1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
|
<?xml version='1.0'?>
<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd" [
<!ENTITY % entities SYSTEM "custom-entities.ent" >
%entities;
]>
<!--
SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1+
-->
<refentry id="systemd.nspawn">
<refentryinfo>
<title>systemd.nspawn</title>
<productname>systemd</productname>
</refentryinfo>
<refmeta>
<refentrytitle>systemd.nspawn</refentrytitle>
<manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
</refmeta>
<refnamediv>
<refname>systemd.nspawn</refname>
<refpurpose>Container settings</refpurpose>
</refnamediv>
<refsynopsisdiv>
<para><filename>/etc/systemd/nspawn/<replaceable>machine</replaceable>.nspawn</filename></para>
<para><filename>/run/systemd/nspawn/<replaceable>machine</replaceable>.nspawn</filename></para>
<para><filename>/var/lib/machines/<replaceable>machine</replaceable>.nspawn</filename></para>
</refsynopsisdiv>
<refsect1>
<title>Description</title>
<para>An nspawn container settings file (suffix
<filename>.nspawn</filename>) encodes additional runtime
information about a local container, and is searched, read and
used by
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
when starting a container. Files of this type are named after the
containers they define settings for. They are optional, and only
required for containers whose execution environment shall differ
from the defaults. Files of this type mostly contain settings that
may also be set on the <command>systemd-nspawn</command> command
line, and make it easier to persistently attach specific settings
to specific containers. The syntax of these files is inspired by
<filename>.desktop</filename> files following the <ulink
url="http://standards.freedesktop.org/desktop-entry-spec/latest/">XDG
Desktop Entry Specification</ulink>, which in turn are inspired by
Microsoft Windows <filename>.ini</filename> files.</para>
<para>Boolean arguments used in these settings files can be
written in various formats. For positive settings, the strings
<option>1</option>, <option>yes</option>, <option>true</option>
and <option>on</option> are equivalent. For negative settings, the
strings <option>0</option>, <option>no</option>,
<option>false</option> and <option>off</option> are
equivalent.</para>
<para>Empty lines and lines starting with # or ; are
ignored. This may be used for commenting. Lines ending
in a backslash are concatenated with the following
line while reading and the backslash is replaced by a
space character. This may be used to wrap long lines.</para>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title><filename>.nspawn</filename> File Discovery</title>
<para>Files are searched by appending the
<filename>.nspawn</filename> suffix to the machine name of the
container, as specified with the <option>--machine=</option>
switch of <command>systemd-nspawn</command>, or derived from the
directory or image file name. This file is first searched in
<filename>/etc/systemd/nspawn/</filename> and
<filename>/run/systemd/nspawn/</filename>. If found in these
directories, its settings are read and all of them take full effect
(but are possibly overridden by corresponding command line
arguments). If not found, the file will then be searched next to
the image file or in the immediate parent of the root directory of
the container. If the file is found there, only a subset of the
settings will take effect however. All settings that possibly
elevate privileges or grant additional access to resources of the
host (such as files or directories) are ignored. To which options
this applies is documented below.</para>
<para>Persistent settings files created and maintained by the
administrator (and thus trusted) should be placed in
<filename>/etc/systemd/nspawn/</filename>, while automatically
downloaded (and thus potentially untrusted) settings files are
placed in <filename>/var/lib/machines/</filename> instead (next to
the container images), where their security impact is limited. In
order to add privileged settings to <filename>.nspawn</filename>
files acquired from the image vendor, it is recommended to copy the
settings files into <filename>/etc/systemd/nspawn/</filename> and
edit them there, so that the privileged options become
available. The precise algorithm for how the files are searched and
interpreted may be configured with
<command>systemd-nspawn</command>'s <option>--settings=</option>
switch, see
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
for details.</para>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>[Exec] Section Options</title>
<para>Settings files may include an <literal>[Exec]</literal>
section, which carries various execution parameters:</para>
<variablelist class='nspawn-directives'>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>Boot=</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument, which defaults to off. If enabled, <command>systemd-nspawn</command>
will automatically search for an <filename>init</filename> executable and invoke it. In this case, the
specified parameters using <varname>Parameters=</varname> are passed as additional arguments to the
<filename>init</filename> process. This setting corresponds to the <option>--boot</option> switch on the
<command>systemd-nspawn</command> command line. This option may not be combined with
<varname>ProcessTwo=yes</varname>. This option is the default if the
<filename>systemd-nspawn@.service</filename> template unit file is used.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>Ephemeral=</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument, which defaults to off, If enabled, the container is run with
a temporary snapshot of its file system that is removed immediately when the container terminates.
