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<TITLE>The MP4-SA Book: Part IV: Advanced Opcodes</TITLE>
<META name="keywords" content="MP4-SA, SAOL, language,
MIDI, SASL, core opcodes, user-defined opcodes, polymorphic
opcodes, return, return statement, specialop, oparray, kline, aline,
kexpon, aexpon, kphasor, aphasor, pluck, buzz, grain, port, hipass,
lopass, bandpass, bandstop, biquad, allpass, comb, fir, iir, firt, iirt,
fft, ifft, rms, gain, balance, compressor, sblock, decimate,
upsamp, downsamp, samphold, delay, delay1, fracdelay, reverb,
chorus, flange">
<META name="description" content="Advanced Opcodes in SAOL. Covers the
core opcodes not discussed in Part II of the book. Describes
user-defined opcodes.">
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<A HREF="../../index.html">mp4-sa</A>-><A HREF="../index.html">
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<H3>From <A HREF="../index.html">The MPEG-4 Structured Audio Book</A>
by <A HREF="http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~lazzaro/index.html">
John Lazzaro</A> and <A HREF="http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~johnw">
John Wawrzynek.</A></H3>
<H1>Part IV: Advanced Opcodes</H1>
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<TD WIDTH="45%" VALIGN=top BGCOLOR="#CCFFCC">
<H2>Introduction</H2>
<P>
MPEG-4 Structured Audio (MP4-SA) is an ISO/IEC standard (edited by
Eric Scheirer) that specifies sound not as audio data, but as a
computer program that generates audio when run.
<P>
For an introduction to MP4-SA see the <A
HREF="../tut/index.html">introductory tutorial</A> presented in Part I
of the book. For a complete description of the SAOL language, see <A
HREF="../saol/index.html">Part II</A>.
<P>
Part IV discusses advanced topics in SAOL opcodes. Opcodes provide
access to an algorithm through a function call syntax.
<P>
Core opcodes are library functions that perform fixed algorithms.
Part IV begins with pointers to earlier sections of the book that
introduce core opcodes. <A HREF="../saol/simple/index.html">Part
II/3</A> describes core opcodes semantics and introduces 50 simple
core opcodes, and Part II/4, describes an additional 16 core opcodes
for wavetable <A HREF="../saol/wave/index.html#playback">playback</A>,
<A HREF="../saol/wave/index.html#lowcore">manipulation</A>, and <A
HREF="../saol/wave/index.html#sample">time-warping</A>.
<P>
The first several chapters in Part IV finish the description of the
core opcode library. Chapters are devoted to core opcodes that support
<A HREF="sgen/index.html">sound synthesis</A> algorithms, <A
HREF="filter/index.html">filtering</A> operations, and <A
HREF="sproc/index.html">signal processing</A> operations like Fourier
analysis.
<P>
The <A HREF="user/index.html">final chapter</A> describes user-defined
opcodes. We introduce the rate and width semantics for user-defined
opcodes. We explain the syntax for fixed-rate and rate-polymorphic
opcode call definitions, including techniques for passing variables by
reference.
<P>
Part IV ends with pointers to several core opcode indices.
</TD>
<TD WIDTH="55%" VALIGN=top BGCOLOR="#FFCCCC">
<H2>Part IV: Table of Contents</H2>
<H4>Preamble: Links to Earlier Chapters</H4>
<UL>
<LI>
<B>Part II/3: <A HREF="../saol/simple/index.html">Simple Core Opcodes</A></B>
<LI>
<B>Part II/4: Wavetables</B>
<UL>
<LI>
<B><A HREF="../saol/wave/index.html#playback">Table Playback Opcodes</A></B>
<LI>
<B><A HREF="../saol/wave/index.html#lowcore">Table Manipulation Opcodes</A></B>
<LI>
<B><A HREF="../saol/wave/index.html#sample">Time-Warping Opcode</A></B>
</UL>
</UL>
<H4>1. <A HREF="sgen/index.html">Sound Synthesis Core Opcodes</A></H4>
<UL>
<LI>
<B><A HREF="sgen/index.html#env">Envelope Generators</A>.</B> Linear and exponential waveforms.
<LI>
<B><A HREF="sgen/index.html#buzz">Subtractive Synthesis</A>.</B> Alias-free pulse waveforms.
<LI>
<B><A HREF="sgen/index.html#pluck">Plucked String Synthesis</A>.</B> Karplus-Strong synthesis.
<LI>
<B><A HREF="sgen/index.html#grain">Granular Synthesis</A>.</B> Temporal wavetable method.
</UL>
<H4>2. <A HREF="filter/index.html">Filter Core Opcodes</A></H4>
<UL>
<LI>
<B><A HREF="filter/index.html#fir">FIR Filters</A>.</B> Table and parameter coefficients.
<LI>
<B><A HREF="filter/index.html#iir">IIR Filters</A>.</B> Biquad and arbitrary order.
<LI>
<B><A HREF="filter/index.html#par">Parametric Filters</A>.</B> Classic filter shapes.
<LI>
<B><A HREF="filter/index.html#delay">Delays</A>.</B> Also covers oparrays.
<LI>
<B><A HREF="filter/index.html#dline"><TT>allpass</TT> and <TT>comb</TT></A>.</B>
Recirculating filters.
<LI>
<B><A HREF="filter/index.html#noneff"><TT>reverb</TT>, <TT>chorus</TT> and <TT>flange</TT></A>.</B>
Effects opcodes.
</UL>
<H4>3. <A HREF="sproc/index.html">Signal Processing Core Opcodes</A></H4>
<UL>
<LI>
<B><A HREF="sproc/index.html#gain">Level Matching</A>.</B> Absolute and
relative. Specialops.
<LI>
<B><A HREF="sproc/index.html#window">Window Wavetables</A>.</B>
Generating window function tables.
<LI>
<B><A HREF="sproc/index.html#samp">Sample Rate Conversion</A>.</B> Between
a-rate and k-rate.
<LI>
<B><A HREF="sproc/index.html#comp">Gain Control</A>.</B>
Compressor/limiter/expander/noise-gate.
<LI>
<B><A HREF="sproc/index.html#fft">Fourier Analysis</A>.</B> FFT and IFFT opcodes.
<LI>
<B><A HREF="sproc/index.html#port">Portamento</A>.</B> K-rate opcode
for pitch changes.
</UL>
<H4>4. <A HREF="user/index.html">User-Defined Opcodes</A></H4>
<UL>
<LI>
<B><A HREF="user/index.html#example">Example</A>.</B> Tutorial example with
user-defined opcodes.
<LI>
<B><A HREF="user/index.html#header">Opcode Declarations</A>.</B> Parameters and variables.
<LI>
<B><A HREF="user/index.html#block">Opcode Statement Block</A>.</B> Return statements.
<LI>
<B><A HREF="user/index.html#calls">Opcode Calls</A>.</B> Rate and width calling
conventions.
</UL>
<H4>Postscript: Links to Appendices</H4>
<UL>
<LI>
<A HREF="../append/corea/index.html">
Appendix B: Core Opcode Sorted Alphabetically</A>
<LI><A HREF="../append/coref/index.html">
Appendix C: Core Opcode Sorted by Opcode Type</A>
</UL>
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<A HREF="../../copyright/index.html">Copyright 1999 John Lazzaro and John
Wawrzynek.</A>
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