.\"
.\" SPDX-License-Identifier: ISC
.\"
.\" Copyright (c) 2019-2021 Robert Manner <robert.manner@oneidentity.com>
.\" Copyright (c) 2019-2025 Todd C. Miller <Todd.Miller@sudo.ws>
.\"
.\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
.\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
.\" copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
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.\" WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
.\" MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
.\" ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
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.\" OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
.\"
.Dd February 26, 2025
.Dt SUDO_PLUGIN_PYTHON @mansectform@
.Os Sudo @PACKAGE_VERSION@
.Sh NAME
.Nm sudo_plugin_python
.Nd Sudo Plugin API (Python)
.Sh DESCRIPTION
Starting with version 1.9,
.Nm sudo
plugins can be written in python.
The API closely follows the C
.Nm sudo
plugin API described by
.Xr sudo_plugin @mansectform@ .
.Pp
The supported plugins types are:
.Pp
.Bl -bullet -compact -offset 1n -width 1n
.It
Policy plugin
.It
I/O plugin
.It
Audit plugin
.It
Approval plugin
.It
Group provider plugin
.El
.Pp
Python plugin support needs to be explicitly enabled at build time
with the configure option
.Dq --enable-python .
Python version 3.0 or higher is required.
.Ss Sudo Python Plugin Base
A plugin written in Python should be a class in a python file that
inherits from
.Em sudo.Plugin .
The
.Em sudo.Plugin
base class has no real purpose other than to identify this class as a plugin.
.Pp
The only implemented method is a constructor, which stores the
keyword arguments it receives as fields (member variables) in the object.
This is intended as a convenience to allow you to avoid writing the
constructor yourself.
.Pp
For example:
.Bd -literal -offset 4n
import sudo

class MySudoPlugin(sudo.Plugin):
    # example constructor (optional)
    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)

    # example destructor (optional)
    def __del__(self):
        pass
.Ed
.Pp
Both the constructor and destructor are optional and can be omitted.
.Pp
The customized Plugin class should define a few plugin-specific methods.
When the plugin loads,
.Nm sudo
will create an instance of this class and call the methods.
The actual methods required depend on the type of the plugin,
but most return an
.Vt int
result code, as documented in
.Xr sudo_plugin @mansectform@ ,
that indicates whether or not the method was successful.
The Python sudo module defines the following constants to improve readability:
.Bl -column "sudo.RC.USAGE_ERROR" "XXX" -offset 4n
.It Sy Define Ta Sy Value
.It Dv sudo.RC.OK Ta 1
.It Dv sudo.RC.ACCEPT Ta 1
.It Dv sudo.RC.REJECT Ta 0
.It Dv sudo.RC.ERROR Ta \-1
.It Dv sudo.RC.USAGE_ERROR Ta \-2
.El
.Pp
If a function returns
.Dv None
(for example, if it does not call return),
it will be considered to have returned
.Dv sudo.RC.OK .
If an exception is raised (other than sudo.PluginException), the
backtrace will be shown to the user and the plugin function will return
.Dv sudo.RC.ERROR .
If that is not acceptable, you must catch the exception and handle it yourself.
.Pp
Instead of just returning
.Dv sudo.RC.ERROR
or
.Dv sudo.RC.REJECT
result code the plugin can also provide a message describing the problem.
This can be done by raising one of the special exceptions:
.Bd -literal -offset 4n
raise sudo.PluginError("Message")
raise sudo.PluginReject("Message")
.Ed
.Pp
This added message will be used by the audit plugins.
Both exceptions inherit from
.Dv sudo.PluginException
.Ss Python Plugin Loader
Running the Python interpreter and bridging between C and Python is
handled by the
.Nm sudo
plugin
.Pa @python_plugin@ .
This shared object can be loaded like any other dynamic
.Nm sudo
plugin and should receive the path and the class name of the Python
plugin it is loading as arguments.
.Pp
Example usage in
.Xr sudo.conf @mansectform@ :
.Bd -literal -offset 4n
Plugin python_policy @python_plugin@ ModulePath=<path> ClassName=<class>
Plugin python_io @python_plugin@ ModulePath=<path> ClassName=<class>
Plugin python_audit @python_plugin@ ModulePath=<path> ClassName=<class>
Plugin python_approval @python_plugin@ ModulePath=<path> ClassName=<class>
.Ed
.Pp
Example group provider plugin usage in the
.Em sudoers
file:
.Bd -literal -offset 4n
Defaults group_plugin="@python_plugin@ ModulePath=<path> ClassName=<class>"
.Ed
.Pp
The plugin arguments are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width 4n
.It ModulePath
The path of a python file which contains the class of the sudo Python plugin.
It must be either an absolute path or a path relative to the sudo Python plugin
directory,
.Pa @plugindir@/python .
The parent directory of
.Em ModulePath
will be appended to Python's module search path (there is currently no
way to force Python to load a module from a fully-qualified path).
It is good practice to use a prefix for the module file that is unlikely
to conflict with other installed Python modules, for example,
.Pa sudo_policy.py .
Otherwise, if the there is an installed Python module with the same
file name as the sudo Python plugin file (without the directory),
the wrong file will be loaded.
.It ClassName
(Optional.) The name of the class implementing the sudo Python plugin.
If not supplied, the one and only sudo.Plugin that is present in the module
will be used.
If there are multiple such plugins in the module (or none), it
will result in an error.
