[comment {-*- tcl -*- doctools manpage}]
[manpage_begin mapproj n 0.1]
[keywords geodesy]
[keywords map]
[keywords projection]
[copyright {2007 Kevin B. Kenny <kennykb@acm.org>}]
[moddesc {Tcl Library}]
[titledesc {Map projection routines}]
[require Tcl [opt 8.4]]
[require math::interpolate [opt 1.0]]
[require math::special [opt 0.2.1]]
[require mapproj [opt 1.0]]
[description]
The [package mapproj] package provides a set of procedures for
converting between world co-ordinates (latitude and longitude) and map
co-ordinates on a number of different map projections.

[section Commands]

The following commands convert between world co-ordinates and
map co-ordinates:

[list_begin definitions]

[call [cmd ::mapproj::toPlateCarree] [arg lambda_0] [arg phi_0] [arg lambda] [arg phi]]
Converts to the [emph "plate carr\u00e9e"] (cylindrical equidistant)
projection.
[call [cmd ::mapproj::fromPlateCarree] [arg lambda_0] [arg phi_0] [arg x] [arg y]]
Converts from the [emph "plate carr\u00e9e"] (cylindrical equidistant)
projection.
[call [cmd ::mapproj::toCylindricalEqualArea] [arg lambda_0] [arg phi_0] [arg lambda] [arg phi]]
Converts to the cylindrical equal-area projection.
[call [cmd ::mapproj::fromCylindricalEqualArea] [arg lambda_0] [arg phi_0] [arg x] [arg y]]
Converts from the cylindrical equal-area projection.
[call [cmd ::mapproj::toMercator] [arg lambda_0] [arg phi_0] [arg lambda] [arg phi]]
Converts to the Mercator (cylindrical conformal) projection.
[call [cmd ::mapproj::fromMercator] [arg lambda_0] [arg phi_0]  [arg x] [arg y]]
Converts from the Mercator (cylindrical conformal) projection.
[call [cmd ::mapproj::toMillerCylindrical] [arg lambda_0] [arg lambda] [arg phi]]
Converts to the Miller Cylindrical projection.
[call [cmd ::mapproj::fromMillerCylindrical] [arg lambda_0] [arg x] [arg y]]
Converts from the Miller Cylindrical projection.
[call [cmd ::mapproj::toSinusoidal] [arg lambda_0] [arg phi_0] [arg lambda] [arg phi]]
Converts to the sinusoidal (Sanson-Flamsteed) projection.
projection.
[call [cmd ::mapproj::fromSinusoidal] [arg lambda_0] [arg phi_0] [arg x] [arg y]]
Converts from the sinusoidal (Sanson-Flamsteed) projection.
projection.
[call [cmd ::mapproj::toMollweide] [arg lambda_0] [arg lambda] [arg phi]]
Converts to the Mollweide projection.
[call [cmd ::mapproj::fromMollweide] [arg lambda_0] [arg x] [arg y]]
Converts from the Mollweide projection.
[call [cmd ::mapproj::toEckertIV] [arg lambda_0] [arg lambda] [arg phi]]
Converts to the Eckert IV projection.
[call [cmd ::mapproj::fromEckertIV] [arg lambda_0] [arg x] [arg y]]
Converts from the Eckert IV projection.
[call [cmd ::mapproj::toEckertVI] [arg lambda_0] [arg lambda] [arg phi]]
Converts to the Eckert VI projection.
[call [cmd ::mapproj::fromEckertVI] [arg lambda_0] [arg x] [arg y]]
Converts from the Eckert VI projection.
[call [cmd ::mapproj::toRobinson] [arg lambda_0] [arg lambda] [arg phi]]
Converts to the Robinson projection.
[call [cmd ::mapproj::fromRobinson] [arg lambda_0] [arg x] [arg y]]
Converts from the Robinson projection.
[call [cmd ::mapproj::toCassini] [arg lambda_0] [arg phi_0] [arg lambda] [arg phi]]
