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<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h1 class="title"><a id="id2405204"></a>References for TeX and
Friends</h1></div>
<div>
<div class="author">
<h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Michael</span>
<span class="surname">Wiedmann</span></h3>
<div class="affiliation">
<div class="address">
<p>
<tt class="email"><<a href="mailto:mw%20at%20miwie%20dot%20in-berlin%20dot%20de">
mw at miwie dot in-berlin dot de</a>></tt></p></div></div></div></div>
<div>
<p class="copyright">Copyright © ? Stephen Gilmore</p></div>
<div>
<p class="copyright">Copyright © ? Torsten Martinsen</p></div>
<div>
<p class="copyright">Copyright © 1988, 1994 Free Software
Foundation, Inc.</p></div>
<div>
<p class="copyright">Copyright © 1994 - 1996 Torsten
Martinsen</p></div>
<div>
<p class="copyright">Copyright © 2002, 2003 Peter Karp,
Michael Wiedmann</p></div>
<div>
<p class="copyright">Copyright © 2004, 2005 Michael
Wiedmann</p></div>
<div>
<div class="legalnotice"><a id="id2451479"></a>
<p class="legalnotice-title"><b>License</b></p>
<p>Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software
Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and
no Back-Cover Texts.</p></div></div>
<div>
<div class="revhistory">
<table border="2" cellspacing="4" width="100%"
summary="Revision history">
<tr>
<th align="left" valign="top" colspan="2"><b>Revision
History</b></th></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">Revision 0.3.9</td>
<td align="left">2005-05-14</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" colspan="2">Consistent naming scheme of IDs to
ease the use of this reference for other projects; added new
section <a href="#float" title="3.3 float">float</a> in chapter
<a href="#latex" title="2 LaTeX">LaTeX</a>.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">Revision 0.2.0</td>
<td align="left">2003-01-11</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" colspan="2">License changed to
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl.html" target="_top">GNU
Free Documentation License</a>.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">Revision 0.0.1</td>
<td align="left">2002-06-21</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" colspan="2">This version was adapted from the
edition 1.6 of the LaTeX2e documentation, converted to DocBook XML
using <a href="http://www.tldp.org/downloads/"
target="_top">texi2db</a>, and further edited
manually.</td></tr></table></div></div></div>
<hr /></div>
<div class="toc">
<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="preface"><a href="#preface">Preface</a></span></dt>
<dt>
<span class="preface"><a href="#credits">Credits</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#tex">1 TeX</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#plaintex">1
PlainTeX</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#plaintex-ovw">1.1
Overview</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#latex">2 LaTeX</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#opt-latex">2.1
Options</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#overview">2.2 Overview of LaTeX
and Local Guide</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#commands">2.3
Commands</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#parameters">2.4
Parameters</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#latex-packages">3 LaTeX
Packages</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#amsmath">3.1
<tt class="filename">amsmath</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#dcolumn">3.2
<tt class="filename">dcolumn</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#float">3.3
<tt class="filename">float</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#fontenc">3.4
<tt class="filename">fontenc</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#german">3.5
<tt class="filename">german</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#graphics">3.6
<tt class="filename">graphics</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#hyperref">3.7
<tt class="filename">hyperref</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#inputenc">3.8
<tt class="filename">inputenc</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#komascript">3.9
<tt class="filename">KOMA-Script</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#mathpazo">3.10
<tt class="filename">mathpazo</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#varioref">3.11
<tt class="filename">varioref</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#small-packages">3.12 Several
Small Packages</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#generic-packages">4 Generic
Packages</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pictex">4.1 PiCTeX
(tbd.)</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pstricks">4.2
PSTricks</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#fontinst">5
<tt class="filename">fontinst</tt> (tbd.)</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#context">6 ConTeXt
(tbd.)</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#context-ovw">6.1
Overview</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#texinfo">7 Texinfo
(tbd.)</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#pdftex">2
pdfTeX</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-options">1
Options</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-file-line-error-style">
1.1
<tt class="filename">--file-line-error-style</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-fmt">1.2
<tt class="filename">--fmt format</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-help">1.3
<tt class="filename">--help</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-ini">1.4
<tt class="filename">--ini</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-interaction%20mode">1.5
<tt class="filename">--interaction mode</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-ipc">1.6
<tt class="filename">--ipc</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-ipc-start">1.7
<tt class="filename">--ipc-start</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-jobname-name">1.8
<tt class="filename">--jobname name</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-kpathsea-debug">1.9
<tt class="filename">--kpathsea-debug bitmask</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-maketex">1.10
<tt class="filename">--maketex fmt</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-no-maketex">1.11
<tt class="filename">--no-maketex fmt</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-output-comment">1.12
<tt class="filename">--output-comment string</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-parse-first-line">1.13
<tt class="filename">--parse-first-line</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-progname">1.14
<tt class="filename">--progname name</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-recorder">1.15
<tt class="filename">--recorder</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-shell-escape">1.16
<tt class="filename">--shell-escape</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-translate-file">1.17
<tt class="filename">--translate-file tcxname</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-version">1.18
<tt class="filename">--version</tt></a></span></dt></dl></dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-environment">2
Environment</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#metafont">3 Metafont
(tbd.)</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#metapost">4
MetaPost</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#metapost-options">1
Options</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="#metapost-option-file-line-error-style">
1.1
<tt class="filename">--file-line-error-style</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#metapost-option-help">1.2
<tt class="filename">--help</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#metapost-option-ini">1.3
<tt class="filename">--ini</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="#metapost-option-intercation">1.4
<tt class="filename">--interaction mode</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#metapost-option-jobname">1.5
<tt class="filename">--jobname name</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="#metapost-option-kpathsea-debug">1.6
<tt class="filename">--kpathsea-debug bitmask</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#metapost-option-mem">1.7
<tt class="filename">--mem mem</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="#metapost-option-parse-first-line">1.8
<tt class="filename">--parse-first-line</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#metapost-option-progname">1.9
<tt class="filename">--progname name</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#metapost-option-recorder">1.10
<tt class="filename">--recorder</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#metapost-option-T">1.11
<tt class="filename">-T</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="#metapost-option-translate-file">1.12
<tt class="filename">--translate-file tcxname</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#metapost-option-troff">1.13
<tt class="filename">--troff</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#metapost-option-version">1.14
<tt class="filename">--version</tt></a></span></dt></dl></dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#metapost-environment">2
Environment</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#bibtex">5
BibTeX</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-parameters">1
Parameters</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-command-qualifiers">2
Command Qualifiers</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-bib-files">3 bib
files</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-string-command">3.1
<tt class="filename">@STRING</tt> command</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-entry-format">3.2 Entry
Format</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-entry-types">3.3 Entry
Types</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-field-text">3.4 Field
Text</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-field-types">3.5 Field
Types</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-bst-files">4 bst
files</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-bst-abbr">4.1
<tt class="filename">ABBRV.BST</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-bst-alpha">4.2
<tt class="filename">ALPHA.BST</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-bst-plain">4.3
<tt class="filename">PLAIN.BST</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-bst-sample">4.4
<tt class="filename">SAMPLE.BST</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-bst-unsrt">4.5
<tt class="filename">UNSRT.BST</tt></a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#makeindex">6
Make-Index</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-options">1
Options</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-option-c">1.1
<tt class="filename">-c</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-option-g">1.2
<tt class="filename">-g</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-option-i">1.3
<tt class="filename">-i</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-option-l">1.4
<tt class="filename">-l</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-option-q">1.5
<tt class="filename">-q</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-option-r">1.6
<tt class="filename">-r</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-option-s-sty">1.7
<tt class="filename">-s sty</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-option-o-ind">1.8
<tt class="filename">-o ind</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-option-t-log">1.9
<tt class="filename">-t log</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-option-p-no">1.10
<tt class="filename">-p no</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-option-L">1.11
<tt class="filename">-L</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-option-T">1.12
<tt class="filename">-T</tt></a></span></dt></dl></dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-style-file">2 Style
File</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-style">2.1 Input
Style Specifiers</a></span></dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-output-style-specs">2.2
Output Style Specifiers</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-example">3
Example</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-ordering">4
Ordering</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-special-effects">5
Special Effects</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#xindy">7 xindy</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#xindy-command-list">1 Command
List</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="#xindy-command-list-processing">1.1
Processing Commands</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#xindy-command-list-markup">1.2
Markup Commands</a></span></dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="#xindy-command-list-raw-index">1.3
Raw Index Interface</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#xindy-invoking">2 Invoking
xindy</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#xindy-invoking-cmdline">2.1
Command Line Options</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#xindy-search-path">2.2 Search
Path</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd>
<dt><span class="appendix"><a href="#appendices">A
Appendices</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#issues">1 Bugs / Known Issues /
Missing Features</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#about">2 About this
Document</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#release-news">3 Release
News</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#gfdl">4 GNU Free Documentation
License</a></span></dt>
<dt>
<span class="index"><a href="#tex-refs-idx">Index</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div>
<div class="list-of-tables">
<p><b>List of Tables</b></p>
<dl>
<dt>1.1 <a href="#id2521491">Options for
<tt class="literal">\newcommand</tt></a></dt>
<dt>1.2 <a href="#id2521690">Options for
<tt class="literal">\newenvironment</tt></a></dt>
<dt>1.3 <a href="#id2521896">Options for
<tt class="literal">\newtheorem</tt></a></dt>
<dt>1.4 <a href="#id2525205">Commands in a
<tt class="literal">tabbing</tt> environment</a></dt>
<dt>1.5 <a href="#id2525850">Commands used inside a
<tt class="literal">tabular</tt> environment</a></dt>
<dt>1.6 <a href="#id2526898">Standard styles distributed with
BibTeX</a></dt>
<dt>1.7 <a href="#id2529997">Three environments that put LaTeX in
math mode</a></dt>
<dt>1.8 <a href="#id2530391">Math Miscellany</a></dt>
<dt>1.9 <a href="#id2538486">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>1.10 <a href="#id2539011">Standard type size commands</a></dt>
<dt>1.11 <a href="#id2539271">Low-level font commands</a></dt>
<dt>1.12 <a href="#id2559775">Special coordinates and
angles</a></dt></dl></div>
<div class="preface" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="preface"></a>Preface</h2></div></div></div>
<p class="db2latex:noindent">LaTeX2e is a document preparation
system implemented as a macro package for Donald E. Knuth's TeX
typesetting program.</p>
<p class="db2latex:noindent">LaTeX was originally conceived by
Leslie Lamport.</p>
<p class="db2latex:noindent">This updated LaTeX reference is by no
means complete, but it's a first step towards a more complete LaTeX
reference! We welcome if we'll get pointed to missing commands or
even better when you make additions and further improvements and
send them to the authors.</p>
<p class="db2latex:noindent"><a href="http://www.tug.org"
target="_top">TUG (TeX User Group)</a> and
<a href="http://www.dante.de" target="_top">DANTE (German TeX User
Group)</a> both have excellent FAQ's which answer many questions or
give great pointers to additional resources both on the internet or
in books. Most if not all missing packages can also be found on the
CTAN servers.</p>
<p class="db2latex:noindent">This reference is not meant to replace
the package documentation or the standard literature like the LaTeX
handbook and the LaTeX companion. Look there for detailed
descriptions of the commands and even mostly more options and
examples.</p>
<p class="db2latex:noindent">The authors intend to extend this
documentation to other TeX related packages (e.g. ConTeXt,
MetaPost, Metafont, etc.). Contributions are very
welcome!</p></div>
<div class="preface" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="credits"></a>Credits</h2></div></div></div>
<a id="id2450500" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The following people have contributed substantial parts to this
documentation project or helped in some other way (listed
alphabetically):</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li>
<p>Karl Berry</p>
<a id="id2450525" class="indexterm"></a></li>
<li>
<p>Wolfgang Borgert</p>
<a id="id2450544" class="indexterm"></a></li>
<li>
<p>Ramon Casellas</p>
<a id="id2450563" class="indexterm"></a></li>
<li>
<p>Holger Danielsson</p>
<a id="id2450582" class="indexterm"></a></li>
<li>
<p>James Devenish</p>
<a id="id2450602" class="indexterm"></a></li>
<li>
<p>Hubert Gaesslein</p>
<a id="id2450621" class="indexterm"></a></li>
<li>
<p>Peter Karp</p>
<a id="id2450640" class="indexterm"></a></li>
<li>
<p>Rolf Niepraschk</p>
<a id="id2450659" class="indexterm"></a></li>
<li>
<p>Hans Fredrik Nordhaug</p>
<a id="id2450681" class="indexterm"></a></li>
<li>
<p>Simon Pepping</p>
<a id="id2450700" class="indexterm"></a></li>
<li>
<p>Bob Stayton</p>
<a id="id2450719" class="indexterm"></a></li>
<li>
<p>Herbert Voss</p>
<a id="id2450739" class="indexterm"></a></li></ul></div></div>
<div class="chapter" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="tex"></a>Chapter 1. TeX</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc">
<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#plaintex">1
PlainTeX</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#plaintex-ovw">1.1
Overview</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#latex">2 LaTeX</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#opt-latex">2.1
Options</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#overview">2.2 Overview of LaTeX
and Local Guide</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#commands">2.3
Commands</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#parameters">2.4
Parameters</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#latex-packages">3 LaTeX
Packages</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#amsmath">3.1
<tt class="filename">amsmath</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#dcolumn">3.2
<tt class="filename">dcolumn</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#float">3.3
<tt class="filename">float</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#fontenc">3.4
<tt class="filename">fontenc</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#german">3.5
<tt class="filename">german</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#graphics">3.6
<tt class="filename">graphics</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#hyperref">3.7
<tt class="filename">hyperref</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#inputenc">3.8
<tt class="filename">inputenc</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#komascript">3.9
<tt class="filename">KOMA-Script</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#mathpazo">3.10
<tt class="filename">mathpazo</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#varioref">3.11
<tt class="filename">varioref</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#small-packages">3.12 Several
Small Packages</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#generic-packages">4 Generic
Packages</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pictex">4.1 PiCTeX
(tbd.)</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pstricks">4.2
PSTricks</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#fontinst">5
<tt class="filename">fontinst</tt> (tbd.)</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#context">6 ConTeXt
(tbd.)</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#context-ovw">6.1
Overview</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#texinfo">7 Texinfo
(tbd.)</a></span></dt></dl></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="plaintex"></a>1
PlainTeX</h2></div></div></div>
<a id="id2450802" class="indexterm"></a>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="plaintex-ovw"></a>1.1
Overview</h3></div></div></div>
<p>For a really excellent reference of all TeX primitive control
sequences see David Bausum's<a id="id2450821"
class="indexterm"></a>
<a href="http://www.tug.org/utilities/plain/cseq.html"
target="_top"><span class="emphasis"><em>TeX Primitive Control
Sequences</em></span></a>.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="latex"></a>2
LaTeX</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p>The original file <tt class="filename">latex2e.texi</tt>
contains the following copyright and permission notice:</p>
<p>“<span class="quote">Permission is granted to make and
distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright
notice and this permission notice are preserved on all
copies.</span>”</p>
<p>“<span class="quote">Permission is granted to copy and
distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions
for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting derived
work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice
identical to this one.</span>”</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="opt-latex"></a>2.1
Options</h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2450904" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>LaTeX understands the following command line options.</p>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="opt-latex-file-line-error-style"></a>2.1.1
<tt class="filename">-file-line-error-style</tt></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2450936" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Print error messages in the form
<tt class="literal">file:line:error</tt>.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="opt-latex-fmt"></a>2.1.2
<tt class="filename">-fmt=FMTNAME</tt></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2450977" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Use <tt class="literal">FMTMAME</tt> instead of program name or
a %& line.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="opt-latex-ini"></a>2.1.3
<tt class="filename">-ini</tt></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2451019" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Be <span><b class="command">initex</b></span>, for dumping
formats; this is implicitly true if the program is called as
<span><b class="command">initex</b></span>.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="opt-latex-interaction mode"></a>2.1.4
<tt class="filename">-interaction=STRING</tt></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2519533" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Set interaction mode
(<tt class="literal">STRING=batchmode/nonstopmode/scrollmode/errorstopmode</tt>).</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="opt-latex-ipc"></a>2.1.5
<tt class="filename">-ipc</tt></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2519571" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Send DVI output to a socket as well as the usual output
file.</p>
<p>Note: not available on all systems.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="opt-latex-ipc-start"></a>2.1.6
<tt class="filename">-ipc-start</tt></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2519609" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>As <tt class="literal">-ipc</tt>, and also start the server at
the other end.</p>
<p>Note: not available on all systems.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="opt-latex-jobname-name"></a>2.1.7
<tt class="filename">-jobname=STRING</tt></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2519656" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Set the job name to <tt class="literal">STRING</tt>.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="opt-latex-kpathsea-debug"></a>2.1.8
<tt class="filename">-kpathsea-debug=NUMBER</tt></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2519697" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Sets path searching debugging flags according to the bits of
<tt class="literal">NUMBER</tt>.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="opt-latex-no-maketex"></a>2.1.9
<tt class="filename">[-no]-maketex=FMT</tt></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2519741" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Disable/enable <span><b class="command">mktexFMT</b></span>
generation (FMT=tex/tfm).</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="opt-latex-mltex"></a>2.1.10
<tt class="filename">-mltex</tt></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2519782" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Enable MLTeX extensions such as
<tt class="literal">\charsubdef</tt>.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="opt-latex-output-comment"></a>2.1.11
<tt class="filename">-output-comment=STRING</tt></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2519825" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>use <tt class="literal">STRING</tt> for DVI file comment instead
of date.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="opt-latex-parse-first-line"></a>2.1.12
<tt class="filename">-parse-first-line</tt></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2519867" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Parse of the first line of the input file.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="opt-latex-progname"></a>2.1.13
<tt class="filename">-progname=STRING</tt></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2519903" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Set program (and fmt) name to
<tt class="literal">STRING</tt>.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="opt-latex-recorder"></a>2.1.14
<tt class="filename">-recorder</tt></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2519945" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Enable filename recorder.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="opt-latex-shell-escape"></a>2.1.15
<tt class="filename">-shell-escape</tt></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2519982" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Enable <tt class="literal">\write18{SHELL
COMMAND}</tt>.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="opt-latex-src-specials"></a>2.1.16
<tt class="filename">-src-specials</tt></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2520024" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Insert source specials into the DVI file.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="opt-latex-src-specials-where"></a>2.1.17
<tt class="filename">-src-specials=WHERE</tt></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2520061" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Insert source specials in certain places of the DVI file.
<tt class="literal">WHERE</tt> is a comma-separated value list:
<tt class="literal">cr display hbox math par parend
vbox</tt>.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="opt-latex-translate-file-tcxname"></a>2.1.18
<tt class="filename">-translate-file=TCXNAME</tt></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2520111" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Use the <tt class="literal">TCX</tt> file
<tt class="literal">TCXNAME</tt>.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="opt-latex-help"></a>2.1.19
<tt class="filename">-help</tt></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2520158" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Display this help and exit.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="opt-latex-version"></a>2.1.20
<tt class="filename">-version</tt></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2520194" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Output version information and exit.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="overview"></a>2.2 Overview of LaTeX and
Local Guide</h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2520232" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2520240"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The LaTeX command typesets a file of text using the TeX program
and the LaTeX Macro package for TeX. To be more specific, it
processes an input file containing the text of a document with
interspersed commands that describe how the text should be
formatted. It produces at least three files as output:</p>
<div class="orderedlist">
<ol type="1">
<li>
<p>A <span class="emphasis"><em>Device Independent</em></span>, or
<tt class="filename">.dvi</tt> file. This contains commands that
can be translated into commands for a variety of output devices.
You can view the output of LaTeX by using a program such as
<tt class="literal">xdvi</tt>, which actually uses the
<tt class="filename">.dvi</tt> file.</p></li>
<li>
<p>A <span class="emphasis"><em>transcript</em></span> or
<tt class="filename">.log</tt> file that contains summary
information and diagnostic messages for any errors discovered in
the input file.</p></li>
<li>
<p>An <span class="emphasis"><em>auxiliary</em></span> or
<tt class="filename">.aux</tt> file. This is used by LaTeX itself,
for things such as sectioning.</p></li></ol></div>
<p>For a description of what goes on inside TeX, you should consult
<i class="citetitle">The TeXbook</i> by Donald E. Knuth, ISBN
0-201-13448-9, published jointly by the American Mathematical
Society and Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.</p>
<p>For a description of LaTeX, you should consult:</p>
<p><i class="citetitle">LaTeX: A Document Preparation System</i>,
by Leslie Lamport,<a id="id2520380" class="indexterm"></a>
Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 2nd edition, 1994.</p>
<p><i class="citetitle">The LaTeX Companion</i>, by Michel
Goossens,<a id="id2520401" class="indexterm"></a> Frank Mittelbach,
<a id="id2520410" class="indexterm"></a> and Alexander
Samarin,<a id="id2520420" class="indexterm"></a> Addison-Wesley,
1994.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="commands"></a>2.3
Commands</h3></div></div></div>
<p>A LaTeX command begins with the command name, which consists of
a <tt class="literal">\</tt> followed by either (a) a string of
letters or (b) a single non-letter. Arguments contained in square
brackets, <tt class="literal">[]</tt>, are optional while arguments
contained in braces, <tt class="literal">{}</tt>, are required.</p>
<p>NOTE: LaTeX is case sensitive. Enter all commands in lower case
unless explicitly directed to do otherwise.</p>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="counters"></a>2.3.1
Counters</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2520496" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2520502"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Everything LaTeX numbers for you has a counter associated with
it. The name of the counter is the same as the name of the
environment or command that produces the number, except with no
<tt class="literal">\</tt> (<tt class="literal">enumi</tt> -
<tt class="literal">enumiv</tt> are used for the nested enumerate
environment). Below is a list of the counters used in LaTeX's
standard document classes to control numbering.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
part paragraph figure enumi
chapter subparagraph table enumii
section page footnote enumiii
subsection equation mpfootnote enumiv
subsubsection
</pre>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-addtocounter"></a><tt class="literal">\addtocounter</tt></h5>
<a id="id2520566" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\addtocounter</tt> command increments
the <tt class="literal">counter</tt> by the amount specified by the
<tt class="literal">value</tt> argument. The
<tt class="literal">value</tt> argument can be negative.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-alph-title"></a><tt class="literal">\alph{counter}</tt></h5>
<a id="id2520615" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2520622"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p>This command causes the value of the
<tt class="literal">counter</tt> to be printed in alphabetic
characters. The <tt class="literal">\alph</tt> command uses lower
case alphabetic alphabetic characters, i.e., <tt class="literal">a,
b, c...</tt> while the <tt class="literal">\Alph</tt> command uses
upper case alphabetic characters, i.e., <tt class="literal">A, B,
C...</tt>.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-arabic-title"></a><tt class="literal">\arabic{counter}</tt></h5>
<a id="id2520679" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\arabic</tt> command causes the value of
the <tt class="literal">counter</tt> to be printed in Arabic
numbers, i.e., <tt class="literal">3</tt>.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-fnsymbol-title"></a><tt class="literal">\fnsymbol{counter}</tt></h5>
<a id="id2520721" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\fnsymbol</tt> command causes the value
of the <tt class="literal">counter</tt> to be printed in a specific
sequence of nine symbols that can be used for numbering
footnotes.</p>
<p>NB. <tt class="literal">counter</tt> must have a value between 1
and 9 inclusive.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-newcounter-title"></a><tt class="literal">\newcounter{foo}[counter]</tt></h5>
<a id="id2520769" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2520776"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\newcounter</tt> command defines a new
counter named <tt class="literal">foo</tt>. The counter is
initialized to zero.</p>
<p>The optional argument <tt class="literal">[counter]</tt> causes
the counter <tt class="literal">foo</tt> to be reset whenever the
counter named in the optional argument is incremented.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-refstepcounter-title"></a><tt class="literal">\refstepcounter{counter}</tt></h5>
<a id="id2520830" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\refstepcounter</tt> command works like
<tt class="literal">\stepcounter</tt>. See
<a href="#cmd-stepcounter-title">\stepcounter</a>, except it also
defines the current <tt class="literal">\ref</tt> value to be the
result of <tt class="literal">\thecounter</tt>.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-roman-title"></a><tt class="literal">\roman{counter}</tt></h5>
<a id="id2520888" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2520894"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p>This command causes the value of the
<tt class="literal">counter</tt> to be printed in Roman numerals.
The <tt class="literal">\roman</tt> command uses lower case Roman
numerals, i.e., <tt class="literal">i, ii, iii...</tt>, while the
<tt class="literal">\Roman</tt> command uses upper case Roman
numerals, i.e., <tt class="literal">I, II, III...</tt>.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-stepcounter-title"></a><tt class="literal">\stepcounter{counter}</tt></h5>
<a id="id2520951" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\stepcounter</tt> command adds one to
the <tt class="literal">counter</tt> and resets all subsidiary
counters.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-setcounter-title"></a><tt class="literal">\setcounter{counter}{value}</tt></h5>
<a id="id2520988" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2520995"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\setcounter</tt> command sets the value
of the <tt class="literal">counter</tt> to that specified by the
<tt class="literal">value</tt> argument.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-usecounter-title"></a><tt class="literal">\usecounter{counter}</tt></h5>
<a id="id2521038" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\usecounter</tt> command is used in the
second argument of the <tt class="literal">list</tt> environment to
allow the counter specified to be used to number the list
items.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-value-title"></a><tt class="literal">\value{counter}</tt></h5>
<a id="id2521076" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2521083"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\value</tt> command produces the value
of the <tt class="literal">counter</tt> named in the mandatory
argument. It can be used where LaTeX expects an integer or number,
such as the second argument of a
<tt class="literal">\setcounter</tt> or
<tt class="literal">\addtocounter</tt> command, or in:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\hspace{\value{foo}\parindent}
</pre>
<p>It is useful for doing arithmetic with counters.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="cross-references"></a>2.3.2 Cross
References</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2521150" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to
refer the reader to them, as in <span class="emphasis"><em>See
Figure 3 for more details.</em></span> A smarter version of the
cross reference commands is available in the package
<a href="#varioref"
title="3.11 varioref"><tt class="literal">varioref</tt></a>.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-label-title"></a><tt class="literal">\label{key}</tt></h5>
<a id="id2521192" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>A <tt class="literal">\label</tt> command appearing in ordinary
text assigns to the <tt class="literal">key</tt> the number of the
current sectional unit; one appearing inside a numbered environment
assigns that number to the <tt class="literal">key</tt>.</p>
<p>A <tt class="literal">key</tt> can consist of any sequence of
letters, digits, or punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase
letters are different.</p>
<p>To avoid accidentally creating two labels with the same name, it
is common to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix
separated by a colon. The prefixes conventionally used are</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li><tt class="literal">cha</tt> for chapters</li>
<li><tt class="literal">sec</tt> for lower-level sectioning
commands</li>
<li><tt class="literal">fig</tt> for figures</li>
<li><tt class="literal">tab</tt> for tables</li>
<li><tt class="literal">eq</tt> for equations</li></ul></div>
<p>Thus, a label for a figure would look like
<tt class="literal">fig:bandersnatch</tt>.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-pageref"></a><tt class="literal">\pageref{key}</tt></h5>
<a id="id2521325" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2521332"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\pageref</tt> command produces the page
number of the place in the text where the corresponding
<tt class="literal">\label</tt> command appears. ie. where
<tt class="literal">\label{key}</tt> appears. For a smart version
see
<a href="#cmd-vpageref"><tt class="literal">\vpageref</tt></a>.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-ref-title"></a><tt class="literal">\ref{key}</tt></h5>
<a id="id2521388" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2521395"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\ref</tt> command produces the number of
the sectional unit, equation number, ... of the corresponding
<tt class="literal">\label</tt> command. For a smart version see
<a href="#cmd-vref">\vref</a>.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="definitions"></a>2.3.3
Definitions</h4></div></div></div>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-newcommand-title"></a><tt class="literal">\newcommand</tt></h5>
<a id="id2521458" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2521465"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2521472" class="indexterm"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\newcommand{cmd}[args]{definition}
\newcommand{cmd}[args][default]{definition}
\renewcommand{cmd}[args]{definition}
\renewcommand{cmd}[args][default]{definition}
</pre>
<p>These commands define (or redefine) a command.</p>
<div class="table"><a id="id2521491"></a>
<p class="title"><b>Table 1.1. Options for
<tt class="literal">\newcommand</tt></b></p>
<table summary="Options for \newcommand" border="0">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" />
<col align="justify" /></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left">cmd</td>
<td align="justify">A command name beginning with a
<tt class="literal">\</tt>. For
<tt class="literal">\newcommand</tt> it must not be already defined
and must not begin with <tt class="literal">\end</tt>; for
<tt class="literal">\renewcommand</tt> it must already be
defined.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">args</td>
<td align="justify">An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of
arguments of the command being defined. The default is for the
command to have no arguments.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">def</td>
<td align="justify">If this optional parameter is present, it means
that the command's first argument is optional. The default value of
the optional argument is <tt class="literal">def</tt>.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">definition</td>
<td align="justify">The text to be substituted for every occurrence
of <tt class="literal">cmd</tt>; a parameter of the form
<tt class="literal">#n</tt> in <tt class="literal">cmd</tt> is
replaced by the text of the nth argument when this substitution
takes place.</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-newenvironment-title"></a><tt class="literal">\newenvironment</tt></h5>
<a id="id2521657" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2521664"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2521671" class="indexterm"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\newenvironment{nam}[args]{begdef}{enddef}
\newenvironment{nam}[args][default]{begdef}{enddef}
\renewenvironment{nam}[args]{begdef}{enddef}
</pre>
<p>These commands define or redefine an environment.</p>
<div class="table"><a id="id2521690"></a>
<p class="title"><b>Table 1.2. Options for
<tt class="literal">\newenvironment</tt></b></p>
<table summary="Options for \newenvironment" border="0">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" />
<col align="justify" /></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left">nam</td>
<td align="justify">The name of the environment. For
<tt class="literal">\newenvironment</tt> there must be no currently
defined environment by that name, and the command
<tt class="literal">\nam</tt> must be undefined. For
<tt class="literal">\renewenvironment</tt> the environment must
already be defined.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">args</td>
<td align="justify">An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of
arguments of the newly-defined environment. The default is no
arguments. Arguments can only be used in te
<tt class="literal">{begdef}</tt> part.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">default</td>
<td align="justify">If this is specified, the first argument is
optional, and <tt class="literal">default</tt> gives the default
value for that argument.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">begdef</td>
<td align="justify">The text substituted for every occurrence of
<tt class="literal">\begin{nam}</tt>; a parameter of the form
<tt class="literal">#n</tt> in <tt class="literal">cmd</tt> is
replaced by the text of the nth argument when this substitution
takes place.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">enddef</td>
<td align="justify">The text substituted for every occurrence of
<tt class="literal">\end{nam}</tt>. It may not contain any argument
parameters.</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-newtheorem-title"></a><tt class="literal">\newtheorem</tt></h5>
<a id="id2521865" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2521872"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2521878" class="indexterm"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\newtheorem{env_name}{caption}[within]
\newtheorem{env_name}[numbered_like]{caption}
</pre>
<p>This command defines a theorem-like environment.</p>
<div class="table"><a id="id2521896"></a>
<p class="title"><b>Table 1.3. Options for
<tt class="literal">\newtheorem</tt></b></p>
<table summary="Options for \newtheorem" border="0">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" />
<col align="justify" /></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left">env_name</td>
<td align="justify">The name of the environment to be defined. A
string of letters. It must not be the name of an existing
environment or counter.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">caption</td>
<td align="justify">The text printed at the beginning of the
environment, right before the number. This may simply say
<span class="emphasis"><em>Theorem</em></span>, for
example.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">within</td>
<td align="justify">The name of an already defined counter, usually
of a sectional unit. Provides a means of resetting the new theorem
counter <span class="bold"><b>within</b></span> the sectional
unit.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">numbered_like</td>
<td align="justify">The name of an already defined theorem-like
environment.</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\newtheorem</tt> command may have at
most one optional argument.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-newfont-title"></a><tt class="literal">\newfont</tt></h5>
<a id="id2522022" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2522028"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2522035" class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\newfont{cmd}{font_name}</tt></p>
<p>Defines the command name <tt class="literal">cmd</tt>, which
must not be currently defined, to be a declaration that selects the
font named <tt class="literal">font_name</tt> to be the current
font.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="document-classes"></a>2.3.4 Document
Classes</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2522083" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2522090"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2522097"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2522104"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2522110"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2522117"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2522124" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Valid LaTeX document classes include:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li>article</li>
<li>report</li>
<li>letter</li>
<li>book</li>
<li>slides</li></ul></div>
<p>Other document classes are often available. See
<a href="#overview"
title="2.2 Overview of LaTeX and Local Guide ">Overview</a>, for
details. They are selected with the following command:</p>
<p><tt class="literal">\documentclass [options] {class}</tt></p>
<p>All the standard classes (except slides) accept the following
options for selecting the typeface size
(<tt class="literal">10pt</tt> is default):</p>
<p><tt class="literal">10pt, 11pt, 12pt</tt></p>
<p>All classes accept these options for selecting the paper size
(default is letter):</p>
<p>a4paper, a5paper, b5paper, letterpaper, legalpaper,
executivepaper</p>
<p>Miscellaneous options:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li>landscape --- selects landscape format. Default is
portrait.</li>
<li>titlepage, notitlepage --- selects if there should be a
separate title page.</li>
<li>leqno --- equation number on left side of equations. Default is
right side.</li>
<li>fleqn --- displayed formulas flush left. Default is
centered.</li>
<li>openbib --- use <span class="emphasis"><em>open</em></span>
bibliography format.</li>
<li>draft, final --- mark/do not mark overfull boxes with a rule.
Default is final.</li></ul></div>
<p>These options are not available with the slides class:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li>oneside, twoside --- selects one- or twosided layout. Default
is oneside, except for the book class.</li>
<li>openright, openany --- determines if a chapter should start on
a right-hand page. Default is openright for book.</li>
<li>onecolumn, twocolumn --- one or two columns. Defaults to one
column.</li></ul></div>
<p>The slides class offers the option
<tt class="literal">clock</tt> for printing the time at the bottom
of each note.</p>
<p>If you specify more than one option, they must be separated by a
comma.</p>
<p>Additional packages are loaded by a</p>
<p><a id="usepackage-linkend"></a>
<tt class="literal">\usepackage[options]{pkg}</tt>
<a id="id2522347" class="indexterm"></a></p>
<p>command. If you specify more than one package, they must be
separated by a comma. <a id="id2522359" class="indexterm"></a>
<a id="id2522365" class="indexterm"></a></p>
<p>Any options given in the <tt class="literal">\documentclass</tt>
command that are unknown by the selected document class are passed
on to the packages loaded with
<tt class="literal">\usepackage</tt>. <a id="id2522390"
class="indexterm"></a> <a id="id2522397" class="indexterm"></a></p>
<a id="id2522405" class="indexterm"></a></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="layout"></a>2.3.5
Layout</h4></div></div></div>
<p>Miscellaneous commands for controlling the general layout of the
page.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-flushbottom-title"></a><tt class="literal">\flushbottom</tt></h5>
<a id="id2522444" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\flushbottom</tt> declaration makes all
text pages the same height, adding extra vertical space when
necessary to fill out the page.</p>
<p>This is the standard if twocolumn mode is selected.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-onecolumn-title"></a><tt class="literal">\onecolumn</tt></h5>
<a id="id2522480" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\onecolumn</tt> declaration starts a new
page and produces single-column output.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-raggedbottom-title"></a><tt class="literal">\raggedbottom</tt></h5>
<a id="id2522511" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\raggedbottom</tt> declaration makes all
pages the height of the text on that page. No extra vertical space
is added.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-twocolumn-title"></a><tt class="literal">\twocolumn</tt></h5>
<a id="id2522542" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2522549"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\twocolumn[text]</tt></p>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\twocolumn</tt> declaration starts a new
page and produces two-column output. If the optional
<tt class="literal">text</tt> argument is present, it is typeset in
one-column mode.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="env-latex"></a>2.3.6
Environments</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2522598" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2522605"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2522612" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>LaTeX provides a number of different paragraph-making
environments. Each environment begins and ends in the same
manner.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{environment-name}
.
.
.
\end{environment-name}
</pre>
<h5 class="title"><a id="env-array"></a>array</h5>
<a id="id2522642" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2522649"
class="indexterm"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{array}{col1col2...coln}
column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
.
.
.
\end{array}
</pre>
<p>Math arrays are produced with the array environment. It has a
single mandatory argument describing the number of columns and the
alignment within them. Each column, <tt class="literal">coln</tt>,
is specified by a single letter that tells how items in that row
should be formatted.</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li><tt class="literal">c</tt> --- for centered</li>
<li><tt class="literal">l</tt> --- for flush left</li>
<li><tt class="literal">r</tt> --- for flush right</li></ul></div>
<p>Column entries must be separated by an
<tt class="literal">&</tt>. Column entries may include other
LaTeX commands. Each row of the array must be terminated with the
string <tt class="literal">\\</tt>.</p>
<p>Note that the <tt class="literal">array</tt> environment can
only be used in math mode, so normally it is used inside an
<tt class="literal">equation</tt> environment.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="env-center"></a><tt class="literal">center</tt></h5>
<a id="id2522771" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2522778"
class="indexterm"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{center}
Text on line 1 \\
Text on line 2 \\
.
.
.
\end{center}
</pre>
<p>The <tt class="literal">center</tt> environment allows you to
create a paragraph consisting of lines that are centered within the
left and right margins on the current page. Each line must be
terminated with the string <tt class="literal">\\</tt>.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-centering"></a><tt class="literal">\centering</tt></h5>
<a id="id2522824" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2522831"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2522837" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>This declaration corresponds to the
<tt class="literal">center</tt> environment. This declaration can
be used inside an environment such as
<tt class="literal">quote</tt> or in a
<tt class="literal">parbox</tt>. The text of a figure or table can
be centered on the page by putting a
<tt class="literal">\centering</tt> command at the beginning of the
figure or table environment.</p>
<p>Unlike the <tt class="literal">center</tt> environment, the
<tt class="literal">\centering</tt> command does not start a new
paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph units. To
affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration must
contain the blank line or <tt class="literal">\end</tt> command (of
an environment like quote) that ends the paragraph unit.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="env-description"></a><tt class="literal">description</tt></h5>
<a id="id2522919" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2522926"
class="indexterm"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{description}
\item [label] First item
\item [label] Second item
.
.
.
\end{description}
</pre>
<p>The <tt class="literal">description</tt> environment is used to
make labelled lists. The <tt class="literal">label</tt> is bold
face and flushed right.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="env-enumerate"></a><tt class="literal">enumerate</tt></h5>
<a id="id2522970" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2522977"
class="indexterm"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{enumerate}
\item First item
\item Second item
.
.
.
\end{enumerate}
</pre>
<p>The <tt class="literal">enumerate</tt> environment produces a
numbered list. Enumerations can be nested within one another, up to
four levels deep. They can also be nested within other
paragraph-making environments.</p>
<p>Each item of an enumerated list begins with an
<tt class="literal">\item</tt> command. There must be at least one
<tt class="literal">\item</tt> command within the environment.</p>
<p>The <tt class="literal">enumerate</tt> environment uses the
<tt class="literal">enumi</tt> through
<tt class="literal">enumiv</tt> counters (see <a href="#counters"
title="2.3.1 Counters">Counters</a>). The type of numbering can be
changed by redefining <tt class="literal">\theenumi</tt> etc.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="env-eqnarray"></a><tt class="literal">eqnarray</tt></h5>
<a id="id2523071" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2523078"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2523085" class="indexterm"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{eqnarray}
math formula 1 \\
math formula 2 \\
.
.
.
\end{eqnarray}
</pre>
<p>The <tt class="literal">eqnarray</tt> environment is used to
display a sequence of equations or inequalities. It is very much
like a three-column <tt class="literal">array</tt> environment,
with consecutive rows separated by <tt class="literal">\\</tt> and
consecutive items within a row separated by an
<tt class="literal">&</tt>.</p>
<p>An equation number is placed on every line unless that line has
a <tt class="literal">\nonumber</tt> command.</p>
<a id="id2523140" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The command <tt class="literal">\lefteqn</tt> is used for
splitting long formulas across lines. It typesets its argument in
display style flush left in a box of zero width.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="env-equation"></a><tt class="literal">equation</tt></h5>
<a id="id2523173" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2523180"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2523187" class="indexterm"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{equation}
math formula
\end{equation}
</pre>
<p>The <tt class="literal">equation</tt> environment centers your
equation on the page and places the equation number in the right
margin.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="env-figure"></a><tt class="literal">figure</tt></h5>
<a id="id2523223" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2523230"
class="indexterm"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{figure}[placement]
body of the figure
\caption{figure title}
\end{figure}
</pre>
<a id="id2523244" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Figures are objects that are not part of the normal text, and
are usually <span class="emphasis"><em>floated</em></span> to a
convenient place, like the top of a page. Figures will not be split
between two pages.</p>
<p>The optional argument <tt class="literal">[placement]</tt>
determines where LaTeX will try to place your figure. There are
four places where LaTeX can possibly put a float:</p>
<div class="orderedlist">
<ol type="1">
<li>
<p><tt class="literal">h</tt> (Here) - at the position in the text
where the figure environment appears.</p></li>
<li>
<p><tt class="literal">t</tt> (Top) - at the top of a text
page.</p></li>
<li>
<p><tt class="literal">b</tt> (Bottom) - at the bottom of a text
page.</p></li>
<li>
<p><tt class="literal">p</tt> (Page of floats) - on a separate
float page, which is a page containing no text, only
floats.</p></li></ol></div>
<p>The standard report and article classes use the default
placement <tt class="literal">tbp</tt>.</p>
<p>The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, LaTeX
commands, etc. you wish. The <tt class="literal">\caption</tt>
command allows you to title your figure.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="env-flushleft"></a><tt class="literal">flushleft</tt></h5>
<a id="id2523376" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2523383"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2523390" class="indexterm"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{flushleft}
Text on line 1 \\
Text on line 2 \\
.
.
.
\end{flushleft}
</pre>
<p>The <tt class="literal">flushleft</tt> environment allows you to
create a paragraph consisting of lines that are flushed left, to
the left-hand margin. Each line must be terminated with the string
<tt class="literal">\\</tt>.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-raggedright"></a><tt class="literal">\raggedright</tt></h5>
<a id="id2523435" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2523442"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2523449"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2523456" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>This declaration corresponds to the
<tt class="literal">flushleft</tt> environment. This declaration
can be used inside an environment such as
<tt class="literal">quote</tt> or in a
<tt class="literal">parbox</tt>.</p>
<p>Unlike the <tt class="literal">flushleft</tt> environment, the
<tt class="literal">\raggedright</tt> command does not start a new
paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph units. To
affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration must
contain the blank line or <tt class="literal">\end</tt> command (of
an environment like quote) that ends the paragraph unit.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="env-flushright"></a><tt class="literal">flushright</tt></h5>
<a id="id2523530" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2523537"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2523544" class="indexterm"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{flushright}
Text on line 1 \\
Text on line 2 \\
.
.
.
\end{flushright}
</pre>
<p>The <tt class="literal">flushright</tt> environment allows you
to create a paragraph consisting of lines that are flushed right,
to the right-hand margin. Each line must be terminated with the
string <tt class="literal">\\</tt>.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-raggedleft"></a><tt class="literal">\raggedleft</tt></h5>
<a id="id2523590" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2523597"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2523604"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2523611" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>This declaration corresponds to the
<tt class="literal">flushright</tt> environment. This declaration
can be used inside an environment such as
<tt class="literal">quote</tt> or in a
<tt class="literal">parbox</tt>.</p>
<p>Unlike the <tt class="literal">flushright</tt> environment, the
<tt class="literal">\raggedleft</tt> command does not start a new
paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph units. To
affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration must
contain the blank line or <tt class="literal">\end</tt> command (of
an environment like quote) that ends the paragraph unit.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="env-itemize"></a><tt class="literal">itemize</tt></h5>
<a id="id2523684" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2523690"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2523697" class="indexterm"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{itemize}
\item First item
\item Second item
.
.
.
\end{itemize}
</pre>
<p>The <tt class="literal">itemize</tt> environment produces a
<span class="emphasis"><em>bulleted</em></span> list. Itemizations
can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can
also be nested within other paragraph-making environments.</p>
<p>Each item of an <tt class="literal">itemized</tt> list begins
with an <tt class="literal">\item</tt> command. There must be at
least one <tt class="literal">\item</tt> command within the
environment.</p>
<p>The <tt class="literal">itemize</tt> environment uses the
<tt class="literal">itemi</tt> through
<tt class="literal">itemiv</tt> counters (see <a href="#counters"
title="2.3.1 Counters">Counters</a>). The type of numbering can be
changed by redefining <tt class="literal">\theitemi</tt> etc.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="env-letter"></a><tt class="literal">letter</tt></h5>
<a id="id2523799" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>This environment is used for creating letters. See
<a href="#letters" title="2.3.9 Letters">Letters</a>.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="env-list"></a><tt class="literal">list</tt></h5>
<a id="id2523830" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2523837"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The <tt class="literal">list</tt> environment is a generic
environment which is used for defining many of the more specific
environments. It is seldom used in documents, but often in
macros.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{list}{label}{spacing}
\item First item
\item Second item
.
.
.
\end{list}
</pre>
<p>The <tt class="literal">{label}</tt> argument specifies how
items should be labelled. This argument is a piece of text that is
inserted in a box to form the label. This argument can and usually
does contain other LaTeX commands.</p>
<p>The <tt class="literal">{spacing}</tt> argument contains
commands to change the spacing parameters for the list. This
argument will most often be null, i.e.,
<tt class="literal">{}</tt>. This will select all default spacing
which should suffice for most cases.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="env-minipage"></a><tt class="literal">minipage</tt></h5>
<a id="id2523912" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2523919"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2523926"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2523933" class="indexterm"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{minipage}[position][height][inner-pos]{width}
text
\end{minipage}
</pre>
<p>The <tt class="literal">minipage</tt> environment is similar to
a <tt class="literal">\parbox</tt> command. It takes the same
optional <tt class="literal">position</tt> argument and mandatory
<tt class="literal">width</tt> argument. You may use other
paragraph-making environments inside a minipage.</p>
<p>Footnotes in a <tt class="literal">minipage</tt> environment are
handled in a way that is particularly useful for putting footnotes
in figures or tables. A <tt class="literal">\footnote</tt> or
<tt class="literal">\footnotetext</tt> command puts the footnote at
the bottom of the minipage instead of at the bottom of the page,
and it uses the <tt class="literal">mpfootnote</tt> counter instead
of the ordinary <tt class="literal">footnote</tt> counter See
<a href="#counters" title="2.3.1 Counters">Counters</a>.</p>
<p>NOTE: Don't put one minipage inside another if you are using
footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong
minipage.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="env-picture"></a><tt class="literal">picture</tt></h5>
<a id="id2524040" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2524047"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2524054" class="indexterm"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset)
.
.
picture commands
.
.
\end{picture}
</pre>
<p>The <tt class="literal">picture</tt> environment allows you to
create just about any kind of picture you want containing text,
lines, arrows and circles. You tell LaTeX where to put things in
the picture by specifying their coordinates. A coordinate is a
number that may have a decimal point and a minus sign --- a number
like <tt class="literal">5</tt>, <tt class="literal">2.3</tt> or
<tt class="literal">-3.1416</tt>. A coordinate specifies a length
in multiples of the unit length
<tt class="literal">\unitlength</tt>, so if
<tt class="literal">\unitlength</tt> has been set to
<tt class="literal">1cm</tt>, then the coordinate 2.54 specifies a
length of 2.54 centimetres. You can change the value of
<tt class="literal">\unitlength</tt> anywhere you want, using the
<tt class="literal">\setlength</tt> command, but strange things
will happen if you try changing it inside the picture
environment.</p>
<p>A position is a pair of coordinates, such as
<tt class="literal">(2.4,-5)</tt>, specifying the point with
x-coordinate <tt class="literal">2.4</tt> and y-coordinate
<tt class="literal">-5</tt>. Coordinates are specified in the usual
way with respect to an origin, which is normally at the lower-left
corner of the picture. Note that when a position appears as an
argument, it is not enclosed in braces; the parentheses serve to
delimit the argument.</p>
<p>The <tt class="literal">picture</tt> environment has one
mandatory argument, which is a <tt class="literal">position</tt>.
It specifies the size of the picture. The environment produces a
rectangular box with width and height determined by this argument's
x- and y-coordinates.</p>
<p>The <tt class="literal">picture</tt> environment also has an
optional <tt class="literal">position</tt> argument, following the
<tt class="literal">size</tt> argument, that can change the origin.
(Unlike ordinary optional arguments, this argument is not contained
in square brackets.) The optional argument gives the coordinates of
the point at the lower-left corner of the picture (thereby
determining the origin). For example, if
<tt class="literal">\unitlength</tt> has been set to
<tt class="literal">1mm</tt>, the command</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20)
</pre>
<p>produces a picture of width 100 millimetres and height 200
millimetres, whose lower-left corner is the point (10,20) and whose
upper-right corner is therefore the point (110,220). When you first
draw a picture, you will omit the optional argument, leaving the
origin at the lower-left corner. If you then want to modify your
picture by shifting everything, you just add the appropriate
optional argument.</p>
<p>The environment's mandatory argument determines the nominal size
of the picture. This need bear no relation to how large the picture
really is; LaTeX will happily allow you to put things outside the
picture, or even off the page. The picture's nominal size is used
by LaTeX in determining how much room to leave for it.</p>
<p>Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the
<tt class="literal">\put</tt> command. The command</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\put (11.3,-.3){...}
</pre>
<p>puts the object specified by <tt class="literal">...</tt> in the
picture, with its reference point at coordinates (11.3,-.3). The
reference points for various objects will be described below.</p>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\put</tt> command creates an
<span class="bold"><b>LR box</b></span>. You can put anything in
the text argument of the <tt class="literal">\put</tt> command that
you'd put into the argument of an <tt class="literal">\mbox</tt>
and related commands. When you do this, the reference point will be
the lower left corner of the box.</p>
<p>Picture commands:</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-circle"></a><tt class="literal">\circle{diameter},
\circle*{diameter}</tt></h5>
<a id="id2524329" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\circle</tt> command produces a circle
with a diameter as close to the specified one as possible. If the
<tt class="literal">*</tt>-form of the command is used, LaTeX draws
a solid circle.</p>
<p>Note that only circles up to 40 pt can be drawn.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-dashbox"></a><tt class="literal">\dashbox</tt></h5>
<a id="id2524374" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Draws a box with a dashed line.</p>
<p>
<tt class="literal">\dashbox{dash_length}(width,height){...}</tt></p>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\dashbox</tt> has an extra argument
which specifies the width of each dash. A dashed box looks best
when the <tt class="literal">width</tt> and
<tt class="literal">height</tt> are multiples of the
<tt class="literal">dash_length</tt>.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-frame"></a><tt class="literal">\frame{...}</tt></h5>
<a id="id2524435" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\frame</tt> command puts a rectangular
frame around the object specified in the argument. The reference
point is the bottom left corner of the frame. No extra space is put
between the frame and the object.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-framebox-op-picture-cp"></a><tt class="literal">\framebox(width,height)[position]{...}</tt></h5>
<a id="id2524469" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\framebox</tt> command is exactly the
same as the <tt class="literal">\makebox</tt> command, except that
it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it creates.</p>
<p>The <tt class="literal">framebox</tt> command produces a rule of
thickness <tt class="literal">\fboxrule</tt>, and leaves a space
<tt class="literal">\fboxsep</tt> between the rule and the contents
of the box.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-line"></a><tt class="literal">\line(x
slope,y slope){length}</tt></h5>
<a id="id2524529" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\line</tt> command draws a line of the
specified <tt class="literal">length</tt> and
<tt class="literal">slope</tt>.</p>
<p>Note that LaTeX can only draw lines with slope = x/y, where x
and y have integer values from -6 through 6.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-linethickness"></a><tt class="literal">\linethickness{dimension}</tt></h5>
<a id="id2524580" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Declares the thickness of horizontal and vertical lines in a
picture environment to be <tt class="literal">dimension</tt>, which
must be a positive length. It does not affect the thickness of
slanted lines and circles, or the quarter circles drawn by
<tt class="literal">\oval</tt> to form the corners of an oval.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-makebox-op-picture-cp"></a><tt class="literal">\makebox(width,height)[position]{...}</tt></h5>
<a id="id2524621" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\makebox</tt> command for the picture
environment is similar to the normal
<tt class="literal">\makebox</tt> command except that you must
specify a <tt class="literal">width</tt> and
<tt class="literal">height</tt> in multiples of
<tt class="literal">\unitlength</tt>.</p>
<p>The optional argument, <tt class="literal">[position]</tt>,
specifies the quadrant that your text appears in. You may select up
to two of the following:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li><tt class="literal">t</tt> - Moves the item to the top of the
rectangle</li>
<li><tt class="literal">b</tt> - Moves the item to the bottom</li>
<li><tt class="literal">l</tt> - Moves the item to the left</li>
<li><tt class="literal">r</tt> - Moves the item to the
right</li></ul></div>
<p>See <a href="#cmd-makebox">\makebox</a>.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-multiput"></a><tt class="literal">\multiput(x coord,y
coord)(delta x,delta y){number of copies}{object}</tt></h5>
<a id="id2524752" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\multiput</tt> command can be used when
you are putting the same object in a regular pattern across a
picture.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-oval"></a><tt class="literal">\oval(width,height)[portion]</tt></h5>
<a id="id2524783" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\oval</tt> command produces a rectangle
with rounded corners. The optional argument,
<tt class="literal">[portion]</tt>, allows you to select part of
the oval.</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li><tt class="literal">t</tt> - Selects the top portion</li>
<li><tt class="literal">b</tt> - Selects the bottom portion</li>
<li><tt class="literal">r</tt> - Selects the right portion</li>
<li><tt class="literal">l</tt> - Selects the left
portion</li></ul></div>
<p>Note that the <span class="emphasis"><em>corners</em></span> of
the oval are made with quarter circles with a maximum radius of 20
pt, so large <span class="emphasis"><em>ovals</em></span> will look
more like boxes with rounded corners.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-put"></a><tt class="literal">\put(x
coord,y coord){ ... }</tt></h5>
<a id="id2524885" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\put</tt> command places the item
specified by the mandatory argument at the given coordinates.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-shortstack"></a><tt class="literal">\shortstack[position]{...