This is equivalent to the <option>--ephemeral</option> command line switch. See
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> for details
about the specific options supported.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>ProcessTwo=</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument, which defaults to off. If enabled, the specified program is run as
PID 2. A stub init process is run as PID 1. This setting corresponds to the <option>--as-pid2</option> switch
on the <command>systemd-nspawn</command> command line. This option may not be combined with
<varname>Boot=yes</varname>.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>Parameters=</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Takes a space-separated list of
arguments. This is either a command line, beginning with the
binary name to execute, or – if <varname>Boot=</varname> is
enabled – the list of arguments to pass to the init
process. This setting corresponds to the command line
parameters passed on the <command>systemd-nspawn</command>
command line.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>Environment=</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Takes an environment variable assignment
consisting of key and value, separated by
<literal>=</literal>. Sets an environment variable for the
main process invoked in the container. This setting may be
used multiple times to set multiple environment variables. It
corresponds to the <option>--setenv=</option> command line
switch.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>User=</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Takes a UNIX user name. Specifies the user
name to invoke the main process of the container as. This user
must be known in the container's user database. This
corresponds to the <option>--user=</option> command line
switch.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>WorkingDirectory=</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Selects the working directory for the process invoked in the container. Expects an absolute
path in the container's file system namespace. This corresponds to the <option>--chdir=</option> command line
switch.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>PivotRoot=</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Selects a directory to pivot to <filename>/</filename> inside the container when starting up.
Takes a single path, or a pair of two paths separated by a colon. Both paths must be absolute, and are resolved
in the container's file system namespace. This corresponds to the <option>--pivot-root=</option> command line
switch.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>Capability=</varname></term>
<term><varname>DropCapability=</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Takes a space-separated list of Linux process
capabilities (see
<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>capabilities</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
for details). The <varname>Capability=</varname> setting
specifies additional capabilities to pass on top of the
default set of capabilities. The
<varname>DropCapability=</varname> setting specifies
capabilities to drop from the default set. These settings
correspond to the <option>--capability=</option> and
<option>--drop-capability=</option> command line
switches. Note that <varname>Capability=</varname> is a
privileged setting, and only takes effect in
<filename>.nspawn</filename> files in
<filename>/etc/systemd/nspawn/</filename> and
<filename>/run/system/nspawn/</filename> (see above). On the
other hand, <varname>DropCapability=</varname> takes effect in
all cases.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>NoNewPrivileges=</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument that controls the <constant>PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS</constant> flag for
the container payload. This is equivalent to the
<option>--no-new-privileges=</option> command line switch. See
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
details.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>KillSignal=</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Specify the process signal to send to the
container's PID 1 when nspawn itself receives SIGTERM, in
order to trigger an orderly shutdown of the container.