.El
.Ss Policy plugin API
Policy plugins must be registered in
.Xr sudo.conf @mansectform@ .
For example:
.Bd -literal -offset 4n
Plugin python_policy @python_plugin@ ModulePath=<path> ClassName=<class>
.Ed
.Pp
Currently, only a single policy plugin may be specified in
.Xr sudo.conf @mansectform@ .
.Pp
A policy plugin may have the following member functions:
.Bl -tag -width 4n
.It Fa constructor
.Bd -literal -compact
__init__(self, user_env: Tuple[str, ...], settings: Tuple[str, ...],
    version: str, user_info: Tuple[str, ...],
    plugin_options: Tuple[str, ...])
.Ed
.Pp
Implementing this function is optional.
The default constructor will set the keyword arguments it receives
as member variables in the object.
.Pp
The constructor matches the
.Fn open
function in the C
.Nm sudo
plugin API.
.Pp
The function arguments are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width 4n
.It Fa user_env
The user's environment as a tuple of strings in
.Dq key=value
format.
.It Fa settings
A tuple of user-supplied
.Em sudo
settings in the form of
.Dq key=value
strings.
.It Fa version
The version of the Python Policy Plugin API.
.It Fa user_info
A tuple of information about the user running the command in the form of
.Dq key=value
strings.
.It Fa plugin_options
The plugin options passed as arguments in the
.Xr sudo.conf @mansectform@
plugin registration.
This is a tuple of strings, usually (but not necessarily) in
.Dq key=value
format.
.El
.Pp
The
.Fn sudo.options_as_dict
convenience function can be used to convert
.Dq key=value
pairs to a dictionary.
For a list of recognized keys and their supported values,
see the policy plugin
.Fn open
documentation in
.Xr sudo_plugin @mansectform@ .
.It Fa check_policy
.Bd -literal -compact
check_policy(self, argv: Tuple[str, ...], env_add: Tuple[str, ...])
.Ed
.Pp
The
.Fn check_policy
function is called by
.Nm sudo
to determine whether the user is allowed to run the specified command.
Implementing this function is mandatory for a policy plugin.
.Pp
The function arguments are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width 4n
.It Fa argv
A tuple describing the command the user wishes to run.
.It Fa env_add
Additional environment variables specified by the user on the command line in
the form of a tuple of
.Dq key=value
pairs.
The
.Fn sudo.options_as_dict
convenience function can be used to convert them to a dictionary.
.El
.Pp
This function should return a result code or a tuple in the following format:
.Bd -literal -offset 4n
return (rc, command_info_out, argv_out, user_env_out)
.Ed
.Pp
The tuple values are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width 4n
.It Fa rc
The result of the policy check, one of the
.Dv sudo.RC.*
constants.
.Dv sudo.RC.ACCEPT
if the command is allowed,
.Dv sudo.RC.REJECT
if not allowed,
.Dv sudo.RC.ERROR
for a general error, or
.Dv sudo.RC.USAGE_ERROR
for a usage error.
.It Fa command_info_out
Optional (only required when the command is accepted).
Information about the command being run in the form of
.Dq key=value
strings.
.Pp
To accept a command, at the very minimum the plugin must set in the
.Em command ,
.Em runas_uid ,
and
.Em runas_gid
keys.
.Pp
For a list of recognized keys and supported values,
see the
.Fn check_policy
documentation in
.Xr sudo_plugin @mansectform@ .
.It Fa argv_out
Optional (only required when the command is accepted).
The arguments to pass to the
.Xr execve 2
system call when executing the command.
.It Fa user_env_out
Optional (only required when the command is accepted).
The environment to use when executing the command in the form of a
tuple of strings in
.Dq key=value
format.
.El
.It Fa init_session
.Bd -literal -compact
init_session(self, user_pwd: Tuple, user_env: Tuple[str, ...])
.Ed
.Pp
Perform session setup (optional).
The
.Fn init_session
function is called before
.Nm sudo
sets up the
execution environment for the command before any user-ID or group-ID changes.
.Pp
The function arguments are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width 4n
.It Fa user_pwd
A tuple describing the user's passwd entry.
Convertible to
.Vt pwd.struct_passwd or
.Dv None
if the user is not present in the password database.
.Pp
Example conversion:
.Bd -literal -compact -offset indent
user_pwd = pwd.struct_passwd(user_pwd) if user_pwd else None
.Ed
.It Fa user_env
The environment the command will run in.
This is a tuple of strings in
.Dq key=value
format.
.El
.Pp
This function should return a result code or a tuple in the following format:
.Bd -literal -offset 4n
return (rc, user_env_out)
.Ed
.Pp
The tuple values are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width 4n
.It Fa rc
The result of the session init, one of the
.Dv sudo.RC.*
constants.
.Dv sudo.RC.OK
on success, 0 on failure, or
.Dv sudo.RC.ERROR
if an error occurred.
.It Fa user_env_out
Optional.
If the
.Fn init_session
function needs to modify the user environment, it can return the new
environment in
.Fa user_env_out .
If this is omitted, no changes will be made to
.Fa user_env .
.El
.It Fa list
.Bd -literal -compact
list(self, argv: Tuple[str, ...], is_verbose: int, user: str)
.Ed
.Pp
List available privileges for the invoking user.
.Pp
The function arguments are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width 4n
.It Fa argv
If not set to
.Dv None ,
an argument vector describing a command the user wishes to check
against the policy.
