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          <td align="right"><i>Making TeX Work</i> Version 1.0.1
          <span class="alpha-version">(<a
          href="co01.html"><em>Alpha</em></a>)</span></td>
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    <div class="preface">
      <div class="titlepage">
        <div>
          <h2 class="title"><a id="id2841290"
          name="id2841290"></a>Preface</h2>
        </div>

        <div>
          <p class="releaseinfo">$Revision: 1.1 $</p>
        </div>

        <div>
          <p class="pubdate">$Date: 2002/08/23 14:31:13 $</p>
        </div>
      </div>

      <p>TeX is a tool for creating professional quality, typeset
      pages of any kind. It is particularly good, perhaps
      unsurpassed, at typesetting mathematics<a id="id2841277"
      class="indexterm" name="id2841277"></a> <a id="id2841322"
      class="indexterm" name="id2841322"></a>; as a result, it is
      widely used in scientific writing. Some of its other
      features, like its ability to handle multiple languages<a
      id="id2787586" class="indexterm" name="id2787586"></a> <a
      id="id2787597" class="indexterm" name="id2787597"></a> in the
      same document and the fact that the content of a document
      (chapters, sections, equations, tables, figures, etc.) can be
      separated from its form (typeface, size, spacing,
      indentation, etc.) are making TeX more common outside of
      scientific and academic circles.</p>

      <p>Designed by Donald Knuth<a id="id2787617"
      class="indexterm" name="id2787617"></a> in the late 1970s,
      more than a decade of refinement has gone into the program
      called &#8220;TeX&#8221; today. The resulting system produces
      publication-quality output while maintaining portability
      across an extremely wide range of platforms.</p>

      <p>Remarkably, TeX is free. This fact, probably as much as
      any other, has contributed to the development of a complete
      &#8220;TeX system&#8221; by literally thousands of
      volunteers. TeX, the program, forms the core of this
      environment and is now supported by hundreds of tools.</p>

      <div class="section">
        <div class="titlepage">
          <div>
            <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a
            id="sec.implementation"
            name="sec.implementation"></a>Why Read This Book?</h2>
          </div>
        </div>

        <p>This book is for anyone who uses TeX. Novices will need
        at least one other reference, because this book does not
        describe the nuts and bolts of writing documents with TeX
        in any great detail.</p>

        <p>If you are new to TeX, there is much to learn. There are
        many books that describe how to use TeX. However, the focus
        of this book is mostly at a higher level. After digesting
        Chapter&#160;<a href="ch01.html"
        title="Chapter&#160;1.&#160;The Big Picture">Chapter&#160;1</a>,
        <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch01.html"
        title="Chapter&#160;1.&#160;The Big Picture">Chapter&#160;1</a></em></span>,
        you should be able to proceed through the rest of the book
        without much difficulty even if you have never seen TeX
        before. So, if you are a system administrator interested in
        learning enough about these programs to install and test
        them for your users, you should be all set. If you are
        interested in learning how to write documents with TeX,
        this book will be helpful, but it will not be wholly
        sufficient.</p>

        <p>Why do you need this book at all? Although many
        individual components of the TeX system are well
        documented, there has never before been a complete
        reference to the whole system. This book surveys the entire
        world of TeX software and helps you see how the various
        pieces are related.</p>

        <p>A functioning TeX system is really a large collection of
        programs that interact in subtle ways to produce a document
        that, when formatted by TeX, prints the output you want.
        All the different interactions that take place ultimately
        result in less work for you, the writer, even though it may
        seem like more work at first. Heck, it may <span
        class="emphasis"><em>be</em></span> more work at first, but
        in the long run, the savings are tremendous.</p>

        <p>Many books about TeX refer the reader to a &#8220;local
        guide&#8221; for more information about previewing and
        printing documents and what facilities exist for
        incorporating special material into documents (like special
        fonts and pictures and figures). In reality, very few local
        guides exist.</p>

        <p>The TeX environment is now mature and stable enough to
        support a more &#8220;global guide.&#8221; That is what
        this book attempts to be. It goes into detail about
        previewing and printing, about incorporating other fonts,
        about adding pictures and figures to your documents, and
        about many other things overlooked by other books.</p>

        <p>Because fonts play a ubiquitous role in typesetting,
        this book is also about MetaFont, the tool that Donald
        Knuth<a id="id2788111" class="indexterm"
        name="id2788111"></a> designed for creating fonts.</p>
      </div>

      <div class="section">
        <div class="titlepage">
          <div>
            <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2788121"
            name="id2788121"></a>Scope of This Book</h2>
          </div>
        </div>

        <p>Here's how the book is laid out.</p>

        <p><span class="bold"><b>Part&#160;<a href="pt01.html"
        title="Part&#160;I.&#160;An Introduction to TeX">Part&#160;I</a>:
        <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="pt01.html"
        title="Part&#160;I.&#160;An Introduction to TeX">Part&#160;I</a></em></span></b></span>.</p>

        <p>Chapter&#160;<a href="ch01.html"
        title="Chapter&#160;1.&#160;The Big Picture">Chapter&#160;1</a>,
        <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch01.html"
        title="Chapter&#160;1.&#160;The Big Picture">Chapter&#160;1</a></em></span>.
        If you don't know anything about TeX at all, this chapter
        will help you get started. If you're a system adminstrator
        charged with the task of installing and maintaining TeX
        tools, you'll get enough information to do the job.</p>

        <p>Chapter&#160;<a href="ch02.html"
        title="Chapter&#160;2.&#160;Editing">Chapter&#160;2</a>,
        <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch02.html"
        title="Chapter&#160;2.&#160;Editing">Chapter&#160;2</a></em></span>.
        An overview of some environments that can make working with
        TeX documents easier. It describes some editors that
        &#8220;understand&#8221; TeX, how to integrate TeX into a
        &#8220;programmer's editor,&#8221; spellchecking, revision
        control, and other aspects of TeXnical editing.</p>

