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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="mappers.html#working-with-large-collections">Working with Large Collections</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="mappers.html#dynamic-relationship-loaders">Dynamic Relationship Loaders</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="mappers.html#setting-noload">Setting Noload</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="mappers.html#using-passive-deletes">Using Passive Deletes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="mappers.html#mutable-primary-keys-update-cascades">Mutable Primary Keys / Update Cascades</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="session.html">Using the Session</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="session.html#what-does-the-session-do">What does the Session do ?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="session.html#getting-a-session">Getting a Session</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="session.html#using-a-sessionmaker-configuration">Using a sessionmaker() Configuration</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="session.html#binding-session-to-an-engine">Binding Session to an Engine</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="session.html#binding-session-to-a-connection">Binding Session to a Connection</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="session.html#using-create-session">Using create_session()</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="session.html#configurational-arguments">Configurational Arguments</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="session.html#id1">Using the Session</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="session.html#quickie-intro-to-object-states">Quickie Intro to Object States</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="session.html#frequently-asked-questions">Frequently Asked Questions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="session.html#querying">Querying</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="session.html#adding-new-or-existing-items">Adding New or Existing Items</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="session.html#merging">Merging</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="session.html#deleting">Deleting</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="session.html#deleting-based-on-filter-criterion">Deleting based on Filter Criterion</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="session.html#flushing">Flushing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="session.html#committing">Committing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="session.html#rolling-back">Rolling Back</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="session.html#expunging">Expunging</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="session.html#closing">Closing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="session.html#refreshing-expiring">Refreshing / Expiring</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="session.html#session-attributes">Session Attributes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="session.html#cascades">Cascades</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="session.html#managing-transactions">Managing Transactions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="session.html#using-savepoint">Using SAVEPOINT</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="session.html#enabling-two-phase-commit">Enabling Two-Phase Commit</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="session.html#embedding-sql-insert-update-expressions-into-a-flush">Embedding SQL Insert/Update Expressions into a Flush</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="session.html#using-sql-expressions-with-sessions">Using SQL Expressions with Sessions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="session.html#joining-a-session-into-an-external-transaction">Joining a Session into an External Transaction</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="session.html#contextual-thread-local-sessions">Contextual/Thread-local Sessions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="session.html#creating-a-thread-local-context">Creating a Thread-local Context</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="session.html#lifespan-of-a-contextual-session">Lifespan of a Contextual Session</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="session.html#partitioning-strategies">Partitioning Strategies</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="session.html#vertical-partitioning">Vertical Partitioning</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="session.html#horizontal-partitioning">Horizontal Partitioning</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="session.html#extending-session">Extending Session</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="dbengine.html">Database Engines</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="dbengine.html#supported-databases">Supported Databases</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="dbengine.html#create-engine-url-arguments">create_engine() URL Arguments</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="dbengine.html#custom-dbapi-connect-arguments">Custom DBAPI connect() arguments</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="dbengine.html#database-engine-options">Database Engine Options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="dbengine.html#more-on-connections">More On Connections</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="dbengine.html#using-transactions-with-connection">Using Transactions with Connection</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="dbengine.html#understanding-autocommit">Understanding Autocommit</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="dbengine.html#connectionless-execution-implicit-execution">Connectionless Execution, Implicit Execution</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="dbengine.html#using-the-threadlocal-execution-strategy">Using the Threadlocal Execution Strategy</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="dbengine.html#configuring-logging">Configuring Logging</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html">Database Meta Data</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html#describing-databases-with-metadata">Describing Databases with MetaData</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html#accessing-tables-and-columns">Accessing Tables and Columns</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html#creating-and-dropping-database-tables">Creating and Dropping Database Tables</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html#binding-metadata-to-an-engine-or-connection">Binding