.It Fa is_verbose
Flag indicating whether to list in verbose mode or not.
.It Fa user
The name of a different user to list privileges for if the policy allows it.
If
.Dv None ,
the plugin should list the privileges of the invoking user.
.El
.It Fa validate
.Bd -literal -compact
validate(self)
.Ed
.Pp
For policy plugins that cache authentication credentials,
this function is used to validate and cache the credentials (optional).
.It Fa invalidate
.Bd -literal -compact
invalidate(self, remove: int)
.Ed
.Pp
For policy plugins that cache authentication credentials,
this function is used to invalidate the credentials (optional).
.Pp
The function arguments are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width 4n
.It Fa remove
If this flag is set, the plugin may remove the credentials instead of simply
invalidating them.
.El
.It Fa show_version
.Bd -literal -compact
show_version(self, is_verbose: int)
.Ed
.Pp
Display the plugin version information to the user.
The
.Fn sudo.log_info
function should be used.
.Pp
The function arguments are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width 4n
.It Fa is_verbose
A flag to indicate displaying more verbose information.
Currently this is 1 if
.Ql sudo -V
is run as the root user.
.El
.It Fa close
.Bd -literal -compact
close(self, exit_status: int, error: int)
.Ed
.Pp
Called when a command finishes executing.
.Pp
Works the same as the
.Fn close
function in the C
.Nm sudo
plugin API, except that it only gets called if
.Nm sudo
attempts to execute the command.
.Pp
The function arguments are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width 4n
.It Fa exit_status
The exit status of the command if was executed, otherwise \-1.
.It Fa error
If the command could not be executed,
this is set to the value of errno set by the
.Xr execve 2
system call, otherwise 0.
.El
.El
.Ss Policy plugin example
Sudo ships with an example Python policy plugin.
To try it, register it by adding the following lines to
.Pa @sysconfdir@/sudo.conf :
.Bd -literal
Plugin python_policy @python_plugin@ \e
    ModulePath=@EXAMPLES@/example_policy_plugin.py \e
    ClassName=SudoPolicyPlugin
.Ed
.Pp
Only one policy plugin can be enabled at a time so you must disable
any other policy plugin listed in
.Pa @sysconfdir@/sudo.conf ,
such as
.Xr sudoers @mansectform@ .
.Ss I/O plugin API
I/O plugins must be registered in
.Xr sudo.conf @mansectform@ .
For example:
.Bd -literal -offset 4n
Plugin python_io @python_plugin@ ModulePath=<path> ClassName=<class>
.Ed
.Pp
Sudo supports loading multiple I/O plugins.
Currently only 8 python I/O plugins can be loaded at once.
.Pp
An I/O plugin may have the following member functions:
.Bl -tag -width 4n
.It Fa constructor
.Bd -literal -compact
__init__(self, user_env: Tuple[str, ...], settings: Tuple[str, ...],
    version: str, user_info: Tuple[str, ...],
    plugin_options: Tuple[str, ...])
.Ed
.Pp
Implementing this function is optional.
The default constructor will set the keyword arguments it receives
as member variables in the object.
.Pp
The constructor matches the
.Fn open
function in the C
.Nm sudo
plugin API.
.Pp
The function arguments are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width 4n
.It Fa user_env
The user's environment as a tuple of strings in
.Dq key=value
format.
.It Fa settings
A tuple of user-supplied
.Em sudo
settings in the form of
.Dq key=value
strings.
.It Fa version
The version of the Python I/O Plugin API.
.It Fa user_info
A tuple of information about the user running the command in the form of
.Dq key=value
strings.
.It Fa plugin_options
The plugin options passed as arguments in the
.Xr sudo.conf @mansectform@
plugin registration.
This is a tuple of strings, usually (but not necessarily) in
.Dq key=value
format.
.El
.Pp
The
.Fn sudo.options_as_dict
convenience function can be used to convert
.Dq key=value
pairs to a dictionary.
For a list of recognized keys and their supported values,
see the I/O plugin
.Fn open
documentation in
.Xr sudo_plugin @mansectform@ .
.It Fa open
.Bd -literal -compact
open(self, argv: Tuple[str, ...],
    command_info: Tuple[str, ...]) -> int
.Ed
.Pp
Receives the command the user wishes to run.
.Pp
Works the same as the
.Fn open
function in the C
.Nm sudo
plugin API except that:
.Pp
.Bl -bullet -compact -offset 1n -width 1n
.It
It only gets called when there is a command to be executed
(and not for a version query for example).
.It
Other arguments of the C API
.Fn open
function are received through the constructor.
.El
.Pp
The function arguments are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width 4n
.It Fa argv
A tuple of the arguments describing the command the user wishes to run.
.It Fa command_info
Information about the command being run in the form of
.Dq key=value
strings.
.El
.Pp
The
.Fn sudo.options_as_dict
convenience function can be used to convert
.Dq key=value
pairs to a dictionary.
For a list of recognized keys and their supported values,
see the I/O plugin
.Fn open
documentation in
.Xr sudo_plugin @mansectform@ .
.Pp
The
.Fn open
function should return a result code, one of the
.Dv sudo.RC.*
constants.
If the function returns
.Dv sudo.RC.REJECT ,
no I/O will be sent to the plugin.