        <p>Chapter&#160;<a href="ch03.html"
        title="Chapter&#160;3.&#160;Running TeX">Chapter&#160;3</a>,
        <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch03.html"
        title="Chapter&#160;3.&#160;Running TeX">Chapter&#160;3</a></em></span>.
        The mechanics of running TeX, the program. It discusses
        what things TeX needs to be able to run, how to start TeX,
        command-line options, leaving TeX, and recovery from
        errors.</p>

        <p>Chapter&#160;<a href="ch04.html"
        title="Chapter&#160;4.&#160;Macro Packages">Chapter&#160;4</a>,
        <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch04.html"
        title="Chapter&#160;4.&#160;Macro Packages">Chapter&#160;4</a></em></span>.
        Overview of TeX macro packages. This chapter describes how
        to make a format file, the major general-purpose writing
        packages, some special-purpose writing packages, how to
        make slides for presentations, and how to handle color in
        TeX.</p>

        <p><span class="bold"><b>Part&#160;<a href="pt02.html"
        title="Part&#160;II.&#160;Elements of a Complex Document">Part&#160;II</a>:
        <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="pt02.html"
        title="Part&#160;II.&#160;Elements of a Complex Document">Part&#160;II</a></em></span></b></span>.</p>

        <p>Chapter&#160;<a href="ch05.html"
        title="Chapter&#160;5.&#160;Fonts">Chapter&#160;5</a>,
        <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch05.html"
        title="Chapter&#160;5.&#160;Fonts">Chapter&#160;5</a></em></span>.
        This chapter explores the issues that need to be addressed
        when using fonts. Many of these issues are not particularly
        TeX-related, but TeX is very flexible, and it's important
        to understand the tradeoffs that must be made. This chapter
        also examines some TeX-specific issues: font selection,
        files that TeX needs, automatic font generation, and
        virtual fonts.</p>

        <p>Chapter&#160;<a href="ch06.html"
        title="Chapter&#160;6.&#160;Pictures and Figures">Chapter&#160;6</a>,
        <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch06.html"
        title="Chapter&#160;6.&#160;Pictures and Figures">Chapter&#160;6</a></em></span>.
        How many ways are there to include pictures and figures in
        a TeX document? Lots and lots of ways. This chapter
        examines them all.</p>

        <p>Chapter&#160;<a href="ch07.html"
        title="Chapter&#160;7.&#160;International Considerations">Chapter&#160;7</a>,
        <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch07.html"
        title="Chapter&#160;7.&#160;International Considerations">Chapter&#160;7</a></em></span>.
        TeX is well qualified to do international typesetting. This
        chapter looks at the issues that are involved: representing
        international symbols in your input file, what TeX
        produces, getting the right fonts, multiple languages in
        the same document, and macro packages and style files that
        solve some of these problems. Some strategies for dealing
        with very difficult languages (like Japanese and Arabic)
        are also explored.</p>

        <p>Chapter&#160;<a href="ch08.html"
        title="Chapter&#160;8.&#160;Printing">Chapter&#160;8</a>,
        <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch08.html"
        title="Chapter&#160;8.&#160;Printing">Chapter&#160;8</a></em></span>.
        What goes in has to come out. This chapter tells the what,
        where, why, and how of printing your documents.</p>

        <p>Chapter&#160;<a href="ch09.html"
        title="Chapter&#160;9.&#160;Previewing">Chapter&#160;9</a>,
        <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch09.html"
        title="Chapter&#160;9.&#160;Previewing">Chapter&#160;9</a></em></span>.
        Save paper; preview your documents before you print
        them.</p>

        <p>Chapter&#160;<a href="ch10.html"
        title="Chapter&#160;10.&#160;Online Documentation">Chapter&#160;10</a>,
        <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch10.html"
        title="Chapter&#160;10.&#160;Online Documentation">Chapter&#160;10</a></em></span>.
        Online documentation is becoming increasingly popular. This
        chapter explores different ways that both typeset and
        online documentation can be produced from the same set of
        input files.</p>

        <p>Chapter&#160;<a href="ch11.html"
        title="Chapter&#160;11.&#160;Introducing MetaFont">Chapter&#160;11</a>,
        <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch11.html"
        title="Chapter&#160;11.&#160;Introducing MetaFont">Chapter&#160;11</a></em></span>.
        Sometimes it is necessary or desirable to create a special
        version of a standard TeX font. Maybe you really need the
        standard 10pt font at 11.3pt. This chapter will tell you
        how to work with existing MetaFont fonts. It <span
        class="emphasis"><em>won't</em></span> tell you how to
        create your own fonts; that's a whole different story.</p>

        <p>Chapter&#160;<a href="ch12.html"
        title="Chapter&#160;12.&#160;Bibliographies, Indexes, and Glossaries">
        Chapter&#160;12</a>, <span class="emphasis"><em><a
        href="ch12.html"
        title="Chapter&#160;12.&#160;Bibliographies, Indexes, and Glossaries">
        Chapter&#160;12</a></em></span>. Maintaining a
        bibliographic database can be a great timesaver. This
        chapter looks at the BibTeX program and other tools for
        building and using bibliographic databases. It also
        discusses the creation of indexes and glossaries.</p>

        <p><span class="bold"><b>Part&#160;<a href="pt03.html"
        title="Part&#160;III.&#160;A Tools Overview">Part&#160;III</a>:
        <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="pt03.html"
        title="Part&#160;III.&#160;A Tools Overview">Part&#160;III</a></em></span></b></span>.</p>

        <p>Chapter&#160;<a href="ch13.html"
        title="Chapter&#160;13.&#160;Non-commercial Environments">Chapter&#160;13</a>,
        <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch13.html"
        title="Chapter&#160;13.&#160;Non-commercial Environments">Chapter&#160;13</a></em></span>.
        Many TeX environments are freely available. This chapter
        describes public domain, free, and shareware versions of
        TeX.</p>