\\ ... \\ ...}</tt></h5>
<a id="id2524917" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\shortstack</tt> command produces a
stack of objects. The valid positions are:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li><tt class="literal">r</tt> - Moves the objects to the right of
the stack</li>
<li><tt class="literal">l</tt> - Moves the objects to the left of
the stack</li>
<li><tt class="literal">c</tt> - Moves the objects to the centre of
the stack (default)</li></ul></div>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-vector"></a><tt class="literal">\vector(x slope,y
slope){length}</tt></h5>
<a id="id2524989" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\vector</tt> command draws a line with
an arrow of the specified length and slope. The
<tt class="literal">x</tt> and <tt class="literal">y</tt> values
must lie between -4 and +4, inclusive.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="env-quotation"></a><tt class="literal">quotation</tt></h5>
<a id="id2525032" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2525038"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2525046" class="indexterm"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{quotation}
text
\end{quotation}
</pre>
<p>The margins of the <tt class="literal">quotation</tt>
environment are indented on the left and the right. The text is
justified at both margins and there is paragraph indentation.
Leaving a blank line between text produces a new paragraph.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="env-quote"></a><tt class="literal">quote</tt></h5>
<a id="id2525085" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2525092"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2525099" class="indexterm"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{quote}
text
\end{quote}
</pre>
<p>The margins of the <tt class="literal">quote</tt> environment
are indented on the left and the right. The text is justified at
both margins. Leaving a blank line between text produces a new
paragraph.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="env-tabbing"></a><tt class="literal">tabbing</tt></h5>
<a id="id2525137" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2525144"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2525151" class="indexterm"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{tabbing}
text \= more text \= still more text \= last text \\
second row \> \> more \\
.
.
.
\end{tabbing}
</pre>
<p>The <tt class="literal">tabbing</tt> environment provides a way
to align text in columns. It works by setting tab stops and tabbing
to them much the way you do with an ordinary typewriter.</p>
<p>It is best suited for cases where the width of each column is
constant and known in advance.</p>
<p>This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the
<tt class="literal">tabular</tt> environment.</p>
<p>The following commands can be used inside a
<tt class="literal">tabbing</tt> environment:</p>
<div class="table"><a id="id2525205"></a>
<p class="title"><b>Table 1.4. Commands in a
<tt class="literal">tabbing</tt> environment</b></p>
<table summary="Commands in a tabbing environment" border="0">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" />
<col align="justify" /></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left">\= <a id="id2525244" class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Sets a tab stop at the current
position.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\> <a id="id2525263"
class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Advances to the next tab stop.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\< <a id="id2525282"
class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify">This command allows you to put something to the
left of the local margin without changing the margin. Can only be
used at the start of the line.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\+ <a id="id2525302" class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Moves the left margin of the next and all the
following commands one tab stop to the right.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\- <a id="id2525322" class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Moves the left margin of the next and all the
following commands one tab stop to the left.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\' <a id="id2525341" class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Moves everything that you have typed so far in
the current column, i.e. everything from the most recent
<tt class="literal">\></tt>, <tt class="literal">\<</tt>,
<tt class="literal">\'</tt>, <tt class="literal">\\</tt>, or
<tt class="literal">\kill</tt> command, to the right of the
previous column, flush against the current column's tab
stop.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\` <a id="id2525392" class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Allows you to put text flush right against any
tab stop, including tab stop 0. However, it can't move text to the
right of the last column because there's no tab stop there. The
<tt class="literal">\`</tt> command moves all the text that follows
it, up to the <tt class="literal">\\</tt> or
<tt class="literal">\end{tabbing}</tt> command that ends the line,
to the right margin of the tabbing environment. There must be no
<tt class="literal">\></tt> or <tt class="literal">\'</tt>
command between the <tt class="literal">\`</tt> and the command
that ends the line.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\kill <a id="id2525452"
class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Sets tab stops without producing text. Works
just like <tt class="literal">\\</tt> except that it throws away
the current line instead of producing output for it. The effect of
any <tt class="literal">\=</tt>, <tt class="literal">\+</tt> or
<tt class="literal">\-</tt> commands in that line remain in
effect.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\pushtabs <a id="id2525497"
class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Saves all current tab stop positions. Useful
for temporarily changing tab stop positions in the middle of a
<tt class="literal">tabbing</tt> environment.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\poptabs <a id="id2525524"
class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Restores the tab stop positions saved by the
last <tt class="literal">\pushtabs</tt>.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\a <a id="id2525548" class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify">In a <tt class="literal">tabbing</tt>
environment, the commands <tt class="literal">\=</tt>,
<tt class="literal">\'</tt> and <tt class="literal">\`</tt> do not
produce accents as normal. Instead, the commands
<tt class="literal">\a=</tt>, <tt class="literal">\a'</tt> and
<tt class="literal">\a`</tt> are
used.</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<p>This example typesets a Pascal function in a traditional
format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{tabbing}
function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\
\> begin \= \+ \\
\> if \= n $>$ 1 then \+ \\
fact := n * fact(n-1) \- \\
else \+ \\
fact := 1; \-\- \\
end;\\
\end{tabbing}
</pre>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="env-table"></a><tt class="literal">table</tt></h5>
<a id="id2525638" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2525645"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2525652" class="indexterm"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{table}[placement]
body of the table
\caption{table title}
\end{table}
</pre>
<p>Tables are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are
usually <span class="emphasis"><em>floated</em></span> to a
convenient place, like the top of a page. Tables will not be split
between two pages.</p>
<p>The optional argument <tt class="literal">[placement]</tt>
determines where LaTeX will try to place your table. There are four
places where LaTeX can possibly put a float:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li><tt class="literal">h</tt> : Here - at the position in the text
where the table environment appears.</li>
<li><tt class="literal">t</tt> : Top - at the top of a text
page.</li>
<li><tt class="literal">b</tt> : Bottom - at the bottom of a text
page.</li>
<li><tt class="literal">p</tt> : Page of floats - on a separate
float page, which is a page containing no text, only
floats.</li></ul></div>
<p>The standard <tt class="literal">report</tt> and
<tt class="literal">article</tt> classes use the default placement
<tt class="literal">[tbp]</tt>.</p>
<p>The body of the table is made up of whatever text, LaTeX
commands, etc., you wish. The <tt class="literal">\caption</tt>
command allows you to title your table.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="env-tabular"></a><tt class="literal">tabular</tt></h5>
<a id="id2525799" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2525806"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2525813" class="indexterm"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{tabular}[pos]{cols}
column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
.
.
.
\end{tabular}
</pre>
<p>or</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols}
column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
.
.
.
\end{tabular*}
</pre>
<p>These environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of
rows of items, aligned vertically in columns. The mandatory and
optional arguments consist of:</p>
<div class="table"><a id="id2525850"></a>
<p class="title"><b>Table 1.5. Commands used inside a
<tt class="literal">tabular</tt> environment</b></p>
<table summary="Commands used inside a tabular environment"
border="0">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" />
<col align="justify" /></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left">width</td>
<td align="justify">Specifies the width of the
<tt class="literal">tabular*</tt> environment. There must be rubber
space between columns that can stretch to fill out the specified
width.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">pos</td>
<td align="justify">Specifies the vertical position; default is
alignment on the centre of the environment.
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li><tt class="literal">t</tt> - align on top row</li>
<li><tt class="literal">b</tt> - align on bottom
row</li></ul></div></td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">cols</td>
<td align="justify">Specifies the column formatting. It consists of
a sequence of the following specifiers, corresponding to the
sequence of columns and intercolumn material.
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li><tt class="literal">l</tt> - A column of left-aligned
items.</li>
<li><tt class="literal">r</tt> - A column of right-aligned
items.</li>
<li><tt class="literal">c</tt> - A column of centred items.</li>
<li><tt class="literal">|</tt> - A vertical line the full height
and depth of the environment.</li>
<li><tt class="literal">@{text}</tt> - This inserts
<tt class="literal">text</tt> in every row. An @-expression
suppresses the intercolumn space normally inserted between columns;
any desired space between the inserted text and the adjacent items
must be included in text. An
<tt class="literal">\extracolsep{wd}</tt> command in an
@-expression causes an extra space of width
<tt class="literal">wd</tt> to appear to the left of all subsequent
columns, until countermanded by another
<tt class="literal">\extracolsep</tt> command. Unlike ordinary
intercolumn space, this extra space is not suppressed by an
@-expression. An <tt class="literal">\extracolsep</tt> command can
be used only in an @-expression in the
<tt class="literal">cols</tt> argument.</li>
<li>
<p><tt class="literal">p{wd}</tt> - Produces a column with each
item typeset in a parbox of width <tt class="literal">wd</tt>, as
if it were the argument of a
<tt class="literal">\parbox[t]{wd}</tt> command. However, a
<tt class="literal">\\</tt> may not appear in the item, except in
the following situations:</p>
<div class="orderedlist">
<ol type="1">
<li>inside an environment like <tt class="literal">minipage</tt>,
<tt class="literal">array</tt>, or
<tt class="literal">tabular</tt>.</li>
<li>inside an explicit <tt class="literal">\parbox</tt>.</li>
<li>in the scope of a <tt class="literal">\centering</tt>,
<tt class="literal">\raggedright</tt>, or
<tt class="literal">\raggedleft</tt> declaration. The latter
declarations must appear inside braces or an environment when used
in a <tt class="literal">p</tt>-column
element.</li></ol></div></li>
<li><tt class="literal">*{num}{cols}</tt> - Equivalent to
<tt class="literal">num</tt> copies of
<tt class="literal">cols</tt>, where <tt class="literal">num</tt>
is any positive integer and <tt class="literal">cols</tt> is any
list of column-specifiers, which may contain another
<tt class="literal">*-expression</tt>.</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<p>These commands can be used inside a
<tt class="literal">tabular</tt> environment:</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-cline"></a><tt class="literal">\cline{i-j}</tt></h5>
<a id="id2526249" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\cline</tt> command draws horizontal
lines across the columns specified, beginning in column
<tt class="literal">i</tt> and ending in column
<tt class="literal">j</tt>, which are identified in the mandatory
argument.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-hline"></a><tt class="literal">\hline</tt></h5>
<a id="id2526292" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\hline</tt> command will draw a
horizontal line the width of the table. It's most commonly used to
draw a line at the top, bottom, and between the rows of the
table.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-multicolumn"></a><tt class="literal">\multicolumn</tt></h5>
<a id="id2526324" class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\multicolumn{cols}{pos}{text}</tt></p>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\multicolumn</tt> is used to make an
entry that spans several columns. The first mandatory argument,
<tt class="literal">cols</tt>, specifies the number of columns to
span. The second mandatory argument, <tt class="literal">pos</tt>,
specifies the formatting of the entry; <tt class="literal">c</tt>
for centred, <tt class="literal">l</tt> for flushleft,
<tt class="literal">r</tt> for flushright. The third mandatory
argument, <tt class="literal">text</tt>, specifies what text is to
make up the entry.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-vline"></a><tt class="literal">\vline</tt></h5>
<a id="id2526402" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\vline</tt> command will draw a vertical
line extending the full height and depth of its row. An
<tt class="literal">\hfill</tt> command can be used to move the
line to the edge of the column. It can also be used in an
@-expression.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="env-thebibliography"></a><tt class="literal">thebibliography</tt></h5>
<a id="id2526441" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2526448"
class="indexterm"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{thebibliography}{widest-label}
\bibitem[label]{cite_key}
.
.
.
\end{thebibliography}
</pre>
<p>The <tt class="literal">thebibliography</tt> environment
produces a bibliography or reference list. In the
<tt class="literal">article</tt> class, this reference list is
labelled <span class="emphasis"><em>References</em></span>; in the
<tt class="literal">report</tt> class, it is labelled
<span class="emphasis"><em>Bibliography</em></span>.</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li><tt class="literal">widest-label</tt>: Text that, when printed,
is approximately as wide as the widest item label produces by the
<tt class="literal">\bibitem</tt> commands.</li></ul></div>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-bibitem"></a><tt class="literal">\bibitem[label]{cite_key}</tt></h5>
<a id="id2526531" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\bibitem</tt> command generates an entry
labelled by <tt class="literal">label</tt>. If the
<tt class="literal">label</tt> argument is missing, a number is
generated as the <tt class="literal">label</tt>, using the
<tt class="literal">enumi</tt> counter. The
<tt class="literal">cite_key</tt> is any sequence of letters,
numbers, and punctuation symbols not containing a comma. This
command writes an entry on the <tt class="filename">.aux</tt> file
containing <tt class="literal">cite_key</tt> and the item's
<tt class="literal">label</tt>. When this
<tt class="filename">.aux</tt> file is read by the
<tt class="literal">\begin{document}</tt> command, the item's
<tt class="literal">label</tt> is associated with
<tt class="literal">cite_key</tt>, causing the reference to
<tt class="literal">cite_key</tt> by a
<tt class="literal">\cite</tt> command to produce the associated
<tt class="literal">label</tt>.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-cite"></a><tt class="literal">\cite[text]{key_list}</tt></h5>
<a id="id2526657" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The <tt class="literal">key_list</tt> argument is a list of
citation keys. This command generates an in-text citation to the
references associated with the keys in
<tt class="literal">key_list</tt> by entries on the
<tt class="filename">.aux</tt> file read by the
<tt class="literal">\begin{document}</tt> command.</p>
<p>The optional <tt class="literal">text</tt> argument will appear
after the citation, i.e.
<tt class="literal">\cite[p.~2f.]{knuth}</tt> might produce
`[Knuth, p. 2]'.</p>
<p><a id="id2526714" class="indexterm"></a> The package
<tt class="literal">cite.sty</tt> allows a line break in the
<tt class="literal">\cite</tt> reference and can sort numerical
entries.</p>
<p><a id="id2526740" class="indexterm"></a>
<tt class="literal">overcite.sty</tt> makes citations like
footnotes.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-nocite"></a><tt class="literal">\nocite{key_list}</tt></h5>
<a id="id2526770" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\nocite</tt> command produces no text,
but writes <tt class="literal">key_list</tt>, which is a list of
one or more citation keys, on the <tt class="filename">.aux</tt>
file. <tt class="literal">\nocite{*}</tt> uses all entries from the
BibTeX database.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="using-bibtex"></a>Using BibTeX</h5>
<a id="id2526818" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2526825"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2526837"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2526844"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2526855" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>If you use the BibTeX program by Oren Patashnik (highly
recommended if you need a bibliography of more than a couple of
titles) to maintain your bibliography, you don't use the
<tt class="literal">thebibliography</tt> environment. Instead, you
include the lines</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\bibliographystyle{style}
\bibliography{bibfile}
</pre>
<p>where <tt class="literal">style</tt> refers to a file
<tt class="literal">style.bst</tt>, which defines how your
citations will look.</p>
<div class="table"><a id="id2526898"></a>
<p class="title"><b>Table 1.6. Standard styles
distributed with BibTeX</b></p>
<table summary="Standard styles distributed with BibTeX"
border="0">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" />
<col align="justify" /></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left">alpha</td>
<td align="justify">Sorted alphabetically. Labels are formed from
name of author and year of publication.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">plain</td>
<td align="justify">Sorted alphabetically. Labels are
numeric.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">unsrt</td>
<td align="justify">Like <tt class="literal">plain</tt>, but
entries are in order of citation.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">abbrv</td>
<td align="justify">Like <tt class="literal">plain</tt>, but more
compact labels.</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<p>In addition, numerous other BibTeX style files exist tailored to
the demands of various publications.</p>
<p>The argument to <tt class="literal">\bibliography</tt> refers to
the file <tt class="literal">bibfile.bib</tt>, which should contain
your database in BibTeX format. Only the entries referred to via
<tt class="literal">\cite</tt> and <tt class="literal">\nocite</tt>
will be listed in the bibliography.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="env-theorem"></a><tt class="literal">theorem</tt></h5>
<a id="id2527036" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2527043"
class="indexterm"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{theorem}
theorem text
\end{theorem}
</pre>
<p>The <tt class="literal">theorem</tt> environment produces
<span class="emphasis"><em>Theorem x</em></span> in boldface
followed by your theorem text.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="env-titlepage"></a><tt class="literal">titlepage</tt></h5>
<a id="id2527084" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2527091"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2527098" class="indexterm"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{titlepage}
text
\end{titlepage}
</pre>
<p>The <tt class="literal">titlepage</tt> environment creates a
title page, i.e. a page with no printed page number or heading. It
also causes the following page to be numbered page one. Formatting
the title page is left to you. The <tt class="literal">\today</tt>
command comes in handy for title pages. <a id="id2527130"
class="indexterm"></a></p>
<p>Note that you can use the <tt class="literal">\maketitle</tt>
(see <a href="#cmd-maketitle">\maketitle</a>) command to produce a
standard title page.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="env-verbatim"></a><tt class="literal">verbatim</tt></h5>
<a id="id2527170" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2527177"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2527184"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2527191"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2527198" class="indexterm"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{verbatim}
text
\end{verbatim}
</pre>
<p>The <tt class="literal">verbatim</tt> environment is a
paragraph-making environment that gets LaTeX to print exactly what
you type in. It turns LaTeX into a typewriter with carriage returns
and blanks having the same effect that they would on a
typewriter.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-verb"></a><tt class="literal">\verb
char literal_text char</tt> <tt class="literal">\verb*char
literal_text char</tt></h5>
<a id="id2527251" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2527258"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Typesets <tt class="literal">literal_text</tt> exactly as typed,
including special characters and spaces, using a typewriter
(<tt class="literal">\tt</tt>) type style. There may be no space
between <tt class="literal">\verb</tt> or
<tt class="literal">\verb*</tt> and <tt class="literal">char</tt>
(space is shown here only for clarity). The
<tt class="literal">*-form</tt> differs only in that spaces are
printed</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="env-verse"></a><tt class="literal">verse</tt></h5>
<a id="id2527321" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2527327"
class="indexterm"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{verse}
text
\end{verse}
</pre>
<p>The <tt class="literal">verse</tt> environment is designed for
poetry, though you may find other uses for it.</p>
<p>The margins are indented on the left and the right. Separate the
lines of each stanza with <tt class="literal">\\</tt>, and use one
or more blank lines to separate the stanzas.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="footnotes"></a>2.3.7
Footnotes</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2527382" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways. They can be
produced with one command, the <tt class="literal">\footnote</tt>
command. They can also be produced with two commands, the
<tt class="literal">\footnotemark</tt> and the
<tt class="literal">\footnotetext</tt> commands. See the specific
command for information on why you would use one over the
other.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-cmd-footnote"></a><tt class="literal">\footnote[number]{text}</tt></h5>
<a id="id2527428" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\footnote</tt> command places the
numbered footnote <tt class="literal">text</tt> at the bottom of
the current page. The optional argument,
<tt class="literal">number</tt>, is used to change the default
footnote number. This command can only be used in outer paragraph
mode; i.e., you cannot use it in sectioning commands like
<tt class="literal">\chapter</tt>, in figures, tables or in a
<tt class="literal">tabular</tt> environment.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-footnotemark"></a><tt class="literal">\footnotemark</tt></h5>
<a id="id2527486" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\footnotemark</tt> command puts the
footnote <tt class="literal">number</tt> in the text. This command
can be used in inner paragraph mode. The text of the footnote is
supplied by the <tt class="literal">\footnotetext</tt> command.</p>
<p>This command can be used to produce several consecutive footnote
markers referring to the same footnote by using</p>
<p><tt class="literal">\footnotemark[\value{footnote}]</tt></p>
<p>after the first <tt class="literal">\footnote</tt> command.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-footnotetext"></a><tt class="literal">\footnotetext[number]{text}</tt></h5>
<a id="id2527554" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\footnotetext</tt> command produces the
<tt class="literal">text</tt> to be placed at the bottom of the
page. This command can come anywhere after the
<tt class="literal">\footnotemark</tt> command. The
<tt class="literal">\footnotetext</tt> command must appear in outer
paragraph mode.</p>
<p>The optional argument, <tt class="literal">number</tt>, is used
to change the default footnote number.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="lengths"></a>2.3.8
Lengths</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2527617" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>A <tt class="literal">length</tt> is a measure of distance. Many
LaTeX commands take a length as an argument.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-newlength"></a><tt class="literal">\newlength</tt></h5>
<a id="id2527651" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2527658"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\newlength{\gnat}</tt></p>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\newlength</tt> command defines the
mandatory argument, <tt class="literal">\gnat</tt>, as a
<tt class="literal">length</tt> command with a value of
<tt class="literal">0in</tt>. An error occurs if a
<tt class="literal">\gnat</tt> command already exists.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-setlength"></a><tt class="literal">\setlength</tt></h5>
<a id="id2527721" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2527728"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\setlength{\gnat}{length}</tt></p>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\setlength</tt> command is used to set
the value of a <tt class="literal">length</tt> command. The
<tt class="literal">length</tt> argument can be expressed in any
terms of length LaTeX understands, i.e., inches
(<tt class="literal">in</tt>), millimetres
(<tt class="literal">mm</tt>), points
(<tt class="literal">pt</tt>), etc.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-addtolength"></a><tt class="literal">\addtolength</tt></h5>
<a id="id2527801" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2527808"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\addtolength{\gnat}{length}</tt></p>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\addtolength</tt> command increments
<span class="emphasis"><em>length command</em></span> by the amount
specified in the <tt class="literal">length</tt> argument. It can
be a negative amount.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-settodepth"></a><tt class="literal">\settodepth</tt></h5>
<a id="id2527857" class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\settodepth{\gnat}{text}</tt></p>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\settodepth</tt> command sets the value
of a <tt class="literal">length</tt> command equal to the depth of
the <tt class="literal">text</tt> argument.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-settoheight"></a><tt class="literal">\settoheight</tt></h5>
<a id="id2527906" class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\settoheight{\gnat}{text}</tt></p>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\settoheight</tt> command sets the value
of a <tt class="literal">length</tt> command equal to the height of
the <tt class="literal">text</tt> argument.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-settowidth"></a><tt class="literal">\settowidth</tt></h5>
<a id="id2527956" class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\settowidth{\gnat}{text}</tt></p>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\settowidth</tt> command sets the value
of a <tt class="literal">length</tt> command equal to the width of
the <tt class="literal">text</tt> argument.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="predefined-lengths-title"></a><tt class="literal">Predefined
lengths</tt></h5>
<a id="id2528006" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2528013"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p><a id="cmd-length-pre-width"></a><tt class="literal">\width</tt>
<a id="id2528031" class="indexterm"></a></p>
<p>
<a id="cmd-length-pre-height"></a><tt class="literal">\height</tt>
<a id="id2528050" class="indexterm"></a></p>
<p><a id="cmd-length-pre-depth"></a><tt class="literal">\depth</tt>
<a id="id2528069" class="indexterm"></a></p>
<p>
<a id="cmd-length-pre-totalheight"></a><tt class="literal">\totalheight</tt>
<a id="id2528088" class="indexterm"></a></p>
<p>These length parameters can be used in the arguments of the
box-making commands See <a href="#spaces-and-boxes"
title="2.3.17 Spaces & Boxes">Spaces & Boxes</a>. They
specify the natural width etc. of the text in the box.
<tt class="literal">\totalheight</tt> equals
<tt class="literal">\height</tt> + <tt class="literal">\depth</tt>.
To make a box with the text stretched to double the natural size,
e.g., say</p>
<p><tt class="literal">\makebox[2\width]{Get a
stretcher}</tt></p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="letters"></a>2.3.9
Letters</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2528153" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2528160"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p>You can use LaTeX to typeset letters, both personal and
business. The <tt class="literal">letter</tt> document class is
designed to make a number of letters at once, although you can make
just one if you so desire.</p>
<p>Your <tt class="filename">.tex</tt> source file has the same
minimum commands as the other document classes, i.e., you must have
the following commands as a minimum:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\documentclass{letter}
\begin{document}
... letters ...
\end{document}
</pre>
<p>Each letter is a <tt class="literal">letter</tt> environment,
whose argument is the name and address of the recipient. For
example, you might have:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{letter}{Mr. Joe Smith\\ 2345 Princess St.\\ Edinburgh, EH1 1AA}
...
\end{letter}
</pre>
<p>The letter itself begins with the
<tt class="literal">\opening</tt> command. The text of the letter
follows. It is typed as ordinary LaTeX input. Commands that make no
sense in a letter, like <tt class="literal">\chapter</tt>, do not
work. The letter closes with a <tt class="literal">\closing</tt>
command.</p>
<p>After the <tt class="literal">closing</tt>, you can have
additional material. The <tt class="literal">\cc</tt> command
produces the usual <span class="emphasis"><em>cc: ...</em></span>.
There's also a similar <tt class="literal">\encl</tt> command for a
list of enclosures. With both these commands, use
<tt class="literal">\\</tt> to separate the items.</p>
<p>These commands are used with the <tt class="literal">letter</tt>
class:</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-address"></a>\address</h5>
<a id="id2528302" class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\address{Return address}</tt></p>
<p>The return address, as it should appear on the letter and the
envelope. Separate lines of the address should be separated by
<tt class="literal">\\</tt> commands. If you do not make an
<tt class="literal">\address</tt> declaration, then the letter will
be formatted for copying onto your organisation's standard
letterhead. (See <a href="#overview"
title="2.2 Overview of LaTeX and Local Guide ">Overview</a>, for
details on your local implementation). If you give an
<tt class="literal">\address</tt> declaration, then the letter will
be formatted as a personal letter.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-cc"></a>\cc</h5>
<a id="id2528361" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2528368"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\cc{Kate Schechter\\Rob McKenna}</tt></p>
<p>Generate a list of other persons the letter was sent to. Each
name is printed on a separate line.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-closing"></a>\closing</h5>
<a id="id2528397" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2528404"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\closing{text}</tt></p>
<p>The letter closes with a <tt class="literal">\closing</tt>
command, i.e.,</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\closing{Best Regards,}
</pre>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-encl"></a>\encl</h5>
<a id="id2528444" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2528451"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\encl{CV\\Certificates}</tt></p>
<p>Generate a list of enclosed material.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-location"></a>\location</h5>
<a id="id2528480" class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\location{address}</tt></p>
<p>This modifies your organisation's standard address. This only
appears if the <tt class="literal">firstpage</tt> pagestyle is
selected.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-makelabels"></a>\makelabels</h5>
<a id="id2528515" class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\makelabels{number}</tt></p>
<p>If you issue this command in the preamble, LaTeX will create a
sheet of address labels. This sheet will be output before the
letters.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-name"></a>\name</h5>
<a id="id2528548" class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\name{June Davenport}</tt></p>
<p>Your name, used for printing on the envelope together with the
return address.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-opening"></a>\opening</h5>
<a id="id2528577" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2528584"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\opening{text}</tt></p>
<p>The letter begins with the <tt class="literal">\opening</tt>
command. The mandatory argument, <tt class="literal">text</tt>, is
whatever text you wish to start your letter, i.e.,</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\opening{Dear Joe,}
</pre>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-ps"></a>\ps</h5>
<a id="id2528632" class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\ps</tt></p>
<p>Use this command before a postscript.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-signature"></a>\signature</h5>
<a id="id2528660" class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\signature{Harvey Swick}</tt></p>
<p>Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter
underneath the space for your signature. Items that should go on
separate lines should be separated by <tt class="literal">\\</tt>
commands.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-startbreaks"></a>\startbreaks</h5>
<a id="id2528696" class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\startbreaks</tt></p>
<p>Used after a <tt class="literal">\stopbreaks</tt> command to
allow page breaks again.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-stopbreaks"></a>\stopbreaks</h5>
<a id="id2528732" class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\stopbreaks</tt></p>
<p>Inhibit page breaks until a
<tt class="literal">\startbreaks</tt> command occurs.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-telephone"></a>\telephone</h5>
<a id="id2528766" class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\telephone{number}</tt></p>
<p>This is your telephone number. This only appears if the
<tt class="literal">firstpage</tt> pagestyle is selected.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="line-and-page-breaking"></a>2.3.10 Line
& Page Breaking</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2528809" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2528816"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2528823" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The first thing LaTeX does when processing ordinary text is to
translate your input file into a string of glyphs and spaces. To
produce a printed document, this string must be broken into lines,
and these lines must be broken into pages. In some environments,
you do the line breaking yourself with the
<tt class="literal">\\</tt> command, but LaTeX usually does it for
you.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-bslash"></a>\\</h5>
<a id="id2528860" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2528867"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\\[extra-space], \\*[extra-space]</tt></p>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\\</tt> command tells LaTeX to start a
new line. It has an optional argument,
<tt class="literal">extra-space</tt>, that specifies how much extra
vertical space is to be inserted before the next line. This can be
a negative amount.</p>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\\*</tt> command is the same as the
ordinary <tt class="literal">\\</tt> command except that it tells
LaTeX not to start a new page after the line.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-dash-op-hyphenation-cp"></a>\-</h5>
<a id="id2528935" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2528942"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\-</tt> command tells LaTeX that it may
hyphenate the word at that point. LaTeX is very good at
hyphenating, and it will usually find all correct hyphenation
points. The <tt class="literal">\-</tt> command is used for the
exceptional cases.</p>
<p>Note that when you insert <tt class="literal">\-</tt> commands
in a word, the word will only be hyphenated at those points and not
at any of the hyphenation points that LaTeX might otherwise have
chosen.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-cleardoublepage"></a>\cleardoublepage</h5>
<a id="id2528999" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2529006"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\cleardoublepage</tt> command ends the
current page and causes all figures and tables that have so far
appeared in the input to be printed. In a two-sided printing style,
it also makes the next page a right-hand (odd-numbered) page,
producing a blank page if necessary.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-clearpage"></a>\clearpage</h5>
<a id="id2529037" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2529044"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\clearpage</tt> command ends the current
page and causes all figures and tables that have so far appeared in
the input to be printed.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-enlargethispage"></a>\enlargethispage</h5>
<a id="id2529072" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2529079"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\enlargethispage{size}</tt></p>
<p><tt class="literal">\enlargethispage*{size}</tt></p>
<p>Enlarge the <tt class="literal">\textheight</tt> for the current
page by the specified amount; e.g.
<tt class="literal">\enlargethispage{\baselineskip}</tt> will allow
one additional line.</p>
<p>The starred form tries to squeeze the material together on the
page as much as possible. This is normally used together with an
explicit <tt class="literal">\pagebreak</tt>.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-samepage"></a>\samepage</h5>
<a id="id2529141" class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\samepage</tt></p>
<p>The object in the argument <tt class="literal">{}</tt> should be
on the current page.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-fussy"></a>\fussy</h5>
<a id="id2529176" class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\fussy</tt></p>
<p>This declaration (which is the default) makes TeX more fussy
about line breaking. This can avoids too much space between words,
but may produce overfull boxes.</p>
<p>This command cancels the effect of a previous
<tt class="literal">\sloppy</tt> command.
<a href="#cmd-sloppy">\sloppy</a></p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-hyphenation"></a>\hyphenation</h5>
<a id="id2529227" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2529234"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\hyphenation{words}</tt></p>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\hyphenation</tt> command declares
allowed hyphenation points, where <tt class="literal">words</tt> is
a list of words, separated by spaces, in which each hyphenation
point is indicated by a <tt class="literal">-</tt> character.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-linebreak"></a>\linebreak</h5>
<a id="id2529283" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2529290"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\linebreak[number]</tt></p>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\linebreak</tt> command tells LaTeX to
break the current line at the point of the command. With the
optional argument, <tt class="literal">number</tt>, you can convert
the <tt class="literal">\linebreak</tt> command from a demand to a
request. The number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the
number, the more insistent the request is.</p>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\linebreak</tt> command causes LaTeX to
stretch the line so it extends to the right margin.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-newline"></a>\newline</h5>
<a id="id2529357" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2529364"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\newline</tt> command breaks the line
right where it is. It can only be used in paragraph mode.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-newpage"></a>\newpage</h5>
<a id="id2529392" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2529398"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\newpage</tt> command ends the current
page. In contrast to <a href="#cmd-pagebreak">\pagebreak</a> it can
produce a partly empty page, even when
<a href="#cmd-flushbottom-title">\flushbottom</a> is active.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-nolinebreak"></a>\nolinebreak</h5>
<a id="id2529443" class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\nolinebreak[number]</tt></p>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\nolinebreak</tt> command prevents LaTeX
from breaking the current line at the point of the command. With
the optional argument, <tt class="literal">number</tt>, you can
convert the <tt class="literal">\nolinebreak</tt> command from a
demand to a request. The number must be a number from 0 to 4. The
higher the number, the more insistent the request is.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-nopagebreak"></a>\nopagebreak</h5>
<a id="id2529498" class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\nopagebreak[number]</tt></p>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\nopagebreak</tt> command prevents LaTeX
from breaking the current page at the point of the command. With
the optional argument, <tt class="literal">number</tt>, you can
convert the <tt class="literal">\nopagebreak</tt> command from a
demand to a request. The number must be a number from 0 to 4. The
higher the number, the more insistent the request is.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-pagebreak"></a>\pagebreak</h5>
<a id="id2529553" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2529559"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\pagebreak[number]</tt></p>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\pagebreak</tt> command tells LaTeX to
break the current page at the point of the command. With the
optional argument, <tt class="literal">number</tt>, you can convert
the <tt class="literal">\pagebreak</tt> command from a demand to a
request. The number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the
number, the more insistent the request is.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-sloppy"></a>\sloppy</h5>
<a id="id2529612" class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\sloppy</tt></p>
<p>This declaration makes TeX less fussy about line breaking. This
can prevent overfull boxes, but may leave too much space between
words.</p>
<p>Lasts until a <tt class="literal">\fussy</tt> command is issued.
<a href="#cmd-fussy">\fussy</a>.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="making-paragraphs"></a>2.3.11 Making
Paragraphs</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2529670" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2529677"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p>A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines ---
lines not containing even a <tt class="literal">%</tt>. A blank
line should not appear where a new paragraph cannot be started,
such as in math mode or in the argument of a sectioning
command.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-indent"></a>\indent</h5>
<a id="id2529706" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2529713"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\indent</tt></p>
<p>This produces a horizontal space whose width equals the width of
the paragraph indentation. It is used to add paragraph indentation
where it would otherwise be suppressed.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-noindent"></a>\noindent</h5>
<a id="id2529744" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2529751"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\noindent</tt></p>
<p>When used at the beginning of the paragraph, it suppresses the
paragraph indentation. It has no effect when used in the middle of
a paragraph.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-par"></a>\par</h5>
<a id="id2529781" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2529787"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Equivalent to a blank line; often used to make command or
environment definitions easier to read.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="margin-notes"></a>2.3.12 Margin
Notes</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2529815" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2529822"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2529829" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The command <tt class="literal">\marginpar[left]{right}</tt>
creates a note in the margin. The first line will be at the same
height as the line in the text where the
<tt class="literal">\marginpar</tt> occurs.</p>
<p>When you only specify the mandatory argument
<tt class="literal">right</tt>, the text will be placed</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li>in the right margin for one-sided layout</li>
<li>in the outside margin for two-sided layout</li>
<li>in the nearest margin for two-column layout.</li></ul></div>
<p>By issuing the command
<tt class="literal">\reversemarginpar</tt>, you can force the
marginal notes to go into the opposite (inside) margin.</p>
<p>When you specify both arguments, <tt class="literal">left</tt>
is used for the left margin, and <tt class="literal">right</tt> is
used for the right margin.</p>
<p>The first word will normally not be hyphenated; you can enable
hyphenation by prefixing the first word with a
<tt class="literal">\hspace{0pt}</tt> command.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="math-formulae"></a>2.3.13 Math
Formulae</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2529943" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2529950"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2529957"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2529964"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2529971"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2529977"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2529984"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2529990" class="indexterm"></a>
<div class="table"><a id="id2529997"></a>
<p class="title"><b>Table 1.7. Three environments that
put LaTeX in math mode</b></p>
<table summary="Three environments that put LaTeX in math mode"
border="0">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" />
<col align="justify" /></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left">math</td>
<td align="justify">For Formulae that appear right in the
text.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">displaymath</td>
<td align="justify">For Formulae that appear on their own
line.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">equation</td>
<td align="justify">The same as the displaymath environment except
that it adds an equation number in the right
margin.</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<p>The <tt class="literal">math</tt> environment can be used in
both paragraph and LR mode, but the
<tt class="literal">displaymath</tt> and
<tt class="literal">equation</tt> environments can be used only in
paragraph mode. The <tt class="literal">math</tt> and
<tt class="literal">displaymath</tt> environments are used so often
that they have the following short forms:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\(...\) instead of \begin{math}...\end{math}
\[...\] instead of \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath}
</pre>
<p>In fact, the <tt class="literal">math</tt> environment is so
common that it has an even shorter form:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
$ ... $ instead of \(...\)
</pre>
<a id="id2530129" class="indexterm"></a>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="subscripts-and-superscripts-title"></a>Subscripts &
Superscripts</h5>
<a id="id2530148" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2530154"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2530161"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2530168" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>To get an expression <span class="emphasis"><em>exp</em></span>
to appear as a subscript, you just type
<tt class="literal">_{</tt><span class="emphasis"><em>exp</em></span><tt class="literal">
}</tt> . To get <span class="emphasis"><em>exp</em></span> to
appear as a superscript, you type
<tt class="literal">^{</tt><span class="emphasis"><em>exp</em></span>
<tt class="literal">}</tt>. LaTeX handles superscripted
superscripts and all of that stuff in the natural way. It even does
the right thing when something has both a subscript and a
superscript.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="math-symbols-title"></a>Math Symbols</h5>
<a id="id2530229" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2530236"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2530243" class="indexterm"></a>
<h5 class="title"><a id="spacing-in-math-mode-title"></a>Spacing in
Math Mode</h5>
<a id="id2530261" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2530268"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p>In a <tt class="literal">math</tt> environment, LaTeX ignores
the spaces you type and puts in the spacing that it thinks is best.
LaTeX formats mathematics the way it's done in mathematics texts.
If you want different spacing, LaTeX provides the following four
commands for use in math mode:</p>
<a id="id2530299" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2530306"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2530313"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2530319" class="indexterm"></a>
<div class="orderedlist">
<ol type="1">
<li>
<p><tt class="literal">\;</tt> - a thick space</p></li>
<li>
<p><tt class="literal">\:</tt> - a medium space</p></li>
<li>
<p><tt class="literal">\,</tt> - a thin space</p></li>
<li>
<p><tt class="literal">\!</tt> - a negative thin
space</p></li></ol></div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="math-miscellany-title"></a>Math
Miscellany</h5>
<a id="id2530384" class="indexterm"></a>
<div class="table"><a id="id2530391"></a>
<p class="title"><b>Table 1.8. Math Miscellany</b></p>
<table summary="Math Miscellany" border="0">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" />
<col align="justify" /></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left">
<a id="cmd-math-misc-cdots"></a>\cdots<a id="id2530429"
class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Produces a horizontal ellipsis where the dots
are raised to the centre of the line.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a id="cmd-math-misc-ddots"></a>\ddots
<a id="id2530454" class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Produces a diagonal ellipsis.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a id="cmd-math-misc-frac"></a>\frac{num}{den}
<a id="id2530477" class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Produces the fraction
<tt class="literal">num</tt> divided by
<tt class="literal">den</tt>.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a id="cmd-math-misc-ldots"></a>\ldots
<a id="id2530510" class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Produces an ellipsis. This command works in any
mode, not just math mode.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">
<a id="cmd-math-misc-overbrace"></a>\overbrace{text}
<a id="id2530534" class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Generates a brace over text.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a id="cmd-math-misc-overline"></a>\overline{text}
<a id="id2530557" class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Causes the argument text to be
overlined.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a id="cmd-math-misc-sqrt"></a>\sqrt[root]{arg}
<a id="id2530580" class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Produces the square root of its argument. The
optional argument, <tt class="literal">root</tt>, determines what
root to produce, i.e., the cube root of
<tt class="literal">x+y</tt> would be typed as
<tt class="literal">$\sqrt[3]{x+y}$</tt>.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">
<a id="cmd-math-misc-underbrace"></a>\underbrace{text}
<a id="id2530623" class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Generates text with a brace
underneath.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">
<a id="cmd-math-misc-underline"></a>\underline{text}
<a id="id2530646" class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Causes the argument text to be underlined. This
command can also be used in paragraph and LR modes.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a id="cmd-math-misc-vdots"></a>\vdots
<a id="id2530671" class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Produces a vertical ellipsis.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a id="cmd-math-misc-ensuremath"></a>\ensuremath{}
<a id="id2530695" class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify">It's argument is set in math mode. This is
needed for own definitions.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="modes"></a>2.3.14
Modes</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2530726" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2530733"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2530740"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2530747"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2530754" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>When LaTeX is processing your input text, it is always in one of
three modes:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li>paragraph mode</li>
<li>Math mode</li>
<li>Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short</li></ul></div>
<p>LaTeX changes mode only when it goes up or down a staircase to a
different level, though not all level changes produce mode changes.
Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or
when LaTeX is processing the argument of certain text-producing
commands.</p>
<p><span class="emphasis"><em>Paragraph mode</em></span> is the
most common; it's the one LaTeX is in when processing ordinary
text. In that mode, LaTeX breaks your text into lines and breaks
the lines into pages. LaTeX is in <span class="emphasis"><em>math
mode</em></span> when it's generating a mathematical formula. In
<span class="emphasis"><em>LR mode</em></span>, as in paragraph
mode, LaTeX considers the output that it produces to be a string of
words with spaces between them. However, unlike paragraph mode,
LaTeX keeps going from left to right; it never starts a new line in
LR mode. Even if you put a hundred words into an
<tt class="literal">\mbox</tt>, LaTeX would keep typesetting them
from left to right inside a single box, and then complain because
the resulting box was too wide to fit on the line.</p>
<p>LaTeX is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an
<tt class="literal">\mbox</tt> command. You can get it to enter a
different mode inside the box - for example, you can make it enter
math mode to put a formula in the box. There are also several
text-producing commands and environments for making a box that put
LaTeX in paragraph mode. The box make by one of these commands or
environments will be called a <tt class="literal">parbox</tt>. When
LaTeX is in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to be in
<span class="emphasis"><em>inner paragraph mode</em></span>. Its
normal paragraph mode, which it starts out in, is called
<span class="emphasis"><em>outer paragraph
mode</em></span>.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="page-styles"></a>2.3.15 Page
Styles</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2530916" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2530922"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\documentclass</tt> command determines
the size and position of the page's head and foot. The page style
determines what goes in them.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-maketitle"></a>\maketitle</h5>
<a id="id2530951" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2530958"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\maketitle</tt></p>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\maketitle</tt> command generates a
title on a separate title page. In the
<tt class="literal">article</tt> class,
<tt class="literal">\maketitle</tt> will also switch to pagestyle
<tt class="literal">plain</tt>. See <a href="#page-styles"
title="2.3.15 Page Styles">Page Styles</a> for commands to change
page numbering.</p>
<p>Information used to produce the title is obtained from the
following declarations:</p>
<p>See <a href="#page-styles" title="2.3.15 Page Styles">Page
Styles</a> for the commands to give the information.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-author"></a>\author</h5>
<a id="id2531036" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2531043"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\author{names}</tt></p>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\author</tt> command declares the
author(s), where <tt class="literal">names</tt> is a list of
authors separated by <tt class="literal">\and</tt> commands. Use
<tt class="literal">\\</tt> to separate lines within a single
author's entry -- for example, to give the author's institution or
address.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-date"></a>\date</h5>
<a id="id2531098" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2531105"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\date{text}</tt></p>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\date</tt> command declares
<span class="emphasis"><em>text</em></span> to be the document's
date. With no <tt class="literal">\date</tt> command, the current
date is used.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-thanks"></a>\thanks</h5>
<a id="id2531149" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2531156"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\thanks{text}</tt></p>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\thanks</tt> command produces a
<tt class="literal">\footnote</tt> to the title.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-title"></a>\title</h5>
<a id="id2531196" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2531203"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\title{text}</tt></p>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\title</tt> command declares
<tt class="literal">text</tt> to be the title. Use
<tt class="literal">\\</tt> to tell LaTeX where to start a new line
in a long title.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-pagenumbering"></a>\pagenumbering</h5>
<a id="id2531254" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2531261"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\pagenumbering{num_style}</tt></p>
<p>Specifies the style of page numbers. Possible values of
<tt class="literal">num_style</tt> are:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li><tt class="literal">arabic</tt> - Arabic numerals</li>
<li><tt class="literal">roman</tt> - Lowercase Roman numerals</li>
<li><tt class="literal">Roman</tt> - Uppercase Roman numerals</li>
<li><tt class="literal">alph</tt> - Lowercase letters</li>
<li><tt class="literal">Alph</tt> - Uppercase
letters</li></ul></div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-pagestyle"></a>\pagestyle</h5>
<a id="id2531355" class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\pagestyle{option}</tt></p>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\pagestyle</tt> command changes the
style from the current page on throughout the remainder of your
document.</p>
<p>The valid options are:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li><tt class="literal">plain</tt> - Just a plain page number.</li>
<li><tt class="literal">empty</tt> - Produces empty heads and feet
- no page numbers.</li>
<li><tt class="literal">headings</tt> - Puts running headings on
each page. The document style specifies what goes in the
headings.</li>
<li><tt class="literal">myheadings</tt> - You specify what is to go
in the heading with the <tt class="literal">\markboth</tt> or the
<tt class="literal">\markright</tt> commands.</li></ul></div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-markboth"></a>\markboth</h5>
<a id="id2531458" class="indexterm"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\markboth{left head}{right head}
</pre>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\markboth</tt> command is used in
conjunction with the page style <tt class="literal">myheadings</tt>
for setting both the left and the right heading. You should note
that a <span class="emphasis"><em>left-hand heading</em></span> is
generated by the last <tt class="literal">\markboth</tt> command
before the end of the page, while a
<span class="emphasis"><em>right-hand heading</em></span> is
generated by the first <tt class="literal">\markboth</tt> or
<tt class="literal">\markright</tt> that comes on the page if there
is one, otherwise by the last one before the page.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-markright"></a>\markright</h5>
<a id="id2531527" class="indexterm"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\markright{right head}
</pre>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\markright</tt> command is used in
conjunction with the page style <tt class="literal">myheadings</tt>
for setting the right heading, leaving the left heading unchanged.
You should note that a <span class="emphasis"><em>left-hand
heading</em></span> is generated by the last
<tt class="literal">\markboth</tt> command before the end of the
page, while a <span class="emphasis"><em>right-hand
heading</em></span> is generated by the first
<tt class="literal">\markboth</tt> or
<tt class="literal">\markright</tt> that comes on the page if there
is one, otherwise by the last one before the page.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-thispagestyle"></a>\thispagestyle</h5>
<a id="id2531597" class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\thispagestyle{option}</tt></p>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\thispagestyle</tt> command works in the
same manner as the <tt class="literal">\pagestyle</tt> command
except that it changes the style for the current page
only.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="sectioning"></a>2.3.16
Sectioning</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2531644" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2531651"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2531658"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2531664"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2531671"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2531678" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text
into units.</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li>
<a id="cmd-sectioning-part"></a><tt class="literal">\part</tt></li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-sectioning-chapter"></a><tt class="literal">\chapter</tt>
(report and book class only)</li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-sectioning-section"></a><tt class="literal">\section</tt></li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-sectioning-subsection"></a><tt class="literal">\subsection</tt></li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-sectioning-subsubsection"></a><tt class="literal">\subsubsection</tt></li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-sectioning-paragraph"></a><tt class="literal">\paragraph</tt></li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-sectioning-subparagraph"></a><tt class="literal">\subparagraph</tt></li></ul></div>
<p>All sectioning commands take the same general form, i.e.,</p>
<p><tt class="literal">\chapter[optional]{title}</tt></p>
<p>In addition to providing the heading in the text, the mandatory
argument of the sectioning command can appear in two other
places:</p>
<div class="orderedlist">
<ol type="1">
<li>
<p>The table of contents</p></li>
<li>
<p>The running head at the top of the page</p></li></ol></div>
<p>You may not want the same thing to appear in these other two
places as appears in the text heading. To handle this situation,
the sectioning commands have an <tt class="literal">optional</tt>
argument that provides the text for these other two purposes.</p>
<p>All sectioning commands have <tt class="literal">*</tt>-forms
that print a <span class="emphasis"><em>title</em></span>, but do
not include a number and do not make an entry in the table of
contents.</p>
<a id="id2531863" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2531870"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p>
<a id="cmd-sectioning-appendix"></a><tt class="literal">\appendix</tt></p>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\appendix</tt> command changes the way
sectional units are numbered. The
<tt class="literal">\appendix</tt> command generates no text and
does not affect the numbering of parts. The normal use of this
command is something like</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\chapter{The First Chapter}
...
\appendix
\chapter{The First Appendix}
</pre></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="spaces-and-boxes"></a>2.3.17 Spaces &
Boxes</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2531930" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2531937"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p>All the predefined length parameters See
<a href="#predefined-lengths-title">Predefined lengths</a> can be
used in the arguments of the box-making commands.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-dotfill"></a>\dotfill</h5>
<a id="id2531966" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\dotfill</tt> command produces a
<span class="emphasis"><em>rubber length</em></span> that produces
dots instead of just spaces.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-hfill"></a>\hfill</h5>
<a id="id2531997" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\hfill</tt> fill command produces a
<span class="emphasis"><em>rubber length</em></span> which can
stretch or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with spaces.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-hrulefill"></a>\hrulefill</h5>
<a id="id2532029" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\hrulefill</tt> fill command produces a
<span class="emphasis"><em>rubber length</em></span> which can
stretch or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with a horizontal
rule.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-hspace"></a>\hspace</h5>
<a id="id2532060" class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\hspace{length}, \hspace*{length}</tt></p>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\hspace</tt> command adds horizontal
space. The length of the space can be expressed in any terms that
LaTeX understands, i.e., points, inches, etc. You can add negative
as well as positive space with an <tt class="literal">\hspace</tt>
command. Adding negative space is like backspacing.</p>
<p>LaTeX removes horizontal space that comes at the end of a line.
