structure Simple =
struct
fun fold f [] = (fn b => b)
  | fold f (a::r) = (fn b => let fun f2(e,[]) = f(e,b)
                                   | f2(e,a::r) = f(e,f2(a,r))
                              in f2(a,r)
                             end)


fun min (x:real,y:real) = if x<y then x else y
fun max (x:real,y:real) = if x<y then y else x
exception MaxList
exception MinList
exception SumList
fun max_list [] = raise MaxList | max_list l = fold max l (hd l)
fun min_list [] = raise MinList | min_list l = fold min l (hd l)
fun sum_list [] = raise SumList
  | sum_list (l:real list) = fold (op +) l 0.0

fun for {from=start:int,step=delta:int, to=endd:int} body =
    if delta>0 andalso endd>=start then 
	let fun f x = if x > endd then () else (body x; f(x+delta))
	in f start
	end
    else if endd<=start then
	let fun f x = if x < endd then () else (body x; f(x+delta))
	in f start
	end
    else ()
fun from(n,m) = if n>m then [] else n::from(n+1,m)
fun flatten [] = []
  | flatten (x::xs) = x @ flatten xs
fun pow(x:real,y:int) = if y = 0 then 1.0 else x * pow(x,y-1)
fun array2(bounds as ((l1,u1),(l2,u2)),v) =  
    (Array2.array((u1-l1+1, u2-l2+1),v), bounds)
fun sub2((A,((lb1:int,ub1:int),(lb2:int,ub2:int))),(k,l)) = 
    Array2.sub(A, (k-lb1, l-lb2)) 
fun update2((A,((lb1,_),(lb2,_))),(k,l), v) = Array2.update(A,(k-lb1,l-lb2),v)
fun bounds2(_,b) = b
fun printarray2 (A as (M:real Array2.array2,((l1,u1),(l2,u2)))) =
    for {from=l1,step=1,to=u1} (fn i =>
        (print "[";
	 for {from=l2,step=1,to=u2-1} (fn j => 
	      print (Real.toString (sub2(A,(i,j))) ^ ", "));
	 print (Real.toString (sub2(A,(i,u2))) ^ "]\n")))
fun array1((l,u),v) = (Array.array(u-l+1,v),(l,u))
fun sub1((A,(l:int,u:int)),i:int) = Array.sub(A,i-l) 
fun update1((A,(l,_)),i,v) = Array.update(A,i-l,v)
fun bounds1(_,b) = b

(*
 * Specification of the state variable computation
 *)
val grid_size = ((2, Param.grid_max), (2,Param.grid_max))

fun north (k,l) = (k-1,l)	
fun south (k,l) = (k+1,l)		

fun east (k,l) = (k,l+1)
fun west (k,l) = (k,l-1)

val northeast = north o east
val southeast = south o east
val northwest = north o west		
val southwest = south o west

fun farnorth x = (north o north ) x
fun farsouth x = (south o south) x
fun fareast x = (east o east) x
fun farwest x = (west o west) x

fun zone_A(k,l) = (k,l)
fun zone_B(k,l) = (k+1,l)

fun zone_C(k,l) = (k+1,l+1)		
fun zone_D(k,l) = (k,l+1)

val  zone_corner_northeast = north   
val  zone_corner_northwest = northwest
fun  zone_corner_southeast zone = zone
val  zone_corner_southwest = west

val ((kmin,kmax),(lmin,lmax)) 	= grid_size
val dimension_all_nodes   	= ((kmin-1,kmax+1),(lmin-1,lmax+1))
fun for_all_nodes f =
    for {from=kmin-1, step=1, to=kmax+1} (fn k =>
       for {from=lmin-1, step=1, to=lmax+1} (fn l => f k l))

val dimension_interior_nodes  	= ((kmin,kmax),(lmin,lmax))
fun for_interior_nodes f =
    for {from=kmin, step=1, to=kmax} (fn k =>
       for {from=lmin, step=1, to=lmax} (fn l => f k l))

val dimension_all_zones  	= ((kmin,kmax+1),(lmin,lmax+1))
fun for_all_zones f =
    for {from=kmin, step=1, to=kmax+1} (fn k =>
       for {from=lmin, step=1, to=lmax+1} (fn l => f (k,l)))

val dimension_interior_zones  	= ((kmin+1,kmax),(lmin+1,lmax))
fun for_interior_zones f =
    for {from=kmin+1, step=1, to=kmax} (fn k =>
       for {from=lmin+1, step=1, to=lmax} (fn l => f (k,l)))

fun map_interior_nodes f =
    flatten(map (fn k => (map (fn l => f (k,l)) 
			      (from(lmin,lmax))))
	        (from(kmin,kmax)))
fun map_interior_zones f =
    flatten(map (fn k => (map (fn l => f (k,l)) 
                               (from(lmin+1,lmax))))
	         (from(kmin+1,kmax)))