.It Fa log_ttyin , log_ttyout , log_stdin , log_stdout , log_stderr
.Bd -literal -compact
log_ttyin(self, buf: str) -> int
log_ttyout(self, buf: str) -> int
log_stdin(self, buf: str) -> int
log_stdout(self, buf: str) -> int
log_stderr(self, buf: str) -> int
.Ed
.Pp
Receive the user input or output of the terminal device and
application standard input, standard output, or standard error.
See the matching calls in
.Xr sudo_plugin @mansectform@ .
.Pp
The function arguments are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width 4n
.It Fa buf
The input (or output) buffer in the form of a string.
.El
.Pp
The function should return a result code, one of the
.Dv sudo.RC.*
constants.
.Pp
If
.Dv sudo.RC.ERROR
is returned, the running command will be terminated and all of the
plugin's logging functions will be disabled.
Other I/O logging plugins will still receive any remaining
input or output that has not yet been processed.
.Pp
If an input logging function rejects the data by returning
.Dv sudo.RC.REJECT ,
the command will be terminated and the data will not be passed to the
command, though it will still be sent to any other I/O logging plugins.
If an output logging function rejects the data by returning
.Dv sudo.RC.REJECT ,
the command will be terminated and the data will not be written to the
terminal, though it will still be sent to any other I/O logging plugins.
.It Fa change_winsize
.Bd -literal -compact
change_winsize(self, line: int, cols: int) -> int
.Ed
.Pp
Called whenever the window size of the terminal changes.
The function arguments are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width 4n
.It Fa line
The number of lines of the terminal.
.It Fa cols
The number of columns of the terminal.
.El
.It Fa log_suspend
.Bd -literal -compact
log_suspend(self, signo: int) -> int
.Ed
Called whenever a command is suspended or resumed.
.Pp
The function arguments are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width 4n
.It Fa signo
The number of the signal that caused the command to be suspended or
.Dv SIGCONT
if the command was resumed.
.El
.It Fa show_version
.Bd -literal -compact
show_version(self, is_verbose: int)
.Ed
Display the plugin version information to the user.
The
.Fn sudo.log_info
function should be used.
.Pp
The function arguments are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width 4n
.It Fa is_verbose
A flag to indicate displaying more verbose information.
Currently this is 1 if
.Ql sudo -V
is run as the root user.
.El
.It Fa close
.Bd -literal -compact
close(self, exit_status: int, error: int) -> None
.Ed
Called when a command finishes execution.
.Pp
Works the same as the
.Fn close
function in the C
.Nm sudo
plugin API, except that it only gets called if
.Nm sudo
attempts to execute the command.
.Pp
The function arguments are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width 4n
.It Fa exit_status
The exit status of the command if was executed, otherwise \-1.
.It Fa error
If the command could not be executed,
this is set to the value of errno set by the
.Xr execve 2
system call, otherwise 0.
.El
.El
.Ss I/O plugin example
Sudo ships with a Python I/O plugin example.
To try it, register it by adding the following lines to
.Pa @sysconfdir@/sudo.conf :
.Bd -literal -offset 4n
Plugin python_io @python_plugin@ \e
    ModulePath=@EXAMPLES@/example_io_plugin.py \e
    ClassName=SudoIOPlugin
.Ed
.Ss Audit plugin API
Audit plugins must be registered in
.Xr sudo.conf @mansectform@ .
For example:
.Bd -literal -offset 4n
Plugin python_audit @python_plugin@ ModulePath=<path> ClassName=<class>
.Ed
.Pp
Sudo supports loading multiple audit plugins.
Currently only 8 python audit plugins can be loaded at once.
.Pp
An audit plugin may have the following member functions
(all of which are optional):
.Bl -tag -width 4n
.It Fa constructor
.Bd -literal -compact
__init__(self, user_env: Tuple[str, ...], settings: Tuple[str, ...],
    version: str, user_info: Tuple[str, ...], plugin_options: Tuple[str, ...])
.Ed
.Pp
The default constructor will set the keyword arguments it receives
as member variables in the object.
.Pp
The constructor matches the
.Fn open
function in the C
.Nm sudo
plugin API.
.Pp
The function arguments are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width 4n
.It Fa user_env
The user's environment as a tuple of strings in
.Dq key=value
format.
.It Fa settings
A tuple of user-supplied
.Em sudo
settings in the form of
.Dq key=value
strings.
.It Fa version
The version of the Python Audit Plugin API.
.It Fa user_info
A tuple of information about the user running the command in the form of
.Dq key=value
strings.
.It Fa plugin_options
The plugin options passed as arguments in the
.Xr sudo.conf @mansectform@
plugin registration.
This is a tuple of strings, usually (but not necessarily) in
.Dq key=value
format.
.El
.It Fa open
.Bd -literal -compact
open(self, submit_optind: int,
    submit_argv: Tuple[str, ...]) -> int
.Ed
.Pp
The function arguments are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width 4n
.It Fa submit_optind
The index into
.Fa submit_argv
that corresponds to the first entry that is not a command line option.
.It Fa submit_argv
The argument vector sudo was invoked with, including all command line options.
.El
.It Fa close
.Bd -literal -compact
close(self, status_type: int, status: int) -> None
.Ed
.Pp
Called when sudo is finished, shortly before it exits.
.Pp
The function arguments are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width 4n
.It Fa status_type
The type of status being passed.
One of the
.Dv sudo.EXIT_REASON.*
constants.
.It Fa status
Depending on the value of
.Fa status_type ,
this value is either
ignored, the command's exit status as returned by the
.Xr wait 2
system call, the value of
.Va errno
set by the
.Xr execve 2
system call, or the value of
.Va errno
resulting from an error in the
.Nm sudo
front-end.