Defaults to SIGRTMIN+3 if <option>Boot=</option> is used
(on systemd-compatible init systems SIGRTMIN+3 triggers an
orderly shutdown). For a list of valid signals, see
<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>signal</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>Personality=</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Configures the kernel personality for the
container. This is equivalent to the
<option>--personality=</option> switch.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>MachineID=</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Configures the 128-bit machine ID (UUID) to pass to
the container. This is equivalent to the
<option>--uuid=</option> command line switch. This option is
privileged (see above). </para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>PrivateUsers=</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Configures support for usernamespacing. This is equivalent to the
<option>--private-users=</option> command line switch, and takes the same options. This option is privileged
(see above). This option is the default if the <filename>systemd-nspawn@.service</filename> template unit file
is used.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>NotifyReady=</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Configures support for notifications from the container's init process. This is equivalent to
the <option>--notify-ready=</option> command line switch, and takes the same parameters. See
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> for details
about the specific options supported.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>SystemCallFilter=</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Configures the system call filter applied to containers. This is equivalent to the
<option>--system-call-filter=</option> command line switch, and takes the same list parameter. See
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
details.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>LimitCPU=</varname></term>
<term><varname>LimitFSIZE=</varname></term>
<term><varname>LimitDATA=</varname></term>
<term><varname>LimitSTACK=</varname></term>
<term><varname>LimitCORE=</varname></term>
<term><varname>LimitRSS=</varname></term>
<term><varname>LimitNOFILE=</varname></term>
<term><varname>LimitAS=</varname></term>
<term><varname>LimitNPROC=</varname></term>
<term><varname>LimitMEMLOCK=</varname></term>
<term><varname>LimitLOCKS=</varname></term>
<term><varname>LimitSIGPENDING=</varname></term>
<term><varname>LimitMSGQUEUE=</varname></term>
<term><varname>LimitNICE=</varname></term>
<term><varname>LimitRTPRIO=</varname></term>
<term><varname>LimitRTTIME=</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Configures various types of resource limits applied to containers. This is equivalent to the
<option>--rlimit=</option> command line switch, and takes the same arguments. See
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
details.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>OOMScoreAdjust=</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Configures the OOM score adjustment value. This is equivalent to the
<option>--oom-score-adjust=</option> command line switch, and takes the same argument. See
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
details.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>CPUAffinity=</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Configures the CPU affinity. This is equivalent to the <option>--cpu-affinity=</option> command
line switch, and takes the same argument. See
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
details.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>Hostname=</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Configures the kernel hostname set for the container. This is equivalent to the
<option>--hostname=</option> command line switch, and takes the same argument. See
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
details.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>ResolvConf=</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Configures how <filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename> in the container shall be handled. This is
equivalent to the <option>--resolv-conf=</option> command line switch, and takes the same argument. See
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
details.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>Timezone=</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Configures how <filename>/etc/localtime</filename> in the container shall be handled. This is
equivalent to the <option>--timezone=</option> command line switch, and takes the same argument. See
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
details.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>LinkJournal=</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Configures how to link host and container journal setups. This is equivalent to the
<option>--link-journal=</option> command line switch, and takes the same parameter. See
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
details.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>[Files] Section Options</title>
<para>Settings files may include a <literal>[Files]</literal>
section, which carries various parameters configuring the file
system of the container:</para>
<variablelist class='nspawn-directives'>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>ReadOnly=</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument, which defaults to off. If
specified, the container will be run with a read-only file
system. This setting corresponds to the
<option>--read-only</option> command line
switch.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>Volatile=</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument, or the special value
<literal>state</literal>. This configures whether to run the
container with volatile state and/or configuration. This
option is equivalent to <option>--volatile=</option>, see
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
for details about the specific options
supported.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>Bind=</varname></term>
<term><varname>BindReadOnly=</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Adds a bind mount from the host into the
container. Takes a single path, a pair of two paths separated
by a colon, or a triplet of two paths plus an option string