        <p>Chapter&#160;<a href="ch14.html"
        title="Chapter&#160;14.&#160;Commercial Environments">Chapter&#160;14</a>,
        <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch14.html"
        title="Chapter&#160;14.&#160;Commercial Environments">Chapter&#160;14</a></em></span>.
        A large, complex system like TeX can be overwhelming
        (although I hope less so after you read this book ;-). One
        of the advantages of selecting a commercial implementation
        of TeX is that some form of customer support is usually
        provided. Still other commercial implementations offer
        features not found in any free releases. This chapter
        describes several commercial TeX releases.</p>

        <p>Chapter&#160;<a href="ch15.html"
        title="Chapter&#160;15.&#160;TeX on the Macintosh">Chapter&#160;15</a>,
        <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch15.html"
        title="Chapter&#160;15.&#160;TeX on the Macintosh">Chapter&#160;15</a></em></span>.
        Many issues discussed in this book apply equally to all
        platforms, including the Macintosh platform, but the Mac
        has its own special set of features. This chapter looks at
        some versions of TeX and other tools designed specifically
        for use on the Mac.</p>

        <p>Chapter&#160;<a href="ch16.html"
        title="Chapter&#160;16.&#160;TeX Utilities">Chapter&#160;16</a>,
        <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch16.html"
        title="Chapter&#160;16.&#160;TeX Utilities">Chapter&#160;16</a></em></span>.
        This chapter lists many of the the utilities available in
        the CTAN archives and provides a brief description of what
        they do.</p>

        <p>Appendix&#160;<a href="apa.html"
        title="Appendix&#160;A.&#160;Filename Extension Summary">Appendix&#160;A</a>,
        <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="apa.html"
        title="Appendix&#160;A.&#160;Filename Extension Summary">Appendix&#160;A</a></em></span>.
        Lots of files can be identified by their extensions. This
        appendix lists the extensions that are most often seen in
        conjunction with TeX and describes what the associated
        files contain.</p>

        <p>Appendix&#160;<a href="apb.html"
        title="Appendix&#160;B.&#160;Font Samples">Appendix&#160;B</a>,
        <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="apb.html"
        title="Appendix&#160;B.&#160;Font Samples">Appendix&#160;B</a></em></span>.
        Examples of many MetaFont fonts available from the CTAN
        archives.</p>

        <p>Appendix&#160;<a href="apc.html"
        title="Appendix&#160;C.&#160;Resources">Appendix&#160;C</a>,
        <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="apc.html"
        title="Appendix&#160;C.&#160;Resources">Appendix&#160;C</a></em></span>.
        A complete list of the resources described in this
        book.</p>

        <p>Appendix&#160;<a href="apd.html"
        title="Appendix&#160;D.&#160;Long Examples">Appendix&#160;D</a>,
        <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="apd.html"
        title="Appendix&#160;D.&#160;Long Examples">Appendix&#160;D</a></em></span>.
        This appendix contains examples (scripts, batch files,
        programs) that seemed too long to place in the running
        text.</p>

        <p><span class="emphasis"><em>Bibliography</em></span>.
        Where I learned what I know. Also, where you can look for
        more information about specific topics.</p>
      </div>

      <div class="section">
        <div class="titlepage">
          <div>
            <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2855196"
            name="id2855196"></a>Conventions Used in This Book</h2>
          </div>
        </div>

        <p>The following typographic conventions are used in this
        book:</p>

        <div class="variablelist">
          <dl>
            <dt><span class="term"><span
            class="emphasis"><em>Italic</em></span></span></dt>

            <dd>
              <p>is used for filenames, directories, user commands,
              program names, and macro packages (except where the
              distinctive logo type is used). Sometimes italics are
              used in the traditional way for emphasis of new ideas
              and important concepts.</p>
            </dd>

            <dt><span class="term"><tt>Typewriter</tt></span></dt>

            <dd>
              <p>is used for program examples, FTP sites, TeX
              control sequences, and little bits of TeX syntax that
              appear in running text (for example, typewriter text
              in a reference to the LaTeX <tt>picture</tt>
              environment is a clue that LaTeX literally uses the
              word &#8220;picture&#8221; to identify this
              environment).</p>
            </dd>

            <dt><span class="term"><tt>\bf Typewriter
            Bold</tt></span></dt>

            <dd>
              <p>is used in examples to show the user's actual
              input at the terminal.</p>
            </dd>

            <dt><span class="term"><tt>\it Typewriter
            Italic</tt></span></dt>

            <dd>
              <p>identifies text that requires a context-specific
              substitution. For example, <span
              class="emphasis"><em><tt>filename</tt></em></span> in
              an example would be replaced by some particular
              filename.</p>
            </dd>

            <dt><span class="term">Footnotes</span></dt>

            <dd>
              <p>are used for parenthetical remarks. Sometimes,
              lies are spoken to simplify the discussion, and the
              footnotes restore the lie to the truth. (And
              sometimes they don't ;-)</p>
            </dd>
          </dl>
        </div>

        <p>Filename extensions, like &#8220;<span
        class="emphasis"><em>.tex</em></span>&#8221; in
        <tt>book.tex</tt>, are shown in uppercase letters when
        referring to a particular type of file. For example, a TeX
        Font Metric or <tt>TFM</tt> file would be
        <tt>somefile.tfm</tt>. The actual extension of the file may
        be different (upper or lowercase, longer or shorter)
        depending on your operating environment.</p>

        <p>When the shell prompt is shown in an example, it is
        shown as a dollar sign, \$. You should imagine that this is
        your system's prompt, which might otherwise be
        <tt>&lt;!--</tt> , <tt>C&gt;</tt>, --&gt; <tt>[C:\]</tt>,
        or a dialog box.</p>

        <p>When spaces are important in an example, the
        &#8220;{&#160;}&#8221; character is used to emphasize the
        spaces. Effective,&#160; isn't&#160; it?</p>

