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<body id="top" lang="en">
<a name="Boxes" class="anchor"></a>
<a name="Boxes-1" class="anchor"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">Boxes</h2>

<a name="index-boxes" class="anchor"></a>

<p>At its core, LaTeX puts things in boxes and then puts the boxes on a
page.  So these commands are central.
</p>
<p>There are many packages on CTAN that are useful for manipulating boxes.
One useful adjunct to the commands here is <samp>adjustbox</samp>.
</p>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox" class="anchor"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox-1" class="anchor"></a>
<h3 class="section"><code>\mbox</code> &amp; <code>\makebox</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cmbox" class="anchor"></a>
<a name="index-_005cmakebox" class="anchor"></a>
<a name="index-box" class="anchor"></a>
<a name="index-make-a-box" class="anchor"></a>
<a name="index-hyphenation_002c-preventing" class="anchor"></a>

<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\mbox{<var>text</var>}
\makebox{<var>text</var>}
\makebox[<var>width</var>]{<var>text</var>}
\makebox[<var>width</var>][<var>position</var>]{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>Create a box, a container for material.  The <var>text</var> is typeset in
LR mode (see <a href="latex2e_17.html#Modes">Modes</a>) so it is not broken into lines.  The
<code>\mbox</code> command is robust, while <code>\makebox</code> is fragile
(see <a href="latex2e_12.html#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
</p>
<p>Because <code>text</code> is not broken into lines, you can use <code>\mbox</code>
to prevent hyphenation.  In this example, LaTeX will not hyphenate
the table name, &lsquo;<samp>T-4</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">See Table~\mbox{T-4}
</pre></div>

<p>The first two command versions, <code>\mbox</code> and <code>\makebox</code>, are
roughly equivalent.  They create a box just wide enough to contain the
<var>text</var>.  (They are like plain TeX&rsquo;s <code>\hbox</code>.)
</p>
<p>In the third version the optional argument <var>width</var> specifies the
width of the box.  Note that the space occupied by the text need not
equal the width of the box.  For one thing, <var>text</var> can be too small;
this creates a full-line box
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\makebox[\linewidth]{Chapter Exam}
</pre></div>

<p>with &lsquo;<samp>Chapter Exam</samp>&rsquo; centered.  But <var>text</var> can also be too wide
for <var>width</var>.  See the example below of zero-width boxes.
</p>
<a name="mbox-makebox-depth" class="anchor"></a><a name="mbox-makebox-height" class="anchor"></a><a name="mbox-makebox-width" class="anchor"></a><a name="mbox-makebox-totalheight" class="anchor"></a><p>In the <var>width</var> argument you can use the following lengths that refer
to the dimension of the box that LaTeX gets on typesetting
<var>text</var>: <code>\depth</code>, <code>\height</code>, <code>\width</code>,
<code>\totalheight</code> (this is the box&rsquo;s height plus its depth).  For
example, to make a box with the text stretched to double the natural
size you can say this.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\makebox[2\width]{Get a stretcher}
</pre></div>

<p>For the fourth command version the optional argument <var>position</var>
gives position of the text within the box. It may take the following
values:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>c</code></dt>
<dd><p>The <var>text</var> is centered (default).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>l</code></dt>
<dd><p>The <var>text</var> is flush left.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>r</code></dt>
<dd><p>Flush right.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>s</code></dt>
<dd><p>Stretch the interword space in <var>text</var> across the entire <var>width</var>.
The <var>text</var> must contain stretchable space for this to work.  For
instance, this could head a press release:
<code>\noindent\makebox[\textwidth][s]{\large\hfil IMMEDIATE\hfil
RELEASE\hfil}</code>
</p></dd>
</dl>

<p>A common use of <code>\makebox</code> is to make zero-width text boxes.  This
puts the value of the quiz questions to the left of those questions.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newcommand{\pts}[1]{\makebox[0em][r]{#1 points\hspace*{1em}}}
\pts{10}What is the air-speed velocity of an unladen swallow?