.El
.It Fa show_version
.Bd -literal -compact
show_version(self, is_verbose: int) -> int
.Ed
.Pp
Display the plugin version information to the user.
The
.Fn sudo.log_info
function should be used.
.Pp
The function arguments are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width 4n
.It Fa is_verbose
A flag to indicate displaying more verbose information.
Currently this is 1 if
.Ql sudo -V
is run as the root user.
.El
.It Fa accept
.Bd -literal -compact
accept(self, plugin_name: str, plugin_type: int, command_info: Tuple[str, ...],
       run_argv: Tuple[str, ...], run_envp: Tuple[str, ...]) -> int
.Ed
.Pp
This function is called when a command or action is accepted by a policy
or approval plugin.
The function arguments are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width 4n
.It plugin_name
The name of the plugin that accepted the command or
.Dq sudo
for the
.Nm sudo
front-end.
.It plugin_type
The type of plugin that accepted the command, currently either
.Dv sudo.PLUGIN_TYPE.POLICY ,
.Dv sudo.PLUGIN_TYPE.APPROVAL ,
or
.Dv sudo.PLUGIN_TYPE.SUDO .
The
.Fn accept
function is called multiple times--once for each policy or approval
plugin that succeeds and once for the sudo front-end.
When called on behalf of the sudo front-end,
.Fa command_info
may include information from an I/O logging plugin as well.
.Pp
Typically, an audit plugin is interested in either the accept status from
the
.Nm sudo
front-end or from the various policy and approval plugins, but not both.
It is possible for the policy plugin to accept a command that is
later rejected by an approval plugin, in which case the audit
plugin's
.Fn accept
and
.Fn reject
functions will
.Em both
be called.
.It command_info
A vector of information describing the command being run.
See the
.Xr sudo_plugin @mansectform@
manual for possible values.
.It run_argv
Argument vector describing a command that will be run.
.It run_envp
The environment the command will be run with.
.El
.It Fa reject
.Bd -literal -compact
reject(self, plugin_name: str, plugin_type: int, audit_msg: str,
       command_info: Tuple[str, ...]) -> int
.Ed
.Pp
This function is called when a command or action is rejected by the policy
plugin.
The function arguments are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width 4n
.It plugin_name
The name of the plugin that rejected the command.
.It plugin_type
The type of plugin that rejected the command, currently either
.Dv sudo.PLUGIN_TYPE.POLICY ,
.Dv sudo.PLUGIN_TYPE.APPROVAL ,
or
.Dv sudo.PLUGIN_TYPE.IO .
.Pp
Unlike the
.Fn accept
function, the
.Fn reject
function is not called on behalf of the
.Nm sudo
front-end.
.It audit_msg
An optional string describing the reason the command was rejected by the plugin.
If the plugin did not provide a reason, audit_msg will be
.Dv None .
.It command_info
A vector of information describing the rejected command.
See the
.Xr sudo_plugin @mansectform@
manual for possible values.
.El
.It Fa error
.Bd -literal -compact
error(self, plugin_name: str, plugin_type: int, audit_msg: str,
      command_info: Tuple[str, ...]) -> int
.Ed
.Pp
This function is called when a plugin or the
.Nm sudo
front-end returns an error.
The function arguments are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width 4n
.It plugin_name
The name of the plugin that generated the error or
.Dq sudo
for the
.Nm sudo
front-end.
.It plugin_type
The type of plugin that generated the error, or
.Dv SUDO_FRONT_END
for the
.Nm sudo
front-end.
.It audit_msg
An optional string describing the plugin error.
If the plugin did not provide a description, it will be
.Dv None .
.It command_info
A vector of information describing the command.
See the
.Xr sudo_plugin @mansectform@
manual for possible values.
.El
.El
.Ss Audit plugin example
Sudo ships with a Python Audit plugin example.
To try it, register it by adding the following lines to
.Pa @sysconfdir@/sudo.conf :
.Bd -literal -offset 4n
Plugin python_audit @python_plugin@ \e
    ModulePath=@EXAMPLES@/example_audit_plugin.py \e
    ClassName=SudoAuditPlugin
.Ed
.Pp
It will log the plugin accept / reject / error results to the output.
.Ss Approval plugin API
Approval plugins must be registered in
.Xr sudo.conf @mansectform@ .
For example:
.Bd -literal -offset 4n
Plugin python_approval @python_plugin@ ModulePath=<path> ClassName=<class>
.Ed
.Pp
Sudo supports loading multiple approval plugins.
Currently only 8 python approval plugins can be loaded at once.
.Pp
An approval plugin may have the following member functions:
.Bl -tag -width 4n
.It Fa constructor
.Bd -literal -compact
__init__(self, user_env: Tuple[str, ...], settings: Tuple[str, ...],
    version: str, user_info: Tuple[str, ...], plugin_options: Tuple[str, ...],
    submit_optind: int, submit_argv: Tuple[str, ...])
.Ed
.Pp
Optional.
The default constructor will set the keyword arguments it receives
as member variables in the object.
.Pp
The constructor matches the
.Fn open
function in the C
.Nm sudo
plugin API.
.Pp
The function arguments are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width 4n
.It Fa user_env
The user's environment as a tuple of strings in
.Dq key=value
format.
.It Fa settings
A tuple of user-supplied
.Em sudo
settings in the form of
.Dq key=value
strings.
