefootnote}  % in preamble
   ...
\begin{table}
  \centering
     \begin{tabular}{l|l}
     \textsc{Date}  &amp;\textsc{Campaign} \\ \hline 
     1862           &amp;Fort Donelson \\ 
     1863           &amp;Vicksburg     \\  
     1865           &amp;Army of Northern Virginia\tablefootnote{%
                      Ending the war.}
     \end{tabular}
    \caption{Forces captured by US Grant}
\end{table}
</pre></div>

<p>The footnote appears at the page bottom and is numbered in sequence with
other footnotes.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="Footnotes-of-footnotes" class="anchor"></a>
<a name="Footnotes-of-footnotes-1" class="anchor"></a>
<h3 class="section">Footnotes of footnotes</h3>

<a name="index-footnote_002c-of-a-footnote" class="anchor"></a>

<a name="index-package_002c-bigfoot" class="anchor"></a>
<a name="index-bigfoot-package" class="anchor"></a>

<p>Particularly in the humanities, authors can have multiple classes of
footnotes, including having footnotes of footnotes.  The package
<samp>bigfoot</samp> extends LaTeX&rsquo;s default footnote mechanism in many
ways, including allow these two, as in this example.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\usepackage{bigfoot}    % in preamble
\DeclareNewFootnote{Default}
\DeclareNewFootnote{from}[alph]   % create class \footnotefrom{}
 ...
The third theorem is a partial converse of the 
second.\footnotefrom{%
  First noted in Wilson.\footnote{Second edition only.}}
</pre></div>





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