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<a name="Observations-and-data"></a>
<ul class="toc"><li><a href="mini_ker.html#Top">Miniker 102 manual</a> </li>
<li><ul class="toc"><li><a href="Advanced-programming.html#Advanced-programming">3. Advanced Miniker programming</a> </li>
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<a name="Observations-and-data-1"></a>
<h2 class="section"> 3.8 Observations and data </h2>
<ul class="toc">
<li> <a href="#Observations">3.8.1 Observations</a> </li>
<li> <a href="#Data">3.8.2 Data</a> </li>
</ul>
<p>Some support for observations and interactions with data is available.
The observations are functions of the model variables. They don’t have
any action on the model result, but they may (in theory) be observed
and measured. The natural use of these observations is to be compared
with data that correspond with the values from real measurements.
They are used in the Kalman filter (see <a href="Kalman-filter.html#Kalman-filter">Kalman filter</a>).
</p>
<p>The (model) observation vector is noted ω
and the observation function is noted h:
</p>
<p>
<center class="math-display" >
<img
src="mini_ker_tex4ht_tex14x.png" alt="ω = h(η,φ ) " class="math-display" ></center>
</p>
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<a name="Observations-1"></a>
<h3 class="subsection"> 3.8.1 Observations </h3>
<a name="index-mobs"></a>
<p>The observation functions are set in a <code>set_probe</code> block in
the ‘<tt>zinit</tt>’ sequence.
</p>
<a name="index-observation-function"></a>
<p>For example suppose that, in the predator-prey model, we only
have access to the total population of preys and predators, we would have:
</p>
<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">set_probe
< eqn: pop = eta_pred + eta_pray;
>;
</pre></td></tr></table>
<a name="index-obs_002edata"></a>
<p>The number of observations is put in the integer variable <code>mobs</code>.
The observation vector corresponds with the part of the <code>ff(.)</code>
array situated past the regular transferts, <code>ff(mp+.)</code>, and is output
in the file ‘<tt>obs.data</tt>’.
</p>
<hr size="2">
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<a name="Data-1"></a>
<h3 class="subsection"> 3.8.2 Data </h3>
<a name="index-zgetobs"></a>
<a name="index-vobs_0028_002e_0029"></a>
<a name="index-data_002edata"></a>
<p>Currently this code is only used if the Kalman code is activated. This
may be changed in the future.
</p>
<p>The convention for data is that whenever some data are available, the
logical variable <code>zgetobs</code> should be set to ‘<samp>.true.</samp>’. And the
<code>vobs(.)</code> vector should be filled with the data values. This
vector has the same dimension than the observation
vector and each coordinate is meant to correspond with one
coordinate of the observation vector.
</p>
<p>This feature is turned on by setting the logical variable <code>zdata</code>
to ‘<samp>.true.</samp>’, and the <code>zgetobs</code> flag is typically set in the
‘<tt>zsteer</tt>’ sequence (see <a href="Controlling-the-run.html#End-of-time-step">Executing code at the end of each time step</a>).
Every instant data are available (<code>zgetobs</code> is true) the observations
are written to the file ‘<tt>data.data</tt>’. With the Kalman filter more
informations are output to the ‘<tt>data.data</tt>’ file,
see <a href="Kalman-filter.html#Kalman-filter-results">Kalman filter results</a>.
</p>
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