1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
|
<html>
<head>
<title>Variable size symbols</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="#ffffff" text="#000000" link="#000099" vlink="#cc0000" alink="#cc0000">
<h1><font size="-2">Hypertext Help with LaTeX</font><br><font color="#cc0000">Variable size symbols</font></h1>
The size of some mathematical symbols, notably summation signs, product signs, and
integral signs, depends on the environment in which they
appear (i.e., <tt>displaymath</tt> as opposed to <tt>math</tt> environments;
see <a href="ltx-115.html">Math Formulas</a> and
<a href="mathfonts.html">Math Fonts and Styles</a>).
<p>
These include
<ul>
<li><tt>\sum</tt> a summation sign (capital sigma)
<li><tt>\prod</tt> a product (capital pi)
<li><tt>\coprod</tt> a coproduct (inverted capital pi)
<li><tt>\int</tt> an integral sign
<li><tt>\oint</tt> a surface (circular) integral sign
<li><tt>\bigcup</tt> big "U"
<li><tt>\bigcap</tt> big inverted "U"
<li><tt>\bigvee</tt> big "V"
<li><tt>\bigwedge</tt> big inverted "V"
<li><tt>\bigodot</tt> big "O" with dot at center
<li><tt>\bigotimes</tt> big "O" with cross inside
<li><tt>\bigoplus</tt> big "O" with a + inside
<li><tt>\biguplus</tt> big "U" with a + inside
</ul>
The <a href="ltx-319.html"><tt>\sqrt</tt></a> command also produces a variable
size symbol appropriate for the size of hte radicand argument.
<p>
<p>
The "limits" associated with these symbols are entered as
<a href="ltx-179.html">subscripts</a> for entries appearing below the
symbol and as <a href="ltx-180.html">superscripts</a> for entries appearing
above the symbol.
For example the sum from n=0 to infinity of x<sub>n</sub> would be entered as
<pre>
\sum_{n=0}^{<a href="ltx-407.html">\infty</a>} x_{n}
</pre>
The actual placement of the limits depends on whether this
is in <tt>displaymath</tt> mode in which case they are placed below/above
or in <tt>math</tt> mode in running text in which case they are placed as regular
subscripts and superscripts.
<p>
Note that it is possible to treat several of these symbols (a common example
would be a double sum) as a single symbol for placing limits above and/or
below by using the <a href="stackrel.html#mathop"><tt>\mathop</tt></a> command.
<p>
"Hats" and "tildes" over symbols which stretch (as best they can) to
the correct size for their arguments are produced by
<a href="ltx-401.html#math"><tt>\widehat</tt> and <tt>\widetilde</tt></a>.
<hr>
Related topics:
<ul>
<li><a href="ltx-403.html">Delimiters</a> can be made variable sized
<li><a href="mathfonts.html">Math fonts and styles</a>
<p>
<li><a href="ltx-115.html">Math Formulas</a>
<li><a href="ltx-117.html">Math Symbols</a>
<li><a href="ltx-119.html">Math Miscellany</a>
<li><a href="ltx-406.html">Arrows</a>
<li><a href="ltx-404.html">Binary and relational operators</a>
<li><a href="ltx-409.html">Math function symbols</a>
<li><a href="ltx-407.html">Miscellaneous symbols</a>
<p>
<li><a href="ltx-403.html#big"><tt>\left</tt></a>
<li><a href="ltx-403.html#big"><tt>\right</tt></a>
<li><a href="ltx-319.html"><tt>\sqrt</tt></a>
<li><a href="stackrel.html"><tt>\stackrel</tt> and <tt>\mathop</tt></a>
</ul>
Back to the <a href="ltx-2.html">LaTeX Table of Contents</a>
<hr>
<address>
Revised: Sheldon Green, 28 Nov 1995.
</address>
</body>
</html>
|