If you don't want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional
<tt class="literal">*</tt> argument. Then the space is never
removed.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-addvspace"></a>\addvspace</h5>
<a id="id2532127" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2532134"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2532141" class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\addvspace{length}</tt></p>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\addvspace</tt> command normally adds a
vertical space of height length. However, if vertical space has
already been added to the same point in the output by a previous
<tt class="literal">\addvspace</tt> command, then this command will
not add more space than needed to make the natural length of the
total vertical space equal to <tt class="literal">length</tt>.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-bigskip"></a>\bigskip</h5>
<a id="id2532192" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\bigskip</tt> command is equivalent to
<tt class="literal">\vspace{bigskipamount}</tt> where
<tt class="literal">bigskipamount</tt> is determined by the
document class.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-medskip"></a>\medskip</h5>
<a id="id2532231" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\medskip</tt> command is equivalent to
<tt class="literal">\vspace{medskipamount}</tt> where
<tt class="literal">medskipamount</tt> is determined by the
document class.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-smallskip"></a>\smallskip</h5>
<a id="id2532271" class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\smallskip</tt></p>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\smallskip</tt> command is equivalent to
<tt class="literal">\vspace{smallskipamount}</tt> where
<tt class="literal">smallskipamount</tt> is determined by the
document class.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-vfill"></a>\vfill</h5>
<a id="id2532318" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\vfill</tt> fill command produces a
rubber length which can stretch or shrink vertically.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-vspace"></a>\vspace</h5>
<a id="id2532344" class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\vspace{length}, \vspace*{length}</tt></p>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\vspace</tt> command adds vertical
space. The length of the space can be expressed in any terms that
LaTeX understands, i.e., points, inches, etc. You can add negative
as well as positive space with an <tt class="literal">\vspace</tt>
command.</p>
<p>LaTeX removes vertical space that comes at the end of a page. If
you don't want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional
<tt class="literal">*</tt> argument. Then the space is never
removed.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-fbox"></a>\fbox</h5>
<a id="id2532410" class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\fbox{text}</tt></p>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\fbox</tt> command is exactly the same
as the <tt class="literal">\mbox</tt> command, except that it puts
a frame around the outside of the box that it creates.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-framebox"></a>\framebox</h5>
<a id="id2532450" class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\framebox[width][position]{text}</tt></p>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\framebox</tt> command is exactly the
same as the <tt class="literal">\makebox</tt> command, except that
it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it creates.</p>
<p>The framebox command produces a rule of thickness
<tt class="literal">\fboxrule</tt>, and leaves a space
<tt class="literal">\fboxsep</tt> between the rule and the contents
of the box.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="env-lrbox"></a>lrbox</h5>
<a id="id2532509" class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\begin{lrbox}{cmd} text \end{lrbox}</tt></p>
<p>This is the environment form of
<tt class="literal">\sbox</tt>.</p>
<p>The text inside the environment is saved in the box
<tt class="literal">cmd</tt>, which must have been declared with
<tt class="literal">\newsavebox</tt>.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-makebox"></a>\makebox</h5>
<a id="id2532560" class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\makebox[width][position]{text}</tt></p>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\makebox</tt> command creates a box just
wide enough to contain the <tt class="literal">text</tt> specified.
The width of the box is specified by the optional
<tt class="literal">width</tt> argument. The position of the text
within the box is determined by the optional
<tt class="literal">position</tt> argument.</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li><tt class="literal">c</tt> --- centred (default)</li>
<li><tt class="literal">l</tt> --- flushleft</li>
<li><tt class="literal">r</tt> --- flushright</li>
<li><tt class="literal">s</tt> --- stretch from left to right
margin. The text must contain stretchable space for this to
work.</li></ul></div>
<p>See <a href="#cmd-makebox-op-picture-cp">\makebox
(picture)</a>.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-mbox"></a>\mbox</h5>
<a id="id2532676" class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\mbox{text}</tt></p>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\mbox</tt> command creates a box just
wide enough to hold the text created by its argument.</p>
<p>Use this command to prevent text from being split across
lines.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-newsavebox"></a>\newsavebox</h5>
<a id="id2532716" class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\newsavebox{cmd}</tt></p>
<p>Declares <tt class="literal">cmd</tt>, which must be a command
name that is not already defined, to be a bin for saving boxes.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-parbox"></a>\parbox</h5>
<a id="id2532751" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>
<tt class="literal">\parbox[position][height][inner-pos]{width}{text}</tt></p>
<p>A <tt class="literal">parbox</tt> is a box whose contents are
created in <tt class="literal">paragraph</tt> mode. The
<tt class="literal">\parbox</tt> has two mandatory arguments:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li><tt class="literal">width</tt> - specifies the width of the
parbox, and</li>
<li><tt class="literal">text</tt> - the text that goes inside the
parbox.</li></ul></div>
<p>LaTeX will position a <tt class="literal">parbox</tt> so its
centre lines up with the centre of the text line. The optional
<span class="emphasis"><em>position</em></span> argument allows you
to line up either the top or bottom line in the parbox (default is
top).</p>
<p>If the <span class="emphasis"><em>height</em></span> argument is
not given, the box will have the natural height of the text.</p>
<p>The <span class="emphasis"><em>inner-pos</em></span> argument
controls the placement of the text inside the box. If it is not
specified, <span class="emphasis"><em>position</em></span> is
used.</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li><tt class="literal">t</tt> --- text is placed at the top of the
box.</li>
<li><tt class="literal">c</tt> --- text is centred in the box.</li>
<li><tt class="literal">b</tt> --- text is placed at the bottom of
the box.</li>
<li><tt class="literal">s</tt> --- stretch vertically. The text
must contain vertically stretchable space for this to
work.</li></ul></div>
<p>A <tt class="literal">\parbox</tt> command is used for a parbox
containing a small piece of text, with nothing fancy inside. In
particular, you shouldn't use any of the paragraph-making
environments inside a <tt class="literal">\parbox</tt> argument.
For larger pieces of text, including ones containing a
paragraph-making environment, you should use a
<tt class="literal">minipage</tt> environment See
<a href="#env-minipage">minipage</a>.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-raisebox"></a>\raisebox</h5>
<a id="id2532948" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>
<tt class="literal">\raisebox{distance}[extend-above][extend-below]{text}</tt></p>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\raisebox</tt> command is used to raise
or lower text. The first mandatory argument specifies how high the
text is to be raised (or lowered if it is a negative amount). The
text itself is processed in <tt class="literal">LR mode</tt>.</p>
<p>Sometimes it's useful to make LaTeX think something has a
different size than it really does - or a different size than LaTeX
would normally think it has. The <tt class="literal">\raisebox</tt>
command lets you tell LaTeX how tall it is.</p>
<p>The first optional argument,
<tt class="literal">extend-above</tt>, makes LaTeX think that the
text extends above the line by the amount specified. The second
optional argument, <tt class="literal">extend-below</tt>, makes
LaTeX think that the text extends below the line by the amount
specified.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-rule"></a>\rule</h5>
<a id="id2533042" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>
<tt class="literal">\rule[raise-height]{width}{thickness}</tt></p>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\rule</tt> command is used to produce
horizontal lines. The arguments are defined as follows:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li><tt class="literal">raise-height</tt> - specifies how high to
raise the rule (optional)</li>
<li><tt class="literal">width</tt> - specifies the length of the
rule (mandatory)</li>
<li><tt class="literal">thickness</tt> - specifies the thickness of
the rule (mandatory)</li></ul></div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-savebox"></a>\savebox</h5>
<a id="id2533117" class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\savebox{cmd}[width][pos]{text}</tt></p>
<p>This command typeset <tt class="literal">text</tt> in a box just
as for <tt class="literal">\makebox</tt>. However, instead of
printing the resulting box, it saves it in bin
<tt class="literal">cmd</tt>, which must have been declared with
<tt class="literal">\newsavebox</tt>.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-sbox"></a>\sbox</h5>
<a id="id2533170" class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\sbox{cmd}\{text}</tt></p>
<p>This commands typesets <tt class="literal">text</tt> in a box
just as for <tt class="literal">\mbox</tt>. However, instead of
printing the resulting box, it saves it in
<tt class="literal">cmd</tt>, which must have been declared with
<tt class="literal">\newsavebox</tt>.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-usebox"></a>\usebox</h5>
<a id="id2533223" class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\usebox{cmd}</tt></p>
<p>Prints the box most recently saved in bin
<tt class="literal">cmd</tt> by a <tt class="literal">\savebox</tt>
command.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="special-characters"></a>2.3.18 Special
Characters</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2533269" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2533276"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2533283"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2533290" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The following characters play a special role in LaTeX and are
called <span class="emphasis"><em>special printing
characters</em></span>, or simply
<span class="emphasis"><em>special characters</em></span>.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
# $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { }
</pre>
<p>Whenever you put one of these special characters into your file,
you are doing something special. If you simply want the character
to be printed just as any other letter, include a
<tt class="literal">\</tt> in front of the character. For example,
<tt class="literal">\$</tt> will produce <tt class="literal">$</tt>
in your output.</p>
<p>One exception to this rule is the <tt class="literal">\</tt>
itself because <tt class="literal">\\</tt> has its own special
meaning. A <tt class="literal">\</tt> is produced by typing
<tt class="literal">$\backslash$</tt> in your file.</p>
<p>Also, <tt class="literal">\~</tt> means `place a tilde accent
over the following letter', so you will probably want to use
<tt class="literal">\verb</tt> instead.</p>
<a id="id2533390" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2533397"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2533404" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>In addition, you can access any character of a font once you
know its number by using the <tt class="literal">\symbol</tt>
command. For example, the character used for displaying spaces in
the <tt class="literal">\verb*</tt> command has the code decimal
32, so it can be typed as <tt class="literal">\symbol{32}</tt>.</p>
<p>You can also specify octal numbers with
<tt class="literal">'</tt> or hexadecimal numbers with
<tt class="literal">"</tt>, so the previous example could also be
written as <tt class="literal">\symbol{'40}</tt> or
<tt class="literal">\symbol{"20}</tt>.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="special-symbols"></a>2.3.19 Special
Symbols</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2533481" class="indexterm"></a>
<h5 class="title"><a id="accents-on-chars-title"></a>Accents on
Characters</h5>
<a id="id2533505" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The rules differ somewhat depending whether you are in
<a href="#modes" title="2.3.14 Modes">text mode</a>,
<a href="#modes" title="2.3.14 Modes">math modes</a>, or the
<a href="#env-tabbing">tabbing environment</a>.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="id2533542"></a>Text Mode</h5>
<p>The following accents may be placed on letters. Although
<span class="emphasis"><em>o</em></span> is used in most of the
example, the accents may be placed on any letter. Accents may even
be placed above a <span class="emphasis"><em>missing</em></span>
letter; for example, <tt class="literal">\~{}</tt> produces a tilde
over a blank space.</p>
<p>The following commands may be used only in paragraph or LR
mode:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li><tt class="literal">\`{o}</tt> produces a grave accent,
<span class="emphasis"><em>ò</em></span></li>
<li><tt class="literal">\'{o}</tt> produces an acute accent,
<span class="emphasis"><em>ó</em></span></li>
<li><tt class="literal">\^{o}</tt> produces a circumflex,
<span class="emphasis"><em>ô</em></span></li>
<li><tt class="literal">\"{o}</tt> produces an umlaut or dieresis,
<span class="emphasis"><em>ö</em></span></li>
<li><tt class="literal">\H{o}</tt> produces a long Hungarian
umlaut</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\~{o}</tt> produces a tilde,
<span class="emphasis"><em>õ</em></span></li>
<li><tt class="literal">\c{c}</tt> produces a cedilla,
<span class="emphasis"><em>ç</em></span></li>
<li><tt class="literal">\={o}</tt> produces a macron accent (a bar
over the letter)</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\b{o}</tt> produces a bar under the
letter</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\.{o}</tt> produces a dot over the
letter</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\d{o}</tt> produces a dot under the
letter</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\u{o}</tt> produces a breve over the
letter</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\v{o}</tt> produces a
<span class="emphasis"><em>v</em></span> over the letter</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\t{oo}</tt> produces a
<span class="emphasis"><em>tie</em></span> (inverted u) over the
two letters</li></ul></div>
<p>Note that the letters <span class="emphasis"><em>i</em></span>
and <span class="emphasis"><em>j</em></span> require special
treatment when they are given accents because it is often desirable
to replace the dot with the accent. For this purpose, the commands
<tt class="literal">\i</tt> and <tt class="literal">\j</tt> can be
used to produce dotless letters.</p>
<p>For example,</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li><tt class="literal">\^{\i}</tt> should be used for i,
circumflex, î</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\"{\i}</tt> should be used for i, umlaut,
ï</li></ul></div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="accents-chars-math"></a>Math Mode</h5>
<p>Several of the above and some similar accents can also be
produced in math mode. The following commands may be used
<span class="emphasis"><em>only</em></span> in math mode:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li><tt class="literal">\hat{o}</tt> is similar to the circumflex
(cf. <tt class="literal">\^</tt>)</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\widehat{oo}</tt> is a wide version of
<span class="emphasis"><em>\hat</em></span> over several
letters</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\check{o}</tt> is a vee or check (cf.
<tt class="literal">\v</tt>)</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\tilde{o}</tt> is a tilde (cf.
<tt class="literal">\~</tt>)</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\widetilde{oo}</tt> is a wide version of
<tt class="literal">\tilde</tt> over several letters</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\acute{o}</tt> is an acute accent (cf.
<tt class="literal">\`</tt>)</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\grave{o}</tt> is a grave accent (cf.
<tt class="literal">>\'</tt>)</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\dot{o}</tt> is a dot over the letter (cf.
<tt class="literal">\.</tt>)</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\ddot{o}</tt> is a double dot over the
letter</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\breve{o}</tt> is a breve (cf.
<tt class="literal">\u</tt>)</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\bar{o}</tt> is a macron (cf.
<tt class="literal">\=</tt>)</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\vec{o}</tt> is a vector (arrow) over the
letter</li></ul></div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="accents-chars-tabbing"></a>Tabbing
Environment</h5>
<p>Some of the accent marks used in running text have other uses in
the <a href="#env-tabbing">Tabbing Environment</a>. In that case
they can be created with the following command:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li><tt class="literal">>\a'</tt> for an acute accent</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\a`</tt> for a grave accent</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\a=</tt> for a macron
accent</li></ul></div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="arrows-title"></a>Arrows</h5>
<a id="id2534131" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>LaTeX provides commands for all sorts of arrows. The following
commands are used only in math mode.</p>
<p>In general the command names are created from
<tt class="literal">left</tt>, <tt class="literal">right</tt>,
<tt class="literal">up</tt>, or <tt class="literal">down</tt>.
<tt class="literal">leftright</tt> gives a double headed arrow.
Prefacing with <tt class="literal">long</tt> gives a longer arrow.
Capitalizing the first letter gives a double-shanked arrow.</p>
<p>Examples are:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li><tt class="literal">\leftarrow</tt></li>
<li><tt class="literal">\Leftarrow</tt></li>
<li><tt class="literal">\longleftarrow</tt></li>
<li><tt class="literal">\Longleftarrow</tt></li>
<li><tt class="literal">\rightarrow</tt></li>
<li><tt class="literal">\Rightarrow</tt></li>
<li><tt class="literal">\longrightarrow</tt></li>
<li><tt class="literal">\Longrightarrow</tt></li>
<li><tt class="literal">\leftrightarrow</tt></li>
<li><tt class="literal">\Leftrightarrow</tt></li>
<li><tt class="literal">\longleftrightarrow</tt></li>
<li><tt class="literal">\uparrow</tt></li>
<li><tt class="literal">\downarrow</tt></li>
<li><tt class="literal">\Uparrow</tt></li>
<li><tt class="literal">>\nearrow</tt> points from southwest to
northeast</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\searrow</tt> points from northwest to
southeast</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\swarrow</tt> points from northeast to
southwest</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\nwarrow</tt> points from southeast to
northwest</li></ul></div>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\stackrel</tt> command is useful for
putting things over or under your arrow.</p>
<p>See also:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li><a href="#math-symbols-title">Math Symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#binary-and-relational-ops-title">Binary and
Relational Operators</a></li>
<li><a href="#greek-letters-title">Greek Letters</a></li>
<li><a href="#misc-symbols-title">Miscellaneous Symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#variable-math-size-symbols-title">Variable Size Math
Symbols</a></li></ul></div>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="binary-and-relational-ops-title"></a>Binary and Relational
Operators</h5>
<a id="id2534488" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2534497"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2534507"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2534519" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Some <span class="emphasis"><em>math</em></span> symbols are
obtained by typing the corresponding keyboard character. Examples
include</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
+ - = < >
</pre>
<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p>plus, minus, and equal sign may be used in either text or math
mode, but < and > are math mode only (they produce inverted
exclamation and question marks, respectively, in text
mode).</p></div>
<p>The following commands may be used only in math mode:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li><tt class="literal">\pm</tt> plus or minus sign</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\mp</tt> minus or plus sign</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\times</tt> times (an "x")</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\div</tt> divided by sign</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\ast</tt> an asterisk (centered)</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\star</tt> a five-point star
(centered)</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\bullet</tt> a bullet</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\circ</tt> an open bullet</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\cdot</tt> a centered dot</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\leq</tt> less than or equal to</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\ll</tt> much less than</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\subset</tt> is a subset of</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\geq</tt> greater than or equal to</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\gg</tt> much greater than</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\equiv</tt> equivalence symbol</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\sim</tt> similar to</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\simeq</tt> similar or equal to</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\approx</tt> approximately equal to</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\neq</tt> not equal to</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\per</tt> "perpendicular to" symbols</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\propto</tt> proportional
to</li></ul></div>
<p>Note that <span class="emphasis"><em>greater than</em></span>
and <span class="emphasis"><em>less than</em></span> are obtained
simply by entering <tt class="literal">></tt> and
<tt class="literal"><</tt>.</p>
<p>A slash, indicating <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span>
can be placed through a symbol (or a letter) with the
<tt class="literal">\not</tt> command. For example, not less than
is <tt class="literal">\not<</tt> and not less than or equal to
is <tt class="literal">\not\leq</tt>. If the slash isn't properly
positioned it can be moved by putting a math mode spacing command
between the <tt class="literal">\not</tt>and the symbol.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="delimiters-title"></a>Delimiters</h5>
<a id="id2534883" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Delimiters are objects which act logically like parentheses.
These can be used only in math mode.</p>
<p>The delimiters recognized by LaTeX include:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li><tt class="literal">(</tt> (left parenthesis)</li>
<li><tt class="literal">)</tt> (right parenthesis)</li>
<li><tt class="literal">[</tt> (left bracket)</li>
<li><tt class="literal">]</tt> (right bracket)</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\{</tt> (left brace)</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\}</tt> (right brace)</li>
<li><tt class="literal">|</tt> (vertical line)</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\vert</tt> (vertical line)</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\|</tt> (double vertical lines)</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\Vert</tt> (double vertical lines)</li>
<li><tt class="literal">/</tt> (slash)</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\backslash</tt> (backslash)</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\langle</tt> (left angle bracket)</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\rangle</tt> (right angle bracket)</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\uparrow</tt> (uparrow)</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\downarrow</tt> (down arrow)</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\updownarrow</tt> (up/down
arrow)</li></ul></div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="id2535106"></a>Making Delimiters the Right
Size</h5>
<p>Delimiters in formulas should be big enough to
<span class="emphasis"><em>fit</em></span> around the formulas they
delimit (for example arround arrays). To obtain
<span class="emphasis"><em>stretchable</em></span> delimiters
(LaTeX makes them the appropriate size) type a
<tt class="literal">\left</tt> or <tt class="literal">\right</tt>
command before the delimiter. <tt class="literal">\left</tt> and
<tt class="literal">\right</tt> commands must come in matching
pairs, although the delimiters themselves need not be the same.
Thus, <tt class="literal">\left \{ ... \right \[</tt> produces a
legal pair. In cases where only one delimiter is desired, it is
possible to make the matching delimiter
<span class="emphasis"><em>invisible</em></span> by typing a period
(<tt class="literal">.</tt>) after the command, i.e.,
<tt class="literal">\left.</tt> or
<tt class="literal">\right.</tt></p>
<p>In an <a href="#env-eqnarray">eqnarray</a> environment the
matching <tt class="literal">\left</tt> and
<tt class="literal">\right</tt> cannot be split between lines and
it may be necessary to use an
<span class="emphasis"><em>invisible</em></span>
<tt class="literal">\right.</tt> and
<tt class="literal">\left.</tt> to terminate and begin parts on
different lines. In this case a second problem may arise, since the
size of the delimiters will be chosen only for the
<span class="emphasis"><em>local part</em></span>, so that the size
of the <span class="emphasis"><em>visible</em></span>
<span class="emphasis"><em>left</em></span> and
<span class="emphasis"><em>right</em></span> delimiters might not
match. The solution is to trick LaTeX into thinking that both parts
have the same vertical height. This can be done by placing a strut,
that is a zero-width <tt class="literal">\rule</tt>. It can also be
accomplished with the <tt class="literal">\vphantom</tt> command,
which I have not found documented, but which appears to work.</p>
<p><tt class="literal">\vphantom{construct}</tt> creates a
zero-width object with the height of
<tt class="literal">construct</tt>. The argument can contain things
such as <tt class="literal">\frac</tt> or the
<span class="emphasis"><em>variable size math symbols</em></span>
and should be chosen according to what is in the section with the
delimiter you want to match.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="id2535294"></a>Some Examples</h5>
<h5 class="title"><a id="id2535300"></a>A six-j symbol</h5>
<pre class="programlisting">
\[ \left\{
\begin{array}{ccc}
a & b & c \\
d & e & f \end{array}
\right>\} \]
</pre>
<p>This should be displayed something like (insofar as it can be
rendered in "ascii art"):</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
( a b c )
- -
( d e f )
</pre>
<p>Note that the <tt class="literal">\[ ... \]</tt> set this off as
<span class="emphasis"><em>Display Math</em></span>, and that the
<span class="emphasis"><em>Array Environment</em></span> is used to
generate the three centered columns inside the braces.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="id2535342"></a>A "multiple choice"
equation</h5>
<pre class="programlisting">
\[ f(x) =
\left\{ \begin{array}{l}
0, x < 0 \\ 1, x = 0 \\
2, x > 0 \end{array} \right. \]
</pre>
<p>will be displayed as</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
( 0, x < 0
f(x) = - 1, x = 0
( 2, x > 0
</pre>
<p>Note that the <span class="emphasis"><em>invisible</em></span>
<tt class="literal">\right</tt> delimiter is specified using a
<span class="emphasis"><em>period</em></span>.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="ellipsis-title"></a>Ellipsis</h5>
<a id="id2535395" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Ellipses (three dots) can be produced by the following
commands</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li><tt class="literal">\ldots</tt> horizontally at bottom of
line</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\cdots</tt> horizontally center of line
(math mode only)</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\ddots</tt> diagonal (math mode only)</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\vdots</tt> vertical (math mode
only)</li></ul></div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="greek-letters-title"></a>Greek
Letters</h5>
<a id="id2535471" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>These commands may be used only in math mode:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li><tt class="literal">\alpha</tt></li>
<li><tt class="literal">\beta</tt></li>
<li><tt class="literal">\gamma</tt></li>
<li><tt class="literal">\delta</tt></li>
<li><tt class="literal">\epsilon</tt></li>
<li><tt class="literal">\varepsilon</tt> (variation,
script-like)</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\zeta</tt></li>
<li><tt class="literal">\eta</tt></li>
<li><tt class="literal">\theta</tt></li>
<li><tt class="literal">\vartheta</tt> (variation,
script-like)</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\iota</tt></li>
<li><tt class="literal">\kappa</tt></li>
<li><tt class="literal">\lambda</tt></li>
<li><tt class="literal">\mu</tt></li>
<li><tt class="literal">\nu</tt></li>
<li><tt class="literal">\xi</tt></li>
<li><tt class="literal">\pi</tt></li>
<li><tt class="literal">\varpi</tt> (variation)</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\rho</tt></li>
<li><tt class="literal">\varrho</tt> (variation, with the
tail)</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\sigma</tt></li>
<li><tt class="literal">\varsigma</tt> (variation,
script-like)</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\tau</tt></li>
<li><tt class="literal">\upsilon</tt></li>
<li><tt class="literal">\phi</tt></li>
<li><tt class="literal">\varphi</tt> (variation, script-like)</li>
<li><tt class="literal">\chi</tt></li>
<li><tt class="literal">\psi</tt></li>
<li><tt class="literal">\omega</tt></li></ul></div>
<p>Capital letters:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li><tt class="literal">\Gamma</tt></li>
<li><tt class="literal">\Delta</tt></li>
<li><tt class="literal">\Theta</tt></li>
<li><tt class="literal">\Lambda</tt></li>
<li><tt class="literal">\Xi</tt></li>
<li><tt class="literal">\Pi</tt></li>
<li><tt class="literal">\Sigma</tt></li>
<li><tt class="literal">\Upsilon</tt></li>
<li><tt class="literal">\Phi</tt></li>
<li><tt class="literal">\Psi</tt></li>
<li><tt class="literal">\Omega</tt></li></ul></div>
<p>See also:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li><a href="#math-symbols-title">Math Symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#accents-on-chars-title">Accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#misc-symbols-title">Miscellaneous
Symbols</a></li></ul></div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="misc-symbols-title"></a>Miscellaneous
Symbols</h5>
<a id="id2535966" class="indexterm"></a>
<h5 class="title"><a id="id2535978"></a>Some symbols for math</h5>
<p>The following symbols are also used only in math mode</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li>
<a id="cmd-misc-symbol-aleph"></a><tt class="literal">\aleph</tt>
Hebrew aleph</li>
<li><a id="cmd-misc-symbol-hbar"></a><tt class="literal">\hbar</tt>
h-bar, Planck's constant</li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-misc-symbol-imath"></a><tt class="literal">\imath</tt>
variation on <span class="emphasis"><em>i</em></span>; no dot</li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-misc-symbol-jmath"></a><tt class="literal">\jmath</tt>
variation on <span class="emphasis"><em>j</em></span>; no dot</li>
<li><a id="cmd-misc-symbol-ell"></a><tt class="literal">\ell</tt>
script (loop) <span class="emphasis"><em>l</em></span></li>
<li><a id="cmd-misc-symbol-wp"></a><tt class="literal">\wp</tt>
fancy script lowercase
<span class="emphasis"><em>P</em></span></li>
<li><a id="cmd-misc-symbol-re"></a><tt class="literal">\Re</tt>
script capital <span class="emphasis"><em>R</em></span>
(<span class="emphasis"><em>Real</em></span>)</li>
<li><a id="cmd-misc-symbol-im"></a><tt class="literal">\Im</tt>
script capital <span class="emphasis"><em>I</em></span>
(<span class="emphasis"><em>Imaginary</em></span>)</li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-misc-symbol-prime"></a><tt class="literal">\prime</tt>
prime (also obtained by typing <tt class="literal">'</tt>)</li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-misc-symbol-nabla"></a><tt class="literal">\nabla</tt>
inverted capital Delta</li>
<li><a id="cmd-misc-symbol-surd"></a><tt class="literal">\surd</tt>
radical (square root) symbol</li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-misc-symbol-angle"></a><tt class="literal">\angle</tt>
angle symbol</li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-misc-symbol-forall"></a><tt class="literal">\forall</tt>
<span class="emphasis"><em>for all</em></span> (inverted A)</li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-misc-symbol-exists"></a><tt class="literal">\exists</tt>
<span class="emphasis"><em>exists</em></span> (left-facing E)</li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-misc-symbol-partial"></a><tt class="literal">\partial</tt>
partial derivative symbol</li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-misc-symbol-infty"></a><tt class="literal">\infty</tt>
infinity symbol</li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-misc-symbol-triangle"></a><tt class="literal">\triangle</tt>
open triangle symbol</li>
<li><a id="cmd-misc-symbol-box"></a><tt class="literal">\Box</tt>
open square</li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-misc-symbol-diamond"></a><tt class="literal">\Diamond</tt>
open diamond</li>
<li><a id="cmd-misc-symbol-flat"></a><tt class="literal">\flat</tt>
music: flat symbol</li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-misc-symbol-natural"></a><tt class="literal">\natural</tt>
music: natural symbol</li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-misc-symbol-clubsuit"></a><tt class="literal">\clubsuit</tt>
playing cards: club suit symbol</li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-misc-symbol-diamondsuit"></a><tt class="literal">\diamondsuit</tt>
playing cards: diamond suit symbol</li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-misc-symbol-heartsuit"></a><tt class="literal">\heartsuit</tt>
playing cards: heart suit symbol</li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-misc-symbol-spadsuit"></a><tt class="literal">\spadesuit</tt>
playing cards: space suit symbol</li></ul></div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="id2536435"></a>Some Other Symbols</h5>
<p>The following symbols can be used in any mode:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li><a id="cmd-other-symbol-dag"></a><tt class="literal">\dag</tt>
dagger</li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-other-symbol-ddag"></a>><tt class="literal">\ddag</tt>
double dagger</li>
<li><a id="cmd-other-symbol-s"></a>><tt class="literal">\S</tt>
section symbol</li>
<li><a id="cmd-other-symbol-p"></a>><tt class="literal">\P</tt>
paragraph symbol</li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-other-symbol-copyright"></a>><tt class="literal">\copyright</tt>
copyright symbol</li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-other-symbol-pounds"></a>><tt class="literal">\pounds</tt>
British pound sterling symbol</li></ul></div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="id2536553"></a>Calligraphic Style
Letters</h5>
<p>Twenty-six calligraphic letters are provided (the upper case
alphabet). These can only be used in math mode.</p>
<p>In LaTeX 2.09 they are produced with the
<tt class="literal">\cal</tt> declaration:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
${\cal A}$
</pre>
<p>In LaTeX2e they are obtained with the
<tt class="literal">\mathcal</tt> command:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
$\mathcal{CAL}$
</pre>
<h5 class="title"><a id="math-functions-title"></a>Math
Functions</h5>
<a id="id2536611" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Functions like <span class="emphasis"><em>log</em></span> or
<span class="emphasis"><em>cos</em></span> are normally used in
math mode. However, inmath mode strings of letters are treated as a
product of variables, which would normally be displayed in math
italics rather than a text font which would be appropriate for
these functions. To get proper display of such functions they are
generated with LaTeX commands.</p>
<p>Some of these commands are:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li>
<a id="cmd-math-func-arccos"></a><tt class="literal">\arccos</tt></li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-math-func-arcsin"></a><tt class="literal">\arcsin</tt></li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-math-func-arctan"></a><tt class="literal">\arctan</tt></li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-math-func-cos"></a><tt class="literal">\cos</tt></li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-math-func-cosh"></a><tt class="literal">\cosh</tt></li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-math-func-cot"></a><tt class="literal">\cot</tt></li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-math-func-coth"></a><tt class="literal">\coth</tt></li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-math-func-csc"></a><tt class="literal">\csc</tt></li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-math-func-deg"></a><tt class="literal">\deg</tt></li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-math-func-det"></a><tt class="literal">\det</tt></li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-math-func-dim"></a><tt class="literal">\dim</tt></li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-math-func-exp"></a><tt class="literal">\exp</tt></li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-math-func-gcd"></a><tt class="literal">\gcd</tt></li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-math-func-hom"></a><tt class="literal">\hom</tt></li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-math-func-inf"></a><tt class="literal">\inf</tt></li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-math-func-ker"></a><tt class="literal">\ker</tt></li>
<li><a id="cmd-math-func-lg"></a><tt class="literal">\lg</tt></li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-math-func-lim"></a><tt class="literal">\lim</tt></li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-math-func-liminf"></a><tt class="literal">\liminf</tt></li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-math-func-limsup"></a><tt class="literal">\limsup</tt></li>
<li><a id="cmd-math-func-ln"></a><tt class="literal">\ln</tt></li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-math-func-log"></a><tt class="literal">\log</tt></li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-math-func-max"></a><tt class="literal">\max</tt></li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-math-func-min"></a><tt class="literal">\min</tt></li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-math-func-sec"></a><tt class="literal">\sec</tt></li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-math-func-sin"></a><tt class="literal">\sin</tt></li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-math-func-sinh"></a><tt class="literal">\sinh</tt></li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-math-func-sup"></a><tt class="literal">\sup</tt></li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-math-func-tan"></a><tt class="literal">\tan</tt></li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-math-func-tanh"></a><tt class="literal">\tanh</tt></li></ul></div>
<p>Two commands are provided for the "modulus" function</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li>
<a id="cmd-math-func-bmod"></a><tt class="literal">\bmod</tt></li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-math-func-pmod"></a><tt class="literal">\pmod{}</tt></li></ul></div>
<p>The former would be used to write "a mod b" as
<tt class="literal">a \bmod b</tt> and the latter, which requires
an argument that is displayed in parentheses, would be used to
write "n = i (mod j)" as <tt class="literal">n = i
\pmod{j}</tt></p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="variable-math-size-symbols-title"></a>Variable Size Math
Symbols</h5>
<a id="id2537138" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The size of some mathematical symbols, notably summation signs,
product signs, and integral signs, depends on the environment in
which they appear (i.e., <tt class="literal">displaymath</tt> as
opposed to <tt class="literal">math</tt> environments.</p>
<p>These include:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li><a id="cmd-math-symbol-sum"></a><tt class="literal">\sum</tt> a
summation sign (capital sigma)</li>
<li><a id="cmd-math-symbol-prod"></a><tt class="literal">\prod</tt>
a product (capital pi)</li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-math-symbol-coprod"></a><tt class="literal">\coprod</tt>
a coproduct (inverted capital pi)</li>
<li><a id="cmd-math-symbol-int"></a><tt class="literal">\int</tt>
an integral sign</li>
<li><a id="cmd-math-symbol-oint"></a><tt class="literal">\oint</tt>
a surface (circular) integral sign</li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-math-symbol-bigcup"></a><tt class="literal">\bigcup</tt>
big "U"</li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-math-symbol-bigcap"></a><tt class="literal">\bigcap</tt>
big inverted "U"</li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-math-symbol-bigvee"></a><tt class="literal">\bigvee</tt>
big "V"</li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-math-symbol-bigwedge"></a><tt class="literal">\bigwedge</tt>
big inverted "V"</li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-math-symbol-bigodot"></a><tt class="literal">\bigodot</tt>
big "O" with dot at center</li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-math-symbol-bigotimes"></a><tt class="literal">\bigotimes</tt>
big "O" with cross inside</li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-math-symbol-bigoplus"></a><tt class="literal">\bigoplus</tt>
big "O" with a + inside</li>
<li>
<a id="cmd-math-symbol-biguplus"></a><tt class="literal">\biguplus</tt>
big "U" with a + inside</li></ul></div>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\sqrt</tt> command also produces a
variable size symbol appropriate for the size of hte radicand
argument.</p>
<p>The "limits" associated with these symbols are entered as
<span class="emphasis"><em>subscripts</em></span> for entries
appearing below the symbol and as
<span class="emphasis"><em>superscripts</em></span> for entries
appearing above the symbol. For example the sum from n=0 to
infinity of x<sup>n</sup> would be entered as</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} x_{n}
</pre>
<p>The actual placement of the limits depends on whether this is in
<tt class="literal">displaymath</tt> mode in which case they are
placed below/above or in
<span class="emphasis"><em>math</em></span> mode in running text in
which case they are placed as regular subscripts and
superscripts.</p>
<p>Note that it is possible to treat several of these symbols (a
common example would be a double sum) as a single symbol for
placing limits above and/or below by using the
<tt class="literal">\mathop</tt> command.</p>
<p><span class="emphasis"><em>Hats</em></span> and
<span class="emphasis"><em>tildes</em></span> over symbols which
stretch (as best they can) to the correct size for their arguments
are produced by <tt class="literal">\widehat</tt> and
<tt class="literal">\widetilde</tt></p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="splitting-the-input"></a>2.3.20 Splitting
the Input</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2537484" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2537491"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p>A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting
the whole input in a single large file, it's more efficient to
split it into several smaller ones. Regardless of how many separate
files you use, there is one that is the root file; it is the one
whose name you type when you run LaTeX.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-include-title"></a>\include</h5>
<a id="id2537521" class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\include{file}</tt></p>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\include</tt> command is used in
conjunction with the <tt class="literal">\includeonly</tt> command
for selective inclusion of files. The <tt class="literal">file</tt>
argument is the first name of a file, denoting
<tt class="filename">file.tex</tt>. If
<tt class="literal">file</tt> is one the file names in the file
list of the <tt class="literal">\includeonly</tt> command or if
there is no <tt class="literal">\includeonly</tt> command, the
<tt class="literal">\include</tt> command is equivalent to</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\clearpage \input{file} \clearpage
</pre>
<p>except that if the file <tt class="filename">file.tex</tt> does
not exist, then a warning message rather than an error is produced.
If the file is not in the file list, the
<tt class="literal">\include</tt> command is equivalent to
<tt class="literal">\clearpage</tt>.</p>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\include</tt> command may not appear in
the preamble or in a file read by another
<tt class="literal">\include</tt> command.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-includeonly-title"></a>\includeonly</h5>
<a id="id2537650" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>
<tt class="literal">\includeonly{</tt><span class="emphasis"><em>file_list</em></span><tt class="literal">
}</tt></p>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\includeonly</tt> command controls which
files will be read in by an <tt class="literal">\include</tt>
command. <span class="emphasis"><em>file_list</em></span> should be
a comma-separated list of filenames. Each filename must match
exactly a filename specified in a <tt class="literal">\include</tt>
command. This command can only appear in the preamble.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-input-title"></a>\input</h5>
<a id="id2537710" class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\input{file}</tt></p>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\input</tt> command causes the indicated
<tt class="literal">file</tt> to be read and processed, exactly as
if its contents had been inserted in the current file at that
point. The file name may be a complete file name with extension or
just a first name, in which case the file
<tt class="filename">file.tex</tt> is used.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="starting-and-ending"></a>2.3.21 Starting
& Ending</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2537767" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2537774"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Your input file must contain the following commands as a
minimum:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\documentclass{class}
\begin{document}
... your text goes here ...
\end{document}
</pre>
<p>where the <tt class="literal">class</tt> selected is one of the
valid classes for LaTeX. See <a href="#document-classes"
title="2.3.4 Document Classes">Document Classes</a> (and see
<a href="#overview"
title="2.2 Overview of LaTeX and Local Guide ">Overview</a>), for
details of the various document classes available locally.</p>
<p>You may include other LaTeX commands between the
<tt class="literal">\documentclass</tt> and the
<tt class="literal">\begin{document}</tt> commands (i.e., in the
`preamble').</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="table-of-contents"></a>2.3.22 Table of
Contents</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2537859" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>A table of contents is produced with the
<tt class="literal">\tableofcontents</tt> <a id="id2537874"
class="indexterm"></a> command. You put the command right where you
want the table of contents to go; LaTeX does the rest for you. It
produces a heading, but it does not automatically start a new page.
If you want a new page after the table of contents, include a
<tt class="literal">\newpage</tt> command after the
<tt class="literal">\tableofcontents</tt> command.</p>
<p>There are similar commands
<tt class="literal">\listoffigures</tt> <a id="id2537912"
class="indexterm"></a> and <tt class="literal">\listoftables</tt>
<a id="id2537925" class="indexterm"></a> for producing a list of
figures and a list of tables, respectively. Everything works
exactly the same as for the table of contents.</p>
<p>NOTE: If you want any of these items to be generated, you cannot
have the <tt class="literal">\nofiles</tt> <a id="id2537945"
class="indexterm"></a> command in your document.</p>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-addcontentsline-title"></a>\addcontentsline</h5>
<a id="id2537964" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>
<tt class="literal">\addcontentsline{file}{sec_unit}{entry}</tt></p>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\addcontentsline</tt> command adds an
entry to the specified list or table where:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li><tt class="literal">file</tt> is the extension of the file on
which information is to be written: <tt class="literal">toc</tt>
(table of contents), <tt class="literal">lof</tt> (list of
figures), or <tt class="literal">lot</tt> (list of tables).</li>
<li>
<p><tt class="literal">sec_unit</tt> controls the formatting of the
entry. It should be one of the following, depending upon the value
of the file argument:</p>
<div class="orderedlist">
<ol type="1">
<li><tt class="literal">toc</tt> --- the name of the sectional
unit, such as part or subsection.</li>
<li><tt class="literal">lof</tt> --- figure</li>
<li><tt class="literal">lot</tt> --- table</li></ol></div></li>
<li><tt class="literal">entry</tt> is the text of the
entry.</li></ul></div>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="cmd-addtocontents-title"></a>\addtocontents</h5>
<a id="id2538097" class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\addtocontents{file}{text}</tt></p>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\addtocontents</tt> command adds text
(or formatting commands) directly to the file that generates the
table of contents or list of figures or tables.</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li><tt class="literal">file</tt> is the extension of the file on
which information is to be written: <tt class="literal">toc</tt>
(table of contents), <tt class="literal">lof</tt> (list of
figures), or <tt class="literal">lot</tt> (list of tables).</li>
<li><tt class="literal">text</tt> is the information to be
written.</li></ul></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="terminal-input-slash-output"></a>2.3.23
Terminal Input/Output</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2538186" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2538193"
class="indexterm"></a>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-typein-title"></a>\typein</h5>
<a id="id2538211" class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\typein[cmd]{msg}</tt></p>
<p>Prints <tt class="literal">msg</tt> on the terminal and causes
LaTeX to stop and wait for you to type a line of input, ending with
return. If the <tt class="literal">cmd</tt> argument is missing,
the typed input is processed as if it had been included in the
input file in place of the <tt class="literal">\typein</tt>
command. If the <tt class="literal">cmd</tt> argument is present,
it must be a command name. This command name is then defined or
redefined to be the typed input.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-typeout-title"></a>\typeout</h5>
<a id="id2538271" class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\typeout{msg}</tt></p>
<p>Prints <tt class="literal">msg</tt> on the terminal and in the
<tt class="literal">log</tt> file. Commands in
<tt class="literal">msg</tt> that are defined with
<tt class="literal">\newcommand</tt> or
<tt class="literal">\renewcommand</tt> are replaced by their
definitions before being printed.</p>
<p>LaTeX's usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single
space and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to
<tt class="literal">msg</tt>. A <tt class="literal">\space</tt>
command in <tt class="literal">msg</tt> causes a single space to be
printed. A <tt class="literal">^^J</tt> in
<tt class="literal">msg</tt> prints a newline.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="typefaces"></a>2.3.24
Typefaces</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2538374" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2538381"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The <tt class="literal">typeface</tt> is specified by giving the
<span class="emphasis"><em>size</em></span> and
<span class="emphasis"><em>style</em></span>. A typeface is also
called a <span class="emphasis"><em>font</em></span>.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="styles-title"></a>\Styles</h5>
<a id="id2538418" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2538425"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2538432" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The following type style commands are supported by LaTeX.</p>
<p>These commands are used like <tt class="literal">\textit{italics
text}</tt>. The corresponding command in parenthesis is the
<span class="emphasis"><em>declaration form</em></span>, which
takes no arguments. The scope of the declaration form lasts until
the next type style command or the end of the current group.</p>
<p>The declaration forms are cumulative; i.e., you can say
<tt class="literal">\sffamily\bfseries</tt> to get sans serif
boldface.</p>
<p>You can also use the environment form of the declaration forms;
e.g.
<tt class="literal">\begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}</tt>.</p>
<div class="table"><a id="id2538486"></a>
<p class="title"><b>Table 1.9. Typefaces</b></p>
<table summary="Typefaces" border="0">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" />
<col align="justify" /></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left">\textrm (\rmfamily) <a id="id2538519"
class="indexterm"></a> <a id="id2538526"
class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Roman.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\textit (\itshape) <a id="id2538544"
class="indexterm"></a> <a id="id2538551" class="indexterm"></a>,
\emph <a id="id2538558" class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Emphasis (toggles between \textit and
\textrm).</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\textmd (\mdseries) <a id="id2538577"
class="indexterm"></a> <a id="id2538584"
class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Medium weight (default). The opposite of
boldface.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\textbf (\bfseries) <a id="id2538603"
class="indexterm"></a> <a id="id2538610"
class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Boldface.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\textup (\upshape) <a id="id2538628"
class="indexterm"></a> <a id="id2538635"
class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Upright (default). The opposite of
slanted.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\textsl (\slshape) <a id="id2538653"
class="indexterm"></a> <a id="id2538660"
class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Slanted.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\textsf (\sffamily) <a id="id2538678"
class="indexterm"></a> <a id="id2538685"
class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Sans serif.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\textsc (\scshape) <a id="id2538704"
class="indexterm"></a> <a id="id2538710"
class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Small caps.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\texttt (\ttfamily) <a id="id2538729"
class="indexterm"></a> <a id="id2538735"
class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Typewriter.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\textnormal (\normalfont) <a id="id2538754"
class="indexterm"></a> <a id="id2538761"
class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Main document font.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\mathrm <a id="id2538779"
class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Roman, for use in math mode.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\mathbf <a id="id2538797"
class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Boldface, for use in math mode. For bold
symbols or complete equations take a look at
<a href="#boldsymbol-linkend"><tt class="literal">\boldsymbol</tt></a>
and <a href="#cmd-bm"><tt class="literal">\bm</tt></a>.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\mathsf <a id="id2538839"
class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Sans serif, for use in math mode.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\mathtt <a id="id2538858"
class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Typewriter, for use in math mode.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\mathit <a id="id2538876"
class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Italics, for use in math mode, e.g. variable
names with several letters.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\mathnormal <a id="id2538895"
class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify">For use in math mode, e.g. inside another type
style declaration.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\mathcal <a id="id2538914"
class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify">`Calligraphic' letters, for use in math
mode.</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<p>In addition, the command
<tt class="literal">\mathversion{bold}</tt> <a id="id2538939"
class="indexterm"></a> can be used for switching to bold letters
and symbols in formulas.
<tt class="literal">\mathversion{normal}</tt> restores the
default.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="sizes-title"></a>Sizes</h5>
<a id="id2538965" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2538972"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2538979" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The following standard type size commands are supported by
LaTeX.</p>
<p>The commands as listed here are "declaration forms". The scope
of the declaration form lasts until the next type style command or
the end of the current group.</p>
<p>You can also use the environment form of these commands; e.g.
<tt class="literal">\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}</tt>.</p>
<div class="table"><a id="id2539011"></a>
<p class="title"><b>Table 1.10. Standard type size
commands</b></p>
<table summary="Standard type size commands" border="0">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" />
<col align="justify" /></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left">\tiny<a id="id2539045" class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify"></td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\scriptsize <a id="id2539066"
class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify"></td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\footnotesize <a id="id2539084"
class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify"></td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\small <a id="id2539103"
class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify"></td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\normalsize <a id="id2539122"
class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify">(default)</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\large <a id="id2539141"
class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify"></td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\Large <a id="id2539160"
class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify"></td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\LARGE <a id="id2539179"
class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify"></td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\huge <a id="id2539198"
class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify"></td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\Huge <a id="id2539216"
class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<h5 class="title">
<a id="low-dash-level-font-commands-title"></a>Low-level font
commands</h5>
<a id="id2539242" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2539250"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p>These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and
packages. The commands listed here are only a subset of the
available ones. For full details, you should consult Chapter 7 of
<i class="citetitle">The LaTeX Companion</i>.</p>
<div class="table"><a id="id2539271"></a>
<p class="title"><b>Table 1.11. Low-level font
commands</b></p>
<table summary="Low-level font commands" border="0">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" />
<col align="justify" /></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left">\fontencoding{enc} <a id="id2539304"
class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Select font encoding. Valid encodings include
<tt class="literal">OT1</tt> and
<tt class="literal">T1</tt>.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\fontfamily{family} <a id="id2539334"
class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Select font family. Valid families include:
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li><tt class="literal">cmr</tt> for Computer Modern Roman</li>
<li><tt class="literal">cmss</tt> for Computer Modern Sans
Serif</li>
<li><tt class="literal">cmtt</tt> for Computer Modern
Typewriter</li></ul></div>
and numerous others.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\fontseries{series} <a id="id2539391"
class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Select font series. Valid series include:
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li><tt class="literal">m</tt> Medium (normal)</li>
<li><tt class="literal">b</tt> Bold</li>
<li><tt class="literal">c</tt> Condensed</li>
<li><tt class="literal">bc</tt> Bold condensed</li>
<li><tt class="literal">bx</tt> Bold extended</li></ul></div>
and various other combinations.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\fontshape{shape} <a id="id2539468"
class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Select font shape. Valid shapes are:
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li><tt class="literal">n</tt> Upright (normal)</li>
<li><tt class="literal">it</tt> Italic</li>
<li><tt class="literal">sl</tt> Slanted (oblique)</li>
<li><tt class="literal">sc</tt> Small caps</li>
<li><tt class="literal">ui</tt> Upright italics</li>
<li><tt class="literal">ol</tt> Outline</li></ul></div>
The two last shapes are not available for most font
families.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\fontsize{size}{skip} <a id="id2539555"
class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Set font size. The first parameter is the font
size to switch to; the second is the
<tt class="literal">\baselineskip</tt> to use. The unit of both
parameters defaults to pt. A rule of thumb is that the baselineskip
should be 1.2 times the font size.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\selectfont <a id="id2539583"
class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify">The changes made by calling the four font
commands described above do not come into effect until
<tt class="literal">\selectfont</tt> is called.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\usefont{enc}{family}{series}{shape}
<a id="id2539610" class="indexterm"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Equivalent to calling
<tt class="literal">\fontencoding</tt>,
<tt class="literal">\fontfamily</tt>,
<tt class="literal">\fontseries</tt> and
<tt class="literal">\fontshape</tt> with the given parameters,
followed by
<tt class="literal">\selectfont</tt>.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="parameters"></a>2.4
Parameters</h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2539672" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted;
TeX uses <tt class="filename">.tex</tt> as a default file
extension. If you omit the input file entirely, TeX accepts input
from the terminal. You specify command options by supplying a
string as a parameter to the command; e.g.</p>
<p><tt class="literal">latex \scrollmode\input foo.tex</tt></p>
<p>will process <tt class="filename">foo.tex</tt> without pausing
after every error.</p>
<p>Output files are always created in the current directory. When
you fail to specify an input file name, TeX bases the output names
on the file specification associated with the logical name
TEX_OUTPUT, typically
<tt class="literal">texput.log</tt>.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="latex-packages"></a>3
LaTeX Packages</h2></div></div></div>
<a id="id2539754" class="indexterm"></a>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="amsmath"></a>3.1
<tt class="filename">amsmath</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2539778" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2539785"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">amsmath</tt> consists of several packages to
aid in typesetting math.</p>
<div class="variablelist"><a id="boldsymbol-linkend"></a>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\boldsymbol</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2539828" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Produces a bold math symbol. When not only a single symbol, but
a complete equation has to be bold you might consider using the
superior <a href="#cmd-bm"><tt class="literal">\bm</tt></a> command
which takes better care of spacing.</p></dd>
<dt>
<a id="pmb-linkend"></a><span class="term"><tt class="literal">\pmb</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2539871" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Can be used for mathematic symbols, when no bold version is
available. It prints the standard symbol several times slightly
shifted and is inferior to a real bold
font!</p></dd></dl></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="dcolumn"></a>3.2
<tt class="filename">dcolumn</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2539910" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2539917"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\usepackage{dcolumn}</tt></p>
<p>Defines a system for defining columns of entries in an
<tt class="literal">array</tt> or <tt class="literal">tabular</tt>
which are to be aligned on a <span class="emphasis"><em>decimal
point</em></span>.</p>
<p>This package defines <tt class="literal">D</tt> to be a column
specifier with three arguments:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
D{sep.tex}{sep.dvi}{decimal places}
</pre>
<p><tt class="literal">sep.tex</tt> should be a single character,
this is used as the separator in the <tt class="literal">.tex</tt>
file. It will usually be '<tt class="literal">.</tt>' or
'<tt class="literal">,</tt>'.</p>
<p><tt class="literal">sep.dvi</tt> is used as the separator in the
output.</p>
<p><tt class="literal">decimal places</tt> should be the maximum
number of decimal places in the column.</p>
<p><tt class="literal">\newcolumntype</tt> can be used to define
own column types.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="float"></a>3.3
<tt class="filename">float</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2540048" class="indexterm"></a>
<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p>The contents of this section was taken from the documentation of
<tt class="filename">float</tt> v1.3d of 2001/11/08.</p></div>
<p>“<span class="quote">This style option improves the
interface for defining objects such as figures and tabels in LaTeX.