        <p>In some places, I refer to specific keys that you should
        press. When it's important that I mean pressing particular
        keys and not typing something, I emphasize the keys. For
        instance, an example that includes <b>Enter</b> means that
        you should literally press the Enter or Return key. The
        sequence <b>Ctrl-D</b> means that you should press and hold
        the &#8220;Control&#8221; and &#8220;d&#8221; keys
        simultaneously. Control-key combinations aren't case
        sensitive, so you needn't press the shift key.</p>
      </div>

      <div class="section">
        <div class="titlepage">
          <div>
            <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2855490"
            name="id2855490"></a>How to Get TeX</h2>
          </div>
        </div>

        <p>TeX and the other programs mentioned in this book are
        available from a number of places. It's impossible to list
        all of the places where you might find any given tool, but
        there is one place where you will almost certainly find
        <span class="emphasis"><em>every</em></span> tool: the
        Comprehensive TeX Archive Network (CTAN)<a id="id2855505"
        class="indexterm" name="id2855505"></a>.</p>

        <p>This network is a fully-mirrored anonymous FTP hierarchy
        in three countries. Always use the FTP site<a
        id="id2855524" class="indexterm" name="id2855524"></a> that
        is geographically closest to you. The following table lists
        the current members of CTAN as of July, 1993:</p>

        <div class="table">
          <a id="id2855538" name="id2855538"></a>

          <p class="title"><b>Table&#160;1.&#160;</b></p>

          <table summary="" border="1">
            <colgroup>
              <col align="left" />
              <col align="left" />
              <col align="left" />
              <col align="left" />
            </colgroup>

            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Geographic Location</th>

                <th align="left">Site</th>

                <th align="left">IP Address</th>

                <th align="left">Top Level Directory</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>

            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">United States</td>

                <td align="left">\tt ftp.shsu.edu</td>

                <td align="left">192.92.115.10</td>

                <td align="left">\it /tex-archive</td>
              </tr>

              <tr>
                <td align="left">England</td>

                <td align="left">\tt ftp.tex.ac.uk</td>

                <td align="left">131.151.79.32</td>

                <td align="left">\it /tex-archive</td>
              </tr>

              <tr>
                <td align="left">Germany</td>

                <td align="left">\tt ftp.uni-stuttgart.de</td>

                <td align="left">129.69.8.13</td>

                <td align="left">\it /tex-archive</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </div>

        <p>You may also access the CTAN archives by electronic
        mail<a id="id2855672" class="indexterm"
        name="id2855672"></a> if you do not have FTP access. For
        up-to-date instructions about the mail server, send the
        single-line message <tt>help</tt> to
        <tt>fileserv@shsu.edu</tt>.</p>

        <div class="section">
          <div class="titlepage">
            <div>
              <h3 class="title"><a id="id2855700"
              name="id2855700"></a>Where Are the Files?</h3>
            </div>
          </div>

          <p>Every CTAN mirror site has the same well-organized
          directory structure<a id="id2855710" class="indexterm"
          name="id2855710"></a>. The top-level directory also
          contains a complete catalog of current files organized by
          name, date, and size. The catalogs are named
          <tt>FILES.byname</tt>, <tt>FILES.bydate</tt>, and
          <tt>FILES.bysize</tt>, respectively, in the top level
          directory. The top-level directory contains the following
          subdirectories:</p>
<pre class="screen">
&lt;table&gt;
&lt;title&gt;&lt;/title&gt;
&lt;tgroup cols="1"&gt;
&lt;colspec align="left"&gt;
&lt;colspec align="left"&gt;
&lt;thead&gt;
&lt;row&gt;
  &lt;entry&gt;Directory&lt;/entry&gt;
  &lt;entry&gt;Description of Contents &lt;/entry&gt;
&lt;/row&gt;
&lt;/thead&gt;
&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;row&gt;
  &lt;entry&gt;tools&lt;/entry&gt;
  &lt;entry&gt;Archiving tools (&lt;command&gt;unzip&lt;/command&gt;, &lt;command&gt;tar&lt;/command&gt;, &lt;command&gt;compress&lt;/command&gt;, etc.) &lt;/entry&gt;
&lt;/row&gt;
&lt;row&gt;
  &lt;entry&gt;biblio&lt;/entry&gt;
  &lt;entry&gt;Tools for maintaining bibliographic databases &lt;/entry&gt;
&lt;/row&gt;
&lt;row&gt;
  &lt;entry&gt;digests&lt;/entry&gt;
  &lt;entry&gt;Electronic digests (&amp;TeX;hax, UK&amp;TeX;, etc.)&lt;/entry&gt;
&lt;/row&gt;
&lt;row&gt;
  &lt;entry&gt;info&lt;/entry&gt;
  &lt;entry&gt;Free documentation, many good guides &lt;/entry&gt;
&lt;/row&gt;
&lt;row&gt;
  &lt;entry&gt;dviware&lt;/entry&gt;
  &lt;entry&gt;Printing and previewing software &lt;/entry&gt;
&lt;/row&gt;
&lt;row&gt;
  &lt;entry&gt;fonts&lt;/entry&gt;
  &lt;entry&gt;Fonts for &amp;TeX; &lt;/entry&gt;
&lt;/row&gt;
&lt;row&gt;
  &lt;entry&gt;graphics&lt;/entry&gt;
  &lt;entry&gt;Software for working with pictures and figures &lt;/entry&gt;
&lt;/row&gt;
&lt;row&gt;
  &lt;entry&gt;help&lt;/entry&gt;
  &lt;entry&gt;Online help files, etc. &lt;/entry&gt;
&lt;/row&gt;
&lt;row&gt;
  &lt;entry&gt;indexing&lt;/entry&gt;
  &lt;entry&gt;Indexing and glossary building tools &lt;/entry&gt;
&lt;/row&gt;
&lt;row&gt;
  &lt;entry&gt;language&lt;/entry&gt;
  &lt;entry&gt;Multi-national language support &lt;/entry&gt;
&lt;/row&gt;
&lt;row&gt;
  &lt;entry&gt;macros&lt;/entry&gt;
  &lt;entry&gt;Macro packages and style files &lt;/entry&gt;
&lt;/row&gt;
&lt;row&gt;
  &lt;entry&gt;misc&lt;/entry&gt;
  &lt;entry&gt;Stuff that doesn't fit in any other category &lt;/entry&gt;
&lt;/row&gt;
&lt;row&gt;
  &lt;entry&gt;support&lt;/entry&gt;
  &lt;entry&gt;Tools for running and supporting &amp;TeX;&lt;/entry&gt;
&lt;/row&gt;
&lt;row&gt;
  &lt;entry&gt;systems&lt;/entry&gt;
  &lt;entry&gt;OS-specific programs and files&lt;/entry&gt;
&lt;/row&gt;
&lt;row&gt;
  &lt;entry&gt;web&lt;/entry&gt;
  &lt;entry&gt;Sources for &amp;TeX; programs (in &amp;Web;) &lt;/entry&gt;
&lt;/row&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/tgroup&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
</pre>