Converts to the Cassini (transverse cylindrical equidistant)
projection.
[call [cmd ::mapproj::fromCassini] [arg lambda_0] [arg phi_0] [arg x] [arg y]]
Converts from the Cassini (transverse cylindrical equidistant)
projection.
[call [cmd ::mapproj::toPeirceQuincuncial] [arg lambda_0] [arg lambda] [arg phi]]
Converts to the Peirce Quincuncial Projection.
[call [cmd ::mapproj::fromPeirceQuincuncial] [arg lambda_0] [arg x] [arg y]]
Converts from the Peirce Quincuncial Projection.
[call [cmd ::mapproj::toOrthographic] [arg lambda_0] [arg phi_0] [arg lambda] [arg phi]]
Converts to the orthographic projection.
[call [cmd ::mapproj::fromOrthographic] [arg lambda_0] [arg phi_0] [arg x] [arg y]]
Converts from the orthographic projection.
[call [cmd ::mapproj::toStereographic] [arg lambda_0] [arg phi_0] [arg lambda] [arg phi]]
Converts to the stereographic (azimuthal conformal) projection.
[call [cmd ::mapproj::fromStereographic] [arg lambda_0] [arg phi_0] [arg x] [arg y]]
Converts from the stereographic (azimuthal conformal) projection.
[call [cmd ::mapproj::toGnomonic] [arg lambda_0] [arg phi_0] [arg lambda] [arg phi]]
Converts to the gnomonic projection.
[call [cmd ::mapproj::fromGnomonic] [arg lambda_0] [arg phi_0] [arg x] [arg y]]
Converts from the gnomonic projection.
[call [cmd ::mapproj::toAzimuthalEquidistant] [arg lambda_0] [arg phi_0] [arg lambda] [arg phi]]
Converts to the azimuthal equidistant projection.
[call [cmd ::mapproj::fromAzimuthalEquidistant] [arg lambda_0] [arg phi_0] [arg x] [arg y]]
Converts from the azimuthal equidistant projection.
[call [cmd ::mapproj::toLambertAzimuthalEqualArea] [arg lambda_0] [arg phi_0] [arg lambda] [arg phi]]
Converts to the Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection.
[call [cmd ::mapproj::fromLambertAzimuthalEqualArea] [arg lambda_0] [arg phi_0] [arg x] [arg y]]
Converts from the Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection.
[call [cmd ::mapproj::toHammer] [arg lambda_0] [arg lambda] [arg phi]]
Converts to the Hammer projection.
[call [cmd ::mapproj::fromHammer] [arg lambda_0] [arg x] [arg y]]
Converts from the Hammer projection.
[call [cmd ::mapproj::toConicEquidistant] [arg lambda_0] [arg phi_0] [arg phi_1] [arg phi_2] [arg lambda] [arg phi]]
Converts to the conic equidistant projection.
[call [cmd ::mapproj::fromConicEquidistant] [arg lambda_0] [arg phi_0] [arg phi_1] [arg phi_2] [arg x] [arg y]]
Converts from the conic equidistant projection.
[call [cmd ::mapproj::toAlbersEqualAreaConic] [arg lambda_0] [arg phi_0] [arg phi_1] [arg phi_2] [arg lambda] [arg phi]]
Converts to the Albers equal-area conic projection.
[call [cmd ::mapproj::fromAlbersEqualAreaConic] [arg lambda_0] [arg phi_0] [arg phi_1] [arg phi_2] [arg x] [arg y]]
Converts from the Albers equal-area conic projection.
[call [cmd ::mapproj::toLambertConformalConic] [arg lambda_0] [arg phi_0] [arg phi_1] [arg phi_2] [arg lambda] [arg phi]]
Converts to the Lambert conformal conic projection.
[call [cmd ::mapproj::fromLambertConformalConic] [arg lambda_0] [arg phi_0] [arg phi_1] [arg phi_2] [arg x] [arg y]]
Converts from the Lambert conformal conic projection.

