.\"
.\" Memory.man
.\"
.\" Extended Tcl binary file search command.
.\"----------------------------------------------------------------------------
.\" Copyright 1992-1996 Karl Lehenbauer and Mark Diekhans.
.\"
.\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its
.\" documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided
.\" that the above copyright notice appear in all copies.  Karl Lehenbauer and
.\" Mark Diekhans make no representations about the suitability of this
.\" software for any purpose.  It is provided "as is" without express or
.\" implied warranty.
.\"----------------------------------------------------------------------------
.\" $Id: Memory.n,v 8.0 1996/11/21 00:23:51 markd Exp $
.\"----------------------------------------------------------------------------
.\"
.TH "Memory" TCL "" "Tcl"
.BS
.SH NAME
ckalloc, memory, ckfree, Tcl_DisplayMemory, Tcl_InitMemory, Tcl_ValidateAllMemory - Validated memory allocation interface.
.SH SYNOPSIS
.nf
.B memory \fBinfo\fR

.B memory \fBtrace\fR [\fBon|off\fR]

.B memory \fBvalidate\fR [\fBon|off\fR]

.B memory \fBtrace_on_at_malloc\fR \fInnn\fR

.B memory \fBbreak_on_malloc\fR \fInnn\fR

.B memory \fBdisplay\fR \fIfile\fR

.sp 2
.ft CW
#include <tcl.h>
.sp
char *
ckalloc (unsigned size)
.sp
void
ckfree (char *ptr)
.sp
int
Tcl_DumpActiveMemory (char *fileName);
.sp
void
Tcl_ValidateAllMemory (char *file,
                       int   line)

void
Tcl_InitMemory (interp)
.ft R
'
.SH ARGUMENTS
.AS Tcl_Interp *fileName
.AP uint size in

.AP char *ptr in
.AP Tcl_Interp *interp in
A pointer to the Tcl interpreter.
.AP char *file in
The filename of the caller of Tcl_ValidateAllMemory.
.AP int line in
The line number of the caller of Tcl_ValidateAllMemory.
.AP char *fileName in
File to display list of active memory.
.BE