          <p>The archives at <tt>ftp.shsu.edu</tt> and
          <tt>ftp.tex.ac.uk</tt> also support <b>gopher</b><a
          id="id2788674" class="indexterm" name="id2788674"></a>
          access to the archives. The UK <b>gopher</b> supports
          indexed access to the archives. A World Wide Web
          (hypertext) interface<a id="id2788694" class="indexterm"
          name="id2788694"></a> to the archives is available
          from:</p>
<pre class="screen">
 
http://jasper.ora.com/ctan.html
</pre>

          <p>This interface includes brief descriptions of many
          packages and the ability to perform keyword and date
          searches.</p>
        </div>

        <div class="section">
          <div class="titlepage">
            <div>
              <h3 class="title"><a id="id2855768"
              name="id2855768"></a>Getting Software Without
              FTP</h3>
            </div>
          </div>

          <p>The electronic alternatives<a id="id2788563"
          class="indexterm" name="id2788563"></a> to FTP, described
          in the section &#8220;<a
          href="pr02.html#sec.gettingexamples"
          title="Getting Examples From This Book">the section
          called &#8220;Getting Examples From This
          Book&#8221;</a>&#8221; of this chapter are also viable
          alternatives for getting software from the CTAN
          archives.</p>

          <p>In addition, there are a number of ways to get
          distributions through nonelectronic<a id="id2788597"
          class="indexterm" name="id2788597"></a> channels. The
          names and addresses of these sources are listed in
          Appendix&#160;<a href="apc.html"
          title="Appendix&#160;C.&#160;Resources">Appendix&#160;C</a>,
          <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="apc.html"
          title="Appendix&#160;C.&#160;Resources">Appendix&#160;C</a></em></span>.</p>

          <p>You can get many of the popular TeX distributions on
          diskette from the TeX Users Group (TUG)<a id="id2856094"
          class="indexterm" name="id2856094"></a>. Emacs,
          <b>Ghostscript</b>, and other packages by the Free
          Software Foundation (FSF)<a id="id2856119"
          class="indexterm" name="id2856119"></a> are available on
          tape directly from the FSF. You may also find large
          bulletin board systems that support TeX (for example,
          Channel1 in Cambridge, MA)</p>
        </div>

        <div class="section">
          <div class="titlepage">
            <div>
              <h3 class="title"><a id="sec.gettingexamples"
              name="sec.gettingexamples"></a>Getting Examples From
              This Book</h3>
            </div>
          </div>

          <p>All of the substantial code fragments and programs
          printed in this book are available online. The examples<a
          id="id2856154" class="indexterm" name="id2856154"></a> in
          this book are all in <b>Perl</b><a id="id2856168"
          class="indexterm" name="id2856168"></a>, a language for
          easily manipulating text, files, and processes. I decided
          to use <b>Perl</b> simply because it is available for
          every platform discussed in this book. It is the only
          &#8220;universal&#8221; scripting language that will work
          under MS-DOS, OS/2, unix, and the Macintosh. All of the
          scripts in this book can be converted to a different
          scripting language (the various unix shells or something
          like <b>4DOS</b>'s extended batch language for MS-DOS and
          OS/2) if you prefer. I've tried to write the <b>Perl</b>
          scripts in a straightforward way so that any given task
          won't be too difficult.</p>

          <p>The examples are available electronically in a number
          of ways: by FTP, FTPMAIL, BITFTP, and UUCP. The cheapest,
          fastest, and easiest ways are listed first. If you read
          from the top down, the first one that works is probably
          the best. Use FTP if you are directly on the Internet.
          Use FTPMAIL if you are not on the Internet but can send
          and receive electronic mail to Internet sites (this
          includes CompuServe users). Use BITFTP if you send
          electronic mail via BITNET. Use UUCP if none of the above
          work.</p>

          <div class="note"
          style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
            <h3 class="title">Note</h3>

            <p>The examples were prepared using a unix system. If
            you are running unix, you can use them without
            modification. If you are running on another platform,
            you may need to modify these examples to correct the
            end-of-line markers. For example, whereas under unix
            every line ends with a line feed character (the
            carriage return is implicit), under DOS every line must
            end with explicit carriage return and line feed
            characters.</p>
          </div>

          <div class="section">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <h4 class="title"><a id="id2856246"
                name="id2856246"></a>FTP</h4>
              </div>
            </div>