It adds the notion of a <span class="emphasis"><em>float
style</em></span> that governs the appearance of
floats.</span>”</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\newfloat{<placement>}{<ext>}[<within>]</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2540101" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2540108"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Add a new class of floats.</p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\floatstyle{<style>}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2540138" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2540145"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Sets a default float style.</p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\floatname{<style>}{<name>}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2540175" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2540182"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Define the <span class="emphasis"><em>float name</em></span>
used in the caption of a float.</p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\floatplacement{<>}{<placement>}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2540216" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2540223"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Resets the default placement specifier of a class of
floats.</p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\restylefloat<style></tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2540253" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2540260"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Change styles for the standard float types
<tt class="literal">figure</tt> and
<tt class="literal">table</tt>.</p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\listof{<type>}{<title>}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2540303" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2540309"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Produces a list of all floats of a given
class.</p></dd></dl></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="fontenc"></a>3.4
<tt class="filename">fontenc</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2540350" class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}</tt></p>
<p>chooses T1-fonts and allows correct automatic
hyphenation.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="german"></a>3.5
<tt class="filename">german</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2540390" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2540397"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Das <tt class="literal">german</tt> Paket muß geladen
sein:</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">"a</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2540437" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>erzeugt ein <span class="emphasis"><em>ä</em></span></p>
<p>entsprechend <tt class="literal">"o</tt>,
<tt class="literal">"u</tt>, <tt class="literal">"A</tt>,
<tt class="literal">"O</tt>, <tt class="literal">"U</tt>,
<tt class="literal">"s (ß)</tt></p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">"ck</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2540504" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>wird bei Trennung zu <tt class="literal">k-k</tt></p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">"ff</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2540538" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>wird bei Trennung zu <tt class="literal">ff-f</tt></p>
<p>entsprechend <tt class="literal">"ll</tt>,
<tt class="literal">"mm</tt>, <tt class="literal">"pp</tt>,
<tt class="literal">"rr</tt>, <tt class="literal">"tt</tt></p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">\glqq</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2540604" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>oder <tt class="literal">"`</tt> erzeugt untere doppelte
Anführungszeichen</p></dd>
<dt>
<a id="cmd-grqq"></a><span class="term"><tt class="literal">\grqq</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2540644" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>oder <tt class="literal">"'</tt> erzeugt obere doppelte
Anführungszeichen</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">\glq</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2540681" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>erzeugt untere einfache Anführungszeichen</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">\flqq</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2540711" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>oder <tt class="literal">"<</tt> doppelte linke
französische Anführungszeichen</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">\frqq</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2540748" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>oder <tt class="literal">"></tt> doppelte rechte
französische Anführungszeichen</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">\flq</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2540785" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>einfache linke französische Anführungszeichen</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">\frq</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2540815" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>einfache rechte französische
Anführungszeichen</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">"|</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2540846" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>verhindert eine Ligatur an der Stelle</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">\-</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2540875" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>markiert mögliche Trennstelle, im restlichen Wort ist keine
Trennung mehr möglich</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">"-</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2540906" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Trennvorschlag, der Rest des Wortes kann noch automatisch
getrennt werden</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">""</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2540936" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Trennvorschlag, bei dem bei einer Trennung kein Bindestrich
eingefügt wird</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">"~</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2540967" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Bindestrich, an dem nicht getrennt werden darf</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">"=</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2540996" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Bindestrich, an dem getrennt werden darf</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">\dq</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2541025" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>erzeugt ein nicht-typographisches gerades
Anführungszeichen</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\texttt{\dq}
</pre></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal"><</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2541062" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>oder <tt class="literal">\dq</tt> ergibt das
Zoll-Zeichen</p></dd></dl></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="graphics"></a>3.6
<tt class="filename">graphics</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2541109" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2541116"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Look up details in <tt class="filename">grfguide</tt>.</p>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="includegraphics"></a>3.6.1
\includegraphics</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2541152" class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\includegraphics[]{picture-name}</tt></p>
<p>File extensions of the graphics should be omitted, so it's
easier to change the format (for example for pdf or ps
output).</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="graphicspath"></a>3.6.2
\graphicspath</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2541188" class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\graphicspath{dir-list}</tt></p>
<p><tt class="literal">dir-list</tt> is a list of absolute or
relative paths, where the command <a href="#includegraphics"
title="3.6.1 \includegraphics"><tt class="literal">\includegraphics{}</tt></a>
searches for the graphic files:</p>
<p><tt class="literal">\graphicspath{{eps/}{tiff/}}</tt> would
cause the system to look in the subdirectories
<tt class="literal">eps</tt> and <tt class="literal">tiff</tt> of
the current directory. This is unix syntax, on a Mac it would
be:</p>
<p><tt class="literal">\graphicspath{{:eps:}{:tiff:}}</tt></p>
<p>Under Windows/DOS use also the slash <tt class="literal">/</tt>
to separate directories. Not all tex installations can handle
filenames with spaces. So it's better to avoid
them.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="hyperref"></a>3.7
<tt class="filename">hyperref</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2541288" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2541297"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p>For more infos read in the book <span class="emphasis"><em>LaTeX
Web Companion</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>Mit LaTeX
ins Web</em></span>.</p>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="hyperref-options"></a>3.7.1
Options</h4></div></div></div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term">4</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2541354" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>use Acrobat 4 features (default:
<tt class="literal">false</tt>).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">a4paper, a5paper, b5paper, legalpaper,
letterpaper, executivepaper</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2541391" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2541407"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2541423"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2541439"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2541454"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2541470" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>use the specified paper size.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">anchorcolor</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2541500" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>set color of anchors (default:
<tt class="literal">black</tt>).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">backref</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2541536" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>do bibliographical back references (default:
<tt class="literal">false</tt>).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">baseurl</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2541572" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>set base URL for document (default:
<tt class="literal">empty</tt>).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">bookmarks</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2541608" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>make bookmarks (default:
<tt class="literal">true</tt>).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">bookmarksnumbered</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2541644" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>put section numbers in bookmarks (default:
<tt class="literal">false</tt>).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">bookmarksopen</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2541680" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>open up bookmark tree (default:
<tt class="literal">false</tt>).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">bookmarksopenlevel</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2541716" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>level to which bookmarks are open (default:
<tt class="literal">\maxdimen</tt>).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">bookmarkstype</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2541752" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>to specify which `toc' file to mimic toc.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">breaklinks</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2541782" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>allow links to break over lines (default:
<tt class="literal">false</tt>).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">citebordercolor</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2541819" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>color of border around cites (default: <tt class="literal">0 1
0</tt>).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">citecolor</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2541855" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>color of citation links (default:
<tt class="literal">green</tt>).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">colorlinks</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2541891" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>color links (default: <tt class="literal">false</tt>).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">debug</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2541926" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>provide details of anchors defined (same as verbose, default:
<tt class="literal">false</tt>).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">draft</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2541962" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>do not do any hyper linking (default:
<tt class="literal">false</tt>).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">dvipdf, dvipdfm, dvips, dvipsone, dviwindo,
hypertex,</span> <span class="term">latex2html, pdftex, tex4ht,
textures, ps2pdf, vtex,</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2542003" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2542019"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2542035"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2542051"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2542066"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2542082"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2542098"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2542114"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2542130"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2542146"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2542162" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>use the specified backend.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">extension</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2542191" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>suffix of linked files (default:
<tt class="literal">dvi</tt>).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">filebordercolor</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2542227" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>color of border around file links (default:
<tt class="literal">0 .5 .5</tt>).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">filecolor</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2542263" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>color of file links (default:
<tt class="literal">cyan</tt>).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">frenchlinks</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2542299" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>use small caps instead of color for links (default:
<tt class="literal">false</tt>).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">hyperfigures</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2542335" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>make figures hyper links (default:
<tt class="literal">false</tt>).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">hyperindex</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2542371" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>set up hyperlinked indices (default:
<tt class="literal">true</tt>).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">hypertexnames</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2542407" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>use guessable names for links (default:
<tt class="literal">true</tt>).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">implicit</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2542443" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>redefine LaTeX internals (default:
<tt class="literal">true</tt>).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">linkbordercolor</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2542482" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>color of border around links (default: <tt class="literal">1 0
0</tt>).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">linkcolor</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2542518" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>color of links (default: <tt class="literal">red</tt>).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">linktocpage</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2542554" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>make page number, not text, be link on TOC, LOF and LOT
(default: <tt class="literal">false</tt>).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">menubordercolor</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2542590" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>color of border around menu links (default:
<tt class="literal">1 0 0</tt>).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">menucolor</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2542627" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>color for menu links (default:
<tt class="literal">red</tt>).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">naturalnames</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2542662" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>use LaTeX-computed names for links (default:
<tt class="literal">false</tt>).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">nesting</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2542702" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>allow nesting of links (default:
<tt class="literal">false</tt>).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">pageanchor</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2542738" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>put an anchor on every page (default:
<tt class="literal">true</tt>).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">pagebackref</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2542773" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>backreference by page number (default:
<tt class="literal">false</tt>).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">pagebordercolor</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2542809" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>color of border around page links (default:
<tt class="literal">1 1 0</tt>).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">pagecolor</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2542846" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>color of page links (default:
<tt class="literal">red</tt>).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">pdfauthor</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2542881" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>text for PDF Author field (default: empty).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">pdfborder</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2542911" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>width of PDF link border (default: <tt class="literal">0 0
1</tt>; <tt class="literal">0 0 0</tt> for
<tt class="literal">colorlinks</tt>)</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">pdfcenterwindow</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2542959" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>position the document window center of the screen (default:
<tt class="literal">false</tt>).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">pdfcreator</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2542995" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>text for PDF Creator field (default: LaTeX with hyperref
package).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">pdffitwindow</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2543029" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>resize document window to fit document size (default:
<tt class="literal">false</tt>).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">pdfhighlight</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2543066" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>set highlighting of PDF links (default:
<tt class="literal">/I</tt>).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">pdfkeywords</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2543101" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>text for PDF Keywords field (default: empty).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">pdfmenubar</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2543131" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>make PDF viewer's menu bar visible (default:
<tt class="literal">true</tt>).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">pdfnewwindow</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2543167" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>make links that open another PDF file start a new window
(default: <tt class="literal">false</tt>).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">pdfpagelayout</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2543204" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>set layout of PDF pages (default: empty).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">pdfpagemode</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2543234" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>set default mode of PDF display (default: empty).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">pdfpagescrop</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2543264" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>set crop size of PDF document (default: empty).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">pdfpagetransition</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2543294" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>set PDF page transition style (default: empty).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">pdfproducer</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2543325" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>text for PDF Producer field (default: empty).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">pdfstartpage</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2543355" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>page at which PDF document opens (default:
<tt class="literal">1</tt>).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">pdfstartview</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2543391" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>starting view of PDF document (default:
<tt class="literal">/Fit</tt>).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">pdfsubject</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2543427" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>text for PDF Subject field (default: empty).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">pdftitle</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2543457" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>text for PDF Title field(default: empty).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">pdftoolbar</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2543487" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>make PDF toolbar visible (default:
<tt class="literal">true</tt>).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">pdfview</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2543522" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>PDF `view' when on link traversal (default: empty).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">pdfwindowui</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2543552" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>make PDF user interface elements visible (default:
<tt class="literal">true</tt>).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">plainpages</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2543588" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>do page number anchors as plain arabic (default:
<tt class="literal">true</tt>).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">raiselinks</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2543624" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>raise up links (for HyperTeX backend; default:
<tt class="literal">false</tt>).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">runbordercolor</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2543661" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>color of border around run links (default: <tt class="literal">0
.7 .7</tt>).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">unicode</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2543697" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Unicode encoded pdf strings (default:
<tt class="literal">true</tt>).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">urlbordercolor</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2543733" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>color of border around URL links (default: <tt class="literal">0
1 1</tt>).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">urlcolor</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2543769" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>color of URL links (default:
<tt class="literal">magenta</tt>).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">verbose</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2543804" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>be chatty (default:
<tt class="literal">false</tt>).</p></dd></dl></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="hyperref-commands"></a>3.7.2
Commands</h4></div></div></div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\texorpdfstring{TeX-string}{pdf-string}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2543868" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>allows different texts for PDF or TeX creation.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\section{The role of \texorpdfstring{H$_2$O}{water}}
</pre></dd>
<dt>
<a id="href"></a><span class="term"><tt class="literal">\href{URL}{Text}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2543915" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>the text will be resolved into a URL. The URL must be complete,
according to a base-url which might be defined in a
<a href="#cmd-hyperbaseurl"><tt class="literal">\hyperbaseurl</tt></a>.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\href{http://www.karpfenteich.net/pit/}{Peter's input tips}
</pre></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><a id="cmd-hyperbaseurl"></a><tt class="literal">
\hyperbaseurl{URL}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2543972" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>defines a base URL, which is preset to a given URL. This helps
to make portable documents.</p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\hyperimage{image-URL}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2544006" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>includes the picture of the URL reference.</p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\hyperref{URL}{category}{name}{text}</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\hyperref[mark]{text}</tt>,</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2544047" class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">text</tt> is activated as a hyperlink to the
point which is defined with a
<a href="#cmd-label-title"><tt class="filename">\label</tt></a>
command with the symbolic name
<tt class="literal">mark</tt>.</p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\hyperlink{name}{text}</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\hyertarget{name}{text}</tt>,</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2544113" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2544129"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\hyperlink</tt> creates an internal link to
an object which is somewhere defined with a
<tt class="literal">\hypertarget</tt> command.</p>
<p>For HTML the command <tt class="literal">\hyperlink</tt> inserts
a <tt class="literal">#</tt> character in front of each link. Thus
it'll refer to the topical document, while
<tt class="literal">\href</tt> will expect a complete URL.</p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\autoref{marker}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2544197" class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\autoref</tt> is a substitution for the
standard <tt class="literal">\ref</tt> command. It inserts a
context sensitive phrase.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
see \autoref{foo}
</pre>
<p>for a <tt class="literal">\label</tt> in a section will output
<span class="emphasis"><em>see section 3</em></span> for an
example.</p>
<p>There are macros to change the default output with the help of
the <tt class="literal">\renewcommand</tt>:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\figurename *\figurename*
\tablename *\tablename*
\partname *\partname*
\appendixname *\appendixname*
\equationname *\equationname*
\Itemname *\Itemname*
\chaptername *\chaptername*
\sectionname *\sectionname*
\subsectionname *\subsesctionname*
\subsubsectionname *\subsubsectionname*
\paragraphname *\paragraphname*
\Hfootnotename *\Hfootnotename*
\AMSname *\AMSname*
\theoremname *\theoremname*
</pre></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><a id="cmd-nolinkurl"></a><tt class="literal">\nolinkurl</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2544292" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Allows line breaks in a verbatim like environment like
<tt class="literal">\url</tt>, but without the hyperlink function.
This is useful to define own commands like this example:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\newcommand*{\urlw}[1]{\href{http://www.#1}%
{\nolinkurl{www.#1}}}
</pre>
<p>This new defined command <tt class="literal">\urlw</tt> allows
the user to typeset a linkable (this function is offered by
<tt class="literal">\href</tt>)
<tt class="literal">www.example.org</tt> address in the latex
source like this:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\urlw{example.org}
</pre>
<p>This will produce the string
<tt class="literal">www.example.org</tt> which is hyperlinked and
breakable (when the driver like pdfTeX allows line breaks in
links).</p></dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="inputenc"></a>3.8
<tt class="filename">inputenc</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2544394" class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\usepackage[encoding
name]{inputenc}</tt></p>
<p>Allows to specify an input encoding for direct input of
character codes > 127, e.g. accented characters.</p>
<p>Important encodings are:</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">latin9,
latin1</tt></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Linux, Unix, VMS</p>
<a id="id2544441" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2544448"
class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">ansinew</tt></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Windows (codepage 1252)</p>
<a id="id2544471" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">cp850</tt></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>OS/2, MSDOS (codpage 850)</p>
<a id="id2544495" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">applemac</tt></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Apple Macintosh</p>
<a id="id2544519" class="indexterm"></a></dd></dl></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="komascript"></a>3.9
<tt class="filename">KOMA-Script</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2544549" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2544557"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The <tt class="literal">KOMA-Script</tt> package has a very
detailed and well written documentation. Read the
<tt class="literal">scrguide</tt> for further information! :-)</p>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="komascript-page-layout"></a>3.9.1
Page-Layout</h4></div></div></div>
<p><tt class="literal">\typearea[BCOR]{DIV}</tt></p>
<a id="id2544614" class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\areaset[BCOR]{Breite}{Höhe}</tt></p>
<a id="id2544631" class="indexterm"></a></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="komascript-options"></a>3.9.2
Options</h4></div></div></div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term">headinclude, headexclude,</span>
<span class="term">footinclude, footexclude,</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2544671" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2544680"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2544688"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2544697" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>will determine if headers and footers are used in the
calculation of the page size. Default is exclude. Include will make
the text area smaller.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">DIV</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2544722" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>is a factor which determins how large the used page size is.
This method takes care of good typography.</p>
<p>Try values between 10 and 15. Higher values will cause smaller
margins. An example would be:
<tt class="literal">DIV12</tt>.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">BCOR</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2544758" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Binding correction. Takes care of the loss of the visible paper
size when the paper is cut and a book is
bound.</p></dd></dl></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="komascript-scrlttr2"></a>3.9.3 Letter
Class <tt class="literal">scrlttr2</tt></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2544796" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>This reference is based on the excellent
<tt class="literal">scrguien.pdf</tt> from 2002-09-06.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="id2544819"></a>Options</h5>
<a id="id2544825" class="indexterm"></a>
<h5 class="title"><a id="id2544840"></a>Defining Options Later</h5>
<a id="id2544846" class="indexterm"></a>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">\KOMAoptions{options
list}</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Use this to change options after loading the class. List single
or multiple options, separated by commas.</dd></dl></div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="id2544888"></a>Page Layout Options</h5>
<a id="id2544894" class="indexterm"></a>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">paper=format</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Defines the paper format.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">BCOR=length</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">DIV=value</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">headlines=count</tt>,</span></dt>
<dd>Divisor, binding correction, and number of headlines.</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">enlargefirstpage</tt></span></dt>
<dd>If <span class="emphasis"><em>true</em></span> some more text
would fit on the first page</dd></dl></div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="id2544988"></a>Other Layout Options</h5>
<a id="id2544994" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2545010"
class="indexterm"></a>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">twoside</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Activate possibilities of a double-sided document, but stay
with with the one-sided layout as far as possible.</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">cleardoublepage=style</tt></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Inserted pages by <tt class="literal">\cleardoublepage</tt> get
one of these page styles:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc">
<li><tt class="literal">empty</tt></li>
<li><tt class="literal">plain</tt></li>
<li><tt class="literal">standard</tt></li></ul></div></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">headsepline</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">footsepline</tt>,</span></dt>
<dd>Insert a separator line below the head or above the foot.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">mpinclude</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">mpexclude</tt>,</span></dt>
<dd>These two options of the <tt class="literal">typearea</tt>
package should not be used with
<tt class="literal">scrlttr2</tt>.</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">pagenumber=position</tt></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>This option defines if and where a page number will be placed.
Possible values are:</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">bot</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">foot</tt>,</span></dt>
<dd>Page number in foot, horizontal position not changed</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">botcenter</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">botcentered</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">botmiddle</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">footcenter</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">footcentered</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">footmiddle</tt>,</span></dt>
<dd>Page number infoot,centered</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">botleft</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">footleft</tt>,</span></dt>
<dd>Page number in foot, left justified</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">botrigth</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">footright</tt>,</span></dt>
<dd>Page number in foot, right justified</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">center</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">centered</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">middle</tt>,</span></dt>
<dd>Page number centered horizontally, vertical position not
changed</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">false</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">no</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">off</tt>,</span></dt>
<dd>No page number</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">head</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">top</tt>,</span></dt>
<dd>Page number in head, horizontal position not changed</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">headcenter</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">headcentered</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">headmiddle</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">topcenter</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">topcentered</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">topmiddle</tt>,</span></dt>
<dd>Page number in head, centered</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">headleft</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">topleft</tt>,</span></dt>
<dd>Page number in head, left justified</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">headright</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">topright</tt>,</span></dt>
<dd>Page number in head, right justified</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">left</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Page number left, vertical position not changed</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">right</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Page number right, vertical position not
changed</dd></dl></div>
<p>Default is <tt class="literal">botcenter</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">parskip=value</tt></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Mark paragraphs alternatively by vertical skip. Possible values
are:</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">false</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">off</tt>,</span></dt>
<dd>Paragraph indentation instead of verticalk space</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">full</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">on</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">true</tt>,</span></dt>
<dd>One line vertical space between paragraphs; at least 1 em free
space in the last line.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">full*</tt></span></dt>
<dd>One line vertical space betwen paragraphs; at least a quarter
of a line free space at the end of a paragraph.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">full+</tt></span></dt>
<dd>One line vertical space betwen paragraphs; at least a third of
aline free space at the end of a paragraph.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">full-</tt></span></dt>
<dd>One line vertical space betwen paragraphs; last line of a
paragraph may be arbitrarily filled.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">half</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Half a line vertical space between paragraphs; at least 1 em
free space in the last line.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">half*</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Half a line vertical space between paragraphs; at least a
quarter of a line free space at the end of a paragraph.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">half+</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Half a line vertical space between paragraphs; at least a third
of a line free space at the end of a paragraph.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">half-</tt></span></dt>
<dd>One line vertical space between paragraphs; last line may be
arbitrarily filled.</dd></dl></div>
<p>Default is <tt class="literal">false</tt>.</p></dd></dl></div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="id2545774"></a>Font Options</h5>
<a id="id2545779" class="indexterm"></a>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">fontsize=size</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Font size of the document. Defaults to
<tt class="literal">12pt</tt>.</dd></dl></div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="id2545825"></a>Options for Letterhead and
Address</h5>
<a id="id2545831" class="indexterm"></a>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">fromalign</tt></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Defines the placement of the from address in the letterhead.
Possible values are:</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">center</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">centered</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">middle</tt>,</span></dt>
<dd>Return address centered.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">false</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">no</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">off</tt>,</span></dt>
<dd>Standard design for return address.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">left</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Left justified return address.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">rigth</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Right justified return address.</dd></dl></div>
<p>Default is <tt class="literal">left</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">fromrule</tt></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Allows to place a horizontal rule within return address.
Possible values are:</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">afteraddress</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">below</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">true</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">yes</tt>,</span></dt>
<dd>Line below return address</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">aftername</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Line right below sender's name</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">false</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">no</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">off</tt>,</span></dt>
<dd>No line.</dd></dl></div>
<p>Default is <tt class="literal">false</tt>.</p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">fromphone</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Defines whether the phone number will be part of the return
address.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">fromfax</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Defines whether the facsimile number will be part of the return
address.</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">fromemail</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Defines whether the email address will be part of the return
address.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">fromurl</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Defines whether the URL will be part of the return
address.</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">fromlogo</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Defines whether the logo will be part of the return
address.</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">addrfield</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Defines whether a return address field will be set.</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">backaddress</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Defines whether a return address for window envelopes will be
set.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">subject</tt></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Choose of your subject should have a title and if the subject
should be set before or after the opening. Possible values are:</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">afteropening</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Set subject after opening.</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">beforeopening</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Set subject before opening.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">titled</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Add title to subject.</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">untitled</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Do not add title to subject.</dd></dl></div>
<p>Defaults are <tt class="literal">beforeopening</tt> and
<tt class="literal">untitled</tt>.</p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">locfield</tt></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Toggle between presets for the field width of additionbal sender
attributes.</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">narrow</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Small sender supplement field.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">wide</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Wide sender supplement field.</dd></dl></div>
<p>Default is <tt class="literal">narrow</tt>.</p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">foldmarks</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Activates fold marks.</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">numericaldate</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Toggles between standard, language-dependent date presentation
and a short, numerical one.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">refline</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Defines that the reference line may extend beyond the normal
type area.</dd></dl></div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="id2546465"></a>Format Options</h5>
<a id="id2546471" class="indexterm"></a>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">draft</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Toggles between the final and the draft
version.</dd></dl></div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="id2546513"></a>Letter Class Option
Files</h5>
<a id="id2546519" class="indexterm"></a>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\LoadLetterOption{name}</tt></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Load a <tt class="literal">lco</tt> file.
<tt class="literal">name</tt> is the filename without suffix.</p>
<p>Predefined <tt class="literal">lco</tt> files:</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">DIN</tt></span></dt>
<dd>For A4 size paper, complying with DIN 676.</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">DINmtext</tt></span></dt>
<dd>For A4 size paper, complying with DIN 676, but using an
alternate layout with more text on the first page.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">KOMAold</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Fo AQ4 paper size using a layout close to the obsolete
<tt class="literal">scrlettr</tt> class.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">SN</tt></span></dt>
<dd>For Swiss letters with address field on the right side,
according to SN 010 130</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">SNleft</tt></span></dt>
<dd>For Swiss letters with address field on the left
side.</dd></dl></div></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\LetterOptionNeedsPaperSize{option
name}{paper size}</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Useful to be abel to emit warnings if the user selects a
different paper size from the one the <tt class="literal">lco</tt>
file is based on.</dd></dl></div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="id2546713"></a>General Document
Properties</h5>
<a id="id2546718" class="indexterm"></a>
<h5 class="title"><a id="id2546734"></a>Font Selection</h5>
<a id="id2546740" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>See also the section for <span class="emphasis"><em>Changing
Fonts</em></span> in KOMA-Script (still to be written).</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">backaddress</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Back address for a window envelope</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">descriptionlabel</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Label in a <tt class="literal">description</tt>
environment</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">fromaddress</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Sender's address in letterhead</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">fromname</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Sender's address in letterhead if different from
<tt class="literal">fromaddress</tt></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">pagefoot</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Footer, sometimes header of a page</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">pagehead</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Header, sometimes footer of a page</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">pagenumber</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Page number in footer or header</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">subject</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Subject in the opening</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">title</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Headline in the opening</dd></dl></div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="id2546939"></a>Page Style</h5>
<a id="id2546945" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>See also the section for <span class="emphasis"><em>Page
Style</em></span> in KOMA-Script (still to be written).</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">empty</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Entirely empty headers and footers</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">plain</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Empty head and and only page number in header or footer</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">headings</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Automatic page headings</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">myheadings</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Manual page headings</dd></dl></div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="id2547046"></a>Variables</h5>
<a id="id2547052" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The main difference between a
<span class="emphasis"><em>command</em></span> and a
<span class="emphasis"><em>variable</em></span> is that a command
usually triggers an action whereas a variable only consists of
plain text. Furthermore a variable can have an additional
description.</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\newkomavar[description]{name}</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\newkomavar*[description]{name}</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\addtoreffields{name}</tt>,</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2547114" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2547130"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\newkomavar</tt> defines a new variable,
addressed with <tt class="literal">name</tt>.</p>
<p>The command <tt class="literal">\addtoreffields</tt> adds the
variable <tt class="literal">name</tt> to the reference fields. See
section <a href="#scrlttr-business-line">Business Line</a>.</p>
<p>The command <tt class="literal">\newkomavar*</tt> works like
<tt class="literal">\newkomavar</tt> with an additional call of the
command
<tt class="literal">\addtoreffields</tt>.</p></dd></dl></div>
<p>Overview of all variables:</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">backaddress</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2547233" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Back address for window envelopes</p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">backaddressseparator</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2547265" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Separator within the back address</p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">ccseparator</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2547299" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Separator between title of additional recipients and additional
recipients</p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">customer</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2547332" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Customer number</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">date</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2547365" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Date</p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">emailseparator</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2547398" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Separator between e-mail name and e-mail address</p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">enclseparator</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2547431" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Separator between title of enclosure and and enclosures</p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">faxseparator</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2547465" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Separator between title of fax and fax number</p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">fromaddress</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2547499" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Sender's address without its name</p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">frombank</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2547532" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Sender's bank account</p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">fromemail</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2547564" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Sender's e-mail</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">fromfax</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2547597" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Sender's fax number</p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">fromlogo</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2547630" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Commands for inserting the sender's logo</p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">fromname</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2547663" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Complete name of the sender</p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">fromphone</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2547696" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Sender's telephone number</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">fromurl</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2547728" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>URL of the sender</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">invoice</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2547761" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Invoice number</p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">location</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2547794" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>More details of the sender</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">myref</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2547827" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Sender's reference</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">place</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2547859" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Place</p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">placeseparator</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2547892" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Separator between place and date</p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">phoneseparator</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2547925" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Separator between title of telephone and telephone
number</p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">signature</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2547959" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Signature beneath the ending of the letter</p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">specialmail</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2547992" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Special mail</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">subject</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2548025" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Subject</p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">subjectseparator</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2548058" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Separator between title of subject and subject</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">title</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2548091" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Letter title</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">toname</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2548124" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Complete name of recipient</p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">toaddress</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2548156" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Address of recipient without its name</p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">yourmail</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2548190" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Date of recipient's mail</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">yourref</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2548222" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Recipient's reference</p></dd></dl></div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\setkomavar{name}[description]{content}</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\setkomavar*{name}{description}</tt>,</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2548272" class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\setkomavar</tt> sets the content of the
variable <tt class="literal">name</tt>. The optional argument sets
the <tt class="literal">description</tt> of the variable.</p>
<p><tt class="literal">\setkomavar*</tt> only sets the
<tt class="literal">description</tt>.</p></dd></dl></div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\usekomavar[command]{name}</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\usekomavar*[command]{name}</tt>,</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2548353" class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\usekomavar</tt> gives you access to the
content of the variable <tt class="literal">name</tt>.</p>
<p><tt class="literal">\usekomavar*</tt> gives you access to the
<tt class="literal">description</tt> of the variable
<tt class="literal">name</tt>.</p></dd></dl></div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\ifkomavarempty{name}{true}{false}</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\ifkomavarempty*{name}{true}{false}</tt>,</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2548434" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The <tt class="literal">true</tt> argument will be executed if
the content or description is empty. Otherwise the
<tt class="literal">false</tt> argument will be executed.</p>
<p>The starred version handles the description of a variable, the
variant without star the content.</p></dd></dl></div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="id2548477"></a>Pseudo Lengths</h5>
<a id="id2548483" class="indexterm"></a>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\@newplength{name}</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Defines a new pseudo length</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\useplength{name}</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Access value of pseudo length
<tt class="literal">name</tt></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\setlengthtoplength[factor]{length}{pseudo
length}</tt> ,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\addtolengthplength[factor]{length}{pseudo
length}</tt> ,</span></dt>
<dd>Assign a multiple of <tt class="literal">pseudo length</tt> to
a real <tt class="literal">length</tt>. Adds a multiple of
<tt class="literal">pseudo length</tt> to
<tt class="literal">length</tt>.</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\@setplength[factor]{pseudo
length}{value}</tt> ,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\@addtoplength[factor]{pseudo
length}{value}</tt> ,</span></dt>
<dd>Assign a multiple of a <tt class="literal">value</tt> to a
<tt class="literal">pseudo length</tt>. Adds
<tt class="literal">value</tt> to <tt class="literal">pseudo
length</tt>.</dd></dl></div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="id2548654"></a>Letter Declaration</h5>
<a id="id2548663" class="indexterm"></a>
<h5 class="title"><a id="id2548679"></a>Letterhead</h5>
<a id="id2548685" class="indexterm"></a>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">firstheadvpos</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Distance between the top of the sheet and the letterhead.</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">firstheadwidth</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Width of the letterhead.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">fromname</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">fromaddress</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">fromphone</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">fromfax</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">fromemail</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">fromurl</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">fromlogo</tt>,</span></dt>
<dd>This variables give all statements concerning the sender
necessary to create the letterhead.</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">phoneseparator</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">faxseparator</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">emailseparator</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">urlseparator</tt>,</span></dt>
<dd>Separators for variables in letterhead.</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\firsthead{construction}</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Create letterhead freely.</dd></dl></div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="id2548859"></a>Footer</h5>
<a id="id2548865" class="indexterm"></a>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">firstfootvpos</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Distance between footer and upper border of the sheet.</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">firstfootwidth</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Width of letter's firstpage footer.</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\firstfoot{Construction}</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Set definition for first page's footer</dd></dl></div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="id2548942"></a>Address</h5>
<a id="id2548948" class="indexterm"></a>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">toaddrvpos</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">toaddrhpos</tt>,</span></dt>
<dd>Distance between address window of a window envelope and the
upper and left border of the sheet.</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">toaddrwidth</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Width of the address window.</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">toaddrindent</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Value of indentation for the address from the left border.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">backaddress</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">backaddressseparator</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">backaddrheight</tt>,</span></dt>
<dd>Double backslashes within return address will be exchanged with
<tt class="literal">backaddressseparator</tt>. Height of the return
address field.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">specialmail</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">specialmailindent</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">specialmailrightindent</tt>,</span></dt>
<dd>Optionally set between return address and addressee.
<tt class="literal">specialmailindent</tt> and
<tt class="literal">specialmailrightindent</tt> determine left and
right indentation.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">toname</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">toaddress</tt>,</span></dt>
<dd>Usually not set directly by the user.</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\begin{letter}[options]{address}</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Major point of the letter class.</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\AtBeginLetter{command}</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Hook for commands run at begin of a letter.</dd></dl></div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="id2549175"></a>Sender's Extension</h5>
<a id="id2549181" class="indexterm"></a>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">locwidth</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Declares width of sender's extensions.</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">location</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Content of sender's extension.</dd></dl></div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="scrlttr-business-line"></a>Business
Line</h5>
<a id="id2549251" class="indexterm"></a>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">refvpos</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Distance between upper border of sheet and business line.</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">refwidth</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Available width for the business line.</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">refaftervskip</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Vertical space to be inserted beneath business line.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">place</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">placeseparator</tt>,</span></dt>
<dd>If all variables for business line are empty, the content of
<tt class="literal">place</tt> and
<tt class="literal">placeseparator</tt> will be set, followed by
content of <tt class="literal">date</tt>.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">yourref</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">yourmail</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">myref</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">customer</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">invoice</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">date</tt>,</span></dt>
<dd>Typical fields for business lines.</dd></dl></div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="id2549423"></a>Title and Subject Line</h5>
<a id="id2549428" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2549444"
class="indexterm"></a>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">title</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Additional tile. Set centered beneath the business line.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">subject</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">subjectseparator</tt>,</span></dt>
<dd>Set the subject of the letter, optional prefixed by a
label.</dd></dl></div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="id2549511"></a>Further Issues</h5>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">tfoldmarkvpos</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">bfoldmarkvpos</tt>,</span></dt>
<dd>Position of upper and lower fold mark.</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">foldmarkhpos</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Distance between fold marks and the sheet's left border.</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">frombank</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Internally not used yet.</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\nexthead{construction}</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\nextfoot{construction}</tt>,</span></dt>
<dd>Create letter head or foot for the following pages
freely.</dd></dl></div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="id2549610"></a>The Text</h5>
<a id="id2549615" class="indexterm"></a>
<h5 class="title"><a id="id2549631"></a>Opening</h5>
<a id="id2549637" class="indexterm"></a>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\opening{opening}</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Set the opening of the letter.</dd></dl></div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="id2549676"></a>Footnotes</h5>
<a id="id2549682" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>See section <span class="emphasis"><em>Footnotes</em></span> in
KOMA-Script (still to be written).</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="id2549706"></a>Lists</h5>
<a id="id2549712" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>See section <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span> in
KOMA-Script (still to be written).</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="id2549736"></a>Margin Notes</h5>
<a id="id2549742" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>See section <span class="emphasis"><em>Margin Notes</em></span>
in KOMA-Script (still to be written).</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="id2549766"></a>Text Emphasis</h5>
<a id="id2549772" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>See section <span class="emphasis"><em>Logical Markup of
Text</em></span> in KOMA-Script (still to be written).</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="id2549796"></a>Closing Part</h5>
<a id="id2549802" class="indexterm"></a>
<h5 class="title"><a id="id2549818"></a>Closing</h5>
<a id="id2549823" class="indexterm"></a>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">signature</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Inlcudes an explanation for the inscription. Defaults to
<tt class="literal">\usekomavar{fromname}</tt>.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">\closing{closing
phrase}</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Typesets the colsing phrase follwoed by a vertical space and
the contents fo variable <tt class="literal">signature</tt>.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">sigindent</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">sigbeforevskip</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\raggedsignature</tt>,</span></dt>
<dd>Indentation of the box for closing phrase, inscription and
signature (defaults to 0mm). Vertical space between closing phrase
and signature (defaults to two lines). Alignment inside the
box.</dd></dl></div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="id2549930"></a>Postscript, Carbon Copy,
and Enclosures</h5>
<a id="id2549937" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2549952"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2549968" class="indexterm"></a>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">\ps</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Set a postscript.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">\cc{distribution
list}</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">ccseparator</tt>,</span></dt>
<dd>Set a ddistribution list. If the contents of
<tt class="literal">ccseparator</tt> isn't empty then the name and
the content of the variable is inserted prior to distribution
list.</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\encl{enclosures}</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">enclseparator</tt>,</span></dt>
<dd>Same structur as the distribution list.</dd></dl></div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="id2550066"></a>Language Support</h5>
<a id="id2550072" class="indexterm"></a>
<h5 class="title"><a id="id2550088"></a>Language Selection</h5>
<a id="id2550094" class="indexterm"></a>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\captionenglish</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\captionUSenglish</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\captionamerican</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\captionbritish</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\captionUKenglish</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\captiongerman</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\captionngerman</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\captionaustrian</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\captionfrench</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\captionitalian</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\captionspanish</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\captiondutch</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\captioncroatian</tt>,</span></dt>
<dd>If the used language selection scheme does not support
switching the language the above commands can be used
directly.</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\dateenglish</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\dateUSenglish</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\dateamerican</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\datebritish</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\dateUKenglish</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\dategerman</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\datengerman</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\dateaustrian</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\datefrench</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\dateitalian</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\datespanish</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\datedutch</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\datecrotian</tt>,</span></dt>
<dd>Numerical date representation.</dd></dl></div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="id2550325"></a>Language-Dependent
Terms</h5>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\yourrefname</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\youremailname</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\myrefname</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\customername</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\invoicename</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\subjectname</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\ccname</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\enclname</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\headtoname</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\headfromname</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\datename</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\pagename</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\phonename</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\faxname</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\emailname</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\wwwname</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\bankname</tt>,</span></dt>
<dd>These defintions can be modified to support a new language of
for private customization.</dd></dl></div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="id2550468"></a>Defining Language
Terms</h5>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\providecaptioname{language}{term}{definition}</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\newcaptioname{language}{term}{defintion}</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\renewcaptionname{language}{term}{definition}</tt>,</span></dt>
<dd>Assign a <span class="emphasis"><em>definition</em></span> for
a <span class="emphasis"><em>language</em></span> to a
<span class="emphasis"><em>term</em></span>.</dd></dl></div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="id2550526"></a>Address Files and Circular
Letters</h5>
<a id="id2550533" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2550549"
class="indexterm"></a>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\adrentry{Lastname}{Firstname}{Address}{Telephone}{F1}{F2}{Comment}{Key}</tt></span></dt>
<dd>Address entry for address files. The file extension has to be
<tt class="literal">.adr</tt>!</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\addrentry{Lastname}{Firstname}{Address}{Telephone}{F1}{F2}{F3}{F4}{Key}</tt></span></dt>
<dd>This command supports four freely definable parameters for an
address entry.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">\adrchar{initial
letter}</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\addrchar{initial
letter}</tt>,</span></dt>
<dd>Separator for address entries. Ignored by
<tt class="literal">scrlttr2</tt>.</dd></dl></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="komascript-scraddr"></a>3.9.4 Address
Files with <tt class="literal">scraddr</tt></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2550668" class="indexterm"></a>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">\InputAddressFile{file
name}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2550698" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Read the contents of the given address file. Filename extension
has to be <tt class="literal">.adr</tt> and has to be omitted in
the argument.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">\Name{Key}</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\FirstName{Key}</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\LastName{Key}</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\Address{Key}</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\Telephone{Key}</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\FreeI{Key}</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\FreeII{Key}</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\Comment{Key}</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\FreeIII{Key}</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\FreeIV{Key}</tt>,</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2550801" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2550817"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2550833"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2550849"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2550865"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2550881"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2550897"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2550912"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2550928"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2550944" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Access to the data in address file.
<tt class="literal">\Name</tt> is a concatenation of
<tt class="literal">\FirstName</tt> and
<tt class="literal">\LastName</tt>.</p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">AdrFreeIVempty</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">AdrFreeIVshow</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">AdrFreeIVwarn</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">AdrFreeIVstop</tt>,</span></dt>
<dd>Package warning options. Defaults to
<tt class="literal">AdrFreeIVshow</tt>.</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="mathpazo"></a>3.10
<tt class="filename">mathpazo</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2551052" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2551059"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Math fonts for the use with the Palatino font.</p>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="upDelta-upOmega"></a>3.10.1 \upDelta /
\upOmega</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2551091" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2551098"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Math fonts for the use with the Palatino font.</p>
<p>Package options are:</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">[slantedGreek]</tt></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Uppercase Greek will be typeset slanted.</p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">[noBBpl]</tt></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Do not use PazoMathBlackboardBold as (partial) blackboard bold
font (e.g with <tt class="literal">\mathbb{R}</tt>).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">[osf]</tt></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Make the font family <tt class="literal">pplj</tt> (Palatino
with old style numerals) the default roman font, and use an
alternative version of the virtual math italic fonts
(<tt class="literal">zplmrj7m</tt> and
<tt class="literal">zplmbj7m</tt>) with upright Palatino old style
numerals for use with the <tt class="literal">\oldstylenums</tt>
command.</p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">[osfeqnnum]</tt></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Use old style numerals for equation
numbering.</p></dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="varioref"></a>3.11
<tt class="filename">varioref</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2551242" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2551249"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Smarter version of the original latex2e
<a href="#cross-references" title="2.3.2 Cross References">cross
reference commands</a>. Generated strings are customizable, Babel
options are recognized (further info in the package
documentation).</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><a id="cmd-vref"></a><tt class="literal">\vref</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><a id="cmd-vpageref"></a><tt class="literal">\vpageref</tt>,</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2551309" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2551318"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">\vref</tt> is similar to
<tt class="literal">\ref</tt> but adds an additional page
reference, like <span class="emphasis"><em>on the facing
page</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>on page
27</em></span> whenever the corresponding
<a href="#cmd-label-title"><tt class="filename">\label</tt></a> is
not on the same page.</p>
<p><tt class="literal">\vpageref</tt> is a variation of
<tt class="literal">\pageref</tt> with similar
functionality.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">\vrefrange</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\vpagerefrange</tt>,</span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2551398" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2551407"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\v...range</tt> commands take two labels
as arguments and produce strings which depend on wether or not
these labels fall onto a single page or on different
pages.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">\vref*</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\vpageref*</tt>,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\vpagerefrange*</tt>,</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Star * variants do not add any space before the generated text
for situations like:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(\vref{foo} ...)
</pre></dd></dl></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="small-packages"></a>3.12 Several Small
Packages</h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2551486" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2551493"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2551500" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Must be loaded with the usual
<a href="#usepackage-linkend"><tt class="literal">\usepackage</tt></a>
command. Further info for a package to be found in the
documentation (dvi, pdf, ps) or in the
<tt class="literal">sty</tt>-file itself.</p>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bm-package"></a>3.12.1
<tt class="filename">bm</tt></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2551555" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2551564"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2551576" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Bold math symbols or equations with better spacing then the
<tt class="literal">\boldsymbold</tt> command. <a id="id2551598"
class="indexterm"></a> If possible load after other packages which
redefine the fonts. When no bold font is available for a certain
char <tt class="literal">bm</tt> will use
<span class="emphasis"><em>poor man's bold</em></span>
<a href="#pmb-linkend"><tt class="literal">\pmb</tt></a>.</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><a id="cmd-bm"></a><tt class="literal">\bm</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2551652" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Produces bold math symbol or equation.</p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\unboldmath</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2551678" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Can be used to set parts of an equation
unbold.</p></dd></dl></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="url-package"></a>3.12.2
<tt class="filename">url</tt></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2551716" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2551724"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Defines line breakable hyperlinked (uses <a href="#hyperref"
title="3.7 hyperref">hyperref</a> package) verbatim input for urls
and e-mail addresses.</p>
<p>Example: <tt class="literal">\url{http://example.org}</tt>
outputs <tt class="literal">http://example.org</tt>.</p>
<p>Related commands are
<a href="#href"><tt class="literal">\href</tt></a> and
<a href="#cmd-nolinkurl"><tt class="literal">\nolinkurl</tt></a>.</p></div></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a id="generic-packages"></a>4 Generic
Packages</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="pictex"></a>4.1 PiCTeX
(tbd.)</h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2551827" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>tbd.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="pstricks"></a>4.2
PSTricks</h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2551853" class="indexterm"></a>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="pstricks-ovw"></a>4.2.1
Overview</h4></div></div></div>
<p>The idea behind the PSTricks package of Timothy van Zandt
<a id="id2551856" class="indexterm"></a> is to provide most of the
PostScript language in LaTeX and TeX syntax.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="pstricks-commands"></a>4.2.2 Commands and
Parameters</h4></div></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-color"></a>4.2.2.1
Color</h5></div></div></div>
<a id="id2551932" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2551948"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2551964"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2551980" class="indexterm"></a>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\newgray{color}{num}</tt>
,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\newrgbcolor{color}{num1
num2 num3}</tt> ,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\newhsbcolor{color}{num1
num2 num3}</tt> ,</span>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\newcmykcolor{color}{num1
num2 num3 num4}</tt> ,</span></dt></dl></div>
<p>Note that these commands are obsolete for LaTeX. Load PSTricks
with <tt class="literal">\usepackage{pstcol}</tt> and use the
standard LaTeX color commands instead.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-setting"></a>4.2.2.2 Setting
graphics parameters</h5></div></div></div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\psset{par1=value1,par2=value2,...}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2552100" class="indexterm"></a></dd></dl></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-dimensions"></a>4.2.2.3
Dimensions, coordinates and angles</h5></div></div></div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\pssetlength{cmd}{dim}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2552152" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">unit=dim, xunit=dim,
yunit=dim, yunit=dim</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2552183" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2552199"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2552215"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2552230" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">1cm</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\degrees[num]</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2552271" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\radians</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2552302" class="indexterm"></a></dd></dl></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-basic"></a>4.2.2.4 Basic graphics
parameters</h5></div></div></div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">linewidth=dim</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2552356" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">.8pt</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">linecolor=color</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2552397" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">black</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">showpoints=true/false</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2552437" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default:
<tt class="literal">false</tt></p></dd></dl></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-lines"></a>4.2.2.5 Lines and
polygons</h5></div></div></div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">linearc=dim</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2552499" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">0pt</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">framearc=num</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2552540" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">0</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">cornersize=relative/absolute</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2552580" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">relative</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\psline*[par]{arrows}(x0,y0)(x1,y1)...(xn,yn)</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2552622" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\qline(coor0)(coor1)</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2552653" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\pspolygon*[par](x0,y0)(x1,y1)(x2,y2)...(xn,yn)</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2552685" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\psframe*[par](x0,y0)(x1,y1)</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2552717" class="indexterm"></a></dd></dl></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-arcs"></a>4.2.2.6 Arcs, circles
and ellipses</h5></div></div></div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\pscircle*[par](x0,y0){radius}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2552770" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\qdisk(coor){radius}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2552801" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\pswedge*[par](x0,y0){radius}{angle1}{angle2}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2552833" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\psellipse*[par](x0,y0)(x1,y1)</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2552864" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\psarc*[par]{arrows}(x,y){radius}{angleA}{angleB}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2552896" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\psarcn*[par]{arrows}(x,y){radius}{angleA}{angleB}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2552928" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">arcsep=dim, arcsepA=dim,
arcsepB=dim</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2552960" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2552976"
class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2552992" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">0pt</tt></p></dd></dl></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-curves"></a>4.2.2.7
Curves</h5></div></div></div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\psbezier*[par]{arrows}(x0,y0)(x1,y1)(x2,y2)(x3,y3)</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2553054" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\parabola*[par]{arrows}(x0,y0)(x1,y1)</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2553086" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\pscurve*[par]{arrows}(x1,y1)...(xn,yn)</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2553118" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\psecurve*[par]{arrows}(x1,y1)...(xn,yn)</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2553149" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\psccurve*[par]{arrows}(x1,y1)...(xn,yn)</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2553181" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">curvature=num1 num2
num3</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2553212" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">1 .1
0</tt></p></dd></dl></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-dots"></a>4.2.2.8
Dots</h5></div></div></div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\psdots*[par](x1,y1)(x2,y2)...(xn,yn)</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2553275" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">dotstyle=style</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2553306" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">*</tt></p>
<p>Dots: <tt class="literal">*, o, +, triangle, triangle*, square,
square*, pentagon, pentagon*, |</tt></p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">dotscale=num1
num2</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2553356" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">1</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">dotangle=angle</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2553396" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">0</tt></p></dd></dl></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-grids"></a>4.2.2.9
Grids</h5></div></div></div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\psgrid(x0,y0)(x1,y1)(x2,y2)</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2553459" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">gridwidth=dim</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2553490" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">.8pt</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">gridcolor=color</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2553530" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">black</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">griddots=num</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2553569" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">0</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">gridlabels=dim</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2553608" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">10pt</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">gridlabelcolor=color</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2553647" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">black</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">subgriddiv=int</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2553687" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">5</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">subgridwidth=dim</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2553726" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">.4pt</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">subgridcolor=color</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2553766" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">gray</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">subgriddots=num</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2553805" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">0</tt></p></dd></dl></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-plots"></a>4.2.2.10
Plots</h5></div></div></div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\fileplot*[par]{file}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2553866" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\dataplot*[par]{commands}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2553898" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\savedata{command}[data]</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2553929" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\readdata{command}{file}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2553961" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\listplot*[par]{list}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2553992" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\psplot*[par]{xmin}{xmax}{function}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2554024" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\parametricplot*[par]{tmin}{tmax}{function}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2554056" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">plotstyle=style</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2554087" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">line</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">plotpoints=int</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2554126" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">50</tt></p></dd></dl></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-coordinate"></a>4.2.2.11
Coordinate systems</h5></div></div></div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">origin={coor}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2554188" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">0pt,0pt</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">swapaxes=true</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2554228" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default:
<tt class="literal">false</tt></p></dd></dl></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-line-styles"></a>4.2.2.12 Line
styles</h5></div></div></div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">linestyle=style</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2554289" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">solid</tt></p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">dash=dim1
dim2</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2554328" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">5pt 3pt</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">dotsep=dim</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2554368" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">3pt</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">border=dim</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2554407" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">0pt</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">bordercolor=color</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2554446" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">white</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">doubleline=true/false</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2554485" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">false</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">doublesep=dim</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2554524" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">1.25\pslinewidth</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">doublecolor=color</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2554564" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">white</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">shadow=true/false</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2554604" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">false</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">shadowsize=dim</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2554643" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">3pt</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">shadowangle=angle</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2554683" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">-45</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">shadowcolor=color</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2554722" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">darkgray</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">dimen=outer/inner/middle</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2554761" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default:
<tt class="literal">outer</tt></p></dd></dl></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-fill-styles"></a>4.2.2.13 Fill
styles</h5></div></div></div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">fillstyle=style</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2554823" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">none</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">fillcolor=color</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2554862" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">white</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">hatchwidth=dim</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2554902" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">.8pt</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">hatchsep=dim</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2554941" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">4pt</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">hatchcolor=color</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2554981" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">black</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">hatchangle=rot</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2555020" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">45</tt></p></dd></dl></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-arrowheads"></a>4.2.2.14
Arrowheads and such</h5></div></div></div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">arrows=style</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2555080" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">-</tt></p>
<p>Arrows: <tt class="literal">-, <->, >-<,
<<->>, >>-<<, |-|, |*-|*, [-], (-), o-o,
*-*, oo-oo, **-**, c-c, cc-cc, C-C</tt></p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">arrowsize=dim
num</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2555133" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">2pt 3</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">arrowlength=num</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2555172" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">1.4</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">arrowinset=num</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2555211" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">.4</tt></p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">tbarsize=dim
num</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2555250" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">2pt 5</tt></p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">bracketlength=num,
rbracketlength=num</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2555290" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2555306"
class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">.15</tt></p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">dotsize=dim
num</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2555346" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">.5pt 2.5</tt></p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">arrowscale=num1
num2</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2555385" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">1</tt></p></dd></dl></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-custom"></a>4.2.2.15 Custom
styles</h5></div></div></div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\newpsobject{name}{object}{par1=value1,...}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2555446" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\newpsstyle{name}{par1=value1,...}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2555478" class="indexterm"></a></dd></dl></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-basics"></a>4.2.2.16 The
basics</h5></div></div></div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\pscustom*[par]{commands}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2555530" class="indexterm"></a></dd></dl></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-parameters"></a>4.2.2.17
Parameters</h5></div></div></div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">linetype=int</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2555583" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">0</tt></p></dd></dl></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-graphics-objects"></a>4.2.2.18
Graphics objects</h5></div></div></div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">liftpen=0/1/2</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2555644" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">0</tt></p></dd></dl></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="safe-tricks"></a>4.2.2.19 Safe
tricks</h5></div></div></div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\newpath</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2555705" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\moveto(coor)</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2555736" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\closepath</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2555767" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\stroke[par]</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2555798" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\fill[par]</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2555830" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">\gsave</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2555861" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\grestore</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2555892" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\translate(coor)</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2555923" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">\scale{num1
num2}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2555955" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\rotate{angle}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2555986" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\swapaxes</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2556017" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">\msave</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2556048" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\mrestore</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2556080" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\openshadow[par]</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2556111" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\closedshadow[par]</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2556142" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\movepath(coor)</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2556174" class="indexterm"></a></dd></dl></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pretty-safe-tricks"></a>4.2.2.20 Pretty
safe tricks</h5></div></div></div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\lineto(coor)</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2556226" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\rlineto(coor)</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2556258" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\curveto(x1,y1)(x2,y2)(x3,y3)</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2556289" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\rcurveto(x1,y1)(x2,y2)(x3,y3)</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2556320" class="indexterm"></a></dd></dl></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="hackers"></a>4.2.2.21 For hackers
only</h5></div></div></div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\code{code}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2556373" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\dim{dim}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2556404" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\coor(x1,y1)(x2,y2)...(xn,yn)</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2556436" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\rcoor(x1,y1)(x2,y2)...(xn,yn)</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2556467" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\file{file}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2556499" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\arrows{arrows}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2556530" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\setcolor{color}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2556561" class="indexterm"></a></dd></dl></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pictures"></a>4.2.2.22
Pictures</h5></div></div></div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\pspicture*[baseline](x0,y0)(x1,y1)</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2556613" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\endpspicture</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2556644" class="indexterm"></a></dd></dl></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="placing"></a>4.2.2.23 Placing and rotating
whatever</h5></div></div></div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\rput*[refpoint]{rotation}(x,y){stuff}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2556698" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\uput*{labelsep}[refangle]{rotation}(x,y){stuff}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2556729" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\pslabelsep</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2556761" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">labelsep=dim</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2556792" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">5pt</tt></p></dd></dl></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-repetition"></a>4.2.2.24
Repetition</h5></div></div></div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\multirput*[refpoint]{angle}(x0,y0)(x1,y1){int}{stuff}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2556854" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\multips{angle}(x0,y0)(x1,y1){int}{graphics}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2556886" class="indexterm"></a></dd></dl></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-axes"></a>4.2.2.25
Axes</h5></div></div></div>
<a id="id2556920" class="indexterm"></a>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\psaxes*[par]{arrows}(x0,y0)(x1,y1)(x2,y2)</tt></span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="informaltable">
<table border="0">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" />
<col align="left" />
<col align="left" />
<col align="justify" /></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left">
<span class="emphasis"><em>Horizontal</em></span></td>
<td align="left">
<span class="emphasis"><em>Vertical</em></span></td>
<td align="left"><span class="emphasis"><em>Dflt</em></span></td>
<td align="justify">
<span class="emphasis"><em>Description</em></span></td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">Ox=num</td>
<td align="left">Oy=num</td>
<td align="left">0</td>
<td align="justify">Label at origin.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">Dx=num</td>
<td align="left">Dy=num</td>
<td align="left">1</td>
<td align="justify">Label increment.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">dx=dim</td>
<td align="left">oy=dim</td>
<td align="left">0pt</td>
<td align="justify">Dist btwn
labels.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">labels=all/x/y/none</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2557092" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">all</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">showorigin=true/false</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2557132" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">true</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">ticks=all/x/y/none</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2557173" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">all</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">tickstyle=full/top/bottom</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2557213" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">full</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">ticksize=dim</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2557254" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">3pt</tt></p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">\psxlabel,
\psylabel</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2557295" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2557311"
class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">axesstyle=axes/frame/none</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2557343" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">axes</tt></p></dd></dl></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-framed"></a>4.2.2.26 Framed
boxes</h5></div></div></div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">framesep=dim</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2557406" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">3pt</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">boxsep=true/false</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2557446" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">true</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\psframebox*[par]{stuff}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2557487" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\psdblframebox*[par]{stuff}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2557519" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\psshadowbox*[par]{stuff}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2557551" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\pscirclebox*[par]{stuff}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2557582" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\cput*[par]{angle}(x,y){stuff}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2557614" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\psovalbox*[par]{stuff}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2557645" class="indexterm"></a></dd></dl></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-clipping"></a>4.2.2.27
Clipping</h5></div></div></div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\clipbox[dim]{stuff}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2557698" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">\psclip{graphics} ...