fun for_north_ward_interior_zones f =
    for {from=kmax, step= ~1, to=kmin+1} (fn k =>
       for {from=lmin+1, step=1, to=lmax} (fn l => f (k,l)))
fun for_west_ward_interior_zones f = 
    for {from=kmin+1, step=1, to=kmax} (fn k =>
       for {from=lmax, step= ~1, to=lmin+1} (fn l => f (k,l)))


fun for_north_zones f = for {from=lmin, step=1, to=lmax+1} (fn l => f (kmin,l))
fun for_south_zones f = for {from=lmin+1, step=1, to=lmax} (fn l => f (kmax+1,l))
fun for_east_zones f = for {from=kmin+1, step=1, to=kmax+1}(fn k => f (k,lmax+1))
fun for_west_zones f = for {from=kmin+1, step=1, to=kmax+1}(fn k => f (k,lmin))

fun reflect dir node A = sub2(A, dir node)
val reflect_north = fn x => reflect north x
val reflect_south = fn x => reflect south x 
val reflect_east = fn x => reflect east x
val reflect_west = fn x => reflect west x

fun for_north_nodes f =
    for {from=lmin, step=1, to=lmax-1} (fn l => f (kmin-1,l))
fun for_south_nodes f =
    for {from=lmin, step=1, to=lmax-1} (fn l => f (kmax+1,l))
fun for_east_nodes f  = 
    for {from=kmin, step=1, to=kmax-1} (fn k => f (k,lmax+1))
fun for_west_nodes f =
    for {from=kmin, step=1, to=kmax-1} (fn k => f (k,lmin-1))

val north_east_corner = (kmin-1,lmax+1)
val north_west_corner = (kmin-1,lmin-1)
val south_east_corner = (kmax+1,lmax+1)
val south_west_corner = (kmax+1,lmin-1)

val west_of_north_east = (kmin-1, lmax)
val west_of_south_east = (kmax+1, lmax)
val north_of_south_east = (kmax, lmax+1)
val north_of_south_west = (kmax, lmin-1)



(*
 * Initialization of parameters
 *)
val  constant_heat_source = 0.0
val  deltat_maximum = 0.01
val  specific_heat = 0.1
val  p_coeffs = let val M = array2(((0,2),(0,2)), 0.0)
		in update2(M, (1,1), 0.06698); M
		end
val e_coeffs = let val M = array2(((0,2),(0,2)), 0.0)
	       in update2(M, (0,1), 0.1); M
	       end
val p_poly   = array2(((1,4),(1,5)),p_coeffs)

val e_poly   = array2(((1,4),(1,5)), e_coeffs)

val rho_table = let val V = array1((1,3), 0.0)
		in  update1(V,2,1.0);
		    update1(V,3,100.0);
		    V
		end
val theta_table = let val V = array1((1,4), 0.0)
		  in update1(V,2,3.0);
		      update1(V,3,300.0);
		      update1(V,4,3000.0);
		      V
		  end

val extract_energy_tables_from_constants  = (e_poly,2,rho_table,theta_table)
val extract_pressure_tables_from_constants = (p_poly,2,rho_table,theta_table)

val nbc = let val M = array2(dimension_all_zones, 1)
	  in for {from=lmin+1,step=1,to=lmax} (fn j => update2(M,(kmax+1, j),2));
	      update2(M,(kmin,lmin),4);
	      update2(M,(kmin,lmax+1),4);
	      update2(M,(kmax+1,lmin),4);
	      update2(M,(kmax+1,lmax+1),4);
	      M
	  end
val pbb = let val A = array1((1,4), 0.0)
	  in update1(A,2,6.0); A
	  end
val pb  = let val A = array1((1,4), 1.0)
	  in update1(A,2,0.0); update1(A,3,0.0); A
	  end
val qb  =     pb

val all_zero_nodes = array2(dimension_all_nodes, 0.0)

val all_zero_zones = array2(dimension_all_zones, 0.0)


(*
 * Positional Coordinates. (page 9-10)
 *)

fun make_position_matrix interior_function =
    let val r' = array2(dimension_all_nodes, 0.0)
	val z' = array2(dimension_all_nodes, 0.0)
	fun boundary_position (rx,zx,ry,zy,ra,za) =
	    let val (rax, zax)  =  (ra - rx, za - zx)
		val (ryx, zyx)  =  (ry - rx, zy - zx)
		val omega       =  2.0*(rax*ryx + zax*zyx)/(ryx*ryx + zyx*zyx)
		val rb 	    	=  rx - rax + omega*ryx
		val zb 	    	=  zx - zax + omega*zyx
	    in (rb, zb)
	    end
	