.It Fa version
The version of the Python Approval Plugin API.
.It Fa user_info
A tuple of information about the user running the command in the form of
.Dq key=value
strings.
.It Fa plugin_options
The plugin options passed as arguments in the
.Xr sudo.conf @mansectform@
plugin registration.
This is a tuple of strings, usually (but not necessarily) in
.Dq key=value
format.
.It Fa submit_optind
The index into
.Fa submit_argv
that corresponds to the first entry that is not a command line option.
.It Fa submit_argv
The argument vector sudo was invoked with, including all command line options.
.El
.It Fa show_version
.Bd -literal -compact
show_version(self, is_verbose: int) -> int
.Ed
.Pp
Display the version.
(Same as for all the other plugins.)
.It Fa check
.Bd -literal -compact
check(self, command_info: Tuple[str, ...], run_argv: Tuple[str, ...],
      run_env: Tuple[str, ...]) -> int
.Ed
.Pp
This function is called after policy plugin's check_policy has succeeded.
It can reject execution of the command by returning sudo.RC.REJECT or
raising the special exception:
.Bd -literal -offset 4n
raise sudo.PluginReject("some message")
.Ed
.Pp
with the message describing the problem.
In the latter case, the audit plugins will get the description.
.Pp
The function arguments are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width 4n
.It command_info
A vector of information describing the command that will run.
See the
.Xr sudo_plugin @mansectform@
manual for possible values.
.It run_argv
Argument vector describing a command that will be run.
.It run_env
The environment the command will be run with.
.El
.El
.Ss Approval plugin example
Sudo ships with a Python Approval plugin example.
To try it, register it by adding the following lines to
.Pa @sysconfdir@/sudo.conf :
.Bd -literal -offset 4n
Plugin python_approval @python_plugin@ \e
    ModulePath=@EXAMPLES@/example_approval_plugin.py \e
    ClassName=BusinessHoursApprovalPlugin
.Ed
.Pp
It will only allow execution of commands in the "business hours" (from Monday
to Friday between 8:00 and 17:59:59).
.Ss Sudoers group provider plugin API
A group provider plugin is registered in the
.Xr sudoers @mansectform@
file.
For example:
.Bd -literal -offset 4n
Defaults group_plugin="@python_plugin@ ModulePath=<path> ClassName=<class>"
.Ed
.Pp
Currently, only a single group plugin can be registered in
.Em sudoers .
.Pp
A group provider plugin may have the following member functions:
.Bl -tag -width 4n
.It Fa constructor
.Bd -literal -compact
__init__(self, args: Tuple[str, ...], version: str)
.Ed
.Pp
Implementing this function is optional.
The default constructor will set the keyword arguments it receives
as member variables in the object.
.Pp
The function arguments are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width 4n
.It Fa args
The plugin options passed as arguments in the
.Em sudoers
file plugin registration.
All the arguments are free form strings (not necessarily in
.Dq key=value
format).
.It Fa version
The version of the Python Group Plugin API.
.El
.It Fa query
.Bd -literal -compact
query(self, user: str, group: str, user_pwd: Tuple)
.Ed
.Pp
The
.Fn query
function is used to ask the group plugin whether
.Fa user
is a member of
.Fa group .
This method is required.
.El
.Pp
The function arguments are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width 4n
.It Fa user
The name of the user being looked up in the external group database.
.It Fa group
The name of the group being queried.
.It Fa user_pwd
The password database entry for the user, if any.
If
.Fa user
is not present in the password database,
.Fa user_pwd
will be
.Dv NULL .
.El
.Ss Group plugin example
Sudo ships with a Python group plugin example.
To try it, register it in the
.Em sudoers
file by adding the following lines:
.Bd -literal -offset 4n
Defaults group_plugin="@python_plugin@ \e
    ModulePath=@EXAMPLES@/example_group_plugin.py \e
    ClassName=SudoGroupPlugin"
.Ed
.Pp
The example plugin will tell
.Nm sudo
that the user
.Em test
is part of the non-Unix group
.Em mygroup .
If you add a rule that uses this group, it will affect the
.Em test
user.
For example:
.Bd -literal -offset 4n
%:mygroup ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL
.Ed
.Pp
Will allow user
.Em test
to run
.Nm sudo
without a password.
.Ss Hook function API
The hook function API is currently not supported for plugins
written in Python.
.Ss Conversation API
A Python plugin can interact with the user using the
.Fn sudo.conv
function which displays one or more messages described by the
.Dv sudo.ConvMessage
class.
This is the Python equivalent of the
.Fn conversation
function in the C
.Nm sudo
plugin API.
A plugin should not attempt to read directly from the standard input or
the user's tty (neither of which are guaranteed to exist).
.Pp
The
.Dv sudo.ConvMessage
class specifies how the user interaction should occur:
.Bd -literal -offset 4n
sudo.ConvMessage(msg_type: int, msg: str, timeout: int)
.Ed
.Pp
.Dv sudo.ConvMessage
member variables:
.Bl -tag -width 4n
.It Fa msg_type
Specifies the type of the conversation.
See the
.Dv sudo.CONV.*
constants below.
.It Fa msg
The message to display to the user.
The caller must include a trailing newline in
.Fa msg
if one is to be displayed.
.It Fa timeout
Optional.
The maximum amount of time for the conversation in seconds.
If the timeout is exceeded, the
.Fn sudo.conv
function will raise a
.Dv sudo.ConversationInterrupted
exception.