\endpsclip</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2557730" class="indexterm"></a></dd></dl></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-rotation"></a>4.2.2.28 Rotation
and scaling boxes</h5></div></div></div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\rotateleft{stuff}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2557782" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\rotateright{stuff}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2557813" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\rotatedown{stuff}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2557845" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">\scalebox{num1
num2}{stuff}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2557876" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\scaleboxto(x,y){stuff}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2557908" class="indexterm"></a></dd></dl></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-nodes"></a>4.2.2.29
Nodes</h5></div></div></div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\rnode[refpoint]{name}{stuff}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2557961" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\Rnode(x,y){name}{stuff}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2557992" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\RnodeRef</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2558023" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\pnode(x,y){name}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2558054" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\cnode*[par](x,y){radius}{name}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2558086" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\circlenode*[par]{name}{stuff}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2558118" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\cnodeput*[par]{angle}(x,y){name}{stuff}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2558150" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\ovalnode*[par]{name}{stuff}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2558181" class="indexterm"></a></dd></dl></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-connections"></a>4.2.2.30 Node
connections</h5></div></div></div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">nodesep=dim</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2558235" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">0</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">offset=dim</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2558276" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">0</tt></p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">arm=dim</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2558316" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">10pt</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">angle=angle</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2558356" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">0</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">arcangle=angle</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2558397" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">8</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">ncurv=num</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2558438" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">.67</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">loopsize=dim</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2558478" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">1cm</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\ncline*[par]{arrows}{nodeA}{nodeB}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2558519" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\ncLine*[par]{arrows}{nodeA}{nodeB}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2558551" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\nccurve*[par]{arrows}{nodeA}{nodeB}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2558582" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\ncarc*[par]{arrows}{nodeA}{nodeB}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2558614" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\ncbar*[par]{arrows}{nodeA}{nodeB}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2558646" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\ncdiag*[par]{arrows}{nodeA}{nodeB}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2558677" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\ncdiagg*[par]{arrows}{nodeA}{nodeB}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2558709" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\ncangle*[par]{arrows}{nodeA}{nodeB}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2558741" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\ncangles*[par]{arrows}{nodeA}{nodeB}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2558772" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\ncloop*[par]{arrows}{nodeA}{nodeB}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2558804" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\nccircle*[par]{arrows}{node}{radius}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2558836" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\pcline*[par]{arrows}(x1,y1)(x2,y2)</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2558868" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\pccurve*[par]{arrows}(x1,y1)(x2,y2)</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2558899" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\pcarc*[par]{arrows}(x1,y1)(x2,y2)</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2558931" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\pcbar*[par]{arrows}(x1,y1)(x2,y2)</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2558963" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\pcdiag*[par]{arrows}(x1,y1)(x2,y2)</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2558995" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\pcangle*[par]{arrows}(x1,y1)(x2,y2)</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2559026" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\pcloop*[par]{arrows}(x1,y1)(x2,y2)</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2559058" class="indexterm"></a></dd></dl></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-attaching"></a>4.2.2.31 Attaching
labels to node connections</h5></div></div></div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\lput*[refpoint]{rotation}(pos){stuff}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2559112" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\aput*[labelsep]{angle}(pos){stuff}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2559144" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\bput*[labelsep]{angle}(pos){stuff}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2559175" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\mput*[refpoint]{stuff}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2559206" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\Aput*[labelsep]{stuff}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2559238" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\Bput*[labelsep]{stuff}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2559269" class="indexterm"></a></dd></dl></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-coils"></a>4.2.2.32 Coils and
zigzags</h5></div></div></div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\pscoil*[par]{arrows}(x0,y0)(x1,y1)</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2559323" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\psCoil*[par]{angle1}{angle2}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2559355" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\pszigzag*[par]{arrows}(x0,y0)(x1,y1)</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2559386" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">coilwidth=dim</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2559418" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">1cm</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">coilheight=num</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2559458" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">1</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">coilarm=dim</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2559498" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">.5cm</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">coilaspect=angle</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2559540" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">45</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">coilinc=angle</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2559580" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">10</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\nccoil*[par]{arrows}{nodeA}{nodeB}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2559621" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\nczigzag*[par]{arrows}{nodeA}{nodeB}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2559652" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\pccoil*[par]{arrows}(x1,y1)(x2,y2)</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2559684" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\pczigzag*[par]{arrows}(x1,y1)(x2,y2)</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2559716" class="indexterm"></a></dd></dl></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-coordinates"></a>4.2.2.33 Special
coordinates</h5></div></div></div>
<p><tt class="literal">\SpecialCoor</tt></p>
<a id="id2559759" class="indexterm"></a>
<div class="table"><a id="id2559775"></a>
<p class="title"><b>Table 1.12. Special coordinates and
angles</b></p>
<table summary="Special coordinates and angles" border="0">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" />
<col align="left" />
<col align="justify" /></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left">
<span class="emphasis"><em>Coordinate</em></span></td>
<td align="left">
<span class="emphasis"><em>Example</em></span></td>
<td align="justify">
<span class="emphasis"><em>Description</em></span></td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">(x,y)</td>
<td align="left">(3,4)</td>
<td align="justify">Cartesian coordinate.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">(r;a)</td>
<td align="left">(3;110)</td>
<td align="justify">Polar coordinate.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">(node)</td>
<td align="left">(A)</td>
<td align="justify">Center of node.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">([par]node)</td>
<td align="left">([angle=45]A)</td>
<td align="justify">Relative to node.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">(!ps)</td>
<td align="left">(!5 3.3 2 exp)</td>
<td align="justify">Raw PostScript.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">(coor1|coor2)</td>
<td align="left">(A|1in;30)</td>
<td align="justify">Combination.</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table summary="Special coordinates and angles" border="0">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" />
<col align="left" />
<col align="justify" /></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left"> </td>
<td class="auto-generated"> </td>
<td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><span class="emphasis"><em>Angle</em></span></td>
<td align="left">
<span class="emphasis"><em>Example</em></span></td>
<td align="justify">
<span class="emphasis"><em>Description</em></span></td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">num</td>
<td align="left">45</td>
<td align="justify">Angle.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">(coor)</td>
<td align="left">(-1,1)</td>
<td align="justify">Coordinate (vector).</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">!ps</td>
<td align="left">!33 sqrt</td>
<td align="justify">Raw PostScript.</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<p><tt class="literal">\NormalCoor</tt></p>
<a id="id2560044" class="indexterm"></a></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-overlays"></a>4.2.2.34
Overlays</h5></div></div></div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">\overlaybox
stuff\endoverlaybox</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2560093" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\psoverlay{string}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2560124" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\putoverlaybox{string}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2560156" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">gradbegin=color</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2560187" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">gradbegin</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">gradend=color</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2560228" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">gradend</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">gradlines=int</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2560269" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">500</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">gradmidpoint=num</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2560309" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">.9</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">gradangle=angle</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2560350" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">0</tt></p></dd></dl></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-path"></a>4.2.2.35 Typesetting
text along a path</h5></div></div></div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\pstextpath[pos](x,y){graphics
object}{text}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2560412" class="indexterm"></a></dd></dl></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-stroking"></a>4.2.2.36 Stroking
and filling character paths</h5></div></div></div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\pscharpath*[par]{text}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2560465" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">\pscharclip*[par]{text}
... \endpscharclip</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2560497" class="indexterm"></a></dd></dl></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-exporting"></a>4.2.2.37 Exporting
EPS files</h5></div></div></div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">\TeXtoEPS ...
\endTeXtoEPS</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2560550" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\PSTtoEPS[par]{file}{graphics
objects}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2560581" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">bbllx=dim</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2560613" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">-1pt</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">bblly=dim</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2560653" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">-1pt</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">bburx=dim</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2560694" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">1pt</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">bbury=dim</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2560734" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">1pt</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">headerfile=file</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2560774" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">s</tt></p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">headers=none/all/user</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2560815" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">none</tt></p></dd></dl></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-boxes"></a>4.2.2.38
Boxes</h5></div></div></div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">\psmathboxtrue,
\psmathboxfalse</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2560878" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2560894"
class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\everypsbox{commands}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2560925" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">\pslongbox{name}{cmd}</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2560956" class="indexterm"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">\psverbboxtrue,
\psverbboxfalse</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2560988" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2561004"
class="indexterm"></a></dd></dl></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-tricks"></a>4.2.2.39 Tips and
More Tricks</h5></div></div></div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">\pslbrace,
\psrbrace</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2561058" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2561073"
class="indexterm"></a></dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="pstricks-add-packages"></a>4.2.3 List of
Additional PSTricks Packages</h4></div></div></div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/pub/tex/graphics/pstricks/contrib/psgo/"
target="_top"><tt class="literal">psgo</tt></a></span></dt>
<dd>Draw Go diagrams</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/pub/tex/graphics/pstricks/contrib/pst-blur/"
target="_top"><tt class="literal">pst-blur</tt></a></span></dt>
<dd>PSTricks package for "blurred" shadows</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><a href="http://dominique.rodriguez.9online.fr/pst-eucl/"
target="_top"><tt class="literal">pst-euc</tt></a></span></dt>
<dd>Géométrie en LaTeX et PSTricks</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><a href="http://www.tug.org/applications/PSTricks/More/pst-fr3d.tar.gz"
target="_top"><tt class="literal">pst-fr3d</tt></a></span></dt>
<dd>Three dimensional framed Boxes</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/pub/tex/graphics/pstricks/contrib/pst-ghsb/"
target="_top"><tt class="literal">pst-ghsb</tt></a></span></dt>
<dd>PSTricks package for HSB Gradients</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/pub/tex/graphics/pstricks/contrib/pst-gr3d/"
target="_top"><tt class="literal">pst-gr3d</tt></a></span></dt>
<dd>PSTricks package for 3D grids</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><a href="http://members.aol.com/ManuelLuque2/optique.htm"
target="_top"><tt class="literal">pst-lens</tt></a></span></dt>
<dd>Optique géométrique</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/graphics/pstricks/generic/"
target="_top"><tt class="literal">pst-node</tt></a></span></dt>
<dd>PSTricks package for nodes</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><a href="http://members.aol.com/Mluque5130/pst-ob3d.tar.gz"
target="_top"><tt class="literal">pst-ob3d</tt></a></span></dt>
<dd>A PSTricks package for three dimensional basic objects</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><a href="http://www.tug.org/applications/PSTricks/Physics/Oscilloscopes/"
target="_top"><tt class="literal">pst-osci</tt></a></span></dt>
<dd>Oscilloscopes with PSTricks</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/pub/tex/graphics/pstricks/contrib/pst-poly/"
target="_top"><tt class="literal">pst-poly</tt></a></span></dt>
<dd>Polygons with PSTricks</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/graphics/pstricks/generic/"
target="_top"><tt class="literal">pst-tree</tt></a></span></dt>
<dd>PSTricks package for trees</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><a href="http://www.ensta.fr/~diam/latex/pst-uml/"
target="_top"><tt class="literal">pst-uml</tt></a></span></dt>
<dd>Draw easily diagrams with UML notation</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><a href="http://perso.enst.fr/~lombardy/Vauc/"
target="_top"><tt class="literal">vaucansom.sty</tt></a></span></dt>
<dd>Drawing automata</dd></dl></div></div></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="fontinst"></a>5
<tt class="filename">fontinst</tt> (tbd.)</h2></div></div></div>
<a id="id2561444" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>tbd.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="context"></a>6 ConTeXt
(tbd.)</h2></div></div></div>
<a id="id2561469" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2561478"
class="indexterm"></a>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="context-ovw"></a>6.1
Overview</h3></div></div></div>
<p>ConTeXt is based on PlainTeX and MetaPost and gets controlled
with some Perl scripts. It's mainly targeted towards layout
oriented users and especially useful for presentations. It's
extensible by the use of modules and has in it's base distribution
already a large amount of functionality. The preferred output
format is PDF, but DVI is possible too.</p>
<p>Some of the unique features of ConTeXt are:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li>Inline XML (including MathML, ChemML, and PhysML)</li>
<li>really good XML support in general</li>
<li>inline MetaPost</li></ul></div></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="texinfo"></a>7 Texinfo
(tbd.)</h2></div></div></div>
<a id="id2561513" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>tbd.</p></div></div>
<div class="chapter" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="pdftex"></a>Chapter 2. pdfTeX</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc">
<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-options">1
Options</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-file-line-error-style">
1.1
<tt class="filename">--file-line-error-style</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-fmt">1.2
<tt class="filename">--fmt format</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-help">1.3
<tt class="filename">--help</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-ini">1.4
<tt class="filename">--ini</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-interaction%20mode">1.5
<tt class="filename">--interaction mode</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-ipc">1.6
<tt class="filename">--ipc</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-ipc-start">1.7
<tt class="filename">--ipc-start</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-jobname-name">1.8
<tt class="filename">--jobname name</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-kpathsea-debug">1.9
<tt class="filename">--kpathsea-debug bitmask</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-maketex">1.10
<tt class="filename">--maketex fmt</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-no-maketex">1.11
<tt class="filename">--no-maketex fmt</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-output-comment">1.12
<tt class="filename">--output-comment string</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-parse-first-line">1.13
<tt class="filename">--parse-first-line</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-progname">1.14
<tt class="filename">--progname name</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-recorder">1.15
<tt class="filename">--recorder</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-shell-escape">1.16
<tt class="filename">--shell-escape</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-translate-file">1.17
<tt class="filename">--translate-file tcxname</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-version">1.18
<tt class="filename">--version</tt></a></span></dt></dl></dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-environment">2
Environment</a></span></dt></dl></div>
<a id="id2561599" class="indexterm"></a>
<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p>The contents of this section was taken from
<tt class="filename">pdftex(1)</tt>.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="pdftex-options"></a>1
Options</h2></div></div></div>
<a id="id2561639" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>pdfTeX understands the following command line options.</p>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title">
<a id="pdftex-option-file-line-error-style"></a>1.1
<tt class="filename">--file-line-error-style</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2561675" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Print error messages in the form
<tt class="literal">file:line:error</tt> which is similar to the
way many compilers format them.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="pdftex-option-fmt"></a>1.2
<tt class="filename">--fmt format</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2561719" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Use <tt class="literal">format</tt> as the name of the format to
be used, instead of the name by which pdfTeX was called or a
<tt class="literal">%&</tt> line.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="pdftex-option-help"></a>1.3
<tt class="filename">--help</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2561774" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Print help message and exit.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="pdftex-option-ini"></a>1.4
<tt class="filename">--ini</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2561810" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Be <span><b class="command">pdfinitex</b></span>, for dumping
formats; this is implicitly true if the program is called as
<span><b class="command">pdfinitex</b></span>.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="pdftex-option-interaction mode"></a>1.5
<tt class="filename">--interaction mode</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2561860" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Sets the interaction mode. The mode can be one of
<tt class="literal">batchmode</tt>,
<tt class="literal">nonstopmode</tt>,
<tt class="literal">scrollmode</tt>, and
<tt class="literal">errorstopmode</tt>. The meaning of these modes
is the same as that of the corresponding
<tt class="literal">\commands</tt>.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="pdftex-option-ipc"></a>1.6
<tt class="filename">--ipc</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2561928" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Send DVI or PDF output to a socket as well as the usual output
file. Whether this option is available is the choice of the
installer.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="pdftex-option-ipc-start"></a>1.7
<tt class="filename">--ipc-start</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2561967" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>As <tt class="literal">--ipc</tt>, and starts the server at the
other end as well. Whether this option is available is the choice
of the installer.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="pdftex-option-jobname-name"></a>1.8
<tt class="filename">--jobname name</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2562011" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Use <tt class="literal">name</tt> for the job name, instead of
deriving it from the name of the input file.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="pdftex-option-kpathsea-debug"></a>1.9
<tt class="filename">--kpathsea-debug
bitmask</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2562055" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Sets path searching debugging flags according to the
<tt class="literal">bitmask</tt>. See the Kpathsea manual for
details.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="pdftex-option-maketex"></a>1.10
<tt class="filename">--maketex fmt</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2562099" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Enable <span><b class="command">mktexfmt</b></span>, where
<tt class="literal">fmt</tt> must be one of
<tt class="literal">tex</tt> or
<tt class="literal">tfm</tt>.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="pdftex-option-no-maketex"></a>1.11
<tt class="filename">--no-maketex fmt</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2562160" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Disable <span><b class="command">mktexfmt</b></span>, where
<tt class="literal">fmt</tt> must be one of
<tt class="literal">tex</tt> or
<tt class="literal">tfm</tt>.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="pdftex-option-output-comment"></a>1.12
<tt class="filename">--output-comment
string</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2562220" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Use <tt class="literal">string</tt> for the DVI file comment
instead of the date.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="pdftex-option-parse-first-line"></a>1.13
<tt class="filename">--parse-first-line</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2562260" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>If the first line of the main input file begins with
<tt class="literal">%&</tt> parse it to look for a dump name or
a <tt class="literal">--translate-file</tt> option.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="pdftex-option-progname"></a>1.14
<tt class="filename">--progname name</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2562311" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Pretend to be program <tt class="literal">name</tt>. This
affects both the format used and the search paths.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="pdftex-option-recorder"></a>1.15
<tt class="filename">--recorder</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2562354" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Enable the filename recorder. This leaves a trace of the files
opened for input and output in a file with extension
<tt class="literal">.fls</tt>.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="pdftex-option-shell-escape"></a>1.16
<tt class="filename">--shell-escape</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2562399" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Enable the <tt class="literal">\write18{command}</tt> construct.
The command can be any Bourne shell command. This construct is
normally disallowed for security reasons.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="pdftex-option-translate-file"></a>1.17
<tt class="filename">--translate-file
tcxname</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2562444" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Use the <tt class="literal">tcxname</tt> translation
table.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="pdftex-option-version"></a>1.18
<tt class="filename">--version</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2562487" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Print version information and exit.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a id="pdftex-environment"></a>2 Environment</h2></div></div></div>
<a id="id2562518" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>See the Kpathsearch library documentation (the `Path
specifications' node) for the details of how the environment
variables are used when searching. The
<span><b class="command">kpsewhich</b></span> utility can be used
to query the values of the variables.</p>
<p>One caveat: In most pdfTeX formats, you cannot use ~ in a
filename you give directly to pdfTeX, because ~ is an active
character, and hence is expanded, not taken as part of the
filename. Other programs, such as Metafont, do not have this
problem.</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">TEXMFOUTPUT</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2562576" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Normally, pdfTeX puts its output files in the current directory.
If any output file cannot be opened there, it tries to open it in
the directory specified in the environment variable
<tt class="literal">TEXMFOUTPUT</tt>. There is no default value for
that variable. For example, if you say
<span><b class="command">pdftex paper</b></span> and the current
directory is not writable, if <tt class="literal">TEXMFOUTPUT</tt>
has the value <tt class="literal">/tmp</tt>, pdfTeX attempts to
create <tt class="literal">/tmp/paper.log</tt> (and
<tt class="literal">/tmp/paper.pdf</tt>, if any output is
produced.)</p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">TEXINPUTS</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2562664" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Search path for <tt class="literal">\input</tt> and
<tt class="literal">\openin</tt> files. This should probably start
with ``.'', so that user files are found before system files. An
empty path component will be replaced with the paths defined in the
<tt class="filename">texmf.cnf</tt> file. For example, set
<tt class="literal">TEXINPUTS</tt> to
<tt class="literal">".:/home/usr/tex:"</tt> to prepend the current
direcory and <tt class="literal">``/home/user/tex''</tt> to the
standard search path.</p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">TEXFONTS</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2562741" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>earch path for font metric (<tt class="literal">.tfm</tt>)
files.</p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">TEXFORMATS</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2562783" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Search path for format files.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">TEXPOOL</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2562818" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Search path for <span><b class="command">pdfinitex</b></span>
internal strings.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">TEXEDIT</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2562859" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Command template for switching to editor. The default, usually
<span><b class="command">vi</b></span>, is set when pdfTeX is
compiled.</p></dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="chapter" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="metafont"></a>Chapter 3. Metafont
(tbd.)</h2></div></div></div>
<a id="id2562920" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>tbd.</p></div>
<div class="chapter" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="metapost"></a>Chapter 4. MetaPost</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc">
<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#metapost-options">1
Options</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="#metapost-option-file-line-error-style">
1.1
<tt class="filename">--file-line-error-style</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#metapost-option-help">1.2
<tt class="filename">--help</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#metapost-option-ini">1.3
<tt class="filename">--ini</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="#metapost-option-intercation">1.4
<tt class="filename">--interaction mode</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#metapost-option-jobname">1.5
<tt class="filename">--jobname name</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="#metapost-option-kpathsea-debug">1.6
<tt class="filename">--kpathsea-debug bitmask</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#metapost-option-mem">1.7
<tt class="filename">--mem mem</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="#metapost-option-parse-first-line">1.8
<tt class="filename">--parse-first-line</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#metapost-option-progname">1.9
<tt class="filename">--progname name</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#metapost-option-recorder">1.10
<tt class="filename">--recorder</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#metapost-option-T">1.11
<tt class="filename">-T</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="#metapost-option-translate-file">1.12
<tt class="filename">--translate-file tcxname</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#metapost-option-troff">1.13
<tt class="filename">--troff</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#metapost-option-version">1.14
<tt class="filename">--version</tt></a></span></dt></dl></dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#metapost-environment">2
Environment</a></span></dt></dl></div>
<a id="id2562948" class="indexterm"></a>
<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p>The contents of this section was taken from
<tt class="filename">mpost(1)</tt>.</p></div>
<p>MetaPost is a programming language much like Knuth's Metafont
except that it outputs PostScript programs instead of bitmaps.
Borrowed from Metafont are the basic tools for creating and
manipulating pictures. These include numbers, coordinate pairs,
cubic splines, affine transformations, text strings, and boolean
quantities. Additional features facilitate integrating text and
graphics and accessing special features of PostScript such as
clipping, shading, and dashed lines. Another feature borrowed from
Metafont is the ability to solve linear equations that are given
implicitly, thus allowing many programs to be written in a largely
declarative style. By building complex operations from simpler
ones, MetaPost achieves both power and exibility.</p>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a id="metapost-options"></a>1 Options</h2></div></div></div>
<a id="id2563000" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>MetaPost understands the following command line options.</p>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title">
<a id="metapost-option-file-line-error-style"></a>1.1
<tt class="filename">--file-line-error-style</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2563034" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Print error messages in the form
<tt class="literal">file:line:error</tt> which is similar to the
way many compilers format them.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="metapost-option-help"></a>1.2
<tt class="filename">--help</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2563078" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Print help message and exit.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="metapost-option-ini"></a>1.3
<tt class="filename">--ini</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2563114" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Be <span><b class="command">inimpost</b></span>, for dumping
bases; this is implicitly true if the program is called as
<span><b class="command">inimpost</b></span>.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="metapost-option-intercation"></a>1.4
<tt class="filename">--interaction mode</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2563164" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Sets the interaction mode. The mode can be one of
<tt class="literal">batchmode</tt>,
<tt class="literal">nonstopmode</tt>,
<tt class="literal">scrollmode</tt>, and
<tt class="literal">errorstopmode</tt>. The meaning of these modes
is the same as that of the corresponding commands.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="metapost-option-jobname"></a>1.5
<tt class="filename">--jobname name</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2563226" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Use <tt class="literal">name</tt> for the job name, instead of
deriving it from the name of the input file.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="metapost-option-kpathsea-debug"></a>1.6
<tt class="filename">--kpathsea-debug
bitmask</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2563270" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Sets path searching debugging flags according to the
<tt class="literal">bitmask</tt>. See the Kpathsea manual for
details.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="metapost-option-mem"></a>1.7
<tt class="filename">--mem mem</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2563313" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Use <tt class="literal">mem</tt> as the name of the mem to be
used, instead of the name by which MetaPost was called or a
<tt class="literal">%&</tt> line.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="metapost-option-parse-first-line"></a>1.8
<tt class="filename">--parse-first-line</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2563365" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>If the first line of the main input file begins with
<tt class="literal">%&</tt> parse it to look for a dump name or
a <tt class="literal">--translate-file</tt> option.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="metapost-option-progname"></a>1.9
<tt class="filename">--progname name</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2563416" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Pretend to be program <tt class="literal">name</tt>. This
affects both the format used and the search paths.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="metapost-option-recorder"></a>1.10
<tt class="filename">--recorder</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2563459" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Enable the filename recorder. This leaves a trace of the files
opened for input and output in a file with extension
<tt class="literal">.fls.</tt></p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="metapost-option-T"></a>1.11
<tt class="filename">-T</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2563501" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Produce TROFF output.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="metapost-option-translate-file"></a>1.12
<tt class="filename">--translate-file
tcxname</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2563538" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Use the <tt class="literal">tcxname</tt> translation
table.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="metapost-option-troff"></a>1.13
<tt class="filename">--troff</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2563582" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>As -T.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="metapost-option-version"></a>1.14
<tt class="filename">--version</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2563618" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Print version information and exit.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a id="metapost-environment"></a>2
Environment</h2></div></div></div>
<a id="id2563650" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>See the Kpathsearch library documentation (the `Path
specifications' node) for the details of how the environment
variables are use when searching. The
<span><b class="command">kpsewhich</b></span> utility can be used
to query the values of the variables.</p>
<p>If the environment variable <tt class="literal">TEXMFOUTPUT</tt>
is set, MetaPost attempts to put its output files in it, if they
cannot be put in the current directory.</p>
<p>Here is a list of the environment variables which affect the
behavior of MetaPost:</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">MPINPUTS</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2563705" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Search path for input files.</p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">MFINPUTS</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2563738" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Auxiliary search path for input files with
<tt class="literal">.mf</tt> extensions.</p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">MPSUPPORT</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2563776" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Directory for various tables for handling included TeX and
troff.</p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">MPXCOMMAND</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2563813" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The name of a shell script that converts embedded typesetting
commands to a form that MetaPost understands. Defaults:
<tt class="literal">makempx</tt> for TeX and
<tt class="literal">troffmpx</tt> for troff.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">TEX</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2563864" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The version of TeX - or LaTeX - to use when processing
<span><b class="command">btex</b></span> and
<span><b class="command">verbatimtex</b></span> commands. Default
TeX. This version of MetaPost allows you to use a
<tt class="literal">`%&format'</tt> line instead.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">TROFF</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2563928" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The troff pipeline for <span><b class="command">btex</b></span>
and <span><b class="command">verbatimtex</b></span> commands.
Default <tt class="literal">eqn -d\$\$ | troff</tt></p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">MPEDIT</tt></span></dt>
<dd><a id="id2563978" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>A command template for invoking an editor.</p></dd></dl></div>
<p>A <tt class="literal">.mem</tt> file is a binary file that
permits fast loading of macro packages. MetaPost reads the default
<tt class="literal">plain.mem</tt> unless another
<tt class="literal">.mem</tt> file is specified at the start of the
first line with an <tt class="literal">&</tt> just before it.
There is also an <tt class="literal">mfplain.mem</tt> that
simulates plain Metafont so that MetaPost can read
<tt class="literal">.mf</tt> fonts. (Plain Metafont is described in
<span class="emphasis"><em>The Metafontbook</em></span>).</p>
<p>Experts can create <tt class="literal">.mem</tt> files by
invoking <span><b class="command">inimpost</b></span> and giving
macro definitions followed by a dump command.</p>
<p>The MetaPost language is similar to Metafont, but the manual
<span class="emphasis"><em>A User's Manual for MetaPost</em></span>
assumes no knowledge of Metafont. MetaPost does not have bitmap
output commands or Metafont's online display
mechanism.</p></div></div>
<div class="chapter" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="bibtex"></a>Chapter 5. BibTeX</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc">
<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-parameters">1
Parameters</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-command-qualifiers">2
Command Qualifiers</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-bib-files">3 bib
files</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-string-command">3.1
<tt class="filename">@STRING</tt> command</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-entry-format">3.2 Entry
Format</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-entry-types">3.3 Entry
Types</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-field-text">3.4 Field
Text</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-field-types">3.5 Field
Types</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-bst-files">4 bst
files</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-bst-abbr">4.1
<tt class="filename">ABBRV.BST</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-bst-alpha">4.2
<tt class="filename">ALPHA.BST</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-bst-plain">4.3
<tt class="filename">PLAIN.BST</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-bst-sample">4.4
<tt class="filename">SAMPLE.BST</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-bst-unsrt">4.5
<tt class="filename">UNSRT.BST</tt></a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div>
<a id="id2564099" class="indexterm"></a>
<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p>The contents of this section was taken from the HTML helppages
for BibTeX of Norman Walsh (Version 1.0, 12 Apr 94).</p></div>
<p>Invokes the BibTeX utility to compile a bibliography file for
LaTeX. Full details can be found in "LaTeX: A Document Preparation
System" by Leslie Lamport.</p>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a id="bibtex-parameters"></a>1 Parameters</h2></div></div></div>
<a id="id2564142" class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">bibliography-file-spec</tt></p>
<p>Specifies the name of the bibliography database file to be
compiled by BibTeX. If the file specification does not include a
file type, BibTeX assumes a default type of BIB.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a id="bibtex-command-qualifiers"></a>2 Command
Qualifiers</h2></div></div></div>
<a id="id2564187" class="indexterm"></a>
<p><tt class="literal">/BIBINPUTS /BIBINPUTS=(name,...)</tt></p>
<p>Specify directories containing input files, and the order in
which they will be searched to locate each input file. A null value
in the list indicates the current directory. The search procedure
TeX uses to locate input files is to first search your default
directory and then search each of the directories specified by the
<tt class="literal">/BIBINPUTS</tt> option.</p>
<p>Default is <tt class="literal">/BIBINPUTS=(TEX_BIB:)</tt>; TeX
looks in the directory associated with the logical name
<tt class="literal">TEX_BIB.</tt></p>
<p><tt class="literal">/STATS /STATS /NOSTATS [D]</tt></p>
<p>This qualifier is used while debugging
<tt class="literal">.BST</tt> files to determine BIBTEX memory
usage.</p>
<p><tt class="literal">/TEXINPUTS /TEXINPUTS=(name,...)</tt></p>
<p>Specify directories containing input files, and the order in
which they will be searched to locate each input file. A null value
in the list indicates the current directory. The search procedure
TeX uses to locate input files is to first search your default
directory and then search each of the directories specified by the
<tt class="literal">/TEXINPUTS</tt> option.</p>
<p>Default is <tt class="literal">/TEXINPUTS=(TEX_INPUTS)</tt>; TeX
looks in the directory associated with the logical name
<tt class="literal">TEX_INPUTS</tt>.</p>
<p><tt class="literal">/TRACE /TRACE /NOTRACE [D]</tt></p>
<p>This qualifier is used while debugging
<tt class="literal">.BST</tt> files to follow program
flow.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a id="bibtex-bib-files"></a>3 bib files</h2></div></div></div>
<a id="id2564338" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>This help entry contains the same information as Appendix B of
the LaTeX manual. It describes the format of a bibliography
database (<tt class="literal">.BIB</tt>) file.</p>
<p>A bibliography database file may contains two types of entry -
an abbreviation definition or a reference entry for citation.</p>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="bibtex-string-command"></a>3.1
<tt class="filename">@STRING</tt> command</h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2564389" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The <tt class="literal">@STRING</tt> command is used to define
abbreviations for use by BibTeX within the bibliography database
file. The command</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
@string{jgg1 = "Journal of Gnats and Gnus, Series~1"}
</pre>
<p>defines 'jgg1' to be the abbreviation for the string "Journal of
Gnats and Gnus, Series~1". Parentheses can be used in place of the
outermost braces in the @string command, and braces can be used
instead of the quotation marks. The text must have matching
braces.</p>
<p>The case of letters is ignored in an abbreviation as well as in
the command name @string, so the command above could have been
written:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
@STRING{JgG1 = "Journal of Gnats and Gnus, Series~1"}
</pre>
<p>A <tt class="literal">@string</tt> command can appear anywhere
before or between entries in a bibliography database file. However,
it must come before any use of the abbreviation, so a sensible
place for <tt class="literal">@string</tt> commands is at the
beginning of the file. A <tt class="literal">@string</tt> command
in the bibliography database file takes precedence over a
definition made by the bibliography style, so it can be used to
change the definition of an abbreviation such as 'Feb'.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="bibtex-entry-format"></a>3.2 Entry
Format</h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2564482" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>A bibliography database file contains a series of reference
entries like the following:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
@BOOK{kn:gnus,
AUTHOR = "Donald E. Knudson",
TITLE = "1966 World Gnus Almanac",
PUBLISHER = {Permafrost Press},
ADDRESS = {Novisibirsk} }
</pre>
<p>The <tt class="literal">@BOOK</tt> states that this is an entry
of type book. various entry types are described below. The
'kn:gnus' is the citation key, as it appears in the argument of a
<tt class="literal">\cite</tt> command referring to the entry.</p>
<p>This entry has four fields, named
<tt class="literal">AUTHOR</tt>, <tt class="literal">TITLE</tt>,
<tt class="literal">PUBLISHER</tt> and
<tt class="literal">ADDRESS</tt>. The meanings of these and other
fields are described below. A field consists of the name, an '='
character with optional space around it, followed by its text. The
text of a field is a string of characters, with no unmatched
braces, surrounded by either a pair of braces or a pair of '"'
characters. Entry fields are separated from one another, and from
the citation key, by commas. A comma may have optional space around
it.</p>
<p>The outermost braces that surround the entire entry may be
replaced by parentheses. As in TeX input files, an end-of-line
character counts as a space and one space is equivalent to many
spaces. Unlike TeX, BibTeX ignores the case of letters in the entry
type, citation key and field names. The above entry could have been
typed as follows:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
@BOOK(kn:gnus, author = {Donald E. Knudson},
TITLE = "1966 World Gnus Almanac",
PUBLISHER = {Permafrost Press},
ADDRESS = {Novisibirsk} )
</pre>
<p>However, the case of letters does matter to LaTeX, so the
citation key ("kn:gnus" in the example above) should appear exactly
the same in all <tt class="literal">\cite</tt> commands in the
LaTeX input file.</p>
<p>The quotes or braces can be omitted around text consisting
entirely of numerals. The following two fields are equivalent:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
Volume = "27" Volume = 27
</pre></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="bibtex-entry-types"></a>3.3 Entry
Types</h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2564636" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>When entering a reference in the bibliography database, the
first thing to decide is what type of entry it is. No fixed
classification scheme can be complete, but BibTeX provides enough
entry types to handle almost any reference reasonably well.</p>
<p>References to different types of publications contain different
information; a reference to a journal might include the volume and
number of the journal, which is usually not meaningful for a book.
Therefore, database entries of different types have different
fields for each entry type, the fields are divided into three
classes:</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term">Required</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>omitting the field will produce an error message and may result
in a badly formatted bibliography entry. If the required
information is not meaningful, you are using the wrong entry
type.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">Optional</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>the field's information will be used if present, but can be
omitted without causing any formatting problems. A reference should
contain any available information that might help the reader, so
you should include the optional field if it is applicable.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">Ignored</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>the field is ignored. BibTeX ignores any field that is not
required or optional, so you can include any fields you want in a
bibliography entry. It's often a good idea to put all relevant
information about a reference in its bibliography entry - even
information that may never appear in the bibliography. For example,
if you want to keep an abstract of a paper in a computer file, put
it in an 'abstract' field in the paper's bibliography entry. The
bibliography database file is likely to be as good a place as any
for the abstract, and it is possible to design a bibliography style
for printing selected abstracts.</p></dd></dl></div>
<p>BibTeX ignores the case of letters in the entry type.</p>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-entry-types-article"></a>3.3.1
article entry</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2564768" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>An article from a journal or magazine.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
@ARTICLE{citation_key,
required_fields [, optional_fields] }
</pre>
<p>Required fields: <a href="#bibtex-field-types-author"
title="3.5.3 author field">author</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-title"
title="3.5.20 title field">title</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-journal"
title="3.5.10 journal field">journal</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-year"
title="3.5.23 year field">year</a></p>
<p>Optional fields: <a href="#bibtex-field-types-volume"
title="3.5.22 volume field">volume</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-number"
title="3.5.14 number field">number</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-pages"
title="3.5.16 pages field">pages</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-month"
title="3.5.12 month field">month</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-note"
title="3.5.13 note field">note</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-key"
title="3.5.11 key field">key</a></p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-entry-types-book"></a>3.3.2 book
entry</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2564903" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>A book with an explicit publisher.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
@BOOK{citation_key,
required_fields [, optional_fields] }
</pre>
<p>Required fields: <a href="#bibtex-field-types-author"
title="3.5.3 author field">author</a> or
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-editor"
title="3.5.7 editor field">editor</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-title"
title="3.5.20 title field">title</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-publisher"
title="3.5.17 publisher field">publisher</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-year"
title="3.5.23 year field">year</a></p>
<p>Optional fields: <a href="#bibtex-field-types-volume"
title="3.5.22 volume field">volume</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-series"
title="3.5.19 series field">series</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-address"
title="3.5.1 address field">address</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-edition"
title="3.5.6 edition field">edition</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-month"
title="3.5.12 month field">month</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-note"
title="3.5.13 note field">note</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-key"
title="3.5.11 key field">key</a></p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-entry-types-booklet"></a>3.3.3
booklet entry</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2565048" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>A work that is printed and bound, but without a named publisher
or sponsoring institution.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
@BOOKLET{citation_key,
required_fields [, optional_fields] }
</pre>
<p>Required fields: <a href="#bibtex-field-types-title"
title="3.5.20 title field">title</a></p>
<p>Optional fields: <a href="#bibtex-field-types-author"
title="3.5.3 author field">author</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-howpublished"
title="3.5.8 howpublished field">howpublished</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-address"
title="3.5.1 address field">address</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-month"
title="3.5.12 month field">month</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-year"
title="3.5.23 year field">year</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-note"
title="3.5.13 note field">note</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-key"
title="3.5.11 key field">key</a></p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-entry-types-conference"></a>3.3.4
conference entry</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2565158" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>An article in the proceedings of a conference. This entry is
identical to the 'inproceedings' entry and is included for
compatibility with another text formatting system.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
@CONFERENCE{citation_key,
required_fields [, optional_fields] }
</pre>
<p>Required fields: <a href="#bibtex-field-types-author"
title="3.5.3 author field">author</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-title"
title="3.5.20 title field">title</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-booktitle"
title="3.5.4 booktitle field">booktitle</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-year"
title="3.5.23 year field">year</a></p>
<p>Optional fields: <a href="#bibtex-field-types-editor"
title="3.5.7 editor field">editor</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-pages"
title="3.5.16 pages field">pages</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-organization"
title="3.5.15 organization field">organization</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-publisher"
title="3.5.17 publisher field">publisher</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-address"
title="3.5.1 address field">address</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-month"
title="3.5.12 month field">month</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-note"
title="3.5.13 note field">note</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-key"
title="3.5.11 key field">key</a></p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-entry-types-inbook"></a>3.3.5
inbook entry</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2565304" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>A part of a book, which may be a chapter and/or a range of
pages.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
@INBOOK{citation_key,
required_fields [, optional_fields] }
</pre>
<p>Required fields: <a href="#bibtex-field-types-author"
title="3.5.3 author field">author</a> or
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-editor"
title="3.5.7 editor field">editor</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-title"
title="3.5.20 title field">title</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-chapter"
title="3.5.5 chapter field">chapter</a> and/or
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-pages"
title="3.5.16 pages field">pages</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-publisher"
title="3.5.17 publisher field">publisher</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-year"
title="3.5.23 year field">year</a></p>
<p>Optional fields: <a href="#bibtex-field-types-volume"
title="3.5.22 volume field">volume</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-series"
title="3.5.19 series field">series</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-address"
title="3.5.1 address field">address</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-edition"
title="3.5.6 edition field">edition</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-month"
title="3.5.12 month field">month</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-note"
title="3.5.13 note field">note</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-key"
title="3.5.11 key field">key</a></p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-entry-types-incollection"></a>3.3.6
incollection entry</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2565459" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>A part of a book with its own title.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
@INCOLLECTION{citation_key,
required_fields [, optional_fields] }
</pre>
<p>Required fields: <a href="#bibtex-field-types-author"
title="3.5.3 author field">author</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-title"
title="3.5.20 title field">title</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-booktitle"
title="3.5.4 booktitle field">booktitle</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-year"
title="3.5.23 year field">year</a></p>
<p>Optional fields: <a href="#bibtex-field-types-editor"
title="3.5.7 editor field">editor</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-pages"
title="3.5.16 pages field">pages</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-organization"
title="3.5.15 organization field">organization</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-publisher"
title="3.5.17 publisher field">publisher</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-address"
title="3.5.1 address field">address</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-month"
title="3.5.12 month field">month</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-note"
title="3.5.13 note field">note</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-key"
title="3.5.11 key field">key</a></p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="bibtex-entry-types-inproceedings"></a>3.3.7 inproceedings
entry</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2565598" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>An article in the proceedings of a conference.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
@INPROCEEDINGS{citation_key,
required_fields [, optional_fields] }
</pre>
<p>Required fields: <a href="#bibtex-field-types-author"
title="3.5.3 author field">author</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-title"
title="3.5.20 title field">title</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-booktitle"
title="3.5.4 booktitle field">booktitle</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-year"
title="3.5.23 year field">year</a></p>
<p>Optional fields: <a href="#bibtex-field-types-editor"
title="3.5.7 editor field">editor</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-pages"
title="3.5.16 pages field">pages</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-organization"
title="3.5.15 organization field">organization</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-publisher"
title="3.5.17 publisher field">publisher</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-address"
title="3.5.1 address field">address</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-month"
title="3.5.12 month field">month</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-note"
title="3.5.13 note field">note</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-key"
title="3.5.11 key field">key</a></p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-entry-types-manual"></a>3.3.8
manual entry</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2565738" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Technical documentation.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
@MANUAL{citation_key,
required_fields [, optional_fields] }
</pre>
<p>Required fields: <a href="#bibtex-field-types-title"
title="3.5.20 title field">title</a></p>
<p>Optional fields: <a href="#bibtex-field-types-author"
title="3.5.3 author field">author</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-organization"
title="3.5.15 organization field">organization</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-address"
title="3.5.1 address field">address</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-edition"
title="3.5.6 edition field">edition</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-month"
title="3.5.12 month field">month</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-year"
title="3.5.23 year field">year</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-note"
title="3.5.13 note field">note</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-key"
title="3.5.11 key field">key</a></p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="bibtex-entry-types-mastersthesis"></a>3.3.9 mastersthesis
entry</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2565854" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>A Master's thesis.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
@MASTERSTHESIS{citation_key,
required_fields [, optional_fields] }
</pre>
<p>Required fields: <a href="#bibtex-field-types-author"
title="3.5.3 author field">author</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-title"
title="3.5.20 title field">title</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-school"
title="3.5.18 school field">school</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-year"
title="3.5.23 year field">year</a></p>
<p>Optional fields: <a href="#bibtex-field-types-address"
title="3.5.1 address field">address</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-month"
title="3.5.12 month field">month</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-note"
title="3.5.13 note field">note</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-key"
title="3.5.11 key field">key</a></p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-entry-types-misc"></a>3.3.10 misc
entry</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2565963" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Use this type when nothing else seems appropriate.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
@MISC{citation_key,
required_fields [, optional_fields] }
</pre>
<p>Required fields: none</p>
<p>Optional fields: <a href="#bibtex-field-types-author"
title="3.5.3 author field">author</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-title"
title="3.5.20 title field">title</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-howpublished"
title="3.5.8 howpublished field">howpublished</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-month"
title="3.5.12 month field">month</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-year"
title="3.5.23 year field">year</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-note"
title="3.5.13 note field">note</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-key"
title="3.5.11 key field">key</a></p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-entry-types-phdthesis"></a>3.3.11
phdthesis entry</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2566065" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>A PhD thesis.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
@PHDTHESIS{citation_key,
required_fields [, optional_fields] }
</pre>
<p>Required fields: <a href="#bibtex-field-types-author"
title="3.5.3 author field">author</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-title"
title="3.5.20 title field">title</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-school"
title="3.5.18 school field">school</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-year"
title="3.5.23 year field">year</a></p>
<p>Optional fields: <a href="#bibtex-field-types-address"
title="3.5.1 address field">address</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-month"
title="3.5.12 month field">month</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-note"
title="3.5.13 note field">note</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-key"
title="3.5.11 key field">key</a></p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-entry-types-proceedings"></a>3.3.12
proceedings entry</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2566173" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The proceedings of a conference.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
@PROCEEDINGS{citation_key,
required_fields [, optional_fields] }
</pre>
<p>Required fields: <a href="#bibtex-field-types-title"
title="3.5.20 title field">title</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-year"
title="3.5.23 year field">year</a></p>
<p>Optional fields: <a href="#bibtex-field-types-editor"
title="3.5.7 editor field">editor</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-publisher"
title="3.5.17 publisher field">publisher</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-organization"
title="3.5.15 organization field">organization</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-address"
title="3.5.1 address field">address</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-month"
title="3.5.12 month field">month</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-note"
title="3.5.13 note field">note</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-key"
title="3.5.11 key field">key</a></p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-entry-types-techreport"></a>3.3.13
techreport entry</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2566290" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>A report published by a school or other institution, usually
numbered within a series.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
@TECHREPORT{citation_key,
required_fields [, optional_fields] }
</pre>
<p>Required fields: <a href="#bibtex-field-types-author"
title="3.5.3 author field">author</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-title"
title="3.5.20 title field">title</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-institution"
title="3.5.9 institution field">institution</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-year"
title="3.5.23 year field">year</a></p>
<p>Optional fields: <a href="#bibtex-field-types-type"
title="3.5.21 type field">type</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-number"
title="3.5.14 number field">number</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-address"
title="3.5.1 address field">address</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-month"
title="3.5.12 month field">month</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-note"
title="3.5.13 note field">note</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-key"
title="3.5.11 key field">key</a></p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-entry-types-unpublished"></a>3.3.14
unpublished entry</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2566418" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>A document with an author and title, but not formally
published.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
@UNPUBLISHED{citation_key,
required_fields [, optional_fields] }
</pre>
<p>Required fields: <a href="#bibtex-field-types-author"
title="3.5.3 author field">author</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-title"
title="3.5.20 title field">title</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-note"
title="3.5.13 note field">note</a></p>
<p>Optional fields: <a href="#bibtex-field-types-month"
title="3.5.12 month field">month</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-year"
title="3.5.23 year field">year</a>,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-key"
title="3.5.11 key field">key</a></p></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-text"></a>3.4 Field
Text</h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2566513" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The text of the field is enclosed in braces or double quote
characters. A part of the text is said to be enclosed in braces if
it lies inside a matching pair of braces other than the ones
enclosing the entire entry or the entire field text.</p>
<p>BibTeX manipulates the case of letters in the field text as
described in the subtopics below.</p>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-text-names"></a>3.4.1
Names</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2566554" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The text of an author or editor field represents a list of
names. The bibliography style determines the format in which the
name is printed: whether the first name or last name appears first,
if the full first name or just the first initial is used, etc. The
bibliography file entry simply tells BibTeX what the name is.</p>
<p>You should type an author's complete name and let the
bibliography style decide what to abbreviate. (But an author's
complete name may be "Donald~E. Knuth" or even "J.~P.~Morgan"; you
should type it the way the author would like it to appear, if
that's known.)</p>
<p>Most names can be entered in the obvious way, either with or
without a comma, as in the following examples:</p>
<p>"John Paul Jones" "Jones, John Paul" "Ludwig von Beethoven" "von
Beethoven, Ludwig"</p>
<p>Some people have multiple last names - for example, Per Brinch
Hansen's last name is Brinch~Hansen. His name should be typed with
a comma:</p>
<p>"Brinch Hansen, Per"</p>
<p>To understand why, you must understand how BibTeX handles names
(for what follows, a "name" corresponds to a person).</p>
<p>Each name consists of four parts: First, von, Last, and~Jr; each
part consists of a (possibly empty) list of name-tokens. For
example the First part of Per Brinch~Hansen's name has the single
token "Per"; the Last part has two, "Brinch" and "Hansen"; and the
von and Jr parts are empty. If you had typed</p>
<p>"Per Brinch Hansen"</p>
<p>instead, BibTeX would erroneously think "Brinch" were a
First-part token, just as "Paul" is a First-part token in
"John~Paul Jones".</p>
<p>Here's another example:</p>
<p>"Charles Louis Xavier Joseph de la Vallee Poussin"</p>
<p>This name has four tokens in the First part, two in the von, and
two in the Last. Here BibTeX knows where one part ends and the
other begins because the tokens in the von part begin with
lower-case letters.</p>
<p>If you want BibTeX to consider something a single token, enclose
it in braces. You should do this, for example, if a comma is part
of a name:</p>
<p>"{Barnes and Noble, Inc.}" "{Barnes and} {Noble, Inc.}"
"{Barnes} {and} {Noble,} {Inc.}"</p>
<p>The braces surrounding the comma keep "Inc." from being
interpreted as a First token; this name has only a Last part, with
either one, two, or four tokens (there must be a space separating
the tokens in the second and third forms). Probably the second form
is slightly more meaningful, but don't lose sleep over this since
only rarely will an institution be an author or editor.</p>
<p>So the two names</p>
<p>"von Beethoven, Ludwig" "{von Beethoven}, Ludwig"</p>
<p>are considered by BibTeX to be different names. In the first,
"Beethoven" is the Last part and "von" is the von part; in the
second, which in this case happens to be incorrect, the Last part
has a single token and there's no von part. The bibliography style
will probably print both the same, but it may alphabetize and label
them differently.</p>
<p>"Juniors" pose a special problem. Most people having "Jr." in
their name precede it with a comma. Such a name should be entered
as follows:</p>
<p>"Ford, Jr., Henry"</p>
<p>However, a few people do not use a comma. They are handled by
considering the "Jr." to be part of the last Last token:</p>
<p>"{Steele Jr.}, Guy L." "Guy L. {Steele Jr.}"</p>
<p>This name has no Jr part.</p>
<p>To summarize, you may type a name in one of three forms:</p>
<p>"First von Last" "von Last, First" "von Last, Jr, First"</p>
<p>You may almost always use the first form; you shouldn't if
either there's a Jr part or the Last part has multiple tokens but
there's no von part.</p>
<p>If there are multiple authors or editors, their names must be
separated by the word "and", surrounded by spaces, not enclosed in
braces:</p>
<p>AUTHOR = "Ralph Alpher and Bethe, Hans and George Gamow"</p>
<p>Since BibTeX interprets commas as separating parts of a name and
"and" as separating names themselves, this example has three
coauthors: Ralph Alpher, Hans Bethe, and George Gamow. If the word
"and" appears as part of a name, it must be enclosed in braces, as
in the example of "Barnes and Noble,~Inc." given above. If you have
too many names to list in a field, you can end the list with "and
others"; the standard styles appropriately append an "et al."</p>
<p>BibTeX's rules are actually a bit more complicated than
indicated here, but this description will suffice for most
names.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-text-titles"></a>3.4.2
Titles</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2566787" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The bibliography style determines whether or not a title is
capitalized; the titles of books usually are, the title of articles
usually are not. You type a title the way it should appear if it is
capitalized (you should capitalize everything but articles and
unstressed conjunctions and prepositions, and even these should be
capitalized as the first word or the first after a colon):</p>
<p>TITLE = "The Agony and the Ecstasy"</p>
<p>BibTeX will change uppercase letters to lowercase if
appropriate. Uppercase letters that should not be changed are
enclosed in braces. The following two titles are equivalent; the
"A" of "Africa" will not be made lowercase.</p>
<p>"The Gnats and Gnus of {Africa}" "The Gnats and Gnus of
{A}frica"</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-text-abbr"></a>3.4.3
Abbreviations</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2566843" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Instead of an ordinary text string, the text of a field can be
replaced by an abbreviation for it. An abbreviation is a string of
characters that starts with a letter and does not contain a space
or any of the following ten characters:</p>
<p><tt class="literal">" # % ' ( ) , = { }</tt></p>
<p>The abbreviation is typed in place of the text field, with no
braces or quotation marks. If 'jgg1' is an abbreviation for</p>
<p>Journal of Gnats and Gnus, Series~1</p>
<p>then the following are equivalent:</p>
<p>JOURNAL = jgg1 JOURNAL = "Journal of Gnats and Gnus,
Series~1"</p>
<p>Some abbreviations are predefined by the bibliography style.