[list_end]

Among the cylindrical equal-area projections, there are a number of
choices of standard parallels that have names:

[list_begin definitions]
[call [cmd ::mapproj::toLambertCylindricalEqualArea] [arg lambda_0] [arg phi_0] [arg lambda] [arg phi]]
Converts to the Lambert cylindrical equal area projection. (standard parallel
is the Equator.)
[call [cmd ::mapproj::fromLambertCylindricalEqualArea] [arg lambda_0] [arg phi_0] [arg x] [arg y]]
Converts from the Lambert cylindrical equal area projection. (standard parallel
is the Equator.)
[call [cmd ::mapproj::toBehrmann] [arg lambda_0] [arg phi_0] [arg lambda] [arg phi]]
Converts to the Behrmann cylindrical equal area projection. (standard parallels
are 30 degrees North and South)
[call [cmd ::mapproj::fromBehrmann] [arg lambda_0] [arg phi_0] [arg x] [arg y]]
Converts from the Behrmann cylindrical equal area projection. (standard parallels
are 30 degrees North and South.)
[call [cmd ::mapproj::toTrystanEdwards] [arg lambda_0] [arg phi_0] [arg lambda] [arg phi]]
Converts to the Trystan Edwards cylindrical equal area projection. (standard parallels
are 37.4 degrees North and South)
[call [cmd ::mapproj::fromTrystanEdwards] [arg lambda_0] [arg phi_0] [arg x] [arg y]]
Converts from the Trystan Edwards cylindrical equal area projection. (standard parallels
are 37.4 degrees North and South.)
[call [cmd ::mapproj::toHoboDyer] [arg lambda_0] [arg phi_0] [arg lambda] [arg phi]]
Converts to the Hobo-Dyer cylindrical equal area projection. (standard parallels
are 37.5 degrees North and South)
[call [cmd ::mapproj::fromHoboDyer] [arg lambda_0] [arg phi_0] [arg x] [arg y]]
Converts from the Hobo-Dyer cylindrical equal area projection. (standard parallels
are 37.5 degrees North and South.)
[call [cmd ::mapproj::toGallPeters] [arg lambda_0] [arg phi_0] [arg lambda] [arg phi]]
Converts to the Gall-Peters cylindrical equal area projection. (standard parallels
are 45 degrees North and South)
[call [cmd ::mapproj::fromGallPeters] [arg lambda_0] [arg phi_0] [arg x] [arg y]]
Converts from the Gall-Peters cylindrical equal area projection. (standard parallels
are 45 degrees North and South.)
[call [cmd ::mapproj::toBalthasart] [arg lambda_0] [arg phi_0] [arg lambda] [arg phi]]
Converts to the Balthasart cylindrical equal area projection. (standard parallels
are 50 degrees North and South)
[call [cmd ::mapproj::fromBalthasart] [arg lambda_0] [arg phi_0] [arg x] [arg y]]
Converts from the Balthasart cylindrical equal area projection. (standard parallels
are 50 degrees North and South.)

[list_end]

[section Arguments]

The following arguments are accepted by the projection commands:

[list_begin definitions]

[def [arg lambda]]

Longitude of the point to be projected, in degrees.

[def [arg phi]]

Latitude of the point to be projected, in degrees.

[def [arg lambda_0]]

Longitude of the center of the sheet, in degrees.  For many projections,
this figure is also the reference meridian of the projection.

[def [arg phi_0]]

Latitude of the center of the sheet, in degrees.  For the azimuthal
projections, this figure is also the latitude of the center of the projection.

[def [arg phi_1]]

Latitude of the first reference parallel, for projections that use reference
parallels.

[def [arg phi_2]]

Latitude of the second reference parallel, for projections that use reference
parallels.

[def [arg x]]

X co-ordinate of a point on the map, in units of Earth radii.

[def [arg y]]

Y co-ordinate of a point on the map, in units of Earth radii.

[list_end]

[section Results]

For all of the procedures whose names begin with 'to', the return value
is a list comprising an [emph x] co-ordinate and a [emph y] co-ordinate.
The co-ordinates are relative to the center of the map sheet to be drawn,
measured in Earth radii at the reference location on the map.

For all of the functions whose names begin with 'from', the return value
is a list comprising the longitude and latitude, in degrees.