separated by colons. This option may be used multiple times to
configure multiple bind mounts. This option is equivalent to
the command line switches <option>--bind=</option> and
<option>--bind-ro=</option>, see
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
for details about the specific options supported. This setting
is privileged (see above).</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>TemporaryFileSystem=</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Adds a <literal>tmpfs</literal> mount to the
container. Takes a path or a pair of path and option string,
separated by a colon. This option may be used multiple times to
configure multiple <literal>tmpfs</literal> mounts. This
option is equivalent to the command line switch
<option>--tmpfs=</option>, see
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
for details about the specific options supported. This setting
is privileged (see above).</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>Overlay=</varname></term>
<term><varname>OverlayReadOnly=</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Adds an overlay mount point. Takes a colon-separated list of paths. This option may be used
multiple times to configure multiple overlay mounts. This option is equivalent to the command line switches
<option>--overlay=</option> and <option>--overlay-ro=</option>, see
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> for details
about the specific options supported. This setting is privileged (see above).</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>PrivateUsersChown=</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Configures whether the ownership of the files and directories in the container tree shall be
adjusted to the UID/GID range used, if necessary and user namespacing is enabled. This is equivalent to the
<option>--private-users-chown</option> command line switch. This option is privileged (see
above). </para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>[Network] Section Options</title>
<para>Settings files may include a <literal>[Network]</literal>
section, which carries various parameters configuring the network
connectivity of the container:</para>
<variablelist class='nspawn-directives'>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>Private=</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument, which defaults to off. If
enabled, the container will run in its own network namespace
and not share network interfaces and configuration with the
host. This setting corresponds to the
<option>--private-network</option> command line
switch.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>VirtualEthernet=</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. Configures whether to create a virtual Ethernet connection
(<literal>veth</literal>) between host and the container. This setting implies
<varname>Private=yes</varname>. This setting corresponds to the <option>--network-veth</option> command line
switch. This option is privileged (see above). This option is the default if the
<filename>systemd-nspawn@.service</filename> template unit file is used.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>VirtualEthernetExtra=</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Takes a colon-separated pair of interface
names. Configures an additional virtual Ethernet connection
(<literal>veth</literal>) between host and the container. The
first specified name is the interface name on the host, the
second the interface name in the container. The latter may be
omitted in which case it is set to the same name as the host
side interface. This setting implies
<varname>Private=yes</varname>. This setting corresponds to
the <option>--network-veth-extra=</option> command line
switch, and maybe be used multiple times. It is independent of
<varname>VirtualEthernet=</varname>. This option is privileged
(see above).</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>Interface=</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Takes a space-separated list of interfaces to
add to the container. This option corresponds to the
<option>--network-interface=</option> command line switch and
implies <varname>Private=yes</varname>. This option is
privileged (see above).</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>MACVLAN=</varname></term>
<term><varname>IPVLAN=</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Takes a space-separated list of interfaces to
add MACLVAN or IPVLAN interfaces to, which are then added to
the container. These options correspond to the
<option>--network-macvlan=</option> and
<option>--network-ipvlan=</option> command line switches and
imply <varname>Private=yes</varname>. These options are
privileged (see above).</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>Bridge=</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Takes an interface name. This setting implies
<varname>VirtualEthernet=yes</varname> and
<varname>Private=yes</varname> and has the effect that the
host side of the created virtual Ethernet link is connected to
the specified bridge interface. This option corresponds to the
<option>--network-bridge=</option> command line switch. This
option is privileged (see above).</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>Zone=</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Takes a network zone name. This setting implies <varname>VirtualEthernet=yes</varname> and
<varname>Private=yes</varname> and has the effect that the host side of the created virtual Ethernet link is
connected to an automatically managed bridge interface named after the passed argument, prefixed with
<literal>vz-</literal>. This option corresponds to the <option>--network-zone=</option> command line
switch. This option is privileged (see above).</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>Port=</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Exposes a TCP or UDP port of the container on
the host. This option corresponds to the
<option>--port=</option> command line switch, see
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
for the precise syntax of the argument this option takes. This
option is privileged (see above).</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>See Also</title>
<para>
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.directives</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
</para>
</refsect1>
</refentry>
|