These always include the usual 3 letter abbreviations for the
month: jan, feb, mar etc.</p>
<p>Bibliography styles usually contain abbreviations for the names
of commonly referenced journals. Consult the Local Guide for a list
of the predefined abbreviations for the bibliography styles
available.</p>
<p>You can define your own abbreviations by using BibTeX's
<tt class="literal">@STRING</tt> command.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-types"></a>3.5 Field
Types</h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2566930" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Below is a list of all fields recognized by the standard
bibliography styles. An entry can also contain other fields, which
are ignored by those styles.</p>
<p>BibTeX ignores the case of letters in the field names.</p>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-types-address"></a>3.5.1
address field</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2566969" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Publisher's address. For major publishing houses, just the city
is given. For small publishers, you can help the reader by giving
the complete address.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
ADDRESS = field_text
</pre></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-types-annote"></a>3.5.2
annote field</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2567012" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>An annotation, used only for annotated bibliography styles
(which are not among the standard ones).</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
ANNOTE = field_text
</pre></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-types-author"></a>3.5.3
author field</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2567054" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The name(s) of the author(s).</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
AUTHOR = field_text
</pre></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-types-booktitle"></a>3.5.4
booktitle field</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2567096" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Title of a book, part of which is being cited.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
BOOKTITLE = field_text
</pre></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-types-chapter"></a>3.5.5
chapter field</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2567138" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>A chapter number.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
CHAPTER = field_text
</pre></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-types-edition"></a>3.5.6
edition field</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2567178" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The edition of a book - for example, "second".</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
EDITION = field_text
</pre></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-types-editor"></a>3.5.7
editor field</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2567220" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Name(s) of editor(s). If there is also an "author" field, then
the "editor" field gives the editor of the book or collection in
which the reference appears.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
EDITOR = field_text
</pre></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-types-howpublished"></a>3.5.8
howpublished field</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2567263" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>How something strange has been published.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
HOWPUBLISHED = field_text
</pre></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-types-institution"></a>3.5.9
institution field</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2567304" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The institution that published the work.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
INSTITUTION = field_text
</pre></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-types-journal"></a>3.5.10
journal field</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2567346" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>A journal name. Abbreviations are provided for many journals;
see the Local Guide.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
JOURNAL = field_text
</pre></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-types-key"></a>3.5.11 key
field</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2567388" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Used for alphabetizing and creating a label when the "author"
and "editor" fields are missing. This field should not be confused
with the citation key that appears in the
<tt class="literal">\cite</tt> command and at the beginning of the
entry.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
KEY = field_text
</pre></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-types-month"></a>3.5.12 month
field</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2567438" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The month in which the work was published or, for an unpublished
work, in which it was written.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
MONTH = field_text
</pre></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-types-note"></a>3.5.13 note
field</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2567480" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Any additional information that can help the reader.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
NOTE = field_text
</pre></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-types-number"></a>3.5.14
number field</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2567521" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The number of a journal, magazine, or technical report. An issue
of a journal or magazine is usually identified by its volume and
number; the organization that issues a technical report usually
gives it a number.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
NUMBER = field_text
</pre></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="bibtex-field-types-organization"></a>3.5.15 organization
field</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2567565" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The organization sponsoring a conference.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
ORGANIZATION = field_text
</pre></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-types-pages"></a>3.5.16 pages
field</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2567607" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>A page number or range of numbers such as "42--111"; you may
also have several of these, separating them with commas:
"7,41,73--97". The standard styles convert a single dash to a
double. ></p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
PAGES = field_text
</pre></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-types-publisher"></a>3.5.17
publisher field</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2567654" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The publisher's name.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
PUBLISHER = field_text
</pre></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-types-school"></a>3.5.18
school field</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2567695" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The name of the school where a thesis was written.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
SCHOOL = field_text
</pre></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-types-series"></a>3.5.19
series field</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2567737" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The name of a series or set of books. When citing an entire
book, the the "title" field gives its title and an optional
"series" field gives the name of a series in which the book is
published.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
SERIES = field_text
</pre></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-types-title"></a>3.5.20 title
field</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2567781" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The work's title.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
TITLE = field_text
</pre></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-types-type"></a>3.5.21 type
field</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2567821" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The type of a technical report - for example, "Research
Note".</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
TYPE = field_text
</pre></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-types-volume"></a>3.5.22
volume field</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2567862" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The volume of a journal or multivolume book work.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
VOLUME = field_text
</pre></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-types-year"></a>3.5.23 year
field</h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2567903" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The year of publication or, for an unpublished work, the year it
was written. This field's text should contain only numerals.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
YEAR = field_text
</pre></div></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a id="bibtex-bst-files"></a>4 bst files</h2></div></div></div>
<a id="id2567947" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Bibliography style files define the style of a bibliography
source list.</p>
<p>The standard bibliography style files are
<a href="#bibtex-bst-plain"
title="4.3 PLAIN.BST"><tt class="filename">PLAIN</tt></a>,
<a href="#bibtex-bst-unsrt"
title="4.5 UNSRT.BST"><tt class="filename">UNSRT</tt></a>,
<a href="#bibtex-bst-alpha"
title="4.2 ALPHA.BST"><tt class="filename">ALPHA</tt></a> and
<a href="#bibtex-bst-abbr"
title="4.1 ABBRV.BST"><tt class="filename">ABBRV</tt></a>.</p>
<p>If you want to make a bibliography style of your own, look at
<a href="#bibtex-bst-sample"
title="4.4 SAMPLE.BST"><tt class="filename">SAMPLE.BST</tt></a>.</p>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="bibtex-bst-abbr"></a>4.1
<tt class="filename">ABBRV.BST</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2568057" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>This style is the same as the style defined in
<tt class="filename">PLAIN.BST</tt>, except that entries are more
compact because first names, month names and journal names are
abbreviated.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="bibtex-bst-alpha"></a>4.2
<tt class="filename">ALPHA.BST</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2568101" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>This style is the same as the style defined in
<tt class="filename">PLAIN.BST</tt> except that entry labels like
"Knu66", formed from the author's name and the year of publication,
are used.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="bibtex-bst-plain"></a>4.3
<tt class="filename">PLAIN.BST</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2568146" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>This style is formatted more or less as suggested by Mary-Claire
van Leunen in "A Handbook for Scholars" (Alfred A. Knopf, New York,
1979). Entries are sorted alphabetically and are labelled with
numbers.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="bibtex-bst-sample"></a>4.4
<tt class="filename">SAMPLE.BST</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2568185" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>This is a sample bibliography style file meant to help you
construct a new style. It creates a bibliography in which entries
appear as follows:</p>
<p>[Jones79] Jones, R. L. and Richards, P. Q. The Birds and the
Bees. {\it Journal of Irreproducible Results 4}, 2 (Jan. 1979),
27-33.</p>
<p>[Jones82a] Jones, P. G. The Bees and the Trees ... (1982).</p>
<p>[Jones82b] Jones, R. L. The Trees and the Peas ... (1982).</p>
<p>[Krist74] Kristofferson, R. P. Peopl and Places ... (1974)</p>
<p>It should illustrate how you write a style file. The functions
are described in an informal Pascal-like style in comments. Because
of the way while loops and if-then-else statements must use
functions, the following convention is used. If a while loop is
labeled 'foo' in the informal description, then its test and body
are the functions named 'foo.test' and 'foo.body'. If an if
statement is labeled 'foo', then its two clauses are the functions
named 'foo.then' and 'foo.else'. (Null clauses just use the 'skip$'
function.) Note that because functions have to be defined in terms
of already-defined functions, the actual function definitions are
given in a 'bottom-up' order.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="bibtex-bst-unsrt"></a>4.5
<tt class="filename">UNSRT.BST</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2568257" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>This style is that same as <tt class="filename">PLAIN.BST</tt>
except that entries appear in the order of their first
citation.</p></div></div></div>
<div class="chapter" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="makeindex"></a>Chapter 6. Make-Index</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc">
<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-options">1
Options</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-option-c">1.1
<tt class="filename">-c</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-option-g">1.2
<tt class="filename">-g</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-option-i">1.3
<tt class="filename">-i</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-option-l">1.4
<tt class="filename">-l</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-option-q">1.5
<tt class="filename">-q</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-option-r">1.6
<tt class="filename">-r</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-option-s-sty">1.7
<tt class="filename">-s sty</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-option-o-ind">1.8
<tt class="filename">-o ind</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-option-t-log">1.9
<tt class="filename">-t log</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-option-p-no">1.10
<tt class="filename">-p no</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-option-L">1.11
<tt class="filename">-L</tt></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-option-T">1.12
<tt class="filename">-T</tt></a></span></dt></dl></dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-style-file">2 Style
File</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-style">2.1 Input
Style Specifiers</a></span></dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-output-style-specs">2.2
Output Style Specifiers</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-example">3
Example</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-ordering">4
Ordering</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-special-effects">5
Special Effects</a></span></dt></dl></div>
<a id="id2568311" class="indexterm"></a>
<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p>The contents of this section was taken from the HTML helppages
for Make-Index of Norman Walsh (Version 1.0, 12 Apr 94).</p>
<p>Some obvious errors in this documentation have been corrected
according to <tt class="filename">makeindex(1L)</tt>.</p>
<p>Additional information was taken from
<tt class="filename">makeindex(1L)</tt> and the program source
files as found in teTeX 2.0.2.</p></div>
<p>Make-Index is a general purpose index processor. It takes one or
more raw index files (normally generated by a formatter), sorts the
entries, and produces the actual index file. It is not dependent on
any particular format of raw index file, although the
<tt class="literal">.idx</tt> file generated by LaTeX is the
default. Up to three levels (0, 1, and 2) of subitem nesting within
the same entry is supported. The input format may be redefined in a
style file so that raw index or glossary output from other
formatters may be processed. The style file also defines the style
of output index file. Unless specified otherwise, the file name
base of the first input file (<tt class="literal">idx0</tt>) is
used to determine other related input/output files. The default
input file type is <tt class="literal">.idx</tt>.</p>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a id="makeindex-options"></a>1 Options</h2></div></div></div>
<a id="id2568409" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Make-Index is a Unix program, and therefore has a Unix-style
command line. Instead of qualifiers delimited with a slash
(<tt class="literal">/</tt>), Make-Index options are delimited with
a hyphen (<tt class="literal">-</tt>).</p>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="makeindex-option-c"></a>1.1
<tt class="filename">-c</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2568460" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Enable blank compression. By default every blank counts in the
index key. The <tt class="literal">-c</tt> option ignores leading
and trailing blanks and tabs and compresses intermediate ones to a
single space.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="makeindex-option-g"></a>1.2
<tt class="filename">-g</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2568504" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Employ German word ordering in the index, in accord with rules
set forth in DIN 5007. The quote character must be redefined in a
style file (for example, redefine quote as
<tt class="literal">'+'</tt>). If the quote character is not
redefined, Make-Index will produce an error message and
abort.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="makeindex-option-i"></a>1.3
<tt class="filename">-i</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2568553" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Use <tt class="literal">stdin</tt> as the input file. When this
option is specified and the <tt class="literal">-o</tt> is not,
output is written to <tt class="literal">stdout</tt>.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="makeindex-option-l"></a>1.4
<tt class="filename">-l</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2568607" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Use letter ordering. Default is word ordering (explained in the
<a href="#makeindex-ordering" title="4 Ordering">Ordering</a>
section).</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="makeindex-option-q"></a>1.5
<tt class="filename">-q</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2568652" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Quiet mode, send no messages to <tt class="literal">stderr</tt>.
By default progress and error messages are sent to
<tt class="literal">stderr</tt> as well as the transcript file. The
<tt class="literal">-q</tt> option disables the
<tt class="literal">stderr</tt> messages.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="makeindex-option-r"></a>1.6
<tt class="filename">-r</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2568712" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Disable implicit page range formation. By default three or more
successive pages will be automatically abbreviated as a range (e.g.
1--5). The <tt class="literal">-r</tt> option disables it, making
the explicit range operators the only way to create page ranges
(see the <a href="#makeindex-special-effects"
title="5 Special Effects">Special Effects</a> section
below).</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="makeindex-option-s-sty"></a>1.7
<tt class="filename">-s sty</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2568768" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Take <tt class="literal">sty</tt> as the style file. There is no
default for the style file name. The environment variable
INDEXSTYLE defines the path where the style file should be
found.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="makeindex-option-o-ind"></a>1.8
<tt class="filename">-o ind</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2568813" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Take <tt class="literal">ind</tt> as the output index file. By
default the file name base of the first input file
<tt class="literal">idx0</tt> concatenated with the extension
<tt class="literal">.ind</tt> is used as the output file
name.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="makeindex-option-t-log"></a>1.9
<tt class="filename">-t log</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2568869" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Take <tt class="literal">log</tt> as the transcript file. By
default the file name base of the first input file
<tt class="literal">idx0</tt> concatenated with the extension
<tt class="literal">.ilg</tt> is used as the transcript file
name.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="makeindex-option-p-no"></a>1.10
<tt class="filename">-p no</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2568925" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Set the starting page number of the output index file to be
<tt class="literal">no</tt>. This is useful when the index file is
to be formatted separately. Other than pure numbers, three special
cases are allowed for no: <tt class="literal">any</tt>,
<tt class="literal">odd</tt>, and <tt class="literal">even</tt>. In
these special cases, the starting page number is determined by
retrieving the last page number from the source log file. The
source log file name is determined by concatenating the file name
base of the first raw index file (<tt class="literal">idx0</tt>)
with the extension <tt class="literal">.log</tt>. The last source
page is obtained by searching backward in the log file for the
first instance of a number included in
<tt class="literal">[...]</tt>. If a page number is missing or the
log file is not found, no attempt will be made to set the starting
page number. The meaning of each of these cases follows:</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term">any</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>The starting page is the last source page number plus
1.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">odd</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>The starting page is the first odd page following the last
source page number.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">even</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>The starting page is the first even page following the last
source page number.</p></dd></dl></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="makeindex-option-L"></a>1.11
<tt class="filename">-L</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2569061" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Sort based on locale settings. String comparisons for sorting
are done using <span><b class="command">strcoll(3)</b></span>,
which compares strings according to the current locale category
<tt class="literal">LC_COLLATE</tt>.</p>
<p>Not available on all systems (depends on compile time
settings).</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="makeindex-option-T"></a>1.12
<tt class="filename">-T</tt></h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2569115" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Special support for Thai documents.</p>
<p>Not available on all systems (depends on compile time
settings).</p></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a id="makeindex-style-file"></a>2 Style
File</h2></div></div></div>
<a id="id2569152" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The style file format is very simple. It is a list of
<tt class="literal"><specifier, attribute></tt> pairs. There
are two types of specifiers (input and output). The pairs don't
have to obey any particular order in the file. A line lead by
`<tt class="literal">%</tt>' is a comment. The following is a list
of all the specifiers and their respective arguments where
<tt class="literal"><string></tt> is an arbitrary string
delimited by double quotes (<tt class="literal">"..."</tt>),
<tt class="literal"><char></tt> is a single letter embraced
by single quotes (<tt class="literal">'...'</tt>), and
<tt class="literal"><number></tt> is a nonnegative integer.
The maximum length of a <tt class="literal"><string></tt> is
144. Notice that a backslash must be escaped (by an extra
backslash) in the string quotation. Anything not specified in the
style file will be assigned a default value, which is shown on a
separate line. This file can reside anywhere in the path defined by
the environment variable <tt class="envar">INDEXSTYLE</tt>.</p>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="makeindex-style"></a>2.1 Input Style
Specifiers</h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2569242" class="indexterm"></a>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-actual-char"></a>2.1.1 actual
<char></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2569266" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">@</tt></p>
<p>The symbol which indicates that the next entry is to appear in
the actual index file.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-arg-close"></a>2.1.2 arg_close
<char></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2569306" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">}</tt></p>
<p>This is the closing delimiter for the index entry
argument.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-style-arg-open"></a>2.1.3
arg_open <char></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2569350" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">{</tt></p>
<p>This is the opening delimiter for the index entry
argument.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-encap-char"></a>2.1.4 encap
<char></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2569390" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">|</tt></p>
<p>The symbol which indicates that the rest of the argument list is
to be used as the encapsulating command for the page
number.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-escape-char"></a>2.1.5 escape
<char></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2569430" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">\\</tt></p>
<p>The symbol which escapes the next letter, unless its preceding
letter is escape. In other words, quote is used to escape the
letter which immediately follows it. But if it is preceded by
escape, it does not escape anything.</p>
<p>Notice that the two symbols must be distinct.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-style-string"></a>2.1.6 keyword
<string></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2569478" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">"\\indexentry"</tt></p>
<p>This is the command which tells Make-Index that its argument is
an index entry.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-level-char"></a>2.1.7 level
<char></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2569521" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">!</tt></p>
<p>The delimiter which denotes a new level of subitem.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-quote-char"></a>2.1.8 quote
<char></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2569561" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">"</tt></p>
<p><tt class="literal">quote</tt> is used to escape the letter
which immediately follows it, but if it is preceded by escape, it
is treated as a ordinary character. These two symbols must be
distinct.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-range-close"></a>2.1.9
range_close <char></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2569608" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">)</tt></p>
<p>The closing delimiter indicating the end of an explicit page
range.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-range-open"></a>2.1.10
range_open <char></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2569648" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">(</tt></p>
<p>The opening delimiter indicating the beginning of an explicit
page range.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-style-specs"></a>2.2
Output Style Specifiers</h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2569690" class="indexterm"></a>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-page-compositor"></a>2.2.1
page_compositor <string></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2569713" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">"-"</tt></p>
<p>This specifier is used to separate a range of page numbers.</p>
<p>Officially undocumented!</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="makeindex-output-preamble-string"></a>2.2.2 preamble
<string></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2569758" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">"\\begin{theindex}\n"</tt></p>
<p>The preamble of actual index file.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="makeindex-output-postamble-string"></a>2.2.3 postamble
<string></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2569798" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">"\n\n\\end{theindex}\n"</tt></p>
<p>The postamble of actual index file.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-setpage-prefix"></a>2.2.4
setpage_prefix <string></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2569838" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">"\n \\setcounter{page}{"</tt></p>
<p>The prefix of the command which sets the starting page
number.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-setpage-suffix"></a>2.2.5
setpage_suffix <string></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2569880" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">"}\n"</tt></p>
<p>The suffix of the command which sets the starting page
number.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-group-skip"></a>2.2.6
group_skip <string></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2569921" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">"\n\n \\indexspace\n"</tt></p>
<p>The vertical space to be inserted before a new group
begins.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="makeindex-output-heading-prefix-string"></a>2.2.7
heading_prefix <string></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2569960" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">""</tt></p>
<p>The header prefix to be inserted before a new letter
begins.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="makeindex-output-heading-suffix-string"></a>2.2.8
heading_suffix <string></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2570000" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">""</tt></p>
<p>The header suffix to be inserted before a new letter
begins.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-headings-flag"></a>2.2.9
headings_flag <string></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2570041" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">0</tt></p>
<p>The flag indicating the condition of inserting new letter
header. Default is 0, which means no header. Positive means insert
an uppercase letter between prefix and suffix. Negative means
insert a lowercase letter.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="makeindex-output-symhead-positive"></a>2.2.10
symhead_positive <string></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2570084" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">"Symbols"</tt></p>
<p>Heading for symbols to be inserted if
<tt class="literal">headings_flag</tt> is positive.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="makeindex-output-symhead-negative"></a>2.2.11
symhead_negative <string></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2570131" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">"symbols"</tt></p>
<p>Heading for symbols to be inserted if
<tt class="literal">headings_flag</tt> is negative.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="makeindex-output-numhead-positive"></a>2.2.12
numhead_positive <string></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2570178" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">"Numbers"</tt></p>
<p>Heading for numbers to be inserted if
<tt class="literal">headings_flag</tt> is positive.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="makeindex-output-numhead-negative"></a>2.2.13
numhead_negative <string></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2570224" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">"numbers"</tt></p>
<p>Heading for numbers to be inserted if
<tt class="literal">headings_flag</tt> is negative.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-item-0"></a>2.2.14 item_0
<string></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2570271" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">"\n \\item "</tt></p>
<p>The command to be inserted between two primary (level 0)
items.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-item-1"></a>2.2.15 item_1
<string></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2570312" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">"\n \\subitem "</tt></p>
<p>The command to be inserted between two secondary (level 1)
items.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-item-2"></a>2.2.16 item_2
<string></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2570352" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">"\n \\subsubitem "</tt></p>
<p>The command to be inserted between two level 2 items.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-item-01"></a>2.2.17
item_01 <string></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2570392" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">"\n \\subitem "</tt></p>
<p>The command to be inserted between a level 0 item and a level 1
item.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-item-x1"></a>2.2.18
item_x1 <string></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2570432" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">"\n \\subitem "</tt></p>
<p>The command to be inserted between a level 0 item and a level 1
item. The difference between this and previous is that in this case
the level 0 item doesn't have any page numbers.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-item-12"></a>2.2.19
item_12 <string></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2570474" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">"\n \\subsubitem "</tt></p>
<p>The command to be inserted between a level 1 item and a level 2
item.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-item-x2"></a>2.2.20
item_x2 <string></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2570515" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">"\n \\subsubitem "</tt></p>
<p>The command to be inserted between a level 1 item and a level 2
item. The difference between this and previous is that in this case
the level 1 item doesn't have any page numbers.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-delim-0"></a>2.2.21
delim_0 <string></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2570557" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">", "</tt></p>
<p>The delimiter to be inserted between a level 0 key and its first
page number. Default is a comma followed by a blank.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-delim-1"></a>2.2.22
delim_1 <string></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2570598" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">", "</tt></p>
<p>The delimiter to be inserted between a level 1 key and its first
page number. Default is a comma followed by a blank.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-delim-2"></a>2.2.23
delim_2 <string></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2570640" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">", "</tt></p>
<p>The delimiter to be inserted between a level 2 key and its first
page number. Default is a comma followed by a blank.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-delim-n"></a>2.2.24
delim_n <string></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2570681" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">", "</tt></p>
<p>The delimiter to be inserted between two page numbers for the
same key in any level. Default is a comma followed by a
blank.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-delim-r"></a>2.2.25
delim_r <string></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2570722" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">"--"</tt></p>
<p>The delimiter to be inserted between the starting and ending
page numbers of a range.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-delim-t"></a>2.2.26
delim_t <string></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2570762" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">""</tt></p>
<p>The delimiter to be inserted at the end of a page list. This
delimiter has no effect on entries which have no associated page
list.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-encap-prefix"></a>2.2.27
encap_prefix <string></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2570803" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">"\\"</tt></p>
<p>The prefix for the command which encapsulates the page
number.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-encap-infox"></a>2.2.28
encap_infix <string></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2570844" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">"{"</tt></p>
<p>The prefix for the command which encapsulates the page
number.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-encap-suffix"></a>2.2.29
encap_suffix <string></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2570885" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">"}"</tt></p>
<p>The suffix for the command which encapsulates the page
number.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-line-max"></a>2.2.30
line_max <number></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2570925" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">72</tt></p>
<p>The maximum length of a line in the output beyond which a line
wraps around.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-indent-space"></a>2.2.31
indent_space <string></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2570965" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">"\t\t"</tt></p>
<p>The space to be inserted in front of a wrapped line. Default is
two tabs.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-indent-length"></a>2.2.32
indent_length <number></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2571006" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">16</tt></p>
<p>The length of indent_space. In the default case this is 16 (for
2 tabs).</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-suffix-2p"></a>2.2.33
suffix_2p <string></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2571047" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">""</tt></p>
<p>Delimiter to replace the range delimiter and the second page
number of a two page list. When present, it overrides
<tt class="literal">delim_r</tt>.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-suffix-3p"></a>2.2.34
suffix_3p <string></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2571094" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">""</tt></p>
<p>Delimiter to replace the range delimiter and the second page
number of a three page list. When present, it overrides
<tt class="literal">delim_r</tt> and
<tt class="literal">suffix_mp</tt>.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-suffix-mp"></a>2.2.35
suffix_mp <string></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2571147" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Default: <tt class="literal">""</tt></p>
<p>Delimiter to replace the range delimiter and the second page
number of a multiple page list (three or more pages). When present,
it overrides
<tt class="literal">delim_r</tt>.</p></div></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a id="makeindex-example"></a>3 Example</h2></div></div></div>
<a id="id2571196" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The following example shows a style file called
<tt class="literal">book.isty</tt> which defines a stand-alone
index for a book. By stand-alone, we mean it can be formatted
independent of the main source.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
preamble
"\\documentstyle[12pt]{book}
\\begin{document}
\\begin{theindex}
{\\small\n"
postamble
"\n\n}
\\end{theindex}
\\end{document}\n"
</pre>
<p>Suppose a particular book style requires the index (as well as
any chapters) to start from an odd page number. Given
<tt class="literal">foo.idx</tt> as the raw index file, the
following command line produces an index in file
<tt class="literal">foo-.ind</tt>.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
makeindex -s book.isty -o foo-.ind -p odd foo
</pre>
<p>The reason to use a non-default output file name is to avoid
clobbering the source output (presumably
<tt class="literal">foo.dvi</tt>) because if the index is in file
<tt class="literal">foo.ind</tt>, its output will also be in
<tt class="literal">foo.dvi</tt> as a result of separate formatting
using . In the example the index is in
<tt class="literal">foo-.ind</tt>, its output will be in
<tt class="literal">foo-.dvi</tt> and thus introduces no
confusion.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a id="makeindex-ordering"></a>4 Ordering</h2></div></div></div>
<a id="id2571306" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>By default <tt class="literal">makeindex</tt> assumes word
ordering. The <tt class="literal">-l</tt> option turns it into
letter ordering. The only difference is whether a blank is treated
as an effective letter or not. In word ordering, a blank precedes
any letter in the alphabet, whereas in letter ordering, it doesn't
count at all. This is best illustrated by the following
example:</p>
<div class="informaltable">
<table border="0">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" />
<col align="left" /></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left"><span class="emphasis"><em>word
order</em></span></th>
<th align="left"><span class="emphasis"><em>letter
order</em></span></th></tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left">sea lion</td>
<td align="left">seal</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">seal</td>
<td align="left">seal lion</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<p>Numbers are sorted in numeric order. For instance,</p>
<div class="informaltable">
<table border="0">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" /></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left">9 (nine), 123</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">123 10 (ten), see Derek,
Bo</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<p>Letters are first sorted with uppercase and lowercase considered
identical; then, within identical words the uppercase letter
precedes its lowercase counterpart.</p>
<p>Patterns lead by a special symbol precede numbers, which precede
patterns lead by a letter. The symbol here refers to anything not
in the union of digits and English alphabet. This includes those
which follow 'z' in the ASCII chart. As a special case, anything
started with a digit but mixed with non-digits is considered a
symbol-leading pattern instead of a number.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a id="makeindex-special-effects"></a>5 Special
Effects</h2></div></div></div>
<a id="id2571484" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>In the normal case entries such as</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\indexentry{alpha}{1}
\indexentry{alpha!beta}{3}
\indexentry{alpha!beta!gamma}{10}
</pre>
<p>in the raw index file will be converted to</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\item alpha, 1
\subitem beta, 3
\subsubitem gamma, 10
</pre>
<p>in the output index file by Make-Index. Notice that the level
symbol (<tt class="literal">!</tt>) is used to delimit levels of
nesting.</p>
<p>It is possible to make an item appear in a designated form by
using the actual (<tt class="literal">@</tt>) operator. For
instance,</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\indexentry{alpha@{\it alpha\/}}{1}
</pre>
<p>will become</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\item {\it alpha\/} 1
</pre>
<p>after the conversion. The idea is that the pattern preceding
<tt class="literal">@</tt> is used as sort key, whereas the one
following it is put in the actual result. However, the same key
with and without the actual part are regarded as distinct
entries.</p>
<p>It is also possible to encapsulate a page number with a
designated command using the encap (<tt class="literal">|</tt>)
operator. For example, in the default case,</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\indexentry{alpha|bold}{1}
</pre>
<p>will be converted to</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\item alpha \bold{1}
</pre>
<p>where <tt class="literal">\bold{n}</tt> will expand to
<tt class="literal">{\bf n}</tt>. This allows the encap operator to
be used to set pages in different fonts, thereby conveying more
information about whatever being indexed. For instance, given the
same key the page where its definition appears can be in one font
while where its primary example is given can be in another, with
other ordinary appearances in a third. Notice that in this example,
the three output attributes associated with page encapsulation
<tt class="literal">encap_prefix</tt>,
<tt class="literal">encap_infix</tt>, and
<tt class="literal">encap_suffix</tt> correspond respectively to
backslash, left brace, and right brace. If this is to be formatted
by languages other than , they would be defined differently.</p>
<p>By the same token, the <tt class="literal">encap</tt> operator
can be used to make cross references in the index. For
instance,</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\indexentry{alpha|see{beta}}{1}
</pre>
<p>will become</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\item alpha \see{beta}{1}
</pre>
<p>in the output index file after the conversion, where</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\see{beta}{1}
</pre>
<p>will expand to</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
{\it see\/} beta
</pre>
<p>Notice that in a cross reference like this the page number
disappears. Therefore, where to insert such a command in the source
is immaterial.</p>
<p>A pair of encap concatenated with
<tt class="literal">range_open</tt> (<tt class="literal">|(</tt>)
and with <tt class="literal">range_close</tt>
(<tt class="literal">|)</tt>) creates an explicit page range. That
is,</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\indexentry{alpha|(}{1}
\indexentry{alpha|)}{5}
</pre>
<p>will become</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\item alpha, 1--5
</pre>
<p>Intermediate pages indexed by the same key will be merged into
the range implicitly. This is especially useful when an entire
section about a particular subject is to be indexed, in which case
only the range opening and closing operators need to be inserted at
the beginning and end of the section, respectively.</p>
<p>This explicit page range formation can also include an extra
command to set the page range in a designated font. Thus</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\indexentry{alpha|(bold}{1}
\indexentry{alpha|)}{5}
</pre>
<p>will become</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\item alpha, \bold{1--5}
</pre>
<p>A couple of special cases are worth mentioning here. First,
entries like</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\indexentry{alpha|(}{1}
\indexentry{alpha|bold}{3}
\indexentry{alpha|)}{5}
</pre>
<p>will be interpreted as</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\item alpha, \bold{3}, 1--5
</pre>
<p>but with a warning message in the transcript about the encounter
of an inconsistent page encapsulator. Secondly, an explicit range
beginning in a Roman page number and ending in Arabic is considered
an error. In a case like this the range is broken into two
subranges, if possible, one in Roman, the other in Arabic. For
instance,</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\indexentry{alpha|(}{i}
\indexentry{alpha}{iv}
\indexentry{alpha}{3}
\indexentry{alpha|)}{7}
</pre>
<p>will be turned into</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\item alpha, 1--iv, 3--7
</pre>
<p>with a warning message in the transcript complaining about the
illegal range formation.</p>
<p>Finally, every special symbol mentioned in this section may be
escaped by the quote operator (<tt class="literal">"</tt>).
Thus</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\indexentry{alpha"@beta}{1}
</pre>
<p>will actually become</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\item alpha@beta, 1
</pre>
<p>as a result of executing Make-Index. However, if quote is
preceded by escape (<tt class="literal">\</tt>), its following
letter is not escaped. That is,</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\indexentry{f\"ur}{1}
</pre>
<p>means</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\item f\"ur, 1
</pre>
<p>which represents umlaut accented <tt class="literal">u</tt> to
the family of processors.</p></div></div>
<div class="chapter" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="xindy"></a>Chapter 7. xindy</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc">
<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#xindy-command-list">1 Command
List</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="#xindy-command-list-processing">1.1
Processing Commands</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#xindy-command-list-markup">1.2
Markup Commands</a></span></dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="#xindy-command-list-raw-index">1.3
Raw Index Interface</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#xindy-invoking">2 Invoking
xindy</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#xindy-invoking-cmdline">2.1
Command Line Options</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#xindy-search-path">2.2 Search
Path</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div>
<a id="id2571856" class="indexterm"></a>
<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p>The content of this section was taken from the original
documentation of xindy V2.1
(<tt class="filename">Doc/manual*.html</tt>).</p></div>
<p><span class="emphasis"><em>xindy</em></span> means
fle<span class="emphasis"><em>x</em></span>ible
<span class="emphasis"><em>ind</em></span>exing
s<span class="emphasis"><em>y</em></span>stem. It is an indexing
system that can be used to generate book-like indexes for arbitrary
document preparation systems. This term includes systems such as
TeX and LaTeX, the Nroff-family or SGML-based systems (e.g. HTML)
that process some kind of text and generate indexing information.
It is not fixed to any specific system, but can be configured for a
wide variety of purposes.</p>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a id="xindy-command-list"></a>1 Command
List</h2></div></div></div>
<a id="id2571920" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>Here is the complete list of xindy's commands that may be used
in the index style. The symbol <tt class="literal">name</tt> always
refers to a string. We separate the commands into the processing
and markup commands. The commands are listed in alphabetical
order.</p>
<p>The parenthesis <tt class="literal">[</tt> and
<tt class="literal">]</tt> denote optional parts of the syntax and
<tt class="literal">{</tt> and <tt class="literal">}</tt> denote
the grouping of elements. A vertical bar indicates alternatives.
However, the enclosing round braces
<span class="emphasis"><em>are</em></span> part of the syntax and
must be supplied.</p>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="xindy-command-list-processing"></a>1.1
Processing Commands</h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2571990" class="indexterm"></a>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="xindy-command-list-processing-define-alphabet"></a>1.1.1
<tt class="literal">define-alphabet</tt></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2572018" class="indexterm"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
(define-alphabet name string-list)
</pre>
<p>Defines <tt class="literal">name</tt> to be the alphabet
consisting of all elements of the
<tt class="literal">string-list</tt>. Examples:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(define-alphabet "example-alphabet" ("An" "Example" "Alphabet"))
</pre>
<p>defines an alphabet consisting of exactly three symbols. For the
successor relationship holds:
<tt class="literal">succ("An")="Example"</tt> and
<tt class="literal">succ("Example")="Alphabet"</tt>. The built-in
alphabet <tt class="literal">digits</tt> is defined as follows:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(define-alphabet "digits"
("0" "1" "2" "3" "4" "5" "6" "7" "8" "9"))
</pre></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="xindy-command-list-processing-define-attributes"></a>1.1.2
<tt class="literal">define-attributes</tt></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2572110" class="indexterm"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
(define-attributes attribute-list)
</pre>
<p>Defines all attributes the raw index may contain. Parameter
<tt class="literal">attribute-list</tt> is a list of list of
strings. The nesting level must not be more than 2. So
<tt class="literal">(..(..)..)</tt> is allowed, whereas
<tt class="literal">(..(..(..)..)..)</tt> is not.</p>
<p>The list has two kinds of elements: strings and list of strings.
A single string is treated as if it were a single element list. So
the lists <tt class="literal">("definition")</tt> and
<tt class="literal">( ("definition") )</tt> are equivalent. All
elements forming a list are a so-called
<span class="emphasis"><em>attribute group</em></span>. The members
of a group are written to the output file before any member of the
following groups are written.</p>
<p>Examples of valid attributes lists are:</p>
<p><tt class="literal">("definition" "usage")</tt> defines two
attribute groups. The first one contains all references with the
attribute <tt class="literal">definition</tt> and the second one
all with the attribute <tt class="literal">usage</tt>.</p>
<p><tt class="literal">(("definition" "important") "usage")</tt>
defines two attribute groups. The first one contains all references
with the attributes <tt class="literal">definition</tt> or
<tt class="literal">important</tt> and the second one all with the
attribute <tt class="literal">usage</tt>. In the attribute group
<tt class="literal">("definition" "important")</tt> the attribute
<tt class="literal">definition</tt> overrides
<tt class="literal">important</tt>.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="xindy-command-list-processing-define-crossref-class"></a>1.1.3
<tt class="literal">define-crossref-class</tt></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2572272" class="indexterm"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
(define-crossref-class name [:unverified])
</pre>
<p>Defines <tt class="literal">name</tt> to be a class of cross
references. We distinguish two types of cross reference classes.
<span class="emphasis"><em>Verified</em></span> cross reference
classes can be checked for dangling references. If for instance a
cross reference points to the non-existent keyword `foo' a warning
is issued and the user is advised to correct the invalid cross
reference. This is the default. If for some reasons this mechanism
must be deactivated the switch <tt class="literal">:unverified</tt>
can be used to suppress this behaviour.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="xindy-command-list-processing-define-letter-group"></a>1.1.4
<tt class="literal">define-letter-group</tt></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2572338" class="indexterm"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
(define-letter-group name [:before lgname] [:after lgname]
[:prefixes list-of-prefixes])
</pre>
<pre class="programlisting">
(define-letter-groups list-of-letter-groups)
</pre>
<p>This command defines a letter group with name
<tt class="literal">name</tt>, which must be a string value,
grouping all index entries that have a
<span class="emphasis"><em>sort key</em></span> beginning with the
prefix <tt class="literal">name</tt>. The command</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(define-letter-group "a")
</pre>
<p>is equivalent to the command</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(define-letter-group "a" :prefixes ("a"))
</pre>
<p>Using the latter form one can associate more than one prefix
with a given letter group. Also further prefixes can be added to an
already existing letter group by simply defining the same letter
group again. This results not in a redefinition but in adding more
prefixes to the currently defined prefixes.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(define-letter-group "a")
</pre>
<p>defines a letter group containing all index entries beginning
with the string <tt class="literal">"a"</tt>.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(define-letter-group "c" :after "a")
</pre>
<p>defines a letter group containing all index entries beginning
with the string <tt class="literal">"c"</tt>. The letter group
appears behind the letter group <tt class="literal">"a"</tt></p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(define-letter-group "b" :after "a" :before "c")
</pre>
<p>inserts letter group <tt class="literal">"b"</tt> between letter
group <tt class="literal">"a"</tt> and
<tt class="literal">"c"</tt>. This allows incremental definition of
letter groups by extending already defined ones.</p>
<p>The arguments <tt class="literal">:after</tt> and
<tt class="literal">:before</tt> define a partial order on the
letter groups. xindy tries to convert this partial order into a
total one. If this is impossible due to circular definitions, an
error is reported. If more than one possible total ordering can
result, it is left open which one is used, so one should always
define a complete total order.</p>
<p>The command <tt class="literal">define-letter-groups</tt> (with
an `s' at the end) is simply an abbreviation for a sequence of
<tt class="literal">define-letter-group</tt> definitions where the
elements are ordered in the ordering given by the list.
Example:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(define-letter-groups ("a" "b" "c")
</pre>
<p>equals the definitions</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(define-letter-group "a")
(define-letter-group "b" :after "a")
(define-letter-group "c" :after "b")
</pre>
<p>See also commands
<tt class="literal">markup-letter-group-list</tt> and
<tt class="literal">markup-letter-group</tt> for further
information.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="xindy-command-list-processing-define-location-class"></a>1.1.5
<tt class="literal">define-location-class</tt></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2572569" class="indexterm"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
(define-location-class name layer-list
[:min-range-length num]
[:hierdepth depth]
[:var])
</pre>
<p>Defines <tt class="literal">name</tt> to be a location class
consisting of the given list of layers. A list of layers consists
of names of basetypes and/or strings representing separators.
Separators must follow the keyword argument
<tt class="literal">:sep</tt>. If the keyword
<tt class="literal">:min-range-length</tt> is specified we define
the <span class="emphasis"><em>minimum range length</em></span> to
be used when building ranges. The argument
<tt class="literal">num</tt> must be a positive integer number or
the keyword <tt class="literal">none</tt> in which case the
building of ranges is disallowed. If the switch
<tt class="literal">:var</tt> is specified the declared class is of
type <span class="emphasis"><em>variable</em></span>, i.e. it is a
<span class="emphasis"><em>var-location-class</em></span>. Since
building of ranges is currently only allowed for standard classes
<tt class="literal">:var</tt> and
<tt class="literal">:min-range-length</tt> must not be used
together. The keyword argument <tt class="literal">:hierdepth</tt>
can be used to declare that the location references have to be
tagged in a hierarchical form. Its argument
<tt class="literal">depth</tt> must be an integer number indicating
the number of layers the hierarchy does contain. See command
<tt class="literal">markup-locref-list</tt> for more information.
Examples:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(define-location-class "page-numbers" ("arabic-numbers")
:minimum-range-length 3)
</pre>
<p>Defines the location class <tt class="literal">page-numbers</tt>
consisting of one layer which is the alphabet
<tt class="literal">arabic-numbers</tt>. Since the minimum range
length is set to 3 the location references 2, 3 and 4 don't form a
range because the range length is only 2. But the references 6, 7,
8, and 9 are enough to form a range. Some example instances of this
class are <tt class="literal">0, 1, ... 2313</tt>, etc.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(define-location-class "sections" :var
("arabic-numbers" :sep "."
"arabic-numbers" :sep "."
"arabic-numbers"))
</pre>
<p>defines a variable location class. Valid instances are
<tt class="literal">1, 1.1, 1.2, 2, 2.4.5</tt>, but none of
<tt class="literal">2-3</tt> (wrong separator),
<tt class="literal">1.2.3.4</tt> (more than 3 layers),
<tt class="literal">2.3.iv</tt> (roman number instead of arabic
one).</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="xindy-command-list-processing-define-location-class-order"></a>1.1.6
<tt class="literal">define-location-class-order</tt></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2572772" class="indexterm"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
(define-location-class-order list)
</pre>
<p>Defines the order in which the location classes are written to
the output file. The parameter <tt class="literal">list</tt> is a
list of names of location classes. Examples:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(define-location-class-order
("page-numbers" "sections" "xrefs"))
</pre>
<p>tells the system that the page numbers should appear before the
section numbers and that the cross references should appear at the
end. If this command is omitted, the declaration order of the
location classes in the index style is implicitly used as the
output order. In the case that a location class does not appear in
the list, the output may behave unexpectedly, so one should always
enumerate all used location classes when using this
command.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="xindy-command-list-processing-define-rule-set"></a>1.1.7
<tt class="literal">define-rule-set</tt></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2572847" class="indexterm"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
(define-rule-set name
[ :inherit-from ("rule-set" "rule-set-2") ]
:rules (<rule>...) )
</pre>
<p>A complete specification of a multi-phase sorting process for a
language requires that some rules have to appear in several
subsequent sorting phases. Rule sets can be used to define a set of
rules that can be instantiated in an arbitrary sorting phase.
Basically, they offer means to separate the definition of sorting
rules from their instantiation, hence, acting as a wrapper for
calls to <tt class="literal">sort-rule</tt>. They do not add new
functionality that is not already present with
<tt class="literal">sort-rule</tt>.</p>
<p>A rule can be of the form:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<rule> ::= ("pattern" "replacement"
[:string|:bregexp|:egegexp] [:again])
</pre>
<p>The following incomplete example defines a new rule set of name
<tt class="literal">isolatin1-tolower</tt> that inherits
definitions from rule set <tt class="literal">latin-tolower</tt>,
overriding or adding the sort rules in the list of
<tt class="literal">:rules</tt>.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(define-rule-set "isolatin1-tolower"
:inherit-from ("latin-tolower")
:rules (("?" "?" :string :again)
("?" "?" :string :again)
("?" "?" :string :again)
("?" "?" :string :again)
("?" "?" :string :again)
("?" "?" :string :again)
("?" "?" :string :again)
...
)
...)
</pre>
<p>Rule sets can be instantiated with the command
<tt class="literal">use-rule-set</tt>. For further descriptions on
the sorting model refer to the command
<tt class="literal">sort-rule</tt>.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="xindy-command-list-processing-define-sort-rule-orientations">
</a>1.1.8
<tt class="literal">define-sort-rule-orientations</tt></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2572976" class="indexterm"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
(define-sort-rule-orientations (orientations...))
</pre>
<p>Defines the order for the different sorting phases. The
currently implemented
<span class="emphasis"><em>orientations</em></span> are
<tt class="literal">forward</tt> and
<tt class="literal">backward</tt>. This command must precede all
<tt class="literal">sort-rule</tt> commands in an index style. It
defines the orientations and implicitly sets the maximum number of
sorting phases performed.</p>
<p>For further descriptions on the sorting model refer to the
command <tt class="literal">sort-rule</tt>.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="xindy-command-list-processing-merge-rule"></a>1.1.9
<tt class="literal">merge-rule</tt></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2573057" class="indexterm"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
(merge-rule pattern replacement [:again]
[:bregexp | :eregexp | :string])
</pre>
<p>Defines a keyword mapping rule that can be used to generate the
<span class="emphasis"><em>merge key</em></span> from the
<span class="emphasis"><em>main key</em></span> of an index entry.
This mapping is necessary to map all keywords that are differently
written but belong to the same keyword to the same canonical
keyword.</p>
<p>The parameter <tt class="literal">pattern</tt> can be a
POSIX-compliant regular expression or an ordinary string. The
implementation uses the GNU Rx regular expression library which
implements the POSIX regular expressions. Regular expressions (REs)
can be specified as <span class="emphasis"><em>basic regular
expressions</em></span> (BREs) or
<span class="emphasis"><em>extended regular expressions</em></span>
(EREs). You can use the switch <tt class="literal">:bregexp</tt> to
force the interpretation of the pattern as a BRE, or
<tt class="literal">:eregexp</tt> to interpret it as an ERE. If you
want xindy to interpret the pattern literally, use the switch
<tt class="literal">:string</tt>. If none of these switches is
selected, xindy uses an auto-detection mechanism to decide, if the
pattern is a regular expression or not. If it recognizes the
pattern as a RE, it interprets it as an ERE by default.</p>
<p>The parameter <tt class="literal">replacement</tt> must be a
string possibly containing the special characters
<tt class="literal">&</tt> (substitutes for the complete match)
and <tt class="literal">\1 ,..., \9</tt> (substituting for the
<span class="emphasis"><em>n</em></span>-th submatch. Examples:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(merge-rule "A" "a")
</pre>
<p>replaces each occurrence of the uppercase letter
<tt class="literal">`A'</tt> with its lowercase counterpart.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(merge-rule "\~"([AEOUaeou])" "\1")
</pre>
<p>transforms the TeX umlaut-letters into their stripped
counterparts, such that <tt class="literal">`\"A '</tt> is treated
as an <tt class="literal">`A'</tt> afterwards.</p>
<p>The following sequences have a special meaning:</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">` ~n '</tt></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>End of line symbol
(<span class="emphasis"><em>linefeed</em></span>).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">` ~b '</tt></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>The ISO-Latin character with the lowest ordinal number.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">` ~e '</tt></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>The ISO-Latin character with the highest ordinal
number.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">` ~~ '</tt></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>The tilde character.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">` ~" '</tt></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>The double quote character.</p></dd></dl></div>
<p>Tilde characters and double quotes have to be quoted themselves
with a tilde character. The special characters
<tt class="literal">` ~b '</tt> and <tt class="literal">` ~e '</tt>
allow the definition of arbitrary sorting orders by rules. In
connection with an additional character every position in the
alphabet can be described. E.g. <tt class="literal">` m~e '</tt> is
lexicographically placed between <tt class="literal">`m'</tt> and
<tt class="literal">`n'</tt>.</p>
<p>Due to efficiency, rules that just exchange characters or
substitute constant character sequences are not treated as regular
expressions. Therefore, instead of using the rule</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(merge-rule "[A-Z]" "&")
</pre>
<p>it is more efficient (though less comfortable) to use</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(merge-rule "A" "Ax")
(merge-rule "B" "Bx")
...