\pts{90}An African or European swallow?
</pre></div>

<p><a name="index-package_002c-TikZ-2" class="anchor"></a>
<a name="index-TikZ-package-2" class="anchor"></a>
</p>
<a name="index-package_002c-Asymptote-2" class="anchor"></a>
<a name="index-Asymptote-package-2" class="anchor"></a>

<p>The right edge of the output &lsquo;<samp>10 points </samp>&rsquo; (note the ending space)
will be just before the &lsquo;<samp>What</samp>&rsquo; (note the space after
&lsquo;<samp>points</samp>&rsquo;).  You can use <code>\makebox</code> similarly when making
graphics, such as in <samp>TikZ</samp> or <samp>Asymptote</samp>, where you put the
edge of the text at a known location, regardless of the length of that
text.
</p>
<p>For boxes with frames see&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox &amp; \framebox</a>. For colors
see&nbsp;<a href="latex2e_21.html#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a>.
</p>
<p>There is a related version of <code>\makebox</code> that is used within the
<code>picture</code> environment, where the length is given in terms of
<code>\unitlength</code> (see <a href="latex2e_8.html#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a>).
</p>
<p>If you put a double-backslash into <var>text</var> then LaTeX will not
give you a new line; for instance <code>\makebox{abc def \\ ghi}</code>
outputs &lsquo;<samp>abc defghi</samp>&rsquo; while <code>\makebox{abc def \par ghi}</code>
outputs &lsquo;<samp>abc def ghi</samp>&rsquo;, but neither go to a second line.  To get
multiple lines see&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a> and&nbsp;<a href="latex2e_8.html#minipage">minipage</a>.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox" class="anchor"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox-1" class="anchor"></a>
<h3 class="section"><code>\fbox</code> &amp; <code>\framebox</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cfbox" class="anchor"></a>
<a name="index-_005cframebox-1" class="anchor"></a>

<p>Synopses, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\fbox{<var>text</var>}
\framebox{<var>text</var>}
\framebox[<var>width</var>]{<var>text</var>}
\framebox[<var>width</var>][<var>position</var>]{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>Create a box with an enclosing frame, four lines surrounding the space.
These commands are the same as <code>\mbox</code> and <code>\makebox</code> except
for the frame (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a>). The <code>\fbox</code> command is
robust, the <code>\framebox</code> command is fragile (see <a href="latex2e_12.html#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\fbox{Warning! No work shown, no credit given.}
</pre></div>

<p>LaTeX puts the text into a box that cannot be split or hyphenated.
Around that box, separated from it by a small gap, are four lines making
a frame.
</p>
<p>The first two command invocations, <code>\fbox{...}</code> and
<code>\framebox{...}</code>, are roughly the same.  As to the third and
fourth invocations, the optional arguments allow you to specify the box
width as <var>width</var> and the position of the text inside that box as
<var>position</var>.  See <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a> for the full description but
here is an example creating an empty box that is 1/4in wide.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}\framebox[0.25in]{\strut}}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\strut</code> inserts a vertical height of <code>\baselineskip</code>
(see <a href="latex2e_19.html#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a>).
</p>
<p>These parameters determine the frame layout.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dd><a name="fbox-framebox-fboxrule" class="anchor"></a></dd>
<dt><code>\fboxrule</code>
<a name="index-_005cfboxrule-2" class="anchor"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-frame_002c-line-width" class="anchor"></a>
<a name="index-frame-rule-width" class="anchor"></a>
<a name="index-_005cfboxrule" class="anchor"></a>
<p>The thickness of the lines around the enclosed box.  The default is
0.2pt.  Change it with a command such as
<code>\setlength{\fboxrule}{0.8pt}</code> (see <a href="latex2e_14.html#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a>).
</p>
<a name="fbox-framebox-fboxsep" class="anchor"></a></dd>
<dt><code>\fboxsep</code>
<a name="index-_005cfboxsep-2" class="anchor"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-frame_002c-separation-from-contents" class="anchor"></a>
<a name="index-_005cfboxsep" class="anchor"></a>
<p>The distance from the frame to the enclosed box. The default is 3pt.
Change it with a command such as <code>\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}</code>
(see <a href="latex2e_14.html#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a>).  Setting it to 0pt is useful sometimes:
this will put a frame around the picture with no white border.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">{\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}
 \framebox{%
   \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{prudence.jpg}}}
</pre></div>