            <p>To use FTP<a id="id2856255" class="indexterm"
            name="id2856255"></a>, you need a machine with direct
            access to the Internet. A sample session is shown
            below.</p>
<pre class="screen">
\${\bf ftp ftp.uu.net} Connected to ftp.uu.net.  
220 ftp.UU.NET FTP server (Version 6.34 Oct 22 14:32:01 1992) ready.  
Name (ftp.uu.net:prefect): {\bf anonymous} 
331 Guest login ok, send e-mail address as password.  
Password:{\bf prefect@guide.com} \  \  \  {\rm\it\small (use your user name and host here)} 
230 Guest login ok, access restrictions apply.  
ftp&gt;{\bf cd /published/oreilly/nutshell/maketexwork} 
250 CWD command successful.  
ftp&gt;{\bf get README} 
200 PORT command successful.  
150 Opening ASCII mode data connection for README (xxxx bytes).  
226 Transfer complete.  
local: README remote: README 
xxxx bytes received in xxx seconds (xxx Kbytes/s) 
ftp&gt;{\bf binary} \  \  {\rm\it\small (select binary mode for compressed files)} 
200 Type set to I.
{\rm\it\small  \ (Repeat get commands for the other files.}  
{\rm\it\small  \  They are listed in the README file.)}  
ftp&gt;{\bf quit} 221 Goodbye.  
\$
</pre>
          </div>

          <div class="section">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <h4 class="title"><a id="id2856292"
                name="id2856292"></a>FTPMAIL</h4>
              </div>
            </div>

            <p>FTPMAIL<a id="id2856301" class="indexterm"
            name="id2856301"></a> is a mail server available to
            anyone who can send electronic mail to, and receive it
            from, Internet sites. This includes most workstations
            that have an email connection to the outside world and
            CompuServe<a id="id2856314" class="indexterm"
            name="id2856314"></a> users. You do not need to be
            directly on the Internet.</p>

            <p>Send mail to <span
            class="emphasis"><em>ftpmail@decwrl.dec.com</em></span>.
            In the message body, give the name of the anonymous FTP
            host and the FTP commands you want to run. The server
            will run anonymous FTP for you and mail the files back
            to you. To get a complete help file, send a message
            with no subject and the single word <tt>help</tt> in
            the body. The following is an example mail session that
            should get you the examples. This command sends you a
            listing of the files in the selected directory and the
            requested example files. The listing is useful if
            there's a later version of the examples you're
            interested in.</p>
<pre class="screen">
\${\bf mail ftpmail@decwrl.dec.com} 
Subject: {\bf{}reply prefect@guide.com} \  \ {\rm\it\small (where you want files mailed)} 
{\bf{}connect ftp.uu.net}
{\bf{}chdir /published/oreilly/nutshell/maketexwork} 
{\bf{}dir} 
{\bf{}get README} 
{\bf{}quit}
</pre>

            <p>A signature at the end of the message is acceptable
            as long as it appears after <tt>quit</tt>.</p>
          </div>

          <div class="section">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <h4 class="title"><a id="id2856375"
                name="id2856375"></a>BITFTP</h4>
              </div>
            </div>

            <p>BITFTP<a id="id2856384" class="indexterm"
            name="id2856384"></a> is a mail server for BITNET
            users. You send it electronic mail messages requesting
            files, and it sends you back the files by electronic
            mail. BITFTP currently serves only users who send it
            mail from nodes that are directly on BITNET, EARN, or
            NetNorth. BITFTP is a public service of Princeton
            University.</p>

            <p>To use BITFTP, send mail containing your FTP
            commands to <span
            class="emphasis"><em>BITFTP@PUCC</em></span>. For a
            complete help file, send <tt>HELP</tt> as the message
            body.</p>

            <p>The following is the message body you should send to
            BITFTP:</p>
<pre class="screen">
 
FTP ftp.uu.net 
NETDATA USER anonymous 
PASS<span
class="emphasis"><em>your Internet e-mail address</em></span>      {\rm\it\small (not your BITNET address)} 
CD /published/oreilly/nutshell/maketexwork 
DIR 
GET README 
QUIT
</pre>

            <p>Questions about BITFTP can be directed to <span
            class="emphasis"><em>MAINT@PUCC</em></span> on
            BITNET.</p>
          </div>

          <div class="section">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <h4 class="title"><a id="id2856447"
                name="id2856447"></a>UUCP</h4>
              </div>
            </div>

            <p>UUCP<a id="id2856456" class="indexterm"
            name="id2856456"></a> is standard on virtually all unix
            systems and is available for IBM-compatible PCs and
            Apple Macintoshes. The examples are available by UUCP
            via modem from UUNET; UUNET's connect-time charges
            apply. You can get the examples from UUNET whether you
            have an account or not. If you or your company has an
            account with UUNET, you will have a system with a
            direct UUCP connection to UUNET. Find that system, and
            type (as one line):</p>
<pre class="screen">
\$ <span
class="bold"><b>uucp uunet\!&#160;/published/oreilly/nutshell/maketexwork/README \</b></span> 
<span class="emphasis"><em>\  \ yourhost</em></span>\!&#160;/<span
class="emphasis"><em>yourname</em></span>/
</pre>

            <p>The README file should appear some time later (up to
            a day or more) in the directory <span
            class="emphasis"><em>/usr/spool/uucppublic/yourname</em></span>.
            If you don't have an account, but would like one so
            that you can get electronic mail, contact UUNET at
            703-204-8000.</p>

            <p>If you don't have a UUNET account, you can set up a
            UUCP connection to UUNET in the United States using the
            phone number 1-900-468-7727. As of this writing, the
            cost is 50 cents per minute. The charges will appear on
            your next telephone bill. The login name is <span
            class="emphasis"><em>uucp</em></span> with no password.
            Your entry may vary depending on your UUCP
            configuration.</p>
          </div>

          <div class="section">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <h4 class="title"><a id="id2856527"
                name="id2856527"></a>Gopher</h4>
              </div>
            </div>

            <p>If you are on the Internet, you can use the
            <b>gopher</b><a id="id2856542" class="indexterm"
            name="id2856542"></a> facility to learn about online
            access to examples through the O'Reilly Online
            Information Resource. Access <span
            class="emphasis"><em>gopher.ora.com</em></span> as
            appropriate from your site.</p>
          </div>
        </div>
      </div>

      <div class="section">
        <div class="titlepage">
          <div>
            <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2856562"
            name="id2856562"></a>Versions of TeX</h2>
          </div>
        </div>