(merge-rule "Z" "Zx")
</pre>
<p>Usually rules are applied in order of their definition. Rules
with a special prefix precede those that begin with a class of
characters, so that the search pattern
<tt class="literal">`alpha'</tt> is checked before
<tt class="literal">`.*'</tt>, but <tt class="literal">`auto'</tt>
and <tt class="literal">`a.*'</tt> are checked in order of their
definition.</p>
<p>The first rule from a style file that matches the input is
applied and the process restarts behind the substituted text. If no
rule could be applied, the actual character is copied from the
input and the process continues with the next character.</p>
<p>Sometimes it is necessary to apply rules anew to the result of a
transformation. By specifying the keyword argument
<tt class="literal">:again</tt> in the merge rule the rule is
marked as mutable, which means that after using this rule the
transformation process shall restart at the same place. E.g. the
rule</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(merge-rule "\$(.*)\$" "\1" :again)
</pre>
<p>deletes <span class="emphasis"><em>all</em></span> surrounding
<tt class="literal">`$ '</tt> symbols from the input.</p>
<p>See also command <tt class="literal">sort-rule</tt>.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="xindy-command-list-processing-merge-to"></a>1.1.10
<tt class="literal">merge-to</tt></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2573462" class="indexterm"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
(merge-to attr-from attr-to [:drop])
</pre>
<p>A merge rule says that the attribute
<tt class="literal">attr-from</tt> can be used to build ranges in
<tt class="literal">attr-to</tt>. Both attributes must name valid
attribute names. The switch <tt class="literal">:drop</tt>
indicates, that the original location reference with attribute
<tt class="literal">attr-from</tt> has to be dropped (removed), if
a successful range was built with location references in attribute
<tt class="literal">attr-to</tt>. A detailed description is given
in the section about processing phases.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="xindy-command-list-processing-require"></a>1.1.11
<tt class="literal">require</tt></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2573541" class="indexterm"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
(require filename)
</pre>
<p>This command allows to load more index style modules. The module
is searched in the directories defined in the search path. The file
is read in and processing of the current file continues. The
argument <tt class="literal">filename</tt> must be a string. This
allows to decompose the index style into several modules that can
be included into the topmost index style file. Example:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(require "french/alphabet.xdy")
(require "french/sort-rules.xdy")
(require "tex/locations.xdy")
(require "tex/markup.xdy")
</pre>
<p>Submodules can load other submodules as well. If a file is
required that was already loaded, the
<tt class="literal">require</tt> command is simply ignored and
processing continues without including this file twice. See also
command searchpath.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="xindy-command-list-processing-searchpath"></a>1.1.12
<tt class="literal">searchpath</tt></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2573612" class="indexterm"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
(searchpath {path-string | path-list})
</pre>
<p>This command adds the given paths to the list of paths, xindy
searches for index style files. The argument
<tt class="literal">path-string</tt> must be a colon-separated
string of directory names. If this path ends with a colon the
default search path is added to the end of the path list.
Example:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(searchpath ".:/usr/local/lib/xindy:/usr/local/lib/xindy/english:")
</pre>
<p>adds the specified directories to the search path. Since the
last path ends with a colon, the built-in search path is added at
the end. Specifying</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(searchpath ("."
"/usr/local/lib/xindy"
"/usr/local/lib/xindy/english"
:default))
</pre>
<p>yields exactly the same result as the example above. Here
<tt class="literal">path-list</tt> must be a list of strings and/or
the keyword(s) <tt class="literal">:default</tt> and
<tt class="literal">:last</tt>. The keyword
<tt class="literal">:default</tt> signifies that the default
pathnames are to be inserted at the specified position in the list.
The keyword <tt class="literal">:last</tt> allows to insert the
currently active paths at the indicated position. Since this allows
to insert the built-in paths at any position and incrementally
adding new paths to the search path, this version of the command
ist more flexible than the first version.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="xindy-command-list-processing-sort-rule"></a>1.1.13
<tt class="literal">sort-rule</tt></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2573722" class="indexterm"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
(sort-rule pattern replacement [:run level] [:again])
</pre>
<p>Defines a keyword mapping rule that can be used to generate the
<span class="emphasis"><em>sort key</em></span> of an index entry
from the <span class="emphasis"><em>merge key</em></span>. This key
is used to sort the index entries lexicographically after they have
been merged using the merge key.</p>
<p>The argument <tt class="literal">:run</tt> indicates that this
rule is only in effect a the specified
<span class="emphasis"><em>level</em></span> (default is level 0).
For a detailed discussion on the definition of sort rules for
different layers refer to the documentation about the new sorting
scheme (<tt class="literal">new-sort-rules</tt>) that comes with
this distribution.</p>
<p>See command <tt class="literal">merge-rule</tt> for more
information about keyword rules.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="xindy-command-list-processing-use-rule-set"></a>1.1.14
<tt class="literal">use-rule-set</tt></h4></div></div></div>
<a id="id2573810" class="indexterm"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
(use-rule-set [:run phase]
[:rule-set ( <rule-set>... ))
</pre>
<p>This command instantiates the gives rule sets to be in effect at
sorting phase <tt class="literal">phase</tt>. The order of the rule
sets given with argument <tt class="literal">:rule-set</tt> is
significant. Rule set entries of rule set appearing at the
beginning of the list override entries in rule sets at the end of
the list.</p>
<p>The following example declares that in phase 0 the rule sets
<tt class="literal">din5007</tt> and
<tt class="literal">isolatin1-tolower</tt> should be active,
whereas in phase 2 the other rule sets have to be applied.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(use-rule-set :run 0
:rule-set ("din5007" "isolatin1-tolower"))
(use-rule-set :run 1
:rule-set ("resolve-umlauts"
"resolve-sharp-s"
"isolatin1-tolower"
))
</pre>
<p>For a discussion on rule sets refer to command
<tt class="literal">define-rule-set</tt>.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="xindy-command-list-markup"></a>1.2 Markup
Commands</h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2573907" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The following commands can be used to define the markup of the
index. They don't have any influence on the indexing process. Since
the markup scheme is characterized by the concept of
<span class="emphasis"><em>environments</em></span>, the syntax and
naming scheme of all commands follows a simple structure.</p>
<p>The commands can be separated into
<span class="emphasis"><em>environment</em></span> and
<span class="emphasis"><em>list-environment</em></span> commands.
All commands of the first group support the keyword arguments
<tt class="literal">:open</tt> and <tt class="literal">:close</tt>,
whereas the second group additionally supports the keyword argument
<tt class="literal">:sep</tt>. If one of these keyword arguments is
missing, the default markup tag is always the empty tag. The
<tt class="literal">:open</tt> tag is always printed before the
object itself and the <tt class="literal">:close</tt> tag is always
printed after the object has been printed. If a list is printed the
<tt class="literal">:sep</tt> tag is printed between two elements
of the list but not before the first element, or after the last
one. All commands dealing with a list have the suffix
<tt class="literal">`-list'</tt> as part of their command name.</p>
<p>Since the number of commands and the heavy usage of
<span class="emphasis"><em>default</em></span> and
<span class="emphasis"><em>specialized</em></span> tags makes the
markup somehow complex (but very powerful) we have added a
mechanism to trace the markup tags xindy omits during its markup
phase with the command <tt class="literal">markup-trace</tt>.</p>
<p>Here follows the list of markup commands in alphabetical order
with some of the commands grouped together.</p>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="id2574023"></a>1.2.1
<tt class="literal">markup-attribute-group-list</tt></h4></div></div></div>
<pre class="programlisting">
(markup-attribute-group-list [:open string] [:close string]
[:sep string])
(markup-attribute-group [:open string] [:close string]
[:group group-num])
</pre>
<p>Location class groups consist of lists of attribute groups. The
markup of this list can be defined with the command
<tt class="literal">markup-attribute-group-list</tt>.</p>
<p>To allow different markup for different attribute groups the
command <tt class="literal">markup-attribute-group</tt> can be
specialized on the group number with the keyword argument
<tt class="literal">:group</tt> which must be an integer number.
E.g., given are the groups <tt class="literal">("definition"
"theorem")</tt> and <tt class="literal">("default")</tt> with group
numbers 0 and 1, then</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(markup-attribute-group :open "<group0>" :close </group0>"
:group 0)
(markup-attribute-group :open "<group1>" :close "</group1>"
:group 1)
</pre>
<p>can be used to assign different markup for both groups in a
SGML-based language.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="id2574100"></a>1.2.2
<tt class="literal">markup-crossref-list</tt></h4></div></div></div>
<pre class="programlisting">
(markup-crossref-list [:open string] [:close string]
[:sep string]
[:class crossref-class])
(markup-crossref-layer-list [:open string] [:close string]
[:sep string]
[:class crossref-class])
(markup-crossref-layer [:open string] [:close string]
[:class crossref-class])
</pre>
<p>A crossref class group contains cross references of the same
class. The separator between the classes is defined with the
<tt class="literal">(markup-locclass-list :sep)</tt>-parameter. A
list of cross references can be tagged with the
<tt class="literal">command markup-crossref-list</tt> that
specializes on the <tt class="literal">:class</tt> argument.</p>
<p>Each cross reference is determined by a list of layers
indicating the target of the cross reference. To define a suitable
markup for such a list the <tt class="literal">command
markup-crossref-layer-list</tt> can be used.</p>
<p>Each layer of a cross reference can be assigned two tags that
specialize on the class of the reference, like all other
commands.</p>
<p>A suitable markup for a cross reference class
<tt class="literal">see</tt> within LaTeX2e could look like
that:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(markup-crossref-list :class "see" :open "\emph{see} "
:sep "; ")
(markup-crossref-layer-list :class "see" :sep ",")
(markup-crossref-layer :class "see"
:open "\textbf{" :close "}")
</pre>
<p>An example output could look like <tt class="literal">... see
house; garden,winter; greenhouse</tt></p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="id2574200"></a>1.2.3
<tt class="literal">markup-index</tt></h4></div></div></div>
<pre class="programlisting">
(markup-index [:open string] [:close string]
[ :flat | :tree | :hierdepth depth ])
</pre>
<p>Defines the markup tags that enclose the whole index via the
<tt class="literal">:open</tt> and <tt class="literal">:close</tt>
parameters. Examples:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(markup-index :open "Here comes the index~n"
:close "That's all folks!~n")
</pre>
<p>defines that the <tt class="literal">:open</tt> string is
printed before the rest of the index and the
<tt class="literal">:close</tt> string appears after the index is
printed.</p>
<p>Additionally one can specify the form of the generated index. It
is possible to produce flat indexes by specifying the switch
<tt class="literal">:flat</tt>, to generate a tree with the
<tt class="literal">:tree</tt> switch or any kind of mixture
between both by specifying the depth up to which trees shall be
built with the parameter <tt class="literal">:hierdepth</tt>. Its
argument depth is the number of layers that can be formed into a
tree. Therefore <tt class="literal">:flat</tt> is an abbrevation of
<tt class="literal">:hierdepth 0</tt> and
<tt class="literal">:tree</tt> is an abbrevation of
<tt class="literal">:hierdepth max-depth</tt>, with
<tt class="literal">max-depth</tt> being the maximum number of
layers a keyword has. An example: the keywords</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
("tree" "binary" "AVL")
("tree" "binary" "natural")
</pre>
<p>can be transformed in the following ways:</p>
<p>A flat index (<tt class="literal">:flat</tt> or
<tt class="literal">:hierdepth 0</tt>)</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
tree binary AVL
tree binary natural
</pre>
<p>with <tt class="literal">:hierdepth 1</tt></p>
<pre class="programlisting">
tree
binary AVL
binary natural
</pre>
<p>and a tree (<tt class="literal">:tree</tt> or
<tt class="literal">:hierdepth > 1</tt>)</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
tree
binary
AVL
natural
</pre>
<p>Most often one will create tree-like indexes or ones that are
flat.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="id2574381"></a>1.2.4
<tt class="literal">markup-indexentry-list</tt></h4></div></div></div>
<pre class="programlisting">
(markup-indexentry-list [:open string] [:close string]
[:sep string] [:depth integer])
(markup-indexentry [:open string] [:close string]
[:depth integer])
</pre>
<p>Letter groups consists of a list of index entries. The command
<tt class="literal">markup-indexentry-list</tt> defines the markup
of these lists. The markup can be specialized on the depth if the
index is hierarchically organized. The command</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(markup-indexentry-list :open "\begin{IdxentList}"
:close "\end{IdxentList}"
:sep "~n")
</pre>
<p>defines that the index entries of all layers are wrapped into
the given markup tags. If additionally</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(markup-indexentry-list :open "\begin{IdxentListII}"
:close "\end{IdxentListII}"
:sep "~n"
:depth 2)
</pre>
<p>is defined, all index entry lists of all layers (except layer 2)
are tagged according to the first specification, and the index
entry list within depth 2 are tagged according to the second
rule.</p>
<p>The command <tt class="literal">markup-indexentry</tt> defines
the markup of an index entry at a given depth. Since index entries
may also contain subentries and the markup for subentries may be
different in different layers, the optional keyword argument
<tt class="literal">:depth</tt> can be used to assign different
markup for different layers. If depth is ommited the default markup
for all possible depths is defined. The top-most index entries have
depth 0.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(markup-indexentry :open "\begin{Indexentry}"
:close "\end{Indexentry}")
</pre>
<p>defines that the index entries of all layers are wrapped into
the given markup tags. If additionally</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(markup-indexentry :open "\begin{IndexentryII}"
:close "\end{IndexentryII}"
:depth 2)
</pre>
<p>is defined, all index entries of all layers (except layer 2) are
tagged according to the first specification, and the index entries
with depth 2 are tagged according to the second rule.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="id2574484"></a>1.2.5
<tt class="literal">markup-keyword-list</tt></h4></div></div></div>
<pre class="programlisting">
(markup-keyword-list [:open string] [:close string]
[:sep string] [:depth integer])
(markup-keyword [:open string] [:close string]
[:depth integer])
</pre>
<p>The print key of an index entry consists of a list of strings.
The markup of this list can be defined with the command
<tt class="literal">markup-keyword-list</tt>. The keyword argument
<tt class="literal">:depth</tt> may be specified to define the
markup of the list at a particular depth.</p>
<p>The keyword of an index entry consists of a list of strings.
Each of these components is tagged with the strings defined with
the command <tt class="literal">markup-keyword</tt>. Since we maybe
need different markup for different layers, the optional keyword
argument can be used to specialize this markup for some
depth.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="id2574539"></a>1.2.6
<tt class="literal">markup-letter-group-list</tt></h4></div></div></div>
<pre class="programlisting">
(markup-letter-group-list [:open string] [:close string]
[:sep string])
(markup-letter-group [:open string] [:close string] [:group group-name]
[:open-head string] [:close-head string]
[:upcase | :downcase | :capitalize])
</pre>
<p>The first command defines the markup of the letter group with
name <tt class="literal">group-name</tt>. Since the markup of
letter groups often contains the name of the letter group as a part
of it, the other keyword arguments allow an additional markup for
this group name. If one of the parameters
<tt class="literal">:open-head</tt> and
<tt class="literal">:close-head</tt> is specified additional markup
is added as can be described as follows:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<OPEN>
IF (:open-head OR :close-head)
<OPEN-HEAD>
transformer-of(<GROUP-NAME>)
<CLOSE-HEAD>
FI
<INDEXENTRIES...>
<CLOSE>
</pre>
<p>Here, <tt class="literal">transformer-of</tt> is a function that
possibly transforms the string representing the group name into
another string. The transformers we currently support can be
specified with the switches <tt class="literal">:upcase</tt>,
<tt class="literal">:downcase</tt> and
<tt class="literal">:capitalize</tt> which result in the
corresponding string conversions. If none of them is specified no
transformation is done at all.</p>
<p>The command <tt class="literal">markup-letter-group</tt> defines
the markup of the list of letter groups.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="id2574639"></a>1.2.7
<tt class="literal">markup-locclass-list</tt></h4></div></div></div>
<pre class="programlisting">
(markup-locclass-list [:open string] [:close string]
[:sep string])
</pre>
<p>Each index entry contains a list of location class groups. This
markup command can be used to define the markup of this
list.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="id2574664"></a>1.2.8
<tt class="literal">markup-locref</tt></h4></div></div></div>
<pre class="programlisting">
(markup-locref [:open string] [:close string]
[:class locref-class]
[:attr attribute]
[:depth integer])
</pre>
<p>The markup tags of a location reference can be specialized on
the three arguments <tt class="literal">:class</tt>,
<tt class="literal">:attr</tt> and additionally, if sub-references
are used, <tt class="literal">:depth</tt>. Most often one will only
use a tag depending on the attribute. For example, all location
references with the attribute <tt class="literal">definition</tt>
should appear in a font series like bold, emphasizing the
importance of this location reference; those with the attribute
<tt class="literal">default</tt> in font shape italic. The markup
in this case would not specialize on the depth or any particular
class. A valid definition, suitable for a usage within HTML, could
look like this.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(markup-locref :open "<B>" :close "</B>" :attr "definition")
(markup-locref :open "<I>" :close "</I>" :attr "default")
</pre></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="id2574736"></a>1.2.9
<tt class="literal">markup-locref-class</tt></h4></div></div></div>
<pre class="programlisting">
(markup-locref-class [:open string] [:close string]
[:class locref-class])
</pre>
<p>All location references of a particular location reference class
can be wrapped into the tags defined by this command. It
specializes on the keyword argument
<tt class="literal">:class</tt>.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="id2574768"></a>1.2.10
<tt class="literal">markup-locref-layer</tt></h4></div></div></div>
<pre class="programlisting">
(markup-locref-layer [:open string] [:close string]
[:depth integer] [:layer integer]
[:class locref-class])
(markup-locref-layer-list [:open string] [:close string]
[:sep string]
[:depth integer]
[:class locref-class])
</pre>
<p>A location reference contains a list of location reference
layers. The second markup command can be used to markup this list.
It specializes on the class of the location references and the
depth (if sub-references are used).</p>
<p>The first command allows to tag the elements of a layer list
differently. The first element of this list can is specialisable
with <tt class="literal">:layer 0</tt>, the next element with
<tt class="literal">:layer 1</tt>, etc. See the next example for an
example.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="id2574818"></a>1.2.11
<tt class="literal">markup-locref-list</tt></h4></div></div></div>
<pre class="programlisting">
(markup-locref-list [:open string] [:close string] [:sep string]
[:depth integer] [:class locref-class])
</pre>
<p>An attribute group contains a list of location references and/or
ranges. Additionally a layered location reference itself may
contain sub-references that are stored as a list of location
references. We specialize the markup for these lists on the
location class they belong to with the keyword argument
<tt class="literal">:class</tt>, and on
<tt class="literal">:depth</tt> that specializes on the different
subentry levels when using location references with
sub-references.</p>
<p>Given is a list of location references that have the class
description</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(define-location-class "Appendix"
("ALPHA" :sep "-" "arabic-numbers")
:hierdepth 2)
</pre>
<p>This location class has instances like
<tt class="literal">A-1</tt>, <tt class="literal">B-5</tt>, etc.
The keyword argument <tt class="literal">:hierdepth 2</tt> informs
xindy to markup these location references in a hierarchical form.
With the commands</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(markup-locref-list :sep "; "
:depth 0 :class "Appendix")
(markup-locref-list :open " " :sep ","
:depth 1 :class "Appendix")
(markup-locref-layer :open "{\bf " :close "}" :layer 0
:depth 0 :class "Appendix")
</pre>
<p>we obtain a markup sequence for some example data that could
look like</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\bf A} 1,2,5; {\bf B} 5,6,9; {\bf D} 1,5,8; ...
</pre></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="id2574916"></a>1.2.12
<tt class="literal">markup-range</tt></h4></div></div></div>
<pre class="programlisting">
(markup-range [:open string] [:close string] [:sep string]
[:class locref-class]
[:length num] [:ignore-end])
</pre>
<p>A range consists of two location references. Markup can be
specified with the <tt class="literal">:open</tt> and
<tt class="literal">:close</tt> arguments and one separator given
by the argument <tt class="literal">:sep</tt>.</p>
<p>Since both location references are tagged with markup defined by
the command <tt class="literal">markup-locref</tt> a specialization
on attributes or depth is not necessary. Specialization is allowed
on the class they belong to, because the separator between two
location refences may be different for each location class.
Argument <tt class="literal">:length</tt> can be used to define
different markup for different lengths. In conjunction with
<tt class="literal">:length</tt> is may be useful not to print the
second location reference at all. For example, one wishes to markup
ranges of length 1 in the form Xf. instead of X--Y. This can be
accomplished with the switch
<tt class="literal">:ignore-end</tt>.</p>
<p>The markup tags for a range (X,Y) can be described as
follows:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<OPEN>
Markup of location reference X
<SEP>
IF (not :ignore-end)
Markup of location reference Y
FI
<CLOSE>
</pre>
<p>The following tags can be used to define a range of page numbers
(given in a location class <tt class="literal">page-numbers</tt>)
without considering the open and close parameters:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(markup-range :sep "-" :class "page-numbers")
</pre>
<p>Location ranges then appear separated by a hyphen in a form like
this:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
..., 5-8, 19-23, ...
</pre></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="id2575040"></a>1.2.13
<tt class="literal">(markup-trace [:on] [:open string] [:close
string])</tt></h4></div></div></div>
<p>This command can be used to activate the tracing of all markup
commands xindy executes. The switch <tt class="literal">:on</tt>
activates the trace. If <tt class="literal">:on</tt> is omitted,
the command line flag <tt class="literal">-t</tt> can be used as
well. All tags which are emitted but not yet defined explicitly by
the user are tagged with a symbolic notation indicating the
commands that must be used to define this tag. The defaults for the
keyword argument <tt class="literal">:open</tt> is
<tt class="literal">`<'</tt> and for
<tt class="literal">:close</tt> is <tt class="literal">`>'</tt>.
The beginning of an example output could look like:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<INDEX:OPEN>
<LETTER-GROUP-LIST:OPEN>
<LETTER-GROUP:OPEN ["a"]>
<INDEXENTRY-LIST:OPEN [0]>
<INDEXENTRY:OPEN [0]>
<KEYWORD-LIST:OPEN [0]>
<KEYWORD:OPEN [0]>
...
</pre>
<p>We use a simple indentation scheme to make the structure of the
tags visible. The symbolic tag
<tt class="literal"><LETTER-GROUP:OPEN ["a"]></tt> for
example indicates that the tag that can be specified with the
command</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(markup-letter-group :open "XXX" :group "a" ... )
</pre>
<p>is emitted at this point in the markup process. By incrementally
adding markup commands to the index, more and more tags can be
defined until the whole markup is defined. This general mechanism
should allow everyone understand the markup process. The best is to
start with a small index, define the complete markup and afterwards
process the whole index. Additionally one can enclose the symbolic
tags into an environment that is neutral to the document
preparation system, such as a comment. For TeX this could be</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(markup-trace :open "%%" :close "~n")
</pre>
<p>or a definition in the TeX document like</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\def\ignore#1{}
</pre>
<p>combined with the command</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(markup-trace :open "\ignore{" :close "}")
</pre></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="xindy-command-list-raw-index"></a>1.3 Raw
Index Interface</h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2575175" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>This section can be skipped if the reader is not interested in
adapting xindy to a new document preparation system.</p>
<p>The raw index is the file that represents the index that is to
be processed. Since many different document preparation systems may
use different forms of index representations, their output must be
transformed in a form readable by xindy. We also could have written
an configurable parser performing this task, but usually a tool
written with some text processing tools such as
<span><b class="command">perl</b></span>,
<span><b class="command">sed</b></span> or
<span><b class="command">awk</b></span> can achieve the same task
as well. Therefore, adapting xindy to a completely different system
can mostly be done by writing an appropriate raw index filter.</p>
<p>The format of the raw index interface of xindy is defined as
follows:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(indexentry { :key string-list [:print string-list]
| :tkey list-of-layers }
[:attr string]
{ :locref string [:open-range | :close-range]
| :xref string-list } )
</pre>
<p>The pseudo variable
<span class="emphasis"><em>string</em></span> is a sequence of
characters surrounded by double quotes, e.g.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
"Hi, it's me" "one" "a string with two \"double quotes\""
</pre>
<p>are three examples of valid strings. If you need to include a
double quote as a literal character, you must quote it itself with
a backslash as shown in the third example. A
<span class="emphasis"><em>string list</em></span> is simply a list
of strings separated by whitespaces and surrounded by round braces.
An example of a string list is</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
("This" "is" "a" "list" "of" "strings")
</pre>
<p>So far about the syntax. The semantics of the different elements
are described here.</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">:key</tt></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>The argument <span class="emphasis"><em>string list</em></span>
defines the keyword of the index entry. It must be a list of
strings, since the keyword may consist of different layers such as
<tt class="literal">("heap" "fibonacci")</tt>.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">:print</tt></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>The optional <span class="emphasis"><em>print key</em></span>
defines the way the keyword has to be printed in the markup
phase.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">:tkey</tt></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Another possibility to define the keys of an index entry is with
the <tt class="literal">:tkey</tt> keyword argument. It can be used
instead of the <tt class="literal">:key</tt> and
<tt class="literal">:print</tt> arguments. Instead of specifying
separately the key and the corresponding print key, we define the
keyword by its layers. Each layer consist of a list of one or two
strings. The first string will be interpreted as the main key,
whereas the second one will become the print key. If the print key
is ommited, the main key is taken instead. So the definition</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
:tkey (("This") ("is") ("a") ("bang" "BANG !!!"))
</pre>
<p>is equivalent to</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
:key ("This" "is" "a" "bang")
:print ("This" "is" "a" "BANG !!!")
</pre></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">:locref</tt></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>The reference an index entry describes can be a
<span class="emphasis"><em>location reference</em></span> or a
<span class="emphasis"><em>cross reference</em></span>. The switch
<tt class="literal">:locref</tt> describes a location reference.
Its optional arguments are <tt class="literal">:open-range</tt> and
<tt class="literal">:close-range</tt>. The
<span class="emphasis"><em>string</em></span> that must be supplied
must somehow encode the location reference. It might look like the
string <tt class="literal">"25"</tt> representing the page number
25, or <tt class="literal">"Appendix-I"</tt> representing the first
appendix numbered in uppercase roman numerals.</p></dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><tt class="literal">:open-range,:close-range</tt></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>These are switches that do not take any arguments. They describe
the beginning and ending of a
<span class="emphasis"><em>range</em></span>, starting or ending
from the location reference that is given by the argument
<tt class="literal">:locref</tt>. If they are supplied, the
location reference may have influence on the way ranges are
build.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">:xref</tt></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>These arguments choose the second alternative. The argument
<span class="emphasis"><em>string list</em></span> of parameter
<tt class="literal">:xref</tt> describes where the index entry
should point to.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt class="literal">:attr</tt></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>This parameter may be used to tag a location reference with a
certain attribute or it names the class of a cross reference. It
may also used to associate different markup for different
attributes in the markup phase. If this parameter is omitted or is
the empty string, the indexentry is declared to have the attribute
<tt class="literal">default</tt>.</p></dd></dl></div>
<p>Some examples:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(indexentry :key ("airplane") :locref "25" :attr "default")
</pre>
<p>defines an index entry with the key
<span class="emphasis"><em>airplane'</em></span> indexed on page
<span class="emphasis"><em>25'</em></span>. This index entry has
the attribute <tt class="literal">default</tt>.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(indexentry :key ("house") :xref("building") :attr "see")
</pre>
<p>defines a cross reference with the key
<tt class="literal">house</tt> pointing to the term
<tt class="literal">building</tt>. This cross reference belongs to
the cross reference class <tt class="literal">see</tt>.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(indexentry :key ("house") :xref("building") :open-range)
</pre>
<p>is an invalid specification, since
<tt class="literal">:open-range</tt> mustn't be used together with
cross references.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="xindy-invoking"></a>2
Invoking xindy</h2></div></div></div>
<a id="id2575621" class="indexterm"></a>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="xindy-invoking-cmdline"></a>2.1 Command
Line Options</h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2575644" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The following command line options are accepted:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
xindy [-h] [-t] [-v] [-l logfile] [-o outfile]
[-L n] [-f filterprog]
indexstyle raw-index
</pre>
<p>The argument <tt class="literal">indexstyle</tt> names a file,
containing the index style description. The argument
<tt class="literal">raw-index</tt> names a file, containing the raw
index. Both arguments are mandatory.</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term">-h</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Gives a short summary of all command line options.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-l</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Writes helpful information into the specified
<tt class="literal">logfile</tt>. For example, the keyword mappings
are written into this file, so one can check if the intended
mappings were actually performed this way.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-o</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Explicitly defines the name of the
<tt class="literal">output</tt> file. If not given, the name of the
<tt class="literal">raw-index</tt> is used with its extension
changed to <tt class="literal">.ind</tt> (or added, if it had no
extension at all).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-t</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Enters tracing mode of the symbolic markup tags. The format of
the emitted tags can be defined with the command
<tt class="literal">markup-trace</tt>.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-L</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Set the xindy logging-level to
<tt class="literal">n</tt>.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-f</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Run <tt class="literal">filterprog</tt> on
<tt class="literal">raw-index</tt> before reading. The program must
act as a filter reading from <tt class="literal">stdin</tt> and
writing to <tt class="literal">stdout</tt>. The most obvious use of
this option in conjunction with TeX is to run
<tt class="literal">-f tex2xindy</tt> on the index file prior to
reading the entries into xindy.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-v</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Shows the version number of xindy.</p></dd></dl></div>
<p>Errors and warnings are reported to
<tt class="literal">stdout</tt> and additionally to the logfile if
<tt class="literal">-l</tt> was specified.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="xindy-search-path"></a>2.2 Search
Path</h3></div></div></div>
<a id="id2575892" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The system uses the concept of a search path for finding the
index style files and modules. The searchpath can be set with the
environment variable <tt class="envar">XINDY_SEARCHPATH</tt> which
must contain a list of colon-separated directories. If it ends with
a colon, the built-in searchpath is added to the entire searchpath.
See the command <a href="#xindy-command-list-processing-searchpath"
title="1.1.12 searchpath">searchpath</a> for further
details.</p></div></div></div>
<div class="appendix" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="appendices"></a>Appendix A. Appendices</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc">
<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#issues">1 Bugs / Known Issues /
Missing Features</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#about">2 About this
Document</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#release-news">3 Release
News</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#gfdl">4 GNU Free Documentation
License</a></span></dt>
<dt>
<span class="index"><a href="#tex-refs-idx">Index</a></span></dt></dl></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="issues"></a>1 Bugs /
Known Issues / Missing Features</h2></div></div></div>
<a id="id2575966" class="indexterm"></a>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term">PDF</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>The PDF file is an experimental version generated using
<a href="http://dblatex.sf.net" target="_top">DB2LaTeX</a>. There
is much room for improvements and we will work on this.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">Texinfo</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Currently we don't know any working solution to convert DocBook
XML to Texinfo (at least not for a complex document). Anyone who
wants to work on this issue is highly welcome. A starting point
could be the <span class="emphasis"><em>docbook2X</em></span>
project at <a href="http://docbook2x.sourceforge.net"
target="_top">http://docbook2x.sourceforge.net</a>.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">vim-help</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Quite a few poeple are asking for a version in vim-help format.
<a href="mailto:srinath@eecs.berkeley.edu" target="_top">Srinath
Avadhanula</a> has already done some work on
this.</p></dd></dl></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="about"></a>2 About
this Document</h2></div></div></div>
<a id="id2576071" class="indexterm"></a>
<p>The source format of this document is
<a href="http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/docbook/"
target="_top">DocBook XML (V4.3)</a>.</p>
<p>The various output formats were generated using:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc">
<li><a href="http://xmlsoft.org/XSLT/" target="_top">xsltproc
(libxml2-2.6.16/libxslt-1.1.12)</a> as XSLT processor</li>
<li><a href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/docbook"
target="_top">DocBook XSL Stylesheets (V1.68.1)</a> for HTML</li>
<li><a href="http://db2latex.sf.net/" target="_top">DB2LaTeX XSL
Stylesheets (V0.8pre1+20050330</a> for LaTeX/PDF</li>
<li><tt class="literal">scrbook [2004/09/16 v2.9t LaTeX2e KOMA
document class]</tt> of
<a href="ftp://dante.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/koma-script/"
target="_top">KOMA-Script</a></li>
<li>
<a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/fonts/ps-type1/lm/tex/latex/lm/"
target="_top">Latin Modern Type 1 Fonts (V0.92)</a></li>
<li>pdfLaTeX (3.14159-1.10b) for generating PDF
output</li></ul></div>
<p>You'll always find the newest version of this document at
<a href="http://www.miwie.org/tex-refs/"
target="_top">http://www.miwie.org/tex-refs/</a>.</p></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="release-news"></a>3
Release News</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term">V0.3.9 05-05-14</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li>Consistent naming scheme of IDs to ease the use of this
reference for other projects</li>
<li>Added new section <a href="#float" title="3.3 float">float</a>
in chapter <a href="#latex"
title="2 LaTeX">LaTeX</a></li></ul></div></dd>
<dt><span class="term">V0.3.8 04-10-28</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li>Minor changes in <a href="#page-styles"
title="2.3.15 Page Styles">\maketitle</a></li></ul></div></dd>
<dt><span class="term">V0.3.7 04-08-26</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li>Corrected typos and markup errors in chapter <a href="#bibtex"
title="Chapter 5. BibTeX">BibTeX</a></li>
<li>Switched to DocBook XML V4.3</li>
<li>Added new section <a href="#opt-latex"
title="2.1 Options">Options</a> in chapter <a href="#latex"
title="2 LaTeX">LaTeX</a></li></ul></div></dd>
<dt><span class="term">V0.3.6 04-06-21</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li>Added a note in chapter <a href="#latex"
title="2 LaTeX">LaTeX</a> with the copyright and permission notice
of the original file <tt class="filename">latex2.texi</tt></li>
<li>Corrected typos and added missing hyperlinks in chapter
<a href="#xindy" title="Chapter 7. xindy">xindy</a></li>
<li>PDF file optimized/linearized and some
finetuning</li></ul></div></dd>
<dt><span class="term">V0.3.5 04-05-01</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li>Added content to chapters <a href="#metapost"
title="Chapter 4. MetaPost">MetaPost</a> and
<a href="#pdftex"
title="Chapter 2. pdfTeX">pdfTeX</a></li>
<li>Enhanced index for chapter <a href="#metapost"
title="Chapter 4. MetaPost">Make-Index</a></li></ul></div></dd>
<dt><span class="term">V0.3.4 04-04-24</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li>Version control system changed from CVS to SVN</li>
<li>Added missing entries to chapter <a href="#makeindex"
title="Chapter 6. Make-Index">Make-Index</a></li></ul></div></dd>
<dt><span class="term">V0.3.3 04-01-26</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li>Corrected again section <a href="#makeindex-output-style-specs"
title="2.2 Output Style Specifiers">Output Style Specifiers</a> and
<a href="#makeindex-style" title="2.1 Input Style Specifiers">Input
Style Specifiers</a> of chapter <a href="#makeindex"
title="Chapter 6. Make-Index">Make-Index</a></li>
<li>Corrected some symbols in the index</li></ul></div></dd>
<dt><span class="term">V0.3.2 04-01-16</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li>Corrected sections <a href="#makeindex-output-style-specs"
title="2.2 Output Style Specifiers">Output Style Specifiers</a> and
<a href="#makeindex-style" title="2.1 Input Style Specifiers">Input
Style Specifiers</a> of chapter <a href="#makeindex"
title="Chapter 6. Make-Index">Make-Index</a></li>
<li>Enhanced index in PDF</li></ul></div></dd>
<dt><span class="term">V0.3.1 04-01-06</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li>More work on PDF</li>
<li>Modularized XSL stylesheet files</li>
<li>Corrected some typos</li></ul></div></dd>
<dt><span class="term">V0.3.0 03-12-25</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li>Changed document root to
<span class="emphasis"><em>book</em></span></li>
<li>More work on PDF version</li>
<li>Using new XSL stylesheets V1.64.1</li>
<li>Minor fixes</li></ul></div></dd>
<dt><span class="term">V0.2.6 03-10-27</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li>Rearranged appendix</li>
<li>Work on PDF version</li></ul></div></dd>
<dt><span class="term">V0.2.5 03-10-17</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li>Added contents of <a href="#gfdl"
title="4 GNU Free Documentation License">GNU FDL</a> in
appendix</li>
<li>Using new XSL stylesheets V1.62.4</li>
<li>Switched to <a href="http://xmlsoft.org/XSLT/"
target="_top"><tt class="literal">xsltproc</tt></a> as
XSLT-processor</li>
<li>Reedited some deeply nested sections</li>
<li>Changed colors in CSS</li></ul></div></dd>
<dt><span class="term">V0.2.4 03-09-06</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li>Added subsection <a href="#dcolumn"
title="3.2 dcolumn"><tt class="literal">dcolumn</tt></a></li>
<li>Subsection <a href="#fontenc"
title="3.4 fontenc"><tt class="literal">fontenc</tt></a> translated
into english</li>
<li>Corrected typo in
<a href="#cmd-sbox"><tt class="filename">\sbox</tt></a></li></ul></div></dd>
<dt><span class="term">V0.2.3 03-04-12</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li>Provide PDF output using <a href="http://www.pragma-ade.com/"
target="_top">ConTeXt</a> and
<a href="http://www.hobby.nl/~scaprea/context/index.html"
target="_top">DocBook In ConTeXt</a> (still experimental)</li>
<li>Reedited (beautified) sections LaTeX / Commands /
<a href="#counters" title="2.3.1 Counters">Counters</a> |
<a href="#cross-references" title="2.3.2 Cross References">Cross
References</a> | <a href="#definitions"
title="2.3.3 Definitions">Definitions</a> | <a href="#layout"
title="2.3.5 Layout">Layout</a> | <a href="#env-latex"
title="2.3.6 Environments">Environments</a> | <a href="#footnotes"
title="2.3.7 Footnotes">Footnotes</a></li></ul></div></dd>
<dt><span class="term">V0.2.2 03-01-26</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li>Added bzip2 compressed version of source and outfiles
tarball</li>
<li>Using new XSL stylesheets V1.60.1</li>
<li>Eliminated more spurious &Acirc; characters in HTML
output</li></ul></div></dd>
<dt><span class="term">V0.2.1 03-01-18</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li>Using new XSL stylesheets V1.59.2</li>
<li>Eliminated spurious &Acirc; characters</li></ul></div></dd>
<dt><span class="term">V0.2.0 03-01-11</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li>Using new XSL stylesheets V1.58.1</li>
<li>Minor changes to CSS file</li>
<li>License changed to
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl.html" target="_top">GNU
Free Documentation License</a></li>
<li>Added subsection <a href="#pstricks-commands"
title="4.2.2 Commands and Parameters">Commands and Parameters</a>
to section <a href="#pstricks"
title="4.2 PSTricks">PSTricks</a></li>
<li>Reworked <a href="#inputenc" title="3.8 inputenc">inputenc</a>
section</li></ul></div></dd>
<dt><span class="term">V0.1.3 02-10-17</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li>Started rework of <a href="#komascript"
title="3.9 KOMA-Script">KOMA-Script</a> section</li>
<li>Added subsection <a href="#pstricks-add-packages"
title="4.2.3 List of Additional PSTricks Packages">Additional
PSTricks Packages</a></li>
<li>Using new XSL stylesheets V1.56.1</li></ul></div></dd>
<dt><span class="term">V0.1.2 02-10-01</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li>Reworked <a href="#hyperref" title="3.7 hyperref">hyperref</a>
section</li></ul></div></dd>
<dt><span class="term">V0.1.1 02-09-19</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li>Added template sections for <a href="#pictex"
title="4.1 PiCTeX (tbd.)">PiCTeX</a> and <a href="#texinfo"
title="7 Texinfo (tbd.)">Texinfo</a></li>
<li>Added subsection <a href="#release-news"
title="3 Release News">Release News</a> in appendix
<a href="#about" title="2 About this Document">About this
Document</a></li>
<li>Using new XSL stylesheets V1.55.0</li>
<li>Added missing CSS file to outfiles tarball</li>
<li>Corrected wrong FPI</li></ul></div></dd>
<dt><span class="term">V0.1.0 02-08-20</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li>Eliminated trailing '.' in numbered sections</li>
<li>Minor markup errors corrected</li>
<li>Reworked CSS file</li></ul></div></dd>
<dt><span class="term">V0.0.5 02-08-10</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li>Switched to DocBook XML 4.2</li>
<li>Sections 'Bibindex' and 'xindy' completed</li></ul></div></dd>
<dt><span class="term">V0.0.4 02-07-25</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li>Section 'Makeindex' completed</li></ul></div></dd>
<dt><span class="term">V0.0.3 02-07-13</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li>New XSL stylesheets solve bug in creating index (no other
changes)</li></ul></div></dd>
<dt><span class="term">V0.0.2 02-07-05</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li>New (template) sections 'fontinst', 'Bibtex', 'Makeindex', and
'xindy'</li>
<li>New section 'Special Symbols'</li>
<li>Added information for 'german' package</li>
<li>Registered as a new project (tex-refs) on
freshmeat.net</li></ul></div></dd>
<dt><span class="term">V0.0.1 02-06-21</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc" compact="compact">
<li>First official
announcement</li></ul></div></dd></dl></div></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="gfdl"></a>4 GNU Free
Documentation License</h2></div></div></div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="id2577462"></a>Version 1.2, November
2002</h5>
<pre class="programlisting">
Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
0. PREAMBLE
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to
assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.
Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way
to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible
for modifications made by others.
This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It
complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
license designed for free software.
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals;
it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License
principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that
contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be
distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a
world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that
work under the conditions stated herein. The "Document", below,
refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a
licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept the license if you
copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission
under copyright law.
A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
modifications and/or translated into another language.
A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of
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The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
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The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which
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Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this
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no effect on the meaning of this License.
2. VERBATIM COPYING
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
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(which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
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E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
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giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
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and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add
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Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all
the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements
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may not be included in the Modified Version.
N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements"
or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
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of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the
list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
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passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
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includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or
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you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
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imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
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License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
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Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History"
in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled
"History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements",
and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections
Entitled "Endorsements".
6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this
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verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
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it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this
License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all
other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright
resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights
of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit.
When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not
apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves
derivative works of the Document.
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of
the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form.
Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole
aggregate.
8. TRANSLATION
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include
the original English version of this License and the original versions
of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between
the translation and the original version of this License or a notice
or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
"Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve
its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual
title.
9. TERMINATION
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except
as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to
copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will
automatically terminate your rights under this License. However,
parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this
License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
parties remain in full compliance.
10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions
of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of
following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version
number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
the License in the document and put the following copyright and
license notices just after the title page:
Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
Free Documentation License".
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
situation.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,
to permit their use in free software.