MetaData to an Engine or Connection</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html#reflecting-tables">Reflecting Tables</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html#overriding-reflected-columns">Overriding Reflected Columns</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html#reflecting-views">Reflecting Views</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html#reflecting-all-tables-at-once">Reflecting All Tables at Once</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html#fine-grained-reflection-with-inspector">Fine Grained Reflection with Inspector</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html#specifying-the-schema-name">Specifying the Schema Name</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html#backend-specific-options">Backend-Specific Options</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html#column-insert-update-defaults">Column Insert/Update Defaults</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html#scalar-defaults">Scalar Defaults</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html#python-executed-functions">Python-Executed Functions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html#context-sensitive-default-functions">Context-Sensitive Default Functions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html#sql-expressions">SQL Expressions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html#server-side-defaults">Server Side Defaults</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html#triggered-columns">Triggered Columns</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html#defining-sequences">Defining Sequences</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html#defining-constraints-and-indexes">Defining Constraints and Indexes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html#defining-foreign-keys">Defining Foreign Keys</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html#creating-dropping-foreign-key-constraints-via-alter">Creating/Dropping Foreign Key Constraints via ALTER</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html#on-update-and-on-delete">ON UPDATE and ON DELETE</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html#unique-constraint">UNIQUE Constraint</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html#check-constraint">CHECK Constraint</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html#indexes">Indexes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html#customizing-ddl">Customizing DDL</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html#controlling-ddl-sequences">Controlling DDL Sequences</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html#custom-ddl">Custom DDL</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html#adapting-tables-to-alternate-metadata">Adapting Tables to Alternate Metadata</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html">Examples</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#adjacency-list">Adjacency List</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#associations">Associations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#attribute-instrumentation">Attribute Instrumentation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#beaker-caching">Beaker Caching</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#derived-attributes">Derived Attributes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#directed-graphs">Directed Graphs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#dynamic-relations-as-dictionaries">Dynamic Relations as Dictionaries</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#horizontal-sharding">Horizontal Sharding</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#inheritance-mappings">Inheritance Mappings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#large-collections">Large Collections</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#nested-sets">Nested Sets</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#polymorphic-associations">Polymorphic Associations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#postgis-integration">PostGIS Integration</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#versioned-objects">Versioned Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#vertical-attribute-mapping">Vertical Attribute Mapping</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#xml-persistence">XML Persistence</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/index.html">API Reference</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/sqlalchemy/index.html">sqlalchemy</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/sqlalchemy/connections.html">Connections</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/sqlalchemy/connections.html#creating-engines">Creating Engines</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/sqlalchemy/connections.html#connectables">Connectables</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/sqlalchemy/connections.html#result-objects">Result Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/sqlalchemy/connections.html#transactions">Transactions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/sqlalchemy/connections.html#internals">Internals</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/sqlalchemy/pooling.html">Connection Pooling</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/sqlalchemy/pooling.html#connection-pool-configuration">Connection Pool Configuration</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/sqlalchemy/pooling.html#custom-pool-construction">Custom Pool Construction</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/sqlalchemy/pooling.html#builtin-pool-implementations">Builtin Pool Implementations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/sqlalchemy/pooling.html#pooling-plain-db-api-connections">Pooling Plain DB-API Connections</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/sqlalchemy/expressions.html">SQL Statements and Expressions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/sqlalchemy/expressions.html#functions">Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/sqlalchemy/expressions.html#classes">Classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/sqlalchemy/expressions.html#generic-functions">Generic Functions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/sqlalchemy/schema.html">Database Schema</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/sqlalchemy/schema.html#tables-and-columns">Tables and Columns</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/sqlalchemy/schema.html#constraints">Constraints</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/sqlalchemy/schema.html#default-generators-and-markers">Default Generators and