        <p>The most recent versions of TeX<a id="id2856571"
        class="indexterm" name="id2856571"></a> and MetaFont<a
        id="id2856585" class="indexterm" name="id2856585"></a> are
        version 3.1415 and version 2.71, respectively. Version 3 of
        TeX introduced several new features designed to improve
        support for non-English languages (including the use of
        8-bit input and some refinements to hyphenation control).
        If you use an older version of TeX, you should upgrade.</p>

        <p>Donald Knuth<a id="id2856609" class="indexterm"
        name="id2856609"></a> has specified that TeX's version
        number converges to $&#960;$, therefore version 3.1415 is
        only the fourth minor revision after version 3. The next
        minor revision will be version 3.14159. Similarly,
        MetaFont's version number converges to $e$
        (2.7182818284$&#8230;$).</p>
      </div>

      <div class="section">
        <div class="titlepage">
          <div>
            <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2856618"
            name="id2856618"></a>Implementations and Platforms</h2>
          </div>
        </div>

        <p>The interface that TeX presents to the writer is very
        consistent. Most of the examples described in this book are
        applicable to every single implementation<a id="id2856636"
        class="indexterm" name="id2856636"></a><a id="id2856653"
        class="indexterm" name="id2856653"></a> of TeX. However,
        TeX is not a closed system. It is possible to step outside
        of TeX to incorporate special elements into your document
        or take advantage of the special features of a particular
        environment. These extensions can dramatically restrict the
        portability of your documents.</p>

        <p>Many of the topics covered in this book offer
        alternatives in those areas that are less portable.
        Therefore, it is natural to ask what implementations are
        really covered.</p>

        <p>Before outlining which implementations are covered, let
        me suggest that this book will be useful even if you are
        using an implementation not &#8220;officially&#8221;
        covered here. The reality of the situation is this: many,
        many tools have been ported with TeX. Many of the tools
        mentioned in this book are available on platforms that are
        not specifically discussed. Time and equipment constraints
        prevented Amiga<a id="id2856696" class="indexterm"
        name="id2856696"></a>, Atari<a id="id2856708"
        class="indexterm" name="id2856708"></a>, NeXT<a
        id="id2856719" class="indexterm" name="id2856719"></a>,
        VMS<a id="id2856731" class="indexterm"
        name="id2856731"></a>, and Windows NT<a id="id2856743"
        class="indexterm" name="id2856743"></a> implementations of
        TeX from being specifically addressed in this edition of
        the book.</p>

        <div class="section">
          <div class="titlepage">
            <div>
              <h3 class="title"><a id="id2856757"
              name="id2856757"></a>UNIX</h3>
            </div>
          </div>

          <p>unix<a id="id2856765" class="indexterm"
          name="id2856765"></a> is probably the most common TeX
          platform. The emphasis in this book is on unix
          workstations running X11, producing output for PostScript
          and HP LaserJet printers.</p>

          <p><b>Linux</b><a id="id2856788" class="indexterm"
          name="id2856788"></a> and other personal computer
          implementations of unix are not addressed specifically;
          however, with the successful port of X11 to <b>Linux</b>,
          I'm confident that every unix tool here can be, or has
          been, ported to <b>Linux</b> (and probably other PC unix
          environments).</p>

          <p>The only implementation of the TeX program for unix
          considered in any detail is the free implementation
          distributed in <span
          class="emphasis"><em>web2c</em></span>. This distribution
          is described in the section called &#8220;<a
          href="ch13.html#free.web" title="Web2C">the section
          called &#8220;Web2C&#8221;</a>&#8221; in Chapter&#160;<a
          href="ch13.html"
          title="Chapter&#160;13.&#160;Non-commercial Environments">
          Chapter&#160;13</a>, <span class="emphasis"><em><a
          href="ch13.html"
          title="Chapter&#160;13.&#160;Non-commercial Environments">
          Chapter&#160;13</a></em></span>. Most of the other unix
          tools discussed here are also free.</p>
        </div>

        <div class="section">
          <div class="titlepage">
            <div>
              <h3 class="title"><a id="id2856866"
              name="id2856866"></a>MS-DOS</h3>
            </div>
          </div>

          <p>With very few exceptions, the tools in this book are
          available under MS-DOS<a id="id2856875" class="indexterm"
          name="id2856875"></a>. Because PCs are very popular, a
          lot of effort has gone into porting unix tools to MS-DOS.
          Some packages, however, require a 386SX (or more
          powerful) processor. For the most part, I focus on PCs
          running MS-DOS only; however, Microsoft Windows<a
          id="id2856888" class="indexterm" name="id2856888"></a>
          and DesqView<a id="id2856906" class="indexterm"
          name="id2856906"></a> are not entirely ignored.</p>

          <p>There are quite a few options when it comes to
          selecting an implementation of the TeX program under
          MS-DOS. Several free implementations are discussed as
          well as some commercial implementations. For more
          information about these implementations, consult
          Chapter&#160;<a href="ch13.html"
          title="Chapter&#160;13.&#160;Non-commercial Environments">
          Chapter&#160;13</a>, <span class="emphasis"><em><a
          href="ch13.html"
          title="Chapter&#160;13.&#160;Non-commercial Environments">
          Chapter&#160;13</a></em></span>, and Chapter&#160;<a
          href="ch14.html"
          title="Chapter&#160;14.&#160;Commercial Environments">Chapter&#160;14</a>,
          <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch14.html"
          title="Chapter&#160;14.&#160;Commercial Environments">Chapter&#160;14</a></em></span>.</p>
        </div>

        <div class="section">
          <div class="titlepage">
            <div>
              <h3 class="title"><a id="id2856997"
              name="id2856997"></a>OS/2</h3>
            </div>
          </div>

          <p>In this book, OS/2 is treated primarily as a superset
          of MS-DOS. When possible, I look at OS/2-specific
          versions of each utility, but rely on MS-DOS as a
          fall-back.</p>