	fun reflect_node (x_dir, y_dir, a_dir, node) =
	    let val rx = reflect x_dir  node  r'
		val zx = reflect x_dir  node  z'
		val ry = reflect y_dir  node  r'
		val zy = reflect y_dir  node  z'
		val ra = reflect a_dir  node  r'
		val za = reflect a_dir  node  z'
	    in boundary_position (rx, zx, ry, zy, ra, za)
	    end
	fun u2 (rv,zv) n = (update2(r',n,rv); update2(z',n,zv))
    in
	for_interior_nodes (fn k => fn l => u2 (interior_function (k,l)) (k,l));
	for_north_nodes(fn n => u2 (reflect_node(south,southeast,farsouth,n)) n);
	for_south_nodes (fn n => u2(reflect_node(north,northeast,farnorth,n)) n);
	for_east_nodes (fn n => u2(reflect_node(west, southwest, farwest, n)) n);
	for_west_nodes (fn n => u2(reflect_node(east, southeast, fareast, n)) n);
	u2 (reflect_node(south, southwest, farsouth, west_of_north_east))
	   west_of_north_east;
        u2 (reflect_node(north, northwest, farnorth, west_of_south_east)) 
	   west_of_south_east;
	u2 (reflect_node(west, northwest, farwest, north_of_south_east))
	   north_of_south_east;
	u2 (reflect_node(east, northeast, fareast, north_of_south_west))
	   north_of_south_west;
	u2 (reflect_node(southwest, west, farwest, north_east_corner))
	   north_east_corner;
	u2 (reflect_node(northwest, west, farwest, south_east_corner))
	   south_east_corner;
	u2 (reflect_node(southeast, south, farsouth, north_west_corner))
	   north_west_corner;
	u2 (reflect_node(northeast, east, fareast, south_west_corner))
	   south_west_corner; 
        (r',z')
    end



(*
 * Physical Properties of a Zone (page 10)
 *)
fun zone_area_vol ((r,z), zone) =
    let val (r1,z1)=(sub2(r,zone_corner_southwest zone),
		     sub2(z,zone_corner_southwest zone))
	val (r2,z2)=(sub2(r,zone_corner_southeast zone),
		     sub2(z,zone_corner_southeast zone))
	val (r3,z3)=(sub2(r,zone_corner_northeast zone),
		     sub2(z,zone_corner_northeast zone))
	val (r4,z4)=(sub2(r,zone_corner_northwest zone),
		     sub2(z,zone_corner_northwest zone))
	val area1  =  (r2-r1)*(z3-z1) - (r3-r2)*(z3-z2)
	val radius1  =  0.3333  *(r1+r2+r3)
	val volume1  =  area1 * radius1
	val area2  =  (r3-r1)*(z4-z3) - (r4-r3)*(z3-z1)
	val radius2  =  0.3333 *(r1+r3+r4)
	val volume2  =  area2 * radius2
    in  (area1+area2, volume1+volume2)
    end

(*
 * Velocity (page 8)
 *)
fun make_velocity((u,w),(r,z),p,q,alpha,rho,delta_t) =
    let fun line_integral (p,z,node) : real =
 	    sub2(p,zone_A node)*(sub2(z,west node) - sub2(z,north node)) +
	    sub2(p,zone_B node)*(sub2(z,south node) - sub2(z,west node)) +
	    sub2(p,zone_C node)*(sub2(z,east node) - sub2(z,south node)) +
	    sub2(p,zone_D node)*(sub2(z,north node) - sub2(z,east node))
	fun regional_mass node =
	    0.5 * (sub2(rho, zone_A node)*sub2(alpha,zone_A node) +
		   sub2(rho, zone_B node)*sub2(alpha,zone_B node) +
		   sub2(rho, zone_C node)*sub2(alpha,zone_C node) +
		   sub2(rho, zone_D node)*sub2(alpha,zone_D node))
	fun velocity node =
	    let val d = regional_mass node
		val n1 = ~(line_integral(p,z,node)) - line_integral(q,z,node)
		val n2 = line_integral(p,r,node) + line_integral(q,r,node)
		val u_dot = n1/d
		val w_dot = n2/d
	    in (sub2(u,node)+delta_t*u_dot, sub2(w,node)+delta_t*w_dot)
	    end
	val U = array2(dimension_interior_nodes,0.0)
	val W = array2(dimension_interior_nodes,0.0)
    in for_interior_nodes (fn k => fn l => let val (uv,wv) = velocity (k,l)
					   in update2(U,(k,l),uv);
					      update2(W,(k,l),wv)
					   end);
       (U,W)
    end



fun make_position ((r,z),delta_t,(u',w')) =
    let fun interior_position node = 
            (sub2(r,node) + delta_t*sub2(u',node), 
	     sub2(z,node) + delta_t*sub2(w',node))
    in make_position_matrix interior_position
    end
	