The default is to wait forever (no timeout).
.El
.Pp
To specify the message type, the following constants are available:
.Pp
.Bl -bullet -compact -offset 1n -width 1n
.It
.Dv sudo.CONV.PROMPT_ECHO_OFF
.It
.Dv sudo.CONV.PROMPT_ECHO_ON
.It
.Dv sudo.CONV.ERROR_MSG
.It
.Dv sudo.CONV.INFO_MSG
.It
.Dv sudo.CONV.PROMPT_MASK
.It
.Dv sudo.CONV.PROMPT_ECHO_OK
.It
.Dv sudo.CONV.PREFER_TTY
.El
.Pp
See the
.Xr sudo_plugin @mansectform@
manual for a description of the message types.
.Pp
The
.Fn sudo.conv
function performs the actual user interaction:
.Bd -literal -offset 4n
sudo.conv(message(s), on_suspend=suspend_function,
    on_resume=resume_function)
.Ed
.Pp
The function arguments are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width 4n
.It Fa message(s)
One of more messages (of type
.Dv sudo.ConvMessage ) ,
each describing a conversation.
At least one message is required.
.It Fa on_suspend
An optional callback function which gets called if the conversation
is suspended, for example by the user pressing control-Z.
The specified function must take a single argument which will be filled
with the number of the signal that caused the process to be suspended.
.It Fa on_resume
An optional callback function which gets called when the previously
suspended conversation is resumed.
The specified function must take a single argument which will be filled
with the number of the signal that caused the process to be suspended.
.El
.Pp
The
.Fn sudo.conv
function can raise the following exceptions:
.Bl -tag -width 4n
.It Dv sudo.SudoException
If the conversation fails, for example when the conversation function is not
available.
.It Dv sudo.ConversationInterrupted
If the conversation function returns an error, e.g., the timeout passed
or the user interrupted the conversation by pressing control-C.
.El
.Ss Conversation example
Sudo ships with an example plugin demonstrating the Python conversation API.
To try it, register it by adding the following lines to
.Pa @sysconfdir@/sudo.conf :
.Bd -literal -offset 4n
Plugin python_io @python_plugin@ \e
    ModulePath=@EXAMPLES@/example_conversation.py \e
    ClassName=ReasonLoggerIOPlugin
.Ed
.Ss Information / error display API
.Bd -literal
sudo.log_info(string(s), sep=" ", end="\en")
sudo.log_error(string(s), sep=" ", end="\en")
.Ed
.Pp
To display information to the user, the
.Fn sudo.log_info
function can be used.
To display error messages, use
.Fn sudo.log_error .
The syntax is similar to the Python
.Fn print
function.
.Pp
The function arguments are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width 4n
.It Fa string(s)
One or more strings to display.
.It Fa sep
An optional string which will be used as the separator between the
specified strings.
The default is a space character,
.Pq Sq \  .
.It Fa end
An optional string which will be displayed at the end of the message.
The default is a new line character
.Pq Sq \en  .
.El
.Ss Debug API
Debug messages are not visible to the user and are only logged debugging
is explicitly enabled in
.Xr sudo.conf @mansectform@ .
Python plugins can use the
.Fn sudo.debug
function to make use of
.Nm sudo Ns No 's
debug system.
.Pp
.Em Enabling debugging in sudo.conf
.Pp
To enable debug messages, add a
.Em Debug
line to
.Xr sudo.conf @mansectform@
with the program set to
.Pa @python_plugin@ .
For example, to store debug output in
.Pa @log_dir@/sudo_python_debug ,
use a line like the following:
.Bd -literal -offset 4n
Debug @python_plugin@ @log_dir@/sudo_python_debug \e
    plugin@trace,c_calls@trace
.Ed
.Pp
The debug options are in the form of multiple
.Dq subsystem@level
strings, separated by commas
.Pq Sq \&, .
For example to just see the debug output of
.Fn sudo.debug
calls, use:
.Bd -literal -offset 4n
Debug @python_plugin@ @log_dir@/sudo_python_debug plugin@trace
.Ed
.Pp
See
.Xr sudo_conf @mansectform@
for more details.
.Pp
The most interesting subsystems for Python plugin development are:
.Bl -tag -width 4n
.It Em plugin
Logs each
.Fn sudo.debug
API call.
.It Em py_calls
Logs whenever a C function calls into the python module.
For example, calling the
.Fn __init__
function.
.It Em c_calls
Logs whenever python calls into a C
.Nm sudo
API function.
.It Em internal
Logs internal functions of the python language wrapper plugin.
.It Em sudo_cb
Logs when
.Nm sudo
calls into the python plugin API.
.It Em load
Logs python plugin loading / unloading events.
.El
.Pp
You can also specify
.Dq all
as the subsystem name to log debug messages for all subsystems.