<p>The extra curly braces keep the effect of the <code>\setlength</code> local.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>

<p>As with <code>\mbox</code> and <code>\makebox</code>, LaTeX will not break lines
in <var>text</var>.  But this example has LaTeX break lines to make a
paragraph, and then frame the result.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\framebox{%
  \begin{minipage}{0.6\linewidth}
    My dear, here we must run as fast as we can, just to stay in place.
    And if you wish to go anywhere you must run twice as fast as that.
  \end{minipage}}
</pre></div>

<p>See <a href="latex2e_21.html#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a> for colors other than black and white.
</p>
<p>The <code>picture</code> environment has a version of this command where the
units depend on <code>picture</code>&rsquo;s <code>\unitlength</code> (see <a href="latex2e_8.html#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a>).
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cparbox" class="anchor"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cparbox-1" class="anchor"></a>
<h3 class="section"><code>\parbox</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cparbox" class="anchor"></a>
<a name="index-paragraph-mode-1" class="anchor"></a>
<a name="index-paragraph_002c-in-a-box" class="anchor"></a>

<p>Synopses, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\parbox{<var>width</var>}{<var>contents</var>}
\parbox[<var>position</var>]{<var>width</var>}{<var>contents</var>}
\parbox[<var>position</var>][<var>height</var>]{<var>width</var>}{<var>contents</var>}
\parbox[<var>position</var>][<var>height</var>][<var>inner-pos</var>]{<var>width</var>}{<var>contents</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>Produce a box of text that is <var>width</var> wide. Use this command to make
a box of small pieces of text, of a single paragraph.  This command is
fragile (see <a href="latex2e_12.html#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{picture}(0,0)
  ...
  \put(1,2){\parbox{1.75in}{\raggedright Because the graph is a line on
                         this semilog paper, the relationship is
                         exponential.}}
\end{picture}
</pre></div>

<p>The <var>contents</var> are processed in a text mode (see <a href="latex2e_17.html#Modes">Modes</a>) so
LaTeX will break lines to make a paragraph.  But it won&rsquo;t make
multiple paragraphs; for that, use a <code>minipage</code> environment
(see <a href="latex2e_8.html#minipage">minipage</a>).
</p>
<p>The options for <code>\parbox</code> (except for <var>contents</var>) are the same
as those for <code>minipage</code>.  For convenience a summary of the options
is here but see&nbsp;<a href="latex2e_8.html#minipage">minipage</a> for a complete description.
</p>
<p>There are two required arguments.  The <var>width</var> is a rigid length
(see <a href="latex2e_14.html#Lengths">Lengths</a>).  It sets the width of the box into which LaTeX
typesets <var>contents</var>.  The <var>contents</var> is the text that is placed
in that box.  It should not have any paragraph-making components.
</p>
<p>There are three optional arguments, <var>position</var>, <var>height</var>, and
<var>inner-pos</var>.  The <var>position</var> gives the vertical alignment of the
<code>parbox</code> with respect to the surrounding material.  The possible
values are <code>c</code> or <code>m</code> to make the vertical center of the
<code>parbox</code> lines up with the center of the adjacent line (this is the
default), or <code>t</code> to match the top line of the <code>parbox</code> with
the baseline of the surrounding material, or <code>b</code> to match the
bottom line.
</p>
<p>The optional argument <var>height</var> overrides the natural height of the
box.
</p>
<p>The optional argument <var>inner-pos</var> controls the placement of
<var>content</var> inside the <code>parbox</code>. Its default is the value of
<var>position</var>.  Its possible values are: <code>t</code> to put the
<var>content</var> at the top of the box, <code>c</code> to put it in the vertical
center, <code>b</code> to put it at the bottom of the box, and <code>s</code> to
stretch it out vertically (for this, the text must contain vertically
stretchable space).
</p>
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005craisebox" class="anchor"></a>
<a name="g_t_005craisebox-1" class="anchor"></a>
<h3 class="section"><code>\raisebox</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005craisebox" class="anchor"></a>