fun make_area_density_volume(rho, s, x') =
    let val alpha' = array2(dimension_all_zones, 0.0)
	val s' = array2(dimension_all_zones, 0.0)
	val rho' = array2(dimension_all_zones, 0.0)
	fun interior_area zone = 
 	    let val (area, vol) = zone_area_vol (x', zone)
		val density =  sub2(rho,zone)*sub2(s,zone) / vol
	    in (area,vol,density)
	    end
	fun reflect_area_vol_density reflect_function = 
	    (reflect_function alpha',reflect_function s',reflect_function rho')
	fun update_asr (zone,(a,s,r)) = (update2(alpha',zone,a);
					 update2(s',zone,s);
					 update2(rho',zone,r))
	fun r_area_vol_den (reflect_dir,zone) =
	    let val asr =  reflect_area_vol_density (reflect_dir zone)
	    in update_asr(zone, asr)
	    end
    in
	for_interior_zones (fn zone => update_asr(zone, interior_area zone));
        for_south_zones (fn zone => r_area_vol_den(reflect_north, zone));
        for_east_zones (fn zone => r_area_vol_den(reflect_west, zone));
        for_west_zones (fn zone => r_area_vol_den(reflect_east, zone));
        for_north_zones (fn zone => r_area_vol_den(reflect_south, zone));
	(alpha', rho', s')
    end 


(*
 * Artifical Viscosity (page 11)
 *)
fun make_viscosity(p,(u',w'),(r',z'), alpha',rho') = 
    let	fun interior_viscosity zone =
	let fun upper_del f = 
	    0.5 * ((sub2(f,zone_corner_southeast zone) - 
		    sub2(f,zone_corner_northeast zone)) +
		   (sub2(f,zone_corner_southwest zone) - 
		    sub2(f,zone_corner_northwest zone)))
	    fun lower_del f = 
		0.5 * ((sub2(f,zone_corner_southeast zone) - 
			sub2(f,zone_corner_southwest zone)) +
		       (sub2(f,zone_corner_northeast zone) - 
			sub2(f,zone_corner_northwest zone)))
	    val xi 	= pow(upper_del   r',2) + pow(upper_del   z',2)
	    val eta = pow(lower_del   r',2) + pow(lower_del   z',2)
	    val upper_disc =  (upper_del r')*(lower_del w') - 
		              (upper_del z')*(lower_del u')
	    val lower_disc = (upper_del u')*(lower_del z') -
		             (upper_del w') * (lower_del r')
	    val upper_ubar = if upper_disc<0.0   then upper_disc/xi    else 0.0
	    val lower_ubar = if lower_disc<0.0   then lower_disc/eta    else 0.0
	    val gamma    = 1.6
	    val speed_of_sound  =  gamma*sub2(p,zone)/sub2(rho',zone)
	    val ubar  =  pow(upper_ubar,2) + pow(lower_ubar,2)
	    val viscosity   =  
		sub2(rho',zone)*(1.5*ubar + 0.5*speed_of_sound*(Math.sqrt ubar))
	    val length   = Math.sqrt(pow(upper_del r',2) + pow(lower_del r',2))
	    val courant_delta = 0.5* sub2(alpha',zone)/(speed_of_sound*length)
	in (viscosity, courant_delta)
	end
	val q' = array2(dimension_all_zones, 0.0)
	val d  = array2(dimension_all_zones, 0.0)
	fun reflect_viscosity_cdelta (direction, zone) =
	    sub2(q',direction zone) * sub1(qb, sub2(nbc,zone))
	fun do_zones (dir,zone) = 
	    update2(q',zone,reflect_viscosity_cdelta (dir,zone))
    in
	for_interior_zones (fn zone => let val (qv,dv) = interior_viscosity zone
				       in update2(q',zone,qv);
					   update2(d,zone,dv)
				       end);
	for_south_zones (fn zone => do_zones(north,zone));
	for_east_zones (fn zone => do_zones(west,zone));
	for_west_zones (fn zone => do_zones(east,zone));
	for_north_zones (fn zone => do_zones(south,zone));
        (q', d) 
    end

(*
 * Pressure and Energy Polynomial (page 12)
 *)

fun polynomial(G,degree,rho_table,theta_table,rho_value,theta_value) =
    let fun table_search (table, value) =
	    let val (low, high) = bounds1  table
		fun search_down  i =  if  value > sub1(table,i-1)  then i
				      else search_down (i-1)
	    in  
		if  value>sub1(table,high)  then  high+1
		else if  value <= sub1(table,low)  then low
		     else search_down   high
	    end
	val rho_index = table_search(rho_table, rho_value)
	val theta_index = table_search(theta_table, theta_value)
	val A =  sub2(G, (rho_index, theta_index))
	fun from(n,m) = if n>m then [] else n::from(n+1,m)
	fun f(i,j) = sub2(A,(i,j))*pow(rho_value,i)*pow(theta_value,j)
    in
	sum_list (map (fn i => sum_list(map (fn j => f (i,j)) (from(0,degree))))
		      (from (0,degree)))
    end
fun zonal_pressure  (rho_value:real,  theta_value:real)  =
    let val (G,degree,rho_table,theta_table) = 
		            extract_pressure_tables_from_constants
    in polynomial(G, degree, rho_table, theta_table, rho_value, theta_value)
    end