[section {Choosing a projection}]

This package offers a great many projections, because no single projection
is appropriate to all maps.  This section attempts to provide guidance
on how to choose a projection.
[para]
First, consider the type of data that you intend to display on the map.
If the data are [emph directional] ([emph e.g.,] winds, ocean currents, or
magnetic fields) then you need to use a projection that preserves
angles; these are known as [emph conformal] projections.  Conformal
projections include the Mercator, the Albers azimuthal equal-area,
the stereographic, and the Peirce Quincuncial projection.  If the
data are [emph thematic], describing properties of land or water, such
as temperature, population density, land use, or demographics; then
you need a projection that will show these data with the areas on the map
proportional to the areas in real life.  These so-called [emph {equal area}]
projections include the various cylindrical equal area projections,
the sinusoidal projection, the Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection,
the Albers equal-area conic projection, and several of the world-map
projections (Miller Cylindrical, Mollweide, Eckert IV, Eckert VI, Robinson,
and Hammer). If the significant factor in your data is distance from a
central point or line (such as air routes), then you will do best with
an [emph equidistant] projection such as [emph "plate carr\u00e9e"],
Cassini, azimuthal equidistant, or conic equidistant.  If direction from
a central point is a critical factor in your data (for instance,
air routes, radio antenna pointing), then you will almost surely want to
use one of the azimuthal projections. Appropriate choices are azimuthal
equidistant, azimuthal equal-area, stereographic, and perhaps orthographic.
[para]
Next, consider how much of the Earth your map will cover, and the general
shape of the area of interest.  For maps of the entire Earth,
the cylindrical equal area, Eckert IV and VI, Mollweide, Robinson, and Hammer
projections are good overall choices.  The Mercator projection is traditional,
but the extreme distortions of area at high latitudes make it
a poor choice unless a conformal projection is required. The Peirce
projection is a better choice of conformal projection, having less distortion
of landforms.  The Miller Cylindrical is a compromise designed to give
shapes similar to the traditional Mercator, but with less polar stretching.
The Peirce Quincuncial projection shows all the continents with acceptable
distortion if a reference meridian close to +20 degrees is chosen.
The Robinson projection yields attractive maps for things like political
divisions, but should be avoided in presenting scientific data, since other
projections have moe useful geometric properties.
[para]
If the map will cover a hemisphere, then choose stereographic,
azimuthal-equidistant, Hammer, or Mollweide projections; these all project
the hemisphere into a circle.
[para]
If the map will cover a large area (at least a few hundred km on a side),
but less than
a hemisphere, then you have several choices.  Azimuthal projections
are usually good (choose stereographic, azimuthal equidistant, or
Lambert azimuthal equal-area according to whether shapes, distances from
a central point, or areas are important).  Azimuthal projections (and possibly
the Cassini projection) are the only
really good choices for mapping the polar regions.
[para]
If the large area is in one of the temperate zones and is round or has
a primarily east-west extent, then the conic projections are good choices.
Choose the Lambert conformal conic, the conic equidistant, or the Albers
equal-area conic according to whether shape, distance, or area are the
most important parameters.  For any of these, the reference parallels
should be chosen at approximately 1/6 and 5/6 of the range of latitudes
to be displayed.  For instance, maps of the 48 coterminous United States
are attractive with reference parallels of 28.5 and 45.5 degrees.
[para]
If the large area is equatorial and is round or has a primarily east-west
extent, then the Mercator projection is a good choice for a conformal
projection; Lambert cylindrical equal-area and sinusoidal projections are
good equal-area projections; and the [emph "plate carr\u00e9e"] is a
good equidistant projection.
[para]
Large areas having a primarily North-South aspect, particularly those
spanning the Equator, need some other choices.  The Cassini projection
is a good choice for an equidistant projection (for instance, a Cassini
projection with a central meridian of 80 degrees West produces an
attractive map of the Americas). The cylindrical equal-area, Albers
equal-area conic, sinusoidal, Mollweide and Hammer
projections are possible choices for equal-area projections.
A good conformal projection in this situation is the Transverse
Mercator, which alas, is not yet implemented.
[para]
Small areas begin to get into a realm where the ellipticity of the
Earth affects the map scale.  This package does not attempt to
handle accurate mapping for large-scale topographic maps.  If
slight scale errors are acceptable in your application, then any
of the projections appropriate to large areas should work for
small ones as well.
[para]
There are a few projections that are included for their special
properties.  The orthographic projection produces views of the
Earth as seen from space.  The gnomonic projection produces a
map on which all great circles (the shortest distance between
two points on the Earth's surface) are rendered as straight lines.
While this projection is useful for navigational planning, it
has extreme distortions of shape and area, and can display
only a limited area of the Earth (substantially less than a hemisphere).
[manpage_end]