<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\raisebox{<var>distance</var>}{<var>text</var>}
\raisebox{<var>distance</var>}[<var>height</var>]{<var>text</var>}
\raisebox{<var>distance</var>}[<var>height</var>][<var>depth</var>]{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>Raise or lower <var>text</var>. This command is fragile (see <a href="latex2e_12.html#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
</p>
<p>This example makes a command for the restriction of a function by
lowering the vertical bar symbol.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newcommand\restricted[1]{\raisebox{-.5ex}{$|$}_{#1}}
$f\restricted{A}$
</pre></div>

<p>The first mandatory argument <var>distance</var> specifies how far to raise
the second mandatory argument <var>text</var>. This is a rigid length
(see <a href="latex2e_14.html#Lengths">Lengths</a>).  If it is negative then it lowers <var>text</var>.  The
<var>text</var> is processed in LR mode so it cannot contain line breaks
(see <a href="latex2e_17.html#Modes">Modes</a>).
</p>
<p>The optional arguments <var>height</var> and <var>depth</var> are dimensions.  If
they are specified, they override the natural height and depth of the
box LaTeX gets by typesetting <var>text</var>.
</p>
<a name="raisebox-depth" class="anchor"></a><a name="raisebox-height" class="anchor"></a><a name="raisebox-width" class="anchor"></a><a name="raisebox-totalheight" class="anchor"></a><p>In the arguments <var>distance</var>, <var>height</var>, and <var>depth</var> you can
use the following lengths that refer to the dimension of the box that
LaTeX gets on typesetting <var>text</var>: <code>\depth</code>, <code>\height</code>,
<code>\width</code>, <code>\totalheight</code> (this is the box&rsquo;s height plus its
depth).
</p>
<p>This will align two graphics on their top (see <a href="latex2e_22.html#Graphics">Graphics</a>).
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\usepackage{graphicx} \usepackage{calc}  % in preamble
   ...
\begin{center}
  \raisebox{1ex-\height}{%
    \includegraphics[width=0.4\linewidth]{lion.png}}
  \qquad
  \raisebox{1ex-\height}{%
    \includegraphics[width=0.4\linewidth]{meta.png}}
\end{center}
</pre></div>

<p>The first <code>\height</code> is the height of <samp>lion.png</samp> while the
second is the height of <samp>meta.png</samp>.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox" class="anchor"></a>
<a name="g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox-1" class="anchor"></a>
<h3 class="section"><code>\sbox</code> &amp; <code>\savebox</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005csbox" class="anchor"></a>
<a name="index-_005csavebox" class="anchor"></a>
<a name="index-box_002c-save" class="anchor"></a>

<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\sbox{<var>box-cmd</var>}{<var>text</var>}
\savebox{<var>box-cmd</var>}{<var>text</var>}
\savebox{<var>box-cmd</var>}[<var>width</var>]{<var>text</var>}
\savebox{<var>box-cmd</var>}[<var>width</var>][<var>pos</var>]{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>Typeset <var>text</var> just as with <code>\makebox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a>) except that LaTeX does not output it but instead saves it
in a storage bin named <var>box-cmd</var>.  The bin name <var>box-cmd</var> begins
with a backslash, <code>\</code>.  You must have previously allocated the bin
<var>box-cmd</var> with <code>\newsavebox</code> (see <a href="latex2e_12.html#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a>).The
<code>\sbox</code> command is robust while <code>\savebox</code> is fragile
(see <a href="latex2e_12.html#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
</p>
<p>This creates and uses a bin.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newsavebox{\fullname}
\sbox{\fullname}{John Jacob Jingleheimer Schmidt}
  ...
\usebox{\fullname}! His name is my name, too!
Whenever we go out, the people always shout!
There goes \\usebox{\fullname}!  Ya da da da da da da.
</pre></div>