fun zonal_energy (rho_value, theta_value) = 
    let val (G, degree, rho_table, theta_table) = 
	   		    extract_energy_tables_from_constants
    in polynomial(G, degree, rho_table, theta_table, rho_value, theta_value)
    end
val dx =   0.000001
val tiny = 0.000001


fun newton_raphson (f,x) =
    let	fun iter (x,fx) =
	    if fx > tiny then 
		let val fxdx = f(x+dx)
		    val denom = fxdx - fx
		in if denom < tiny then iter(x,tiny)
		   else iter(x-fx*dx/denom, fxdx)
		end
	    else x
    in iter(x, f x)
    end

(*
 * Temperature (page 13-14)
 *)

fun make_temperature(p,epsilon,rho,theta,rho_prime,q_prime) =
    let fun interior_temperature   zone =
	    let val qkl = sub2(q_prime,zone)
		val rho_kl = sub2(rho,zone)
		val rho_prime_kl = sub2(rho_prime,zone)
		val tau_kl = (1.0 /rho_prime_kl - 1.0/rho_kl)
		fun energy_equation epsilon_kl   theta_kl =
		    epsilon_kl -  zonal_energy(rho_kl,theta_kl)
		val epsilon_0 = sub2(epsilon,zone)
		fun revised_energy pkl =  epsilon_0 - (pkl + qkl) * tau_kl
		fun revised_temperature  epsilon_kl   theta_kl =
		    newton_raphson ((energy_equation epsilon_kl), theta_kl)
		fun revised_pressure  theta_kl = zonal_pressure(rho_kl, theta_kl)
		val p_0 = sub2(p,zone)
		val theta_0 = sub2(theta,zone)
		val epsilon_1 =  revised_energy    p_0
		val theta_1 =  revised_temperature    epsilon_1    theta_0
		val p_1 =  revised_pressure    theta_1
		val epsilon_2 =  revised_energy    p_1
		val theta_2 =  revised_temperature    epsilon_2    theta_1
	    in  theta_2
	    end
	val M = array2(dimension_all_zones, constant_heat_source)
    in
	for_interior_zones
	      (fn zone => update2(M, zone, interior_temperature zone));
	M
    end


(*
 * Heat conduction
 *)

fun make_cc(alpha_prime, theta_hat) =
    let fun interior_cc zone =  
	    (0.0001 * pow(sub2(theta_hat,zone),2) *
	    (Math.sqrt (abs(sub2(theta_hat,zone)))) / sub2(alpha_prime,zone))
	    handle Sqrt => (print (Real.toString (sub2(theta_hat, zone)));
			    print ("\nzone =(" ^ Int.toString (#1 zone) ^ "," ^ 
				   Int.toString (#2 zone) ^ ")\n");
			    printarray2 theta_hat;
			    raise Sqrt)
	val cc = array2(dimension_all_zones, 0.0)
    in
       for_interior_zones(fn zone => update2(cc,zone, interior_cc zone));
       for_south_zones(fn zone => update2(cc,zone, reflect_north zone cc));
       for_west_zones(fn zone => update2(cc,zone,reflect_east zone cc));
       for_east_zones(fn zone => update2(cc,zone,reflect_west zone cc));
       for_north_zones(fn zone => update2(cc,zone, reflect_south zone cc)); 
       cc
    end

fun make_sigma(deltat, rho_prime, alpha_prime) =
    let fun interior_sigma   zone =  
	    sub2(rho_prime,zone)*sub2(alpha_prime,zone)*specific_heat/ deltat
	val M = array2(dimension_interior_zones, 0.0)
	fun ohandle zone =
	    (print (Real.toString (sub2(rho_prime, zone)) ^ " ");
	     print (Real.toString (sub2(alpha_prime, zone)) ^ " ");
	     print (Real.toString specific_heat ^ " ");
	     print (Real.toString deltat ^ "\n");
	     raise Overflow)
		    
    in  if !Control.trace 
        then print ("\t\tmake_sigma:deltat = " ^ Real.toString deltat ^ "\n")
	else ();
(***	for_interior_zones(fn zone => update2(M,zone, interior_sigma zone)) **)
	for_interior_zones(fn zone => (update2(M,zone, interior_sigma zone)
				       handle Overflow => ohandle zone));
	M
    end