          <p>Extensions to emTeX for OS/2<a id="id2857012"
          class="indexterm" name="id2857012"></a> are explored, as
          are editing environments such as <b>epm<a id="id2857032"
          class="indexterm" name="id2857032"></a></b>. The
          multi-threaded nature of OS/2 allows more complete
          porting of unix tools. When better ports are available
          for OS/2, they are discussed.</p>
        </div>

        <div class="section">
          <div class="titlepage">
            <div>
              <h3 class="title"><a id="id2857046"
              name="id2857046"></a>Macintosh</h3>
            </div>
          </div>

          <p>The Macintosh<a id="id2857054" class="indexterm"
          name="id2857054"></a> is very different from the systems
          described above. Chapter&#160;<a href="ch15.html"
          title="Chapter&#160;15.&#160;TeX on the Macintosh">Chapter&#160;15</a>,
          <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch15.html"
          title="Chapter&#160;15.&#160;TeX on the Macintosh">Chapter&#160;15</a></em></span>,
          discusses the Macintosh environment in detail.</p>

          <p>There are four implementations of TeX for the
          Macintosh. Three are freely available, and one is
          commercial: CMacTeX<a id="id2857095" class="indexterm"
          name="id2857095"></a> is free, OzTeX<a id="id2857112"
          class="indexterm" name="id2857112"></a> and DirectTeX<a
          id="id2857123" class="indexterm" name="id2857123"></a>
          are shareware, and <b>Textures</b><a id="id2857140"
          class="indexterm" name="id2857140"></a> is a commercial
          package from Blue Sky Research<a id="id2857150"
          class="indexterm" name="id2857150"></a>.</p>
        </div>
      </div>

      <div class="section">
        <div class="titlepage">
          <div>
            <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2857161"
            name="id2857161"></a>We'd Like to Hear From You</h2>
          </div>
        </div>

        <p>We have tested and verified all of the information in
        this book to the best of our ability, but you may find that
        features have changed (or even that we have made
        mistakes!). Please let us know about any errors you find,
        as well as your suggestions for future editions, by
        writing:</p>

        <div class="address">
          <p><br />
          O'Reilly&#160;&amp;&#160;Associates,&#160;Inc.<br />
          103&#160;Morris&#160;Street,&#160;Suite&#160;A<br />
          Sebastopol,&#160;CA&#160;95472<br />
          1-800-998-9938&#160;(in&#160;the&#160;US&#160;or&#160;Canada)<br />

          1-707-829-0515&#160;(international/local)<br />
          1-707-829-0104&#160;(FAX)<br />
          </p>
        </div>

        <p>You can also send us messages electronically. To be put
        on the mailing list or request a catalog, send email
        to:</p>

        <div class="informaltable">
          <table border="1">
            <colgroup>
              <col />
              <col />
            </colgroup>

            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td><span
                class="emphasis"><em>nuts@ora.com</em></span></td>

                <td>(via the Internet)</td>
              </tr>

              <tr>
                <td><span
                class="emphasis"><em>uunet!ora!nuts</em></span></td>

                <td>(via UUCP)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </div>

        <p>To ask technical questions or comment on the book, send
        email to:</p>

        <p><span
        class="emphasis"><em>bookquestions@ora.com</em></span> (via
        the Internet)</p>
      </div>

      <div class="section">
        <div class="titlepage">
          <div>
            <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2857251"
            name="id2857251"></a>Acknowledgments</h2>
          </div>
        </div>

        <p>This book would not exist if I had not received support
        and encouragement from my friends and colleagues, near and
        far. I owe the deepest debt of gratitude to my wife,
        Deborah, for patience, understanding, and support as I
        progressed through what is easily the most all-consuming
        task I have ever undertaken.</p>

        <p>The earliest draft of this book came about because my
        advisor at the University of Massachusetts, Eliot Moss,
        allowed me to tinker with the TeX installation in the
        Object Systems Lab and was always able to suggest ways to
        make it better. My friends and colleages at UMass, Amer
        Diwan, Darko Stefanovi\'c, Dave Yates, Eric Brown, Erich
        Nahum, Jody Daniels, Joe McCarthy, Ken Magnani, Rick
        Hudson, and Tony Hosking, asked all the hard questions and
        didn't seem to mind when I used them as guinea pigs for my
        latest idea.</p>

        <p>I'm indebted also to Eberhard Mattes, Geoffrey Tobin,
        George D. Greenwade, Peter Schmitt, Sebastian Rahtz, and
        Tomas Rokicki, who provided technical review comments on
        the materials presented here. Jim Breen and Ken Lunde
        offered invaluable feedback on Chapter 7.</p>

        <p>And I'd like to thank a lot of people at O'Reilly for
        their help and enthusiasm; in particular, my editor, Debby
        Russell, offered advice, helpful criticism, and support
        beyond the call of duty (Debby keyed most of the index for
        this book as production deadlines drew near and other
        arrangements fell through); Chris Tong organized the raw
        entries into a usable index; Lenny Muellner, Donna
        Woonteiler, and Sheryl Avruch allowed me to work on the
        book when it wasn't technically my job; Stephen Spainhour
        copyedited it into English with the help of Leslie Chalmers
        and Kismet McDonough (Stephen offered helpful suggestions
        along the way, too); Jennifer Niederst helped me get the
        design right; and Chris Reilly created the figures and
        screen dumps. I enjoyed working with everyone at O'Reilly
        so much that I left UMass and joined the production
        department myself ;-).</p>

        <p>Several companies provided review copies of their
        software while I was writing this book. I would like to
        thank ArborText, Blue Sky Research, Borland International,
        The Kinch Computer Company, LaserGo, Personal TeX, TCI
        Software Research, and Y&amp;Y, for their generosity.</p>

        <p>Finally, I'd like to thank the entire Internet TeX
        community. Countless thousands of questions and answers on
        the Net refined my understanding of how TeX works and what
        it can do.</p>
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