.SH DESCRIPTION
.SS ckalloc
.PP
Thi macro allocates memory, in the same manner as \fBmalloc\fR, with the
following differences: One, \fBckalloc\fR checks the value returned from
\fBmalloc\fR (it calls \fBmalloc\fR for you) and panics if the allocation
request fails.  Two, if enabled at compile time, a version of \fBckalloc\fR
with special memory debugging capabilities replaces the normal version of
\fBckalloc\fR, which aids in detecting memory overwrites and leaks (repeated
allocations not matched by corresponding frees).
.PP
Parameters:
.RS 2
\fBo \fIsize\fR - The size of the memory block to be allocated.
.RE
.PP
Returns:
.RS 2
A pointer to the allocated memory block.
.RE
'
.SS ckfree
.PP
This macro frees memory allocated by \fBckalloc\fR.  Like \fBckalloc\fR,
when memory debugging is enabled, \fBckfree\fR has enhanced capabilities
for detecting memory overwrites and leaks.
.PP
It is very important that you use \fBckalloc\fR when you need to allocate
memory, and that you use \fBckfree\fR to free it.  Should you use \fBmalloc\fR
to allocate and \fBckfree\fR to free, spurious memory validation errors will
occur when memory debugging is enabled.  Should you use \fBfree\fR to free
memory allocated by \fBckalloc\fR, memory corruption will occur when memory
debugging is enabled.  Any memory that is to be become the property of the Tcl
interpreter, such as result space, must be allocated with \fBckalloc\fR.  If
it is absolutely necessary for an application to pass back \fBmalloc\fRed
memory to Tcl, it will work only if Tcl is complied with the
\fBTCL_MEM_DEBUG\fR flag turned off.  If you convert your application to use
this facility, it will help you find memory over runs and lost memory.  Note
that memory allocated by a C library routine requiring freeing should still be
freed with \fBfree\fR, since it calls \fBmalloc\fR rather than \fBckalloc\fR
to do the allocation.
.PP
Parmeters:
.RS 2
\fBo \fIptr\fR - The address of a block to free, as returned by ckalloc.
.RE
.sp
'
.SS Tcl_DumpActiveMemory
.PP 
This function will output a list of all currently allocated memory to the
specified file.  The following information is outputted for each allocated
block of memory: starting and ending addresses (excluding guard zone), size,
source file where \fBckalloc\fR was called to allocate the block and line
number in that file.  It is especially useful to call
\fBTcl_DumpActiveMemory\fR after the Tcl interpreter has been deleted.
.PP
Parameters:
.RS 2
\fBo \fIfileName\fR - The name of the file to output the memory list to.
.RE
'
.SS Tcl_ValidateAllMemory
.PP
Forces a validation of the guard zones of all currently allocated blocks
of memory.  Normally validation of a block occurs when its freed, unless
full validation is enabled, in which case validation of all blocks
occurs when \fBckalloc\fR and \fBckfree\fR are called.  This function forces
the validation to occur at any point.
.PP
Parameters:
.RS 2
\fBo \fIfile\fR - The file that this routine is being called from, normally
\fB__FILE__\fR.
.br
\fBo \fIline\fR - The line that this routine is being called from, normally
\fB__LINE__\fR.
.RE
'
.SH ENABLING MEMORY DEBUGGING
.PP
To enable memory debugging, Tcl should be recompiled from scratch with
\fBTCL_MEM_DEBUG\fR defined.  This will also compile in
a non-stub version of \fBTcl_InitMemory\fR
to add the \fBmemory\fR command to Tcl.
.PP
\fBTCL_MEM_DEBUG\fR must be either left defined for all modules or undefined
for all modules that are going to be linked together.  If they are not, link
errors will occur, with either \fBTclDbCkfree\fR and \fBTcl_DbCkalloc\fR or
\fBTcl_Ckalloc\fR and \fBTcl_Ckfree\fR being undefined.
'
.SH GUARD ZONES
.PP
When memory debugging is enabled, whenever a call to \fBckalloc\fR is
made, slightly more memory than requested is allocated so the memory debugging
code can keep track
of the allocated memory, and also 
eight-byte ``guard zones'' are placed in front of and behind the space that 
will be returned to the caller.  (The size of the guard zone is defined
by the C #define \fBGUARD_SIZE\fR in \fIbaseline/src/ckalloc.c\fR -- it
can be extended if you suspect large overwrite problems, at some cost in
performance.)  A known pattern is written into the guard zones and,
on a call to \fBckfree\fR, the guard zones of the space being freed
are checked to see if either zone has been modified in any way.
If one has been, the guard bytes and their new contents are identified,
and a ``low guard failed'' or ``high guard failed'' message is issued.
The ``guard failed'' message includes the address of the memory packet 
and the file name and line number of the code that called \fBckfree\fR.
This allows you to detect the common sorts of one-off problems, where
not enough space was allocated to contain the data written, for example.
'
.SH THE MEMORY COMMAND
'@help: debug/memory
'@brief: display and debug memory problems
'
.TP
.B memory \fIoptions\fR
.br
The Tcl \fBmemory\fR command gives the Tcl developer control of Tcl's memory
debugging capabilities.  The memory command has several suboptions, which are
described below.  It is only available when Tcl has been compiled with memory
debugging enabled.
'
.TP
.B memory \fBinfo\fR
.br
Produces a report containing the total allocations and frees since 
Tcl began, the current packets allocated (the current
number of calls to \fBckalloc\fR not met by a corresponding call 
to \fBckfree\fR), the current bytes allocated, and the maximum number
of packets and bytes allocated.
'
.TP
.B memory \fBtrace\fR [\fBon|off\fR]
.br
Turns memory tracing on or off.
When memory tracing is on, every call to \fBckalloc\fR causes a line of
trace information to be written to \fIstderr\fR, consisting of the
word \fIckalloc\fR, followed by the address returned, the amount of
memory allocated, and the C filename and line number of the code performing
the allocation, for example...
.sp
   \fBckalloc 40e478 98 tclProc.c 1406\fR
.sp
Calls to \fBckfree\fR are traced in the same manner, except that the
word \fIckalloc\fR is replaced by the word \fIckfree\fR.
'
.TP
.B memory \fBvalidate\fR [\fBon|off\fR]
.br
Turns memory validation on or off.
When memory validation is enabled, on every call to
\fBckalloc\fR or \fBckfree\fR, the guard zones are checked for every
piece of memory currently in existence that was allocated by \fBckalloc\fR.
This has a large performance impact and should only be used when
overwrite problems are strongly suspected.  The advantage of enabling
memory validation is that a guard zone overwrite can be detected on
the first call to \fBckalloc\fR or \fBckfree\fR after the overwrite
occurred, rather than when the specific memory with the overwritten
guard zone(s) is freed, which may occur long after the overwrite occurred.
'
.TP
.B memory \fBtrace_on_at_malloc\fR \fInnn\fR
.br
Enable memory tracing after \fInnn\fR \fBckallocs\fR have been performed.
For example, if you enter \fBmemory trace_on_at_malloc 100\fR,
after the 100th call to \fBckalloc\fR, memory trace information will begin
being displayed for all allocations and frees.  Since there can be a lot
of memory activity before a problem occurs, judicious use of this option
can reduce the slowdown caused by tracing (and the amount of trace information
produced), if you can identify a number of allocations that occur before
the problem sets in.  The current number of memory allocations that have 
occurred since Tcl started is printed on a guard zone failure.
.TP
.B memory \fBbreak_on_malloc\fR \fInnn\fR
.br
After the \fBnnn\fR allocations have been performed, \fBckallocs\fR
output a message to this effect and that it is now attempting to enter
the C debugger.  Tcl will then issue a \fISIGINT\fR signal against itself.
If you are running Tcl under a C debugger, it should then enter the debugger
command mode.
'
.TP
.B memory \fBdisplay\fR \fIfile\fR
.br
Write a list of all currently allocated memory to the specified file.
'@endhelp
'
.SH DEBUGGING DIFFICULT MEMORY CORRUPTION PROBLEMS
.PP
Normally, Tcl compiled with memory debugging enabled will make it easy to isolate
a corruption problem.  Turning on memory validation with the memory command
can help isolate difficult problems.
If you suspect (or know) that corruption is 
occurring before the Tcl interpreter comes up far enough for you to
issue commands, you can set \fBMEM_VALIDATE\fR define, recompile 
tclCkalloc.c and rebuild Tcl.  This will enable memory validation
from the first call to \fBckalloc\fR, again, at a large performance impact.
.PP
If you are desperate and validating memory on every call to \fBckalloc\fR
and \fBckfree\fR isn't enough, you can explicitly call
\fBTcl_ValidateAllMemory\fR directly at any point.  It takes a \fIchar *\fR
and an \fIint\fR which are normally the filename and line number of the
caller, but they can actually be anything you want.  Remember to remove
the calls after you find the problem.
'
.SH KEYWORDS
ckalloc, ckfree, free, memory, malloc