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Release: <span class="version-num">0.9.8</span> | Release Date: October 13, 2014
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<h1>SQLAlchemy 0.9 Documentation</h1>
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SQLAlchemy Core
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<div class="section" id="sqlalchemy-core">
<span id="core-toplevel"></span><h1>SQLAlchemy Core<a class="headerlink" href="#sqlalchemy-core" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>The breadth of SQLAlchemy’s SQL rendering engine, DBAPI integration,
transaction integration, and schema description services are documented here.
In contrast to the ORM’s domain-centric mode of usage, the SQL Expression
Language provides a schema-centric usage paradigm.</p>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html">SQL Expression Language Tutorial</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#insert-expressions">Insert Expressions</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#using-more-specific-text-with-table-literal-column-and-column">Using More Specific Text with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">table()</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">literal_column()</span></tt>, and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">column()</span></tt></a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="constraints.html">Defining Constraints and Indexes</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="engines.html#postgresql">Postgresql</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="engines.html#mysql">MySQL</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="engines.html#engine-creation-api">Engine Creation API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="engines.html#pooling">Pooling</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="connections.html#registering-new-dialects">Registering New Dialects</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="pooling.html">Connection Pooling</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pooling.html#switching-pool-implementations">Switching Pool Implementations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pooling.html#using-a-custom-connection-function">Using a Custom Connection Function</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pooling.html#constructing-a-pool">Constructing a Pool</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pooling.html#dealing-with-disconnects">Dealing with Disconnects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="pooling.html#disconnect-handling-optimistic">Disconnect Handling - Optimistic</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="pooling.html#disconnect-handling-pessimistic">Disconnect Handling - Pessimistic</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="pooling.html#more-on-invalidation">More on Invalidation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pooling.html#api-documentation-available-pool-implementations">API Documentation - Available Pool Implementations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pooling.html#pooling-plain-db-api-connections">Pooling Plain DB-API Connections</a></li>
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</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="event.html">Events</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="event.html#event-registration">Event Registration</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="event.html#named-argument-styles">Named Argument Styles</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="event.html#targets">Targets</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="event.html#modifiers">Modifiers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="event.html#event-reference">Event Reference</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="event.html#api-reference">API Reference</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="events.html">Core Events</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="events.html#connection-pool-events">Connection Pool Events</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="events.html#sql-execution-and-connection-events">SQL Execution and Connection Events</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="events.html#schema-events">Schema Events</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="compiler.html">Custom SQL Constructs and Compilation Extension</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compiler.html#synopsis">Synopsis</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compiler.html#dialect-specific-compilation-rules">Dialect-specific compilation rules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compiler.html#compiling-sub-elements-of-a-custom-expression-construct">Compiling sub-elements of a custom expression construct</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="compiler.html#cross-compiling-between-sql-and-ddl-compilers">Cross Compiling between SQL and DDL compilers</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compiler.html#enabling-autocommit-on-a-construct">Enabling Autocommit on a Construct</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compiler.html#changing-the-default-compilation-of-existing-constructs">Changing the default compilation of existing constructs</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compiler.html#subclassing-guidelines">Subclassing Guidelines</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="compiler.html#false-expression">“false” expression</a></li>
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