Markers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/sqlalchemy/schema.html#ddl-generation">DDL Generation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/sqlalchemy/schema.html#internals">Internals</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/sqlalchemy/inspector.html">Schema Introspection</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/sqlalchemy/types.html">Column and Data Types</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/sqlalchemy/types.html#generic-types">Generic Types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/sqlalchemy/types.html#sql-standard-types">SQL Standard Types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/sqlalchemy/types.html#vendor-specific-types">Vendor-Specific Types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/sqlalchemy/types.html#custom-types">Custom Types</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/sqlalchemy/interfaces.html">Interfaces</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/sqlalchemy/util.html">Utilities</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/orm/index.html">sqlalchemy.orm</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/orm/mapping.html">Class Mapping</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/orm/mapping.html#defining-mappings">Defining Mappings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/orm/mapping.html#mapper-properties">Mapper Properties</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/orm/mapping.html#decorators">Decorators</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/orm/mapping.html#utilities">Utilities</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/orm/mapping.html#attribute-utilities">Attribute Utilities</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/orm/mapping.html#internals">Internals</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/orm/collections.html">Collection Mapping</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/orm/query.html">Querying</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/orm/query.html#the-query-object">The Query Object</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/orm/query.html#orm-specific-query-constructs">ORM-Specific Query Constructs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/orm/query.html#query-options">Query Options</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/orm/sessions.html">Sessions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/orm/interfaces.html">Interfaces</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/orm/utilities.html">Utilities</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/dialects/index.html">sqlalchemy.dialects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/dialects/index.html#supported-databases">Supported Databases</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/dialects/firebird.html">Firebird</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/dialects/firebird.html#dialects">Dialects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/dialects/firebird.html#locking-behavior">Locking Behavior</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/dialects/firebird.html#returning-support">RETURNING support</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/dialects/firebird.html#kinterbasdb">kinterbasdb</a></li>
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</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/dialects/mssql.html">Microsoft SQL Server</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/dialects/mssql.html#connecting">Connecting</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/dialects/mssql.html#auto-increment-behavior">Auto Increment Behavior</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/dialects/mssql.html#collation-support">Collation Support</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/dialects/mssql.html#limit-offset-support">LIMIT/OFFSET Support</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/dialects/mssql.html#nullability">Nullability</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/dialects/mssql.html#date-time-handling">Date / Time Handling</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/dialects/mssql.html#compatibility-levels">Compatibility Levels</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/dialects/mssql.html#known-issues">Known Issues</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/dialects/mssql.html#module-sqlalchemy.dialects.mssql.pyodbc">PyODBC</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/dialects/mssql.html#id1">Connecting</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/dialects/mssql.html#module-sqlalchemy.dialects.mssql.mxodbc">mxODBC</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/dialects/mssql.html#id2">Connecting</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/dialects/mssql.html#execution-modes">Execution Modes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/dialects/mssql.html#module-sqlalchemy.dialects.mssql.pymssql">pymssql</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/dialects/mssql.html#id3">Connecting</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/dialects/mssql.html#limitations">Limitations</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/dialects/mssql.html#module-sqlalchemy.dialects.mssql.zxjdbc">zxjdbc Notes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/dialects/mssql.html#jdbc-driver">JDBC Driver</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/dialects/mssql.html#id4">Connecting</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/dialects/mssql.html#module-sqlalchemy.dialects.mssql.adodbapi">AdoDBAPI</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/dialects/mysql.html">MySQL</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/dialects/mysql.html#supported-versions-and-features">Supported Versions and Features</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/dialects/mysql.html#connecting">Connecting</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/dialects/mysql.html#data-types">Data Types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/dialects/mysql.html#connection-timeouts">Connection Timeouts</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/dialects/oracle.html#module-sqlalchemy.dialects.oracle.zxjdbc">zxjdbc Notes</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/ext/declarative.html#controlling-table-inheritance-with-mixins">Controlling table inheritance with mixins</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/ext/declarative.html#combining-table-mapper-arguments-from-multiple-mixins">Combining Table/Mapper Arguments from Multiple Mixins</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/ext/associationproxy.html#simplifying-association-object-relationships">Simplifying Association Object Relationships</a></li>
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