.Pp
The
.Fn sudo.debug
function is defined as:
.Bd -literal -offset 4n
sudo.debug(level, message(s))
.Ed
.Pp
The function arguments are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width 4n
.It Fa level
an integer, use one of the log level constants below
.It Fa message(s)
one or more messages to log
.El
.Pp
.Em Available log levels:
.Bl -column "name in sudo.conf" "Python constant" "only critical messages"
.It Sy sudo.conf name Ta Sy Python constant Ta Sy description
.It crit Ta Dv sudo.DEBUG.CRIT Ta critical errors
.It err Ta Dv sudo.DEBUG.ERROR Ta non-critical errors
.It warn Ta Dv sudo.DEBUG.WARN Ta non-fatal warnings
.It notice Ta Dv sudo.DEBUG.NOTICE Ta non-error condition notices
.It diag Ta Dv sudo.DEBUG.DIAG Ta diagnostic messages
.It info Ta Dv sudo.DEBUG.INFO Ta informational message
.It trace Ta Dv sudo.DEBUG.TRACE Ta log function enter/exit
.It debug Ta Dv sudo.DEBUG.DEBUG Ta very verbose debugging
.El
.Pp
.Em Using the logging module
.Pp
Alternatively, a plugin can use the built in logging module of Python as well.
Sudo adds its log handler to the root logger, so by default all output of a
logger will get forwarded to sudo log system, as it would call sudo.debug.
.Pp
The log handler of sudo will map each Python log level of a message to
the appropriate sudo debug level.
The sudo debug system will only receive messages that are not filtered
out by the Python loggers.
For example, the log level of the python logger will be an additional
filter for the log messages, and is usually very different from
what level is set in sudo.conf for the sudo debug system.
.Ss Debug example
Sudo ships with an example debug plugin.
To try it, register it by adding the following lines to
.Pa @sysconfdir@/sudo.conf :
.Bd -literal -offset 4n
Plugin python_io @python_plugin@ \e
    ModulePath=@EXAMPLES@/example_debugging.py \e
    ClassName=DebugDemoPlugin

Debug @python_plugin@ \e
    @log_dir@/sudo_python_debug plugin@trace,c_calls@trace
.Ed
.Ss Option conversion API
The Python plugin API includes two convenience functions to
convert options in
.Dq key=value
format to a dictionary and vice versa.
.Bl -tag -width 4n
.It options_as_dict
.Bd -literal -compact
options_as_dict(options)
.Ed
.Pp
The function arguments are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width 4n
.It Fa options
An iterable (tuple, list, etc.) of strings, each in
.Dq key=value
format.
This is how the plugin API passes options and settings to a Python plugin.
.El
.Pp
The function returns the resulting dictionary.
Each string of the passed in
.Fa options
will be split at the first equal sign
.Pq Sq \&=
into a
.Em key
and
.Em value .
Dictionary keys will never contain this symbol (but values may).
.It options_from_dict
.Bd -literal -compact
options_from_dict(options_dict)
.Ed
.Pp
The function arguments are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width 4n
.It Fa options_dict
A dictionary where both the key and the value are strings.
The key should not contain an equal sign
.Pq Sq \&= ,
otherwise the resulting string will have a different meaning.
However, this is not currently enforced.
.El
.Pp
The function returns a tuple containing the strings in
.Dq key=value
form for each key and value in the
.Fa options_dict
dictionary passed in.
This is how the plugin API accepts options and settings.
.El
.Sh PLUGIN API CHANGELOG (Python)
None yet
.Sh LIMITATIONS
A maximum of 8 python I/O plugins can be loaded at once.
If
.Pa @sysconfdir@/sudo.conf
contains more, those will be rejected with a warning message.
.Pp
The Event API and the hook function API is currently not accessible
for Python plugins.
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr sudo.conf @mansectform@ ,
.Xr sudo_plugin @mansectform@ ,
.Xr sudoers @mansectform@ ,
.Xr sudo @mansectsu@
.Sh AUTHORS
Many people have worked on
.Nm sudo
over the years; this version consists of code written primarily by:
.Bd -ragged -offset indent
.An Todd C. Miller
.Ed
.Pp
See the CONTRIBUTORS.md file in the
.Nm sudo
distribution (https://www.sudo.ws/about/contributors/) for an
exhaustive list of people who have contributed to
.Nm sudo .
.Sh BUGS
Python plugin support is currently considered experimental.
.Pp
If you believe you have found a bug in
.Nm ,
you can either file a bug report in the sudo bug database,
https://bugzilla.sudo.ws/, or open an issue at
https://github.com/sudo-project/sudo/issues.
If you would prefer to use email, messages may be sent to the
sudo-workers mailing list,
https://www.sudo.ws/mailman/listinfo/sudo-workers (public)
or <sudo@sudo.ws> (private).
.Pp
Please do not report security vulnerabilities through public GitHub
issues, Bugzilla or mailing lists.
Instead, report them via email to <Todd.Miller@sudo.ws>.
You may encrypt your message with PGP if you would like, using
the key found at https://www.sudo.ws/dist/PGPKEYS.
.Sh SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
All Python plugin handling is implemented inside the
.Pa @python_plugin@
dynamic plugin.
Therefore, if no Python plugin is registered in
.Xr sudo.conf @mansectform@
or the
.Em sudoers
file,
.Nm sudo
will not load the Python interpreter or the Python libraries.
.Pp
As
.Nm sudo
runs plugins as
.Sy root ,
care must be taken when writing Python plugins to avoid creating
security vulnerabilities, just as one would when writing plugins
in C.
.Sh SUPPORT
Limited free support is available via the sudo-users mailing list,
see https://www.sudo.ws/mailman/listinfo/sudo-users to subscribe or
search the archives.
.Sh DISCLAIMER
.Nm sudo
is provided
.Dq AS IS
and any express or implied warranties, including, but not limited
to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a
particular purpose are disclaimed.
See the LICENSE.md file distributed with
.Nm sudo
or https://www.sudo.ws/about/license/ for complete details.