<p>One advantage of using and reusing a bin over a <code>\newcommand</code> is
efficiency, that LaTeX need not repeatedly retypeset the contents.
See the example below.
</p>
<p>The first two command invocations,
<code>\sbox{<var>box-cmd</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code> and
<code>\savebox{<var>box-cmd</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code>, are roughly equivalent.
As to the third and fourth, the optional arguments allow you to specify
the box width as <var>width</var>, and the position of the text inside that
box as <var>position</var>.  See <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a> for the full
description.
</p>
<p>In the <code>\sbox</code> and <code>\savebox</code> commands the <var>text</var> is
typeset in LR mode so it does not have line breaks (see <a href="latex2e_17.html#Modes">Modes</a>).  If
you use these then LaTeX doesn&rsquo;t give you an error but it ignores
what you want: if you enter <code>\sbox{\newbin}{test \\ test}</code> and
<code>\usebox{\newbin}</code> then you get &lsquo;<samp>testtest</samp>&rsquo;, while if you
enter <code>\sbox{\newbin}{test \par test}</code> and
<code>\usebox{\newbin}</code> then you get &lsquo;<samp>test test</samp>&rsquo;, but no error or
warning.  To fix this use a <code>\parbox</code> or <code>minipage</code> as here.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\savebox{\abin}{%
  \begin{minipage}{\linewidth}
    \begin{enumerate}
      \item First item
      \item Second item
    \end{enumerate}
  \end{minipage}}
  ...
\usebox{\abin}
</pre></div>

<p>As an example of the efficiency of reusing a bin&rsquo;s contents, this puts
the same picture on each page of the document by putting it in the
header.  LaTeX only typesets it once.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\usepackage{graphicx}  % all this in the preamble
\newsavebox{\sealbin}
\savebox{\sealbin}{%
  \setlength{\unitlength}{1in}%
  \begin{picture}(0,0)%
     \put(1.5,-2.5){%
       \begin{tabular}{c}
          \includegraphics[height=2in]{companylogo.png} \\
          Office of the President
       \end{tabular}}
  \end{picture}%
}
\markright{\usebox{\sealbin}}
\pagestyle{headings}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>picture</code> environment is good for fine-tuning the placement.
</p>
<p>If the bin has not already been defined then you get something like
&lsquo;<samp>Undefined control sequence. &lt;argument&gt; \nobin</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="lrbox" class="anchor"></a>
<a name="lrbox-1" class="anchor"></a>
<h3 class="section"><code>lrbox</code></h3>

<a name="index-lrbox" class="anchor"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{lrbox}{<var>box-cmd</var>} 
  <var>text</var>
\end{lrbox}
</pre></div>

<p>The <var>text</var> inside the environment is saved in the bin
<code><var>box-cmd</var></code>.  The <var>box-cmd</var> must begin with a
backslash. You must create this bin in advance with <code>\newsavebox</code>
(see <a href="latex2e_12.html#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a>).  This is the environment form of the <code>\sbox</code>
and <code>\savebox</code> commands, and is equivalent to them. See <a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox">\sbox &amp; \savebox</a> for the full information.
</p>
<p>In this example the environment is convenient for entering the
<code>tabular</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newsavebox{\jhbin}
\begin{lrbox}{\jhbin}
  \begin{tabular}{c}
    \includegraphics[height=1in]{jh.png} \\
    Jim Hef{}feron
  \end{tabular}
\end{lrbox}    
  ...
\usebox{\jhbin}
</pre></div>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cusebox" class="anchor"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cusebox-1" class="anchor"></a>
<h3 class="section"><code>\usebox</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cusebox" class="anchor"></a>
<a name="index-box_002c-use-saved-box" class="anchor"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\usebox{<var>box-cmd</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>Produce the box most recently saved in the bin <var>box-cmd</var> by the
commands <code>\sbox</code> or <code>\savebox</code>, or the <code>lrbox</code>
environment. See <a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox">\sbox &amp; \savebox</a> for more information and examples.
(Note that <var>box-cmd</var> starts with a backslash.)  This command is
robust (see <a href="latex2e_12.html#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
</p>




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