fun make_gamma  ((r_prime,z_prime), cc, succeeding, adjacent) =
    let fun interior_gamma   zone =
	    let val r1 = sub2(r_prime, zone_corner_southeast   zone)
		val z1 = sub2(z_prime, zone_corner_southeast   zone)
		val r2 = sub2(r_prime, zone_corner_southeast (adjacent   zone))
		val z2 = sub2(z_prime, zone_corner_southeast (adjacent   zone))
		val cross_section = 0.5*(r1+r2)*(pow(r1 - r2,2)+pow(z1 - z2,2))
		val (c1,c2) = (sub2(cc, zone), sub2(cc, succeeding zone))
		val specific_conductivity =  2.0 * c1 * c2 / (c1 + c2)
	    in cross_section  *  specific_conductivity
	    end
	val M = array2(dimension_all_zones, 0.0)
    in
	for_interior_zones(fn zone => update2(M,zone,interior_gamma zone));
 	M
    end

fun make_ab(theta, sigma, Gamma, preceding) =
    let val a = array2(dimension_all_zones, 0.0)
	val b = array2(dimension_all_zones, 0.0)
	fun interior_ab   zone =
  	    let val denom = sub2(sigma, zone) + sub2(Gamma, zone) +
		            sub2(Gamma, preceding zone) * 
			    (1.0 - sub2(a, preceding zone))
		val nume1 = sub2(Gamma,zone)
		val nume2 = sub2(Gamma,preceding zone)*sub2(b,preceding zone) +
		            sub2(sigma,zone) * sub2(theta,zone)
	    in  (nume1/denom,  nume2 / denom)  
	    end
	val f  = fn zone => update2(b,zone,sub2(theta,zone))
    in
	for_north_zones f;
	for_south_zones f;
	for_west_zones f;
	for_east_zones f;
	for_interior_zones(fn zone => let val ab = interior_ab zone
				      in update2(a,zone,#1 ab);
					  update2(b,zone,#2 ab)
				      end);
	(a,b)
    end

fun make_theta (a, b, succeeding, int_zones) =
    let val theta = array2(dimension_all_zones, constant_heat_source)
	fun interior_theta zone =  
	    sub2(a,zone) * sub2(theta,succeeding zone)+ sub2(b,zone)
    in
	int_zones (fn (k,l) => update2(theta, (k,l), interior_theta (k,l)));
	theta
    end

fun compute_heat_conduction(theta_hat, deltat, x', alpha', rho') =
    let val sigma 	= make_sigma(deltat,  rho',  alpha')
	val _ = if !Control.trace then print "\tdone make_sigma\n" else ()

	val cc 		= make_cc(alpha',  theta_hat)
	val _ = if !Control.trace then print "\tdone make_cc\n" else ()

	val Gamma_k  	= make_gamma(  x', cc, north, east)
	val _ = if !Control.trace then print "\tdone make_gamma\n" else ()

	val (a_k,b_k)  	= make_ab(theta_hat, sigma, Gamma_k, north)
	val _ = if !Control.trace then print "\tdone make_ab\n" else ()

	val theta_k  	= make_theta(a_k,b_k,south,for_north_ward_interior_zones)
	val _ = if !Control.trace then print "\tdone make_theta\n" else ()

	val Gamma_l  	= make_gamma(x', cc, west, south)
	val _ = if !Control.trace then print "\tdone make_gamma\n" else ()

	val (a_l,b_l) 	= make_ab(theta_k, sigma, Gamma_l, west)
	val _ = if !Control.trace then print "\tdone make_ab\n" else ()

	val theta_l  	= make_theta(a_l,b_l,east,for_west_ward_interior_zones)
	val _ = if !Control.trace then print "\tdone make_theta\n" else ()
    in  (theta_l, Gamma_k, Gamma_l)
    end


(*
 * Final Pressure and Energy calculation
 *)
fun make_pressure(rho', theta')  =
    let val p = array2(dimension_all_zones, 0.0)
	fun boundary_p(direction, zone) = 
	    sub1(pbb, sub2(nbc, zone)) + 
	    sub1(pb,sub2(nbc,zone)) * sub2(p, direction zone)
    in
	for_interior_zones
	    (fn zone => update2(p,zone,zonal_pressure(sub2(rho',zone),
						      sub2(theta',zone))));
	for_south_zones(fn zone => update2(p,zone,boundary_p(north,zone)));
	for_east_zones(fn zone => update2(p,zone,boundary_p(west,zone)));
	for_west_zones(fn zone => update2(p,zone,boundary_p(east,zone)));
	for_north_zones(fn zone => update2(p,zone,boundary_p(south,zone)));
	p
    end

fun make_energy(rho', theta')  =
    let val epsilon' = array2(dimension_all_zones, 0.0)
    in
	for_interior_zones
	  (fn zone => update2(epsilon', zone, zonal_energy(sub2(rho',zone),
							   sub2(theta',zone))));
        for_south_zones
	  (fn zone => update2(epsilon',zone, reflect_north zone epsilon'));
        for_west_zones
	  (fn zone => update2(epsilon',zone, reflect_east zone epsilon'));
        for_east_zones
	  (fn zone => update2(epsilon',zone, reflect_west  zone epsilon'));
	for_north_zones
	  (fn zone => update2(epsilon',zone, reflect_south zone epsilon'));
	epsilon'
    end


(*
 * Energy Error Calculation (page 20)
 *)

fun compute_energy_error  ((u',w'),(r',z'),p',q',epsilon',theta',rho',alpha',
			   Gamma_k,Gamma_l,deltat)  =
    let fun mass zone =  sub2(rho',zone) * sub2(alpha',zone):real
	val internal_energy = 
	    sum_list (map_interior_zones (fn z => sub2(epsilon',z)*(mass z)))
	fun kinetic   node =
	    let val average_mass =  0.25*((mass (zone_A  node)) + 
					  (mass (zone_B  node)) +
					  (mass (zone_C  node)) + 
					  (mass (zone_D  node)))
		val v_square = pow(sub2(u',node),2) + pow(sub2(w',node),2)
	    in 0.5 * average_mass * v_square
	    end
	val kinetic_energy =  sum_list (map_interior_nodes kinetic)
      fun work_done (node1, node2)  =
	  let val (r1, r2) = (sub2(r',node1), sub2(r',node2))
	      val (z1, z2) = (sub2(z',node1), sub2(z',node2))
	      val (u1, u2) = (sub2(p',node1), sub2(p',node2))
	      val (w1, w2) = (sub2(z',node1), sub2(z',node2))
	      val (p1, p2) = (sub2(p',node1), sub2(p',node2))
	      val (q1, q2) = (sub2(q',node1), sub2(q',node2))
	      val force =  0.5*(p1+p2+q1+q2)
	      val radius = 0.5* (r1+r2)
	      val area =   0.5* ((r1-r2)*(u1-u2) - (z1-z2)*(w1-w2))
	  in  force * radius * area * deltat
	  end

      fun from(n,m) = if n > m then [] else n::from(n+1,m)
      val north_line = 
	  map (fn l => (west(kmin,l),(kmin,l))) (from(lmin+1,lmax))
      val south_line =
	  map (fn l => (west(kmax,l),(kmax,l))) (from(lmin+1,lmax))
      val east_line  =
	  map (fn k => (south(k,lmax),(k,lmax))) (from(kmin+1,kmax))
      val west_line  =
	  map (fn k => (south(k,lmin+1),(k,lmin+1))) (from(kmin+1,kmax))

      val w1 = sum_list (map work_done north_line)
      val w2  = sum_list (map work_done south_line)
      val w3  = sum_list (map work_done east_line)
      val w4  = sum_list (map work_done west_line)
      val boundary_work =  w1 + w2 + w3 + w4

      fun heat_flow  Gamma (zone1,zone2)  =
	deltat * sub2(Gamma, zone1) * (sub2(theta',zone1) - sub2(theta',zone2))

      val north_flow =
	  let val k = kmin+1 
	  in map (fn l => (north(k,l),(k,l))) (from(lmin+1,lmax))
	  end
      val south_flow =
	  let val k = kmax
	  in map (fn l => (south(k,l),(k,l))) (from(lmin+2,lmax-1))
	  end
      val east_flow  =
	  let val l = lmax
	  in map (fn k => (east(k,l),(k,l))) (from(kmin+2,kmax))
	  end
      val west_flow  =
	  let val l = lmin+1
	  in map (fn k => (west(k,l),(k,l))) (from(kmin+2,kmax))
	  end

     val h1  = sum_list    (map (heat_flow  Gamma_k)   north_flow)
     val h2  = sum_list    (map (heat_flow  Gamma_k)   south_flow)
     val h3  = sum_list    (map (heat_flow  Gamma_l)   east_flow)
     val h4  = sum_list    (map (heat_flow  Gamma_l)   west_flow)
     val boundary_heat =  h1 + h2 + h3 + h4
    in 
	internal_energy  +  kinetic_energy  -  boundary_heat  -  boundary_work
    end

fun compute_time_step(d, theta_hat,  theta') =
    let val deltat_courant =
	    min_list (map_interior_zones (fn zone => sub2(d,zone)))
	val deltat_conduct =
	    max_list (map_interior_zones 
		        (fn z => (abs(sub2(theta_hat,z) - sub2(theta', z))/
				  sub2(theta_hat,z))))
	val deltat_minimum = min (deltat_courant, deltat_conduct)
    in min   (deltat_maximum,  deltat_minimum)
    end


fun compute_initial_state () = 
    let 
        val v  = (all_zero_nodes, all_zero_nodes)
	val x  = let fun interior_position  (k,l)  =
	                 let val pi = 3.1415926535898
			     val rp = real (lmax - lmin)
			     val z1 = real(10 + k - kmin)
			     val zz = (~0.5 + real(l - lmin) / rp) * pi
			 in (z1 * Math.cos zz,  z1 * Math.sin zz)
			 end
		 in  make_position_matrix interior_position
		 end
	val (alpha,s) = 
	    let val (alpha_prime,s_prime) = 
		    let val A = array2(dimension_all_zones, 0.0)
			val S = array2(dimension_all_zones, 0.0)
			fun reflect_area_vol f = (f A, f S)

			fun u2 (f,z) = 
			    let val (a,s) = reflect_area_vol(f z)
			    in update2(A,z,a);
				update2(S,z,s)
			    end
		    in
			for_interior_zones 
			   (fn z => let val (a,s) = zone_area_vol(x, z)
				    in update2(A,z,a);
					update2(S,z,s)
				    end);
			for_south_zones (fn z => u2 (reflect_north, z));
			for_east_zones (fn z => u2 (reflect_west, z));
			for_west_zones (fn z => u2 (reflect_east, z));
			for_north_zones (fn z => u2 (reflect_south, z));
			(A,S)
		    end
	    in  (alpha_prime,s_prime)
	    end
	val rho  = let val R = array2(dimension_all_zones, 0.0)
		   in for_all_zones (fn z => update2(R,z,1.4)); R
		   end
	val theta = 
	    let val T = array2(dimension_all_zones, constant_heat_source)
	    in for_interior_zones(fn z => update2(T,z,0.0001));
		T
	    end
	val p       = make_pressure(rho, theta)
	val q       = all_zero_zones
	val epsilon = make_energy(rho, theta)
	val  deltat  = 0.01
	val  c       = 0.0
    in
	(v,x,alpha,s,rho,p,q,epsilon,theta,deltat,c)
    end


fun compute_next_state state =
    let
	val (v,x,alpha,s,rho,p,q,epsilon,theta,deltat,c) = state
	val v'  = make_velocity (v, x, p, q, alpha, rho, deltat)
	val _ = if !Control.trace then print "done make_velocity\n" else ()

	val x'  = make_position(x,deltat,v') 
	          handle Overflow =>(printarray2 (#1 v'); 
				     printarray2 (#2 v');
				     raise Overflow)
	val _ = if !Control.trace then print "done make_position\n" else ()

	val (alpha',rho',s')  = make_area_density_volume (rho,  s , x')
	val _ = if !Control.trace then print "done make_area_density_volume\n"
		else ()

	val (q',d)  = make_viscosity (p,  v',  x',  alpha',  rho')
	val _ = if !Control.trace then print "done make_viscosity\n" else ()

	val theta_hat  = make_temperature (p, epsilon, rho, theta, rho', q')
	val _ = if !Control.trace then print "done make_temperature\n" else ()

	val (theta',Gamma_k,Gamma_l) =
	    compute_heat_conduction (theta_hat, deltat, x', alpha', rho')
	val _ = if !Control.trace then print "done compute_heat_conduction\n"
		else ()

	val p'  = make_pressure(rho', theta')
	val _ = if !Control.trace then print "done make_pressure\n" else ()

	val epsilon'  = make_energy (rho', theta')
	val _ = if !Control.trace then print "done make_energy\n" else ()

	val c'  = compute_energy_error (v', x', p', q', epsilon', theta', rho', 
					alpha', Gamma_k, Gamma_l,  deltat)
	val _ = if !Control.trace then print "done compute_energy_error\n" 
		else ()

	val deltat'  = compute_time_step (d, theta_hat, theta')
	val _ = if !Control.trace then print "done compute_time_step\n\n" else ()
    in
	(v',x',alpha',s',rho',p',q',  epsilon',theta',deltat',c')
    end

fun runit () = 
    let fun iter (i,state) = if i = 0 then state
			     else (print ".";
				   iter(i-1, compute_next_state state))
    in iter(Param.step_count, compute_initial_state())
    end

fun print_state ((v1,v2),(r,z),alpha,s,rho,p,q,epsilon,theta,deltat,c) = (
      print "Velocity matrices = \n";
      printarray2 v1; print "\n\n";
      printarray2 v2;

      print "\n\nPosition matrices = \n";
      printarray2 r; print "\n\n";
      printarray2 z;
     
      print "\n\nalpha = \n";
      printarray2 alpha;

      print "\n\ns = \n";
      printarray2 s;

      print "\n\nrho = \n";
      printarray2 rho;

      print "\n\nPressure = \n";
      printarray2 p;

      print "\n\nq = \n";
      printarray2 q;
    
      print "\n\nepsilon = \n";
      printarray2 epsilon;

      print "\n\ntheta = \n";
      printarray2 theta;

      print ("delatat = " ^ Real.toString (deltat : real)^ "\n");
      print ("c = " ^ Real.toString (c : real) ^ "\n"))

    fun testit () = print_state (runit())

    fun doit () = let
	  val (_, _, _, _, _, _, _, _, _, delta', c') = runit()
	  val delta = Real.trunc delta'
	  val c = Real.trunc (c' * 10000.0)
	  in
	    if (c = 6787 andalso delta = ~33093)
	      then ()
	      else TextIO.output (TextIO.stdErr, "*** ERROR ***\n")
	  end

  end (* structure Simple *)