</pre></div>
<div class="index">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="tex-refs-idx"></a>Index</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="index">
<div class="indexdiv">
<h3>Symbols</h3>
<dl>
<dt>$, <a href="#math-formulae">Math Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>\!, <a href="#math-formulae">Math Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>\' (tabbing), <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\(, <a href="#math-formulae">Math Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>\), <a href="#math-formulae">Math Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>\+, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\,, <a href="#math-formulae">Math Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>\- (hyphenation), <a href="#line-and-page-breaking">Line &
Page Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>\- (tabbing) , <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\;, <a href="#math-formulae">Math Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>\< , <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\=, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\>, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\a, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\addcontentsline, <a href="#table-of-contents">Table of
Contents</a></dt>
<dt>\address, <a href="#letters">Letters</a></dt>
<dt>\addtocontents, <a href="#table-of-contents">Table of
Contents</a></dt>
<dt>\addtocounter{counter}{value},
<a href="#counters">Counters</a></dt>
<dt>\addtolength, <a href="#lengths">Lengths</a></dt>
<dt>\addvspace, <a href="#spaces-and-boxes">Spaces &
Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\alph, <a href="#counters">Counters</a></dt>
<dt>\Alph, <a href="#counters">Counters</a></dt>
<dt>\appendix, <a href="#sectioning">Sectioning</a></dt>
<dt>\arabic, <a href="#counters">Counters</a></dt>
<dt>\areaset,
<a href="#komascript-page-layout">Page-Layout</a></dt>
<dt>\author, <a href="#page-styles">Page Styles</a></dt>
<dt>\backslash, <a href="#special-characters">Special
Characters</a></dt>
<dt>\begin, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\bfseries, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\bibitem, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\bibliography, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\bibliographystyle, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\bigskip, <a href="#spaces-and-boxes">Spaces &
Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\bm, <a href="#bm-package">bm</a></dt>
<dt>\boldsymbol, <a href="#amsmath">amsmath</a></dt>
<dt>\boldsymbold, <a href="#bm-package">bm</a></dt>
<dt>\caption, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\cc, <a href="#letters">Letters</a></dt>
<dt>\cdots, <a href="#math-formulae">Math Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>\centering, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\chapter, <a href="#sectioning">Sectioning</a></dt>
<dt>\circle, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\cite, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\cleardoublepage, <a href="#line-and-page-breaking">Line &
Page Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>\clearpage, <a href="#line-and-page-breaking">Line & Page
Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>\cline, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\closing, <a href="#letters">Letters</a></dt>
<dt>\COLON, <a href="#math-formulae">Math Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>\dashbox, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\date, <a href="#page-styles">Page Styles</a></dt>
<dt>\ddots, <a href="#math-formulae">Math Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>\depth, <a href="#lengths">Lengths</a></dt>
<dt>\documentclass, <a href="#document-classes">Document
Classes</a></dt>
<dt>\dotfill, <a href="#spaces-and-boxes">Spaces &
Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\emph, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\encl, <a href="#letters">Letters</a></dt>
<dt>\end, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\enlargethispage, <a href="#line-and-page-breaking">Line &
Page Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>\ensuremath{}, <a href="#math-formulae">Math Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>\fbox, <a href="#spaces-and-boxes">Spaces & Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\floatname, <a href="#float">float</a></dt>
<dt>\floatplacement, <a href="#float">float</a></dt>
<dt>\floatstyle, <a href="#float">float</a></dt>
<dt>\flushbottom, <a href="#layout">Layout</a></dt>
<dt>\fnsymbol, <a href="#counters">Counters</a></dt>
<dt>\fontencoding, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\fontfamily, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\fontseries, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\fontshape, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\fontsize, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\footnote, <a href="#footnotes">Footnotes</a></dt>
<dt>\footnotemark, <a href="#footnotes">Footnotes</a></dt>
<dt>\footnotesize, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\footnotetext, <a href="#footnotes">Footnotes</a></dt>
<dt>\frac, <a href="#math-formulae">Math Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>\frame, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\framebox, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a>,
<a href="#spaces-and-boxes">Spaces & Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\fussy, <a href="#line-and-page-breaking">Line & Page
Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>\graphicspath, <a href="#graphicspath">\graphicspath</a></dt>
<dt>\height, <a href="#lengths">Lengths</a></dt>
<dt>\hfill, <a href="#spaces-and-boxes">Spaces & Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\hline, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\hrulefill, <a href="#spaces-and-boxes">Spaces &
Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\hspace, <a href="#spaces-and-boxes">Spaces &
Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\huge, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\Huge, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\hyphenation, <a href="#line-and-page-breaking">Line & Page
Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>\include, <a href="#splitting-the-input">Splitting the
Input</a></dt>
<dt>\includegraphics,
<a href="#includegraphics">\includegraphics</a></dt>
<dt>\includeonly, <a href="#splitting-the-input">Splitting the
Input</a></dt>
<dt>\indent, <a href="#making-paragraphs">Making
Paragraphs</a></dt>
<dt>\input, <a href="#splitting-the-input">Splitting the
Input</a></dt>
<dt>\item, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\itshape, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\kill, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\label, <a href="#cross-references">Cross References</a></dt>
<dt>\large, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\Large, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\LARGE, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\ldots, <a href="#math-formulae">Math Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>\lefteqn, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\line, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\linebreak, <a href="#line-and-page-breaking">Line & Page
Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>\linethickness, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\listof, <a href="#float">float</a></dt>
<dt>\listoffigures, <a href="#table-of-contents">Table of
Contents</a></dt>
<dt>\listoftables, <a href="#table-of-contents">Table of
Contents</a></dt>
<dt>\location, <a href="#letters">Letters</a></dt>
<dt>\makebox, <a href="#spaces-and-boxes">Spaces &
Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\makebox (picture), <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\makelabels, <a href="#letters">Letters</a></dt>
<dt>\maketitle, <a href="#page-styles">Page Styles</a></dt>
<dt>\markboth, <a href="#page-styles">Page Styles</a></dt>
<dt>\markright, <a href="#page-styles">Page Styles</a></dt>
<dt>\mathbf, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\mathcal, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\mathit, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\mathnormal, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\mathrm, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\mathsf, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\mathtt, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\mathversion, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\mbox, <a href="#spaces-and-boxes">Spaces & Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\mdseries, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\medskip, <a href="#spaces-and-boxes">Spaces &
Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\multicolumn, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\multiput, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\name, <a href="#letters">Letters</a></dt>
<dt>\newcommand, <a href="#definitions">Definitions</a></dt>
<dt>\newcounter, <a href="#counters">Counters</a></dt>
<dt>\newenvironment, <a href="#definitions">Definitions</a></dt>
<dt>\newfloat, <a href="#float">float</a></dt>
<dt>\newfont, <a href="#definitions">Definitions</a></dt>
<dt>\newlength, <a href="#lengths">Lengths</a></dt>
<dt>\newline, <a href="#line-and-page-breaking">Line & Page
Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>\newpage, <a href="#line-and-page-breaking">Line & Page
Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>\newsavebox, <a href="#spaces-and-boxes">Spaces &
Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\newtheorem, <a href="#definitions">Definitions</a></dt>
<dt>\nocite, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\nofiles, <a href="#table-of-contents">Table of
Contents</a></dt>
<dt>\noindent, <a href="#making-paragraphs">Making
Paragraphs</a></dt>
<dt>\nolinebreak, <a href="#line-and-page-breaking">Line & Page
Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>\nopagebreak, <a href="#line-and-page-breaking">Line & Page
Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>\normalfont, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\normalsize, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\onecolumn, <a href="#layout">Layout</a></dt>
<dt>\opening, <a href="#letters">Letters</a></dt>
<dt>\oval, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\overbrace, <a href="#math-formulae">Math Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>\overline, <a href="#math-formulae">Math Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>\pagebreak, <a href="#line-and-page-breaking">Line & Page
Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>\pagenumbering, <a href="#page-styles">Page Styles</a></dt>
<dt>\pageref, <a href="#cross-references">Cross References</a></dt>
<dt>\pagestyle, <a href="#page-styles">Page Styles</a></dt>
<dt>\par, <a href="#making-paragraphs">Making Paragraphs</a></dt>
<dt>\paragraph, <a href="#sectioning">Sectioning</a></dt>
<dt>\parbox, <a href="#spaces-and-boxes">Spaces &
Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\pmb, <a href="#amsmath">amsmath</a></dt>
<dt>\poptabs, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\ps, <a href="#letters">Letters</a></dt>
<dt>\pushtabs, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\put, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\raggedbottom, <a href="#layout">Layout</a></dt>
<dt>\raggedleft, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\raggedright, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\raisebox, <a href="#spaces-and-boxes">Spaces &
Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\ref, <a href="#cross-references">Cross References</a></dt>
<dt>\refstepcounter, <a href="#counters">Counters</a></dt>
<dt>\restylefloat, <a href="#float">float</a></dt>
<dt>\rmfamily, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\roman, <a href="#counters">Counters</a></dt>
<dt>\Roman, <a href="#counters">Counters</a></dt>
<dt>\rule, <a href="#spaces-and-boxes">Spaces & Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\samepage, <a href="#line-and-page-breaking">Line & Page
Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>\savebox, <a href="#spaces-and-boxes">Spaces &
Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\sbox, <a href="#spaces-and-boxes">Spaces & Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\scriptsize, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\scshape, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\selectfont, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\setcounter, <a href="#counters">Counters</a></dt>
<dt>\setlength, <a href="#lengths">Lengths</a></dt>
<dt>\settodepth, <a href="#lengths">Lengths</a></dt>
<dt>\settoheight, <a href="#lengths">Lengths</a></dt>
<dt>\settowidth, <a href="#lengths">Lengths</a></dt>
<dt>\sffamily, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\shortstack, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\signature, <a href="#letters">Letters</a></dt>
<dt>\sloppy, <a href="#line-and-page-breaking">Line & Page
Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>\slshape, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\small, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\smallskip, <a href="#spaces-and-boxes">Spaces &
Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\sqrt, <a href="#math-formulae">Math Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>\startbreaks, <a href="#letters">Letters</a></dt>
<dt>\stepcounter, <a href="#counters">Counters</a></dt>
<dt>\stopbreaks, <a href="#letters">Letters</a></dt>
<dt>\subparagraph, <a href="#sectioning">Sectioning</a></dt>
<dt>\subsection, <a href="#sectioning">Sectioning</a></dt>
<dt>\subsubsection, <a href="#sectioning">Sectioning</a></dt>
<dt>\symbol, <a href="#special-characters">Special
Characters</a></dt>
<dt>\tableofcontents, <a href="#table-of-contents">Table of
Contents</a></dt>
<dt>\telephone, <a href="#letters">Letters</a></dt>
<dt>\textbf, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\textit, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\textmd, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\textnormal, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\textrm, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\textsc, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\textsf, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\textsl, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\texttt, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\textup, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\thanks, <a href="#page-styles">Page Styles</a></dt>
<dt>\thispagestyle, <a href="#page-styles">Page Styles</a></dt>
<dt>\tiny, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\title, <a href="#page-styles">Page Styles</a></dt>
<dt>\today, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\totalheight, <a href="#lengths">Lengths</a></dt>
<dt>\ttfamily, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\twocolumn, <a href="#layout">Layout</a></dt>
<dt>\typearea,
<a href="#komascript-page-layout">Page-Layout</a></dt>
<dt>\typein, <a href="#terminal-input-slash-output">Terminal
Input/Output</a></dt>
<dt>\typeout, <a href="#terminal-input-slash-output">Terminal
Input/Output</a></dt>
<dt>\unboldmath, <a href="#bm-package">bm</a></dt>
<dt>\underbrace, <a href="#math-formulae">Math Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>\underline, <a href="#math-formulae">Math Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>\upDelta, <a href="#upDelta-upOmega">\upDelta /
\upOmega</a></dt>
<dt>\upOmega, <a href="#upDelta-upOmega">\upDelta /
\upOmega</a></dt>
<dt>\upshape, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\usebox, <a href="#spaces-and-boxes">Spaces &
Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\usecounter, <a href="#counters">Counters</a></dt>
<dt>\usefont, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\usepackage, <a href="#document-classes">Document
Classes</a></dt>
<dt>\value, <a href="#counters">Counters</a></dt>
<dt>\vdots, <a href="#math-formulae">Math Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>\vector, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\verb, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\vfill, <a href="#spaces-and-boxes">Spaces & Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\vline, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\vpageref, <a href="#varioref">varioref</a></dt>
<dt>\vpagerefrange, <a href="#varioref">varioref</a></dt>
<dt>\vref, <a href="#varioref">varioref</a></dt>
<dt>\vrefrange, <a href="#varioref">varioref</a></dt>
<dt>\vspace, <a href="#spaces-and-boxes">Spaces &
Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\width, <a href="#lengths">Lengths</a></dt>
<dt>\[, <a href="#math-formulae">Math Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>\\, <a href="#line-and-page-breaking">Line & Page
Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>\], <a href="#math-formulae">Math Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>\` (tabbing), <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>^, <a href="#math-formulae">Math Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>_, <a href="#math-formulae">Math Formulae</a></dt></dl></div>
<div class="indexdiv">
<h3>A</h3>
<dl>
<dt>About this Document, <a href="#about">About this
Document</a></dt>
<dt>Accents, <a href="#special-symbols">Special Symbols</a></dt>
<dt>Accessing any character of a font,
<a href="#special-characters">Special Characters</a></dt>
<dt>Aligning Equations, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>amsmath, <a href="#amsmath">amsmath</a></dt>
<dt>ansinew, <a href="#inputenc">inputenc</a></dt>
<dt>Appendix, creating, <a href="#sectioning">Sectioning</a></dt>
<dt>applemac, <a href="#inputenc">inputenc</a></dt>
<dt>array, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Arrays, math, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Arrows, <a href="#special-symbols">Special Symbols</a></dt>
<dt>article class, <a href="#document-classes">Document
Classes</a></dt>
<dt>Author, for titlepage, <a href="#page-styles">Page
Styles</a></dt></dl></div>
<div class="indexdiv">
<h3>B</h3>
<dl>
<dt>BCOR, <a href="#komascript-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>Bibliography, creating (automatically),
<a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Bibliography, creating (manually),
<a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>BibTeX, <a href="#bibtex">BibTeX</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>bib files, <a href="#bibtex-bib-files">bib files</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>@STRING command, <a href="#bibtex-string-command">@STRING
command</a></dt>
<dt>Entry Format, <a href="#bibtex-entry-format">Entry
Format</a></dt>
<dt>Entry Types, <a href="#bibtex-entry-types">Entry Types</a></dt>
<dt>Field Text, <a href="#bibtex-field-text">Field Text</a></dt>
<dt>Field Types, <a href="#bibtex-field-types">Field
Types</a></dt></dl></dd>
<dt>bst files, <a href="#bibtex-bst-files">bst files</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>ABBRV.BST, <a href="#bibtex-bst-abbr">ABBRV.BST</a></dt>
<dt>ALPHA.BST, <a href="#bibtex-bst-alpha">ALPHA.BST</a></dt>
<dt>PLAIN.BST, <a href="#bibtex-bst-plain">PLAIN.BST</a></dt>
<dt>SAMPLE.BST, <a href="#bibtex-bst-sample">SAMPLE.BST</a></dt>
<dt>UNSRT.BST,
<a href="#bibtex-bst-unsrt">UNSRT.BST</a></dt></dl></dd>
<dt>Command Qualifiers,
<a href="#bibtex-command-qualifiers">Command Qualifiers</a></dt>
<dt>Entry Types</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>article entry, <a href="#bibtex-entry-types-article">article
entry</a></dt>
<dt>book entry, <a href="#bibtex-entry-types-book">book
entry</a></dt>
<dt>booklet entry, <a href="#bibtex-entry-types-booklet">booklet
entry</a></dt>
<dt>conference entry,
<a href="#bibtex-entry-types-conference">conference entry</a></dt>
<dt>inbook entry, <a href="#bibtex-entry-types-inbook">inbook
entry</a></dt>
<dt>incollection entry,
<a href="#bibtex-entry-types-incollection">incollection
entry</a></dt>
<dt>inproceedings entry,
<a href="#bibtex-entry-types-inproceedings">inproceedings
entry</a></dt>
<dt>manual entry, <a href="#bibtex-entry-types-manual">manual
entry</a></dt>
<dt>mastersthesis entry,
<a href="#bibtex-entry-types-mastersthesis">mastersthesis
entry</a></dt>
<dt>misc entry, <a href="#bibtex-entry-types-misc">misc
entry</a></dt>
<dt>phdthesis entry,
<a href="#bibtex-entry-types-phdthesis">phdthesis entry</a></dt>
<dt>proceedings entry,
<a href="#bibtex-entry-types-proceedings">proceedings
entry</a></dt>
<dt>techreport entry,
<a href="#bibtex-entry-types-techreport">techreport entry</a></dt>
<dt>unpublished entry,
<a href="#bibtex-entry-types-unpublished">unpublished
entry</a></dt></dl></dd>
<dt>Field Text</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>Abbreviations,
<a href="#bibtex-field-text-abbr">Abbreviations</a></dt>
<dt>Names, <a href="#bibtex-field-text-names">Names</a></dt>
<dt>Titles,
<a href="#bibtex-field-text-titles">Titles</a></dt></dl></dd>
<dt>Field Types</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>address field, <a href="#bibtex-field-types-address">address
field</a></dt>
<dt>annote field, <a href="#bibtex-field-types-annote">annote
field</a></dt>
<dt>author field, <a href="#bibtex-field-types-author">author
field</a></dt>
<dt>booktitle field,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-booktitle">booktitle field</a></dt>
<dt>chapter field, <a href="#bibtex-field-types-chapter">chapter
field</a></dt>
<dt>edition field, <a href="#bibtex-field-types-edition">edition
field</a></dt>
<dt>editor field, <a href="#bibtex-field-types-editor">editor
field</a></dt>
<dt>howpublished field,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-howpublished">howpublished
field</a></dt>
<dt>institution field,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-institution">institution
field</a></dt>
<dt>journal field, <a href="#bibtex-field-types-journal">journal
field</a></dt>
<dt>key field, <a href="#bibtex-field-types-key">key field</a></dt>
<dt>month field, <a href="#bibtex-field-types-month">month
field</a></dt>
<dt>note field, <a href="#bibtex-field-types-note">note
field</a></dt>
<dt>number field, <a href="#bibtex-field-types-number">number
field</a></dt>
<dt>organization field,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-organization">organization
field</a></dt>
<dt>pages field, <a href="#bibtex-field-types-pages">pages
field</a></dt>
<dt>publisher field,
<a href="#bibtex-field-types-publisher">publisher field</a></dt>
<dt>school field, <a href="#bibtex-field-types-school">school
field</a></dt>
<dt>series field, <a href="#bibtex-field-types-series">series
field</a></dt>
<dt>title field, <a href="#bibtex-field-types-title">title
field</a></dt>
<dt>type field, <a href="#bibtex-field-types-type">type
field</a></dt>
<dt>volume field, <a href="#bibtex-field-types-volume">volume
field</a></dt>
<dt>year field, <a href="#bibtex-field-types-year">year
field</a></dt></dl></dd>
<dt>Parameters, <a href="#bibtex-parameters">Parameters</a></dt>
<dt>using, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt></dl></dd>
<dt>Binary Operators, <a href="#special-symbols">Special
Symbols</a></dt>
<dt>bm, <a href="#bm-package">bm</a></dt>
<dt>book class, <a href="#document-classes">Document
Classes</a></dt>
<dt>Boxes, <a href="#spaces-and-boxes">Spaces &
Boxes</a></dt></dl></div>
<div class="indexdiv">
<h3>C</h3>
<dl>
<dt>Cc list, <a href="#letters">Letters</a></dt>
<dt>center, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Centering text, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Centering text, environment for,
<a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Characters, reserved, <a href="#special-characters">Special
Characters</a></dt>
<dt>Characters, special, <a href="#special-characters">Special
Characters</a></dt>
<dt>cite.sty, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Classes of document, <a href="#document-classes">Document
Classes</a></dt>
<dt>Commands, defining new ones,
<a href="#definitions">Definitions</a></dt>
<dt>Computer programs, typesetting,
<a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>ConTeXt, <a href="#context">ConTeXt (tbd.)</a></dt>
<dt>Counters, a list of, <a href="#counters">Counters</a></dt>
<dt>Counters, creating, <a href="#counters">Counters</a></dt>
<dt>Counters, getting the value of,
<a href="#counters">Counters</a></dt>
<dt>Counters, setting, <a href="#counters">Counters</a></dt>
<dt>cp850, <a href="#inputenc">inputenc</a></dt>
<dt>Creating letters, <a href="#letters">Letters</a></dt>
<dt>Creating pictures, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Creating tables, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Credits, <a href="#credits">Credits</a></dt>
<dt>Cross referencing, <a href="#cross-references">Cross
References</a></dt>
<dt>Cross referencing using page number,
<a href="#cross-references">Cross References</a></dt>
<dt>Cross referencing using section number,
<a href="#cross-references">Cross References</a></dt></dl></div>
<div class="indexdiv">
<h3>D</h3>
<dl>
<dt>Date, for titlepage, <a href="#page-styles">Page
Styles</a></dt>
<dt>dcolumn, <a href="#dcolumn">dcolumn</a></dt>
<dt>Defining a new command,
<a href="#definitions">Definitions</a></dt>
<dt>Defining new environments,
<a href="#definitions">Definitions</a></dt>
<dt>Defining new fonts, <a href="#definitions">Definitions</a></dt>
<dt>Defining new theorems,
<a href="#definitions">Definitions</a></dt>
<dt>Delimiters, <a href="#special-symbols">Special Symbols</a></dt>
<dt>description, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Displaying quoted text,
<a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation,
<a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>DIV, <a href="#komascript-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>Document Classes, <a href="#document-classes">Document
Classes</a></dt></dl></div>
<div class="indexdiv">
<h3>E</h3>
<dl>
<dt>Ellipsis, <a href="#special-symbols">Special Symbols</a></dt>
<dt>Enclosed material, <a href="#letters">Letters</a></dt>
<dt>Ending & Starting, <a href="#starting-and-ending">Starting
& Ending</a></dt>
<dt>Enlarge current page, <a href="#line-and-page-breaking">Line
& Page Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>enumerate, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Environments, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Environments, defining,
<a href="#definitions">Definitions</a></dt>
<dt>eqnarray, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>equation, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Equations, aligning, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Equations, environment for,
<a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>exponent, <a href="#math-formulae">Math
Formulae</a></dt></dl></div>
<div class="indexdiv">
<h3>F</h3>
<dl>
<dt>figure, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Figures, footnotes in,
<a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>float, <a href="#float">float</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>\floatname, <a href="#float">float</a></dt>
<dt>\floatplacement, <a href="#float">float</a></dt>
<dt>\floatstyle, <a href="#float">float</a></dt>
<dt>\listof, <a href="#float">float</a></dt>
<dt>\newfloat, <a href="#float">float</a></dt>
<dt>\restylefloat, <a href="#float">float</a></dt></dl></dd>
<dt>Flushing a page, <a href="#line-and-page-breaking">Line &
Page Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>flushleft, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>flushright, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Font commands, low-level,
<a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>Font Sizes, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>Font Styles, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>fontenc, <a href="#fontenc">fontenc</a></dt>
<dt>fontinst, <a href="#fontinst">fontinst (tbd.)</a></dt>
<dt>Fonts, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>Fonts, new commands for,
<a href="#definitions">Definitions</a></dt>
<dt>footexclude, <a href="#komascript-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>footinclude, <a href="#komascript-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>Footnotes in figures,
<a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Footnotes, creating, <a href="#footnotes">Footnotes</a></dt>
<dt>Formatting Text, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Formulae, environment for,
<a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Formulae, maths, <a href="#math-formulae">Math
Formulae</a></dt></dl></div>
<div class="indexdiv">
<h3>G</h3>
<dl>
<dt>german, <a href="#german">german</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>!-, <a href="#german">german</a></dt>
<dt>"", <a href="#german">german</a></dt>
<dt>"=, <a href="#german">german</a></dt>
<dt>"a, <a href="#german">german</a></dt>
<dt>"ck, <a href="#german">german</a></dt>
<dt>"ff, <a href="#german">german</a></dt>
<dt>"|, <a href="#german">german</a></dt>
<dt>"~, <a href="#german">german</a></dt>
<dt><, <a href="#german">german</a></dt>
<dt>\-, <a href="#german">german</a></dt>
<dt>\dq, <a href="#german">german</a></dt>
<dt>\flq, <a href="#german">german</a></dt>
<dt>\flqq, <a href="#german">german</a></dt>
<dt>\frq, <a href="#german">german</a></dt>
<dt>\frqq, <a href="#german">german</a></dt>
<dt>\glq, <a href="#german">german</a></dt>
<dt>\glqq, <a href="#german">german</a></dt>
<dt>\grqq, <a href="#german">german</a></dt></dl></dd>
<dt>Global options, <a href="#document-classes">Document
Classes</a></dt>
<dt>graphics, <a href="#graphics">graphics</a></dt>
<dt>Greek letters, <a href="#math-formulae">Math Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>Greek Letters, <a href="#special-symbols">Special
Symbols</a></dt></dl></div>
<div class="indexdiv">
<h3>H</h3>
<dl>
<dt>headexclude, <a href="#komascript-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>headinclude, <a href="#komascript-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>hyperref, <a href="#hyperref">hyperref</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>commands</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>\autoref, <a href="#hyperref-commands">Commands</a></dt>
<dt>\href, <a href="#hyperref-commands">Commands</a></dt>
<dt>\hyperbaseurl, <a href="#hyperref-commands">Commands</a></dt>
<dt>\hyperimage, <a href="#hyperref-commands">Commands</a></dt>
<dt>\hyperlink, <a href="#hyperref-commands">Commands</a></dt>
<dt>\hyperref, <a href="#hyperref-commands">Commands</a></dt>
<dt>\hypertarget, <a href="#hyperref-commands">Commands</a></dt>
<dt>\nolinkurl, <a href="#hyperref-commands">Commands</a></dt>
<dt>\texorpdfstring,
<a href="#hyperref-commands">Commands</a></dt></dl></dd>
<dt>options</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>4, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>a4paper, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>a5paper, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>anchorcolor, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>b5paper, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>backref, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>baseurl, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>bookmarks, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>bookmarksnumbered, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>bookmarksopen, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>bookmarksopenlevel,
<a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>bookmarkstype, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>breaklinks, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>citebordercolor, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>citecolor, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>colorlinks, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>debug, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>draft, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>dvipdf, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>dvipdfm, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>dvips, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>dvipsone, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>dviwindo, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>executivepaper, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>extension, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>filebordercolor, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>filecolor, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>frenchlinks, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>hyperfigures, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>hyperindex, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>hypertex, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>hypertexnames, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>implicit, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>latex2html, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>legalpaper, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>letterpaper, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>linkbordercolor, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>linkcolor, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>linktocpage, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>menubordercolor, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>menucolor, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>naturalnames, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>nesting, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>pageanchor, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>pagebackref, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>pagebordercolor, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>pagecolor, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>pdfauthor, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>pdfborder, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>pdfcenterwindow, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>pdfcreator, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>pdffitwindow, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>pdfhighlight, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>pdfkeywords, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>pdfmenubar, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>pdfnewwindow, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>pdfpagelayout, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>pdfpagemode, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>pdfpagescrop, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>pdfpagetransition, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>pdfproducer, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>pdfstartpage, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>pdfstartview, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>pdfsubject, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>pdftex, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>pdftitle, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>pdftoolbar, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>pdfview, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>pdfwindowui, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>plainpages, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>raiselinks, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>runbordercolor, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>tex4ht, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>textures, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>unicode, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>urlbordercolor, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>urlcolor, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>verbose, <a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>vtex,
<a href="#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd>
<dt>Hyphenation, defining, <a href="#line-and-page-breaking">Line
& Page Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>Hyphenation, forcing, <a href="#line-and-page-breaking">Line
& Page Breaking</a></dt></dl></div>
<div class="indexdiv">
<h3>I</h3>
<dl>
<dt>Indent, forcing, <a href="#making-paragraphs">Making
Paragraphs</a></dt>
<dt>Indent, suppressing, <a href="#making-paragraphs">Making
Paragraphs</a></dt>
<dt>Input file, splitting, <a href="#splitting-the-input">Splitting
the Input</a></dt>
<dt>Input/Output, <a href="#terminal-input-slash-output">Terminal
Input/Output</a></dt>
<dt>inputenc, <a href="#inputenc">inputenc</a></dt>
<dt>Inserting figures, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>itemize, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt></dl></div>
<div class="indexdiv">
<h3>J</h3>
<dl>
<dt>Justification, ragged left,
<a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Justification, ragged right,
<a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt></dl></div>
<div class="indexdiv">
<h3>K</h3>
<dl>
<dt>Known Issues, <a href="#issues">Bugs / Known Issues / Missing
Features</a></dt>
<dt>KOMA-Script, <a href="#komascript">KOMA-Script</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>scraddr, <a href="#komascript-scraddr">Address Files with
scraddr</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>\Address{}, <a href="#komascript-scraddr">Address Files with
scraddr</a></dt>
<dt>\Comment{}, <a href="#komascript-scraddr">Address Files with
scraddr</a></dt>
<dt>\FirstName{}, <a href="#komascript-scraddr">Address Files with
scraddr</a></dt>
<dt>\FreeIII{}, <a href="#komascript-scraddr">Address Files with
scraddr</a></dt>
<dt>\FreeII{}, <a href="#komascript-scraddr">Address Files with
scraddr</a></dt>
<dt>\FreeIV{}, <a href="#komascript-scraddr">Address Files with
scraddr</a></dt>
<dt>\FreeI{}, <a href="#komascript-scraddr">Address Files with
scraddr</a></dt>
<dt>\InputAddressFile, <a href="#komascript-scraddr">Address Files
with scraddr</a></dt>
<dt>\LastName{}, <a href="#komascript-scraddr">Address Files with
scraddr</a></dt>
<dt>\Name{}, <a href="#komascript-scraddr">Address Files with
scraddr</a></dt>
<dt>\Telephone{}, <a href="#komascript-scraddr">Address Files with
scraddr</a></dt></dl></dd>
<dt>scrlttr2, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>address, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>address files, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>backaddress, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>backaddressseparator, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter
Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>business line, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>carbon copy, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>ccseparator, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>circular letters, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>Closing, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>Closing Part, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>customer, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>date, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>emailseparator, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>enclosure, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>enclseparator, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>faxseparator, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>font options, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>font selection, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>footer, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>footnotes, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>format options, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>fromaddress, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>frombank, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>fromemail, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>fromfax, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>fromlogo, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>fromname, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>fromphone, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>fromurl, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>general document properties,
<a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>invoice, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>language selection, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>language support, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>letter class option files,
<a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>letter declaration, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>letterhead, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>lists, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>location, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>margin notes, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>myref, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>Opening, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>options, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>options for letterhead and address,
<a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>other layout, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>page layout, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>page style, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>phoneseparator, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>place, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>placeseparator, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>postscript, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>pseudo lengths, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>sender's extension, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>signature, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>specialmail, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>subject, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>subject line, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>subjectseparator, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>text, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>text emphasis, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>title, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>title line, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>toaddress, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>toname, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>variables, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>yourmail, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>yourref, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>\addtoreffields, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>\ifkomavarempty, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>\KOMAoptions{}, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>\newkomavar, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>\setkomavar, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>\usekomavar, <a href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class
scrlttr2</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></div>
<div class="indexdiv">
<h3>L</h3>
<dl>
<dt>Labelled lists, creating,
<a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>LaTeX</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>Options, <a href="#opt-latex">Options</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>-file-line-error-style,
<a href="#opt-latex-file-line-error-style">-file-line-error-style</a></dt>
<dt>-fmt=FMTNAME, <a href="#opt-latex-fmt">-fmt=FMTNAME</a></dt>
<dt>-help, <a href="#opt-latex-help">-help</a></dt>
<dt>-ini, <a href="#opt-latex-ini">-ini</a></dt>
<dt>-interaction=STRING,
<a href="#opt-latex-interaction%20mode">-interaction=STRING</a></dt>
<dt>-ipc, <a href="#opt-latex-ipc">-ipc</a></dt>
<dt>-ipc-start, <a href="#opt-latex-ipc-start">-ipc-start</a></dt>
<dt>-jobname=STRING,
<a href="#opt-latex-jobname-name">-jobname=STRING</a></dt>
<dt>-kpathsea-debug=NUMBER,
<a href="#opt-latex-kpathsea-debug">-kpathsea-debug=NUMBER</a></dt>
<dt>-mltex, <a href="#opt-latex-mltex">-mltex</a></dt>
<dt>-output-comment=STRING,
<a href="#opt-latex-output-comment">-output-comment=STRING</a></dt>
<dt>-parse-first-line,
<a href="#opt-latex-parse-first-line">-parse-first-line</a></dt>
<dt>-progname=STRING,
<a href="#opt-latex-progname">-progname=STRING</a></dt>
<dt>-recorder, <a href="#opt-latex-recorder">-recorder</a></dt>
<dt>-shell-escape,
<a href="#opt-latex-shell-escape">-shell-escape</a></dt>
<dt>-src-specials,
<a href="#opt-latex-src-specials">-src-specials</a></dt>
<dt>-src-specials=WHERE,
<a href="#opt-latex-src-specials-where">-src-specials=WHERE</a></dt>
<dt>-translate-file=TCXNAME,
<a href="#opt-latex-translate-file-tcxname">-translate-file=TCXNAME</a></dt>
<dt>-version,
<a href="#opt-latex-version">-version</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd>
<dt>LaTeX overview, <a href="#overview">Overview of LaTeX and Local
Guide</a></dt>
<dt>LaTeX Packages, <a href="#latex-packages">LaTeX
Packages</a></dt>
<dt>latin1, <a href="#inputenc">inputenc</a></dt>
<dt>latin9, <a href="#inputenc">inputenc</a></dt>
<dt>Layout commands, <a href="#document-classes">Document
Classes</a></dt>
<dt>Left-justifying text,
<a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Left-justifying text, environment for,
<a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Left-to-right mode, <a href="#modes">Modes</a></dt>
<dt>Lengths, adding to, <a href="#lengths">Lengths</a></dt>
<dt>Lengths, defining a new, <a href="#lengths">Lengths</a></dt>
<dt>Lengths, defining and using,
<a href="#lengths">Lengths</a></dt>
<dt>Lengths, predefined, <a href="#lengths">Lengths</a></dt>
<dt>Lengths, setting value of, <a href="#lengths">Lengths</a></dt>
<dt>letter, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>letter class, <a href="#document-classes">Document
Classes</a></dt>
<dt>Letters, <a href="#letters">Letters</a></dt>
<dt>Letters, ending, <a href="#letters">Letters</a></dt>
<dt>Letters, starting, <a href="#letters">Letters</a></dt>
<dt>Line Breaking, <a href="#line-and-page-breaking">Line &
Page Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>Line breaks, <a href="#line-and-page-breaking">Line & Page
Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>Lines in tables, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Lining text up in columns using tab stops,
<a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Lining text up in tables,
<a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>list, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Lists of items, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Lists of items, generic,
<a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Lists of items, numbered,
<a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Loading additional packages,
<a href="#document-classes">Document Classes</a></dt>
<dt>Low-level font commands,
<a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>LR mode, <a href="#modes">Modes</a></dt>
<dt>lrbox, <a href="#spaces-and-boxes">Spaces &
Boxes</a></dt></dl></div>
<div class="indexdiv">
<h3>M</h3>
<dl>
<dt>Make-Index, <a href="#makeindex">Make-Index</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>Example, <a href="#makeindex-example">Example</a></dt>
<dt>Input Style Specifiers, <a href="#makeindex-style">Input Style
Specifiers</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>actual, <a href="#makeindex-actual-char">actual
<char></a></dt>
<dt>arg_close, <a href="#makeindex-arg-close">arg_close
<char></a></dt>
<dt>arg_open, <a href="#makeindex-style-arg-open">arg_open
<char></a></dt>
<dt>encap, <a href="#makeindex-encap-char">encap
<char></a></dt>
<dt>escape, <a href="#makeindex-escape-char">escape
<char></a></dt>
<dt>keyword, <a href="#makeindex-style-string">keyword
<string></a></dt>
<dt>level, <a href="#makeindex-level-char">level
<char></a></dt>
<dt>quote, <a href="#makeindex-quote-char">quote
<char></a></dt>
<dt>range_close, <a href="#makeindex-range-close">range_close
<char></a></dt>
<dt>range_open, <a href="#makeindex-range-open">range_open
<char></a></dt></dl></dd>
<dt>Options, <a href="#makeindex-options">Options</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>-c, <a href="#makeindex-option-c">-c</a></dt>
<dt>-g, <a href="#makeindex-option-g">-g</a></dt>
<dt>-i, <a href="#makeindex-option-i">-i</a></dt>
<dt>-l, <a href="#makeindex-option-l">-l</a></dt>
<dt>-L, <a href="#makeindex-option-L">-L</a></dt>
<dt>-o ind, <a href="#makeindex-option-o-ind">-o ind</a></dt>
<dt>-p no, <a href="#makeindex-option-p-no">-p no</a></dt>
<dt>-q, <a href="#makeindex-option-q">-q</a></dt>
<dt>-r, <a href="#makeindex-option-r">-r</a></dt>
<dt>-s sty, <a href="#makeindex-option-s-sty">-s sty</a></dt>
<dt>-T, <a href="#makeindex-option-T">-T</a></dt>
<dt>-t log, <a href="#makeindex-option-t-log">-t
log</a></dt></dl></dd>
<dt>Ordering, <a href="#makeindex-ordering">Ordering</a></dt>
<dt>Output Style Specifiers,
<a href="#makeindex-output-style-specs">Output Style
Specifiers</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>delim_0, <a href="#makeindex-output-delim-0">delim_0
<string></a></dt>
<dt>delim_1, <a href="#makeindex-output-delim-1">delim_1
<string></a></dt>
<dt>delim_2, <a href="#makeindex-output-delim-2">delim_2
<string></a></dt>
<dt>delim_n, <a href="#makeindex-output-delim-n">delim_n
<string></a></dt>
<dt>delim_r, <a href="#makeindex-output-delim-r">delim_r
<string></a></dt>
<dt>delim_t, <a href="#makeindex-output-delim-t">delim_t
<string></a></dt>
<dt>encap_infix,
<a href="#makeindex-output-encap-infox">encap_infix
<string></a></dt>
<dt>encap_prefix,
<a href="#makeindex-output-encap-prefix">encap_prefix
<string></a></dt>
<dt>encap_suffix,
<a href="#makeindex-output-encap-suffix">encap_suffix
<string></a></dt>
<dt>group_skip, <a href="#makeindex-output-group-skip">group_skip
<string></a></dt>
<dt>headings_flag,
<a href="#makeindex-output-headings-flag">headings_flag
<string></a></dt>
<dt>heading_prefix,
<a href="#makeindex-output-heading-prefix-string">heading_prefix
<string></a></dt>
<dt>heading_suffix,
<a href="#makeindex-output-heading-suffix-string">heading_suffix
<string></a></dt>
<dt>indent_length,
<a href="#makeindex-output-indent-length">indent_length
<number></a></dt>
<dt>indent_space,
<a href="#makeindex-output-indent-space">indent_space
<string></a></dt>
<dt>item_0, <a href="#makeindex-output-item-0">item_0
<string></a></dt>
<dt>item_01, <a href="#makeindex-output-item-01">item_01
<string></a></dt>
<dt>item_1, <a href="#makeindex-output-item-1">item_1
<string></a></dt>
<dt>item_12, <a href="#makeindex-output-item-12">item_12
<string></a></dt>
<dt>item_2, <a href="#makeindex-output-item-2">item_2
<string></a></dt>
<dt>item_x1, <a href="#makeindex-output-item-x1">item_x1
<string></a></dt>
<dt>item_x2, <a href="#makeindex-output-item-x2">item_x2
<string></a></dt>
<dt>line_max, <a href="#makeindex-output-line-max">line_max
<number></a></dt>
<dt>numhead_negative,
<a href="#makeindex-output-numhead-negative">numhead_negative
<string></a></dt>
<dt>numhead_positive,
<a href="#makeindex-output-numhead-positive">numhead_positive
<string></a></dt>
<dt>page_compositor,
<a href="#makeindex-page-compositor">page_compositor
<string></a></dt>
<dt>postamble,
<a href="#makeindex-output-postamble-string">postamble
<string></a></dt>
<dt>preamble, <a href="#makeindex-output-preamble-string">preamble
<string></a></dt>
<dt>setpage_prefix,
<a href="#makeindex-output-setpage-prefix">setpage_prefix
<string></a></dt>
<dt>setpage_suffix,
<a href="#makeindex-output-setpage-suffix">setpage_suffix
<string></a></dt>
<dt>suffix_2p, <a href="#makeindex-output-suffix-2p">suffix_2p
<string></a></dt>
<dt>suffix_3p, <a href="#makeindex-output-suffix-3p">suffix_3p
<string></a></dt>
<dt>suffix_mp, <a href="#makeindex-output-suffix-mp">suffix_mp
<string></a></dt>
<dt>symhead_negative,
<a href="#makeindex-output-symhead-negative">symhead_negative
<string></a></dt>
<dt>symhead_positive,
<a href="#makeindex-output-symhead-positive">symhead_positive
<string></a></dt></dl></dd>
<dt>Special Effects, <a href="#makeindex-special-effects">Special
Effects</a></dt>
<dt>Style File, <a href="#makeindex-style-file">Style
File</a></dt></dl></dd>
<dt>Making a title page, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Making paragraphs, <a href="#making-paragraphs">Making
Paragraphs</a></dt>
<dt>Margin Notes, <a href="#margin-notes">Margin Notes</a></dt>
<dt>Math Formulae, <a href="#math-formulae">Math Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>Math Functions, <a href="#special-symbols">Special
Symbols</a></dt>
<dt>Math Miscellany, <a href="#math-formulae">Math
Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>Math mode, <a href="#modes">Modes</a></dt>
<dt>Math mode, entering, <a href="#math-formulae">Math
Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>Math mode, spacing, <a href="#math-formulae">Math
Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>Math Symbols, Variable Size, <a href="#special-symbols">Special
Symbols</a></dt>
<dt>mathpazo, <a href="#mathpazo">mathpazo</a></dt>
<dt>Maths symbols, <a href="#math-formulae">Math Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>Metafont, <a href="#metafont">Metafont (tbd.)</a></dt>
<dt>MetaPost, <a href="#metapost">MetaPost</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>Environment,
<a href="#metapost-environment">Environment</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>MFINPUTS, <a href="#metapost-environment">Environment</a></dt>
<dt>MPEDIT, <a href="#metapost-environment">Environment</a></dt>
<dt>MPINPUTS, <a href="#metapost-environment">Environment</a></dt>
<dt>MPSUPPORT, <a href="#metapost-environment">Environment</a></dt>
<dt>MPXCOMMAND,
<a href="#metapost-environment">Environment</a></dt>
<dt>TEX, <a href="#metapost-environment">Environment</a></dt>
<dt>TROFF,
<a href="#metapost-environment">Environment</a></dt></dl></dd>
<dt>Options, <a href="#metapost-options">Options</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>--file-line-error-style,
<a href="#metapost-option-file-line-error-style">--file-line-error-style</a></dt>
<dt>--help, <a href="#metapost-option-help">--help</a></dt>
<dt>--ini, <a href="#metapost-option-ini">--ini</a></dt>
<dt>--interaction mode,
<a href="#metapost-option-intercation">--interaction mode</a></dt>
<dt>--jobname name, <a href="#metapost-option-jobname">--jobname
name</a></dt>
<dt>--kpathsea-debug bitmask,
<a href="#metapost-option-kpathsea-debug">--kpathsea-debug
bitmask</a></dt>
<dt>--mem mem, <a href="#metapost-option-mem">--mem mem</a></dt>
<dt>--parse-first-line,
<a href="#metapost-option-parse-first-line">--parse-first-line</a></dt>
<dt>--progname name, <a href="#metapost-option-progname">--progname
name</a></dt>
<dt>--recorder,
<a href="#metapost-option-recorder">--recorder</a></dt>
<dt>--translate-file tcxname,
<a href="#metapost-option-translate-file">--translate-file
tcxname</a></dt>
<dt>--troff, <a href="#metapost-option-troff">--troff</a></dt>
<dt>--version,
<a href="#metapost-option-version">--version</a></dt>
<dt>-T,
<a href="#metapost-option-T">-T</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd>
<dt>minipage, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Minipage, creating a,
<a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Modes, <a href="#modes">Modes</a></dt>
<dt>Multicolumn text, <a href="#layout">Layout</a></dt></dl></div>
<div class="indexdiv">
<h3>N</h3>
<dl>
<dt>New line, starting, <a href="#line-and-page-breaking">Line
& Page Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>New line, starting (paragraph mode),
<a href="#line-and-page-breaking">Line & Page Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>New Page, <a href="#line-and-page-breaking">Line & Page
Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>Notes in the margin, <a href="#margin-notes">Margin
Notes</a></dt></dl></div>
<div class="indexdiv">
<h3>O</h3>
<dl>
<dt>Operators</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>Binary, <a href="#special-symbols">Special Symbols</a></dt>
<dt>Relational, <a href="#special-symbols">Special
Symbols</a></dt></dl></dd>
<dt>Options, global, <a href="#document-classes">Document
Classes</a></dt>
<dt>overcite.sty, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Overview of LaTeX, <a href="#overview">Overview of LaTeX and
Local Guide</a></dt></dl></div>
<div class="indexdiv">
<h3>P</h3>
<dl>
<dt>Packages</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>amsmath, <a href="#amsmath">amsmath</a></dt>
<dt>bm, <a href="#bm-package">bm</a></dt>
<dt>bm.sty, <a href="#bm-package">bm</a></dt>
<dt>dcolumn, <a href="#dcolumn">dcolumn</a></dt>
<dt>german, <a href="#german">german</a></dt>
<dt>graphics, <a href="#graphics">graphics</a></dt>
<dt>hyperref, <a href="#hyperref">hyperref</a></dt>
<dt>KOMA-Script, <a href="#komascript">KOMA-Script</a></dt>
<dt>mathpazo, <a href="#mathpazo">mathpazo</a></dt>
<dt>Several Small Packages, <a href="#small-packages">Several Small
Packages</a></dt>
<dt>url, <a href="#url-package">url</a></dt>
<dt>varioref, <a href="#varioref">varioref</a></dt></dl></dd>
<dt>Packages, loading, <a href="#document-classes">Document
Classes</a></dt>
<dt>Page break, forcing, <a href="#line-and-page-breaking">Line
& Page Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>Page Breaking, <a href="#line-and-page-breaking">Line &
Page Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>Page Formatting, <a href="#line-and-page-breaking">Line &
Page Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>Page numbering, <a href="#page-styles">Page Styles</a></dt>
<dt>Page styles, <a href="#page-styles">Page Styles</a></dt>
<dt>Paragraph mode, <a href="#modes">Modes</a></dt>
<dt>Paragraph, starting a new, <a href="#making-paragraphs">Making
Paragraphs</a></dt>
<dt>Paragraphs, <a href="#making-paragraphs">Making
Paragraphs</a></dt>
<dt>Parameters, <a href="#parameters">Parameters</a></dt>
<dt>pdfTeX, <a href="#pdftex">pdfTeX</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>Environment, <a href="#pdftex-environment">Environment</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>TEXEDIT, <a href="#pdftex-environment">Environment</a></dt>
<dt>TEXFONTS, <a href="#pdftex-environment">Environment</a></dt>
<dt>TEXFORMATS, <a href="#pdftex-environment">Environment</a></dt>
<dt>TEXINPUTS, <a href="#pdftex-environment">Environment</a></dt>
<dt>TEXMFOUTPUT, <a href="#pdftex-environment">Environment</a></dt>
<dt>TEXPOOL,
<a href="#pdftex-environment">Environment</a></dt></dl></dd>
<dt>Options, <a href="#pdftex-options">Options</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>--file-line-error-style,
<a href="#pdftex-option-file-line-error-style">--file-line-error-style</a></dt>
<dt>--fmt format, <a href="#pdftex-option-fmt">--fmt
format</a></dt>
<dt>--help, <a href="#pdftex-option-help">--help</a></dt>
<dt>--ini, <a href="#pdftex-option-ini">--ini</a></dt>
<dt>--interaction mode,
<a href="#pdftex-option-interaction%20mode">--interaction
mode</a></dt>
<dt>--ipc, <a href="#pdftex-option-ipc">--ipc</a></dt>
<dt>--ipc-start,
<a href="#pdftex-option-ipc-start">--ipc-start</a></dt>
<dt>--jobname name, <a href="#pdftex-option-jobname-name">--jobname
name</a></dt>
<dt>--kpathsea-debug bitmask,
<a href="#pdftex-option-kpathsea-debug">--kpathsea-debug
bitmask</a></dt>
<dt>--maketex fmt, <a href="#pdftex-option-maketex">--maketex
fmt</a></dt>
<dt>--no-maketex fmt,
<a href="#pdftex-option-no-maketex">--no-maketex fmt</a></dt>
<dt>--output-comment string,
<a href="#pdftex-option-output-comment">--output-comment
string</a></dt>
<dt>--parse-first-line,
<a href="#pdftex-option-parse-first-line">--parse-first-line</a></dt>
<dt>--progname name, <a href="#pdftex-option-progname">--progname
name</a></dt>
<dt>--recorder,
<a href="#pdftex-option-recorder">--recorder</a></dt>
<dt>--shell-escape,
<a href="#pdftex-option-shell-escape">--shell-escape</a></dt>
<dt>--translate-file tcxname,
<a href="#pdftex-option-translate-file">--translate-file
tcxname</a></dt>
<dt>--version, <a href="#pdftex-option-version">--version</a></dt>
<dt>[-no]-maketex=FMT,
<a href="#opt-latex-no-maketex">[-no]-maketex=FMT</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd>
<dt>People</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>Bausum, David, <a href="#plaintex-ovw">Overview</a></dt>
<dt>Berry, Karl, <a href="#credits">Credits</a></dt>
<dt>Borgert, Wolfgang, <a href="#credits">Credits</a></dt>
<dt>Casellas, Ramon, <a href="#credits">Credits</a></dt>
<dt>Danielsson, Holger, <a href="#credits">Credits</a></dt>
<dt>Devenish, James, <a href="#credits">Credits</a></dt>
<dt>Gaesslein, Hubert, <a href="#credits">Credits</a></dt>
<dt>Goossens, Michel, <a href="#overview">Overview of LaTeX and
Local Guide</a></dt>
<dt>Hagen, Hans, <a href="#context">ConTeXt (tbd.)</a></dt>
<dt>Karp, Peter, <a href="#credits">Credits</a></dt>
<dt>Lamport, Leslie, <a href="#overview">Overview of LaTeX and
Local Guide</a></dt>
<dt>Mittelbach, Frank, <a href="#overview">Overview of LaTeX and
Local Guide</a></dt>
<dt>Niepraschk, Rolf, <a href="#credits">Credits</a></dt>
<dt>Nordhaug, Hans Fredrik, <a href="#credits">Credits</a></dt>
<dt>Pepping, Simon, <a href="#credits">Credits</a></dt>
<dt>Samarin, Alexander, <a href="#overview">Overview of LaTeX and
Local Guide</a></dt>
<dt>Stayton, Bob, <a href="#credits">Credits</a></dt>
<dt>van Zandt, Timothy, <a href="#pstricks-ovw">Overview</a></dt>
<dt>Voss, Herbert, <a href="#credits">Credits</a></dt></dl></dd>
<dt>PiCTeX, <a href="#pictex">PiCTeX (tbd.)</a></dt>
<dt>picture, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Pictures, creating, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>PlainTeX, <a href="#plaintex">PlainTeX</a></dt>
<dt>Poetry, an environment for,
<a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Predefined lengths, <a href="#lengths">Lengths</a></dt>
<dt>Programs, typesetting,
<a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>PSTricks, <a href="#pstricks">PSTricks</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>commands</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>\aput, <a href="#pstricks-attaching">Attaching labels to node
connections</a></dt>
<dt>\Aput, <a href="#pstricks-attaching">Attaching labels to node
connections</a></dt>
<dt>\arrows, <a href="#hackers">For hackers only</a></dt>
<dt>\bput, <a href="#pstricks-attaching">Attaching labels to node
connections</a></dt>
<dt>\Bput, <a href="#pstricks-attaching">Attaching labels to node
connections</a></dt>
<dt>\circlenode, <a href="#pstricks-nodes">Nodes</a></dt>
<dt>\clipbox, <a href="#pstricks-clipping">Clipping</a></dt>
<dt>\closedshadow, <a href="#safe-tricks">Safe tricks</a></dt>
<dt>\closepath, <a href="#safe-tricks">Safe tricks</a></dt>
<dt>\cnode, <a href="#pstricks-nodes">Nodes</a></dt>
<dt>\cnodeput, <a href="#pstricks-nodes">Nodes</a></dt>
<dt>\code, <a href="#hackers">For hackers only</a></dt>
<dt>\coor, <a href="#hackers">For hackers only</a></dt>
<dt>\cput, <a href="#pstricks-framed">Framed boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\curveto, <a href="#pretty-safe-tricks">Pretty safe
tricks</a></dt>
<dt>\dataplot, <a href="#pstricks-plots">Plots</a></dt>
<dt>\degrees, <a href="#pstricks-dimensions">Dimensions,
coordinates and angles</a></dt>
<dt>\dim, <a href="#hackers">For hackers only</a></dt>
<dt>\endpspicture, <a href="#pictures">Pictures</a></dt>
<dt>\everypsbox, <a href="#pstricks-boxes">Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\file, <a href="#hackers">For hackers only</a></dt>
<dt>\fileplot, <a href="#pstricks-plots">Plots</a></dt>
<dt>\fill, <a href="#safe-tricks">Safe tricks</a></dt>
<dt>\grestore, <a href="#safe-tricks">Safe tricks</a></dt>
<dt>\gsave, <a href="#safe-tricks">Safe tricks</a></dt>
<dt>\lineto, <a href="#pretty-safe-tricks">Pretty safe
tricks</a></dt>
<dt>\listplot, <a href="#pstricks-plots">Plots</a></dt>
<dt>\lput, <a href="#pstricks-attaching">Attaching labels to node
connections</a></dt>
<dt>\movepath, <a href="#safe-tricks">Safe tricks</a></dt>
<dt>\moveto, <a href="#safe-tricks">Safe tricks</a></dt>
<dt>\mput, <a href="#pstricks-attaching">Attaching labels to node
connections</a></dt>
<dt>\mrestore, <a href="#safe-tricks">Safe tricks</a></dt>
<dt>\msave, <a href="#safe-tricks">Safe tricks</a></dt>
<dt>\multips, <a href="#pstricks-repetition">Repetition</a></dt>
<dt>\multirput, <a href="#pstricks-repetition">Repetition</a></dt>
<dt>\ncangle, <a href="#pstricks-connections">Node
connections</a></dt>
<dt>\ncangles, <a href="#pstricks-connections">Node
connections</a></dt>
<dt>\ncarc, <a href="#pstricks-connections">Node
connections</a></dt>
<dt>\ncbar, <a href="#pstricks-connections">Node
connections</a></dt>
<dt>\nccircle, <a href="#pstricks-connections">Node
connections</a></dt>
<dt>\nccoil, <a href="#pstricks-coils">Coils and zigzags</a></dt>
<dt>\nccurve, <a href="#pstricks-connections">Node
connections</a></dt>
<dt>\ncdiag, <a href="#pstricks-connections">Node
connections</a></dt>
<dt>\ncdiagg, <a href="#pstricks-connections">Node
connections</a></dt>
<dt>\ncline, <a href="#pstricks-connections">Node
connections</a></dt>
<dt>\ncLine, <a href="#pstricks-connections">Node
connections</a></dt>
<dt>\ncloop, <a href="#pstricks-connections">Node
connections</a></dt>
<dt>\nczigzag, <a href="#pstricks-coils">Coils and zigzags</a></dt>
<dt>\newcmykcolor, <a href="#pstricks-color">Color</a></dt>
<dt>\newgray, <a href="#pstricks-color">Color</a></dt>
<dt>\newhsbcolor, <a href="#pstricks-color">Color</a></dt>
<dt>\newpath, <a href="#safe-tricks">Safe tricks</a></dt>
<dt>\newpsobject, <a href="#pstricks-custom">Custom styles</a></dt>
<dt>\newpsstyle, <a href="#pstricks-custom">Custom styles</a></dt>
<dt>\newrgbcolor, <a href="#pstricks-color">Color</a></dt>
<dt>\NormalCoor, <a href="#pstricks-coordinates">Special
coordinates</a></dt>
<dt>\openshadow, <a href="#safe-tricks">Safe tricks</a></dt>
<dt>\ovalnode, <a href="#pstricks-nodes">Nodes</a></dt>
<dt>\overlaybox, <a href="#pstricks-overlays">Overlays</a></dt>
<dt>\parabola, <a href="#pstricks-curves">Curves</a></dt>
<dt>\parametricplot, <a href="#pstricks-plots">Plots</a></dt>
<dt>\pcangle, <a href="#pstricks-connections">Node
connections</a></dt>
<dt>\pcarc, <a href="#pstricks-connections">Node
connections</a></dt>
<dt>\pcbar, <a href="#pstricks-connections">Node
connections</a></dt>
<dt>\pccoil, <a href="#pstricks-coils">Coils and zigzags</a></dt>
<dt>\pccurve, <a href="#pstricks-connections">Node
connections</a></dt>
<dt>\pcdiag, <a href="#pstricks-connections">Node
connections</a></dt>
<dt>\pcline, <a href="#pstricks-connections">Node
connections</a></dt>
<dt>\pcloop, <a href="#pstricks-connections">Node
connections</a></dt>
<dt>\pczigzag, <a href="#pstricks-coils">Coils and zigzags</a></dt>
<dt>\pnode, <a href="#pstricks-nodes">Nodes</a></dt>
<dt>\psarc, <a href="#pstricks-arcs">Arcs, circles and
ellipses</a></dt>
<dt>\psarcn, <a href="#pstricks-arcs">Arcs, circles and
ellipses</a></dt>
<dt>\psaxes, <a href="#pstricks-axes">Axes</a></dt>
<dt>\psbezier, <a href="#pstricks-curves">Curves</a></dt>
<dt>\psccurve, <a href="#pstricks-curves">Curves</a></dt>
<dt>\pscharclip, <a href="#pstricks-stroking">Stroking and filling
character paths</a></dt>
<dt>\pscharpath, <a href="#pstricks-stroking">Stroking and filling
character paths</a></dt>
<dt>\pscircle, <a href="#pstricks-arcs">Arcs, circles and
ellipses</a></dt>
<dt>\pscirclebox, <a href="#pstricks-framed">Framed boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\psclip, <a href="#pstricks-clipping">Clipping</a></dt>
<dt>\pscoil, <a href="#pstricks-coils">Coils and zigzags</a></dt>
<dt>\psCoil, <a href="#pstricks-coils">Coils and zigzags</a></dt>
<dt>\pscurve, <a href="#pstricks-curves">Curves</a></dt>
<dt>\pscustom, <a href="#pstricks-basics">The basics</a></dt>
<dt>\psdblframebox, <a href="#pstricks-framed">Framed
boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\psdots, <a href="#pstricks-dots">Dots</a></dt>
<dt>\psecurve, <a href="#pstricks-curves">Curves</a></dt>
<dt>\psellipse, <a href="#pstricks-arcs">Arcs, circles and
ellipses</a></dt>
<dt>\psframe, <a href="#pstricks-lines">Lines and polygons</a></dt>
<dt>\psframebox, <a href="#pstricks-framed">Framed boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\psgrid, <a href="#pstricks-grids">Grids</a></dt>
<dt>\pslabelsep, <a href="#placing">Placing and rotating
whatever</a></dt>
<dt>\pslbrace, <a href="#pstricks-tricks">Tips and More
Tricks</a></dt>
<dt>\psline, <a href="#pstricks-lines">Lines and polygons</a></dt>
<dt>\pslongbox, <a href="#pstricks-boxes">Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\psmathboxfalse, <a href="#pstricks-boxes">Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\psmathboxtrue, <a href="#pstricks-boxes">Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\psovalbox, <a href="#pstricks-framed">Framed boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\psoverlay, <a href="#pstricks-overlays">Overlays</a></dt>
<dt>\pspicture, <a href="#pictures">Pictures</a></dt>
<dt>\psplot, <a href="#pstricks-plots">Plots</a></dt>
<dt>\pspolygon, <a href="#pstricks-lines">Lines and
polygons</a></dt>
<dt>\psrbrace, <a href="#pstricks-tricks">Tips and More
Tricks</a></dt>
<dt>\psset, <a href="#pstricks-setting">Setting graphics
parameters</a></dt>
<dt>\pssetlength, <a href="#pstricks-dimensions">Dimensions,
coordinates and angles</a></dt>
<dt>\psshadowbox, <a href="#pstricks-framed">Framed boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\pstextpath, <a href="#pstricks-path">Typesetting text along a
path</a></dt>
<dt>\PSTtoEPS, <a href="#pstricks-exporting">Exporting EPS
files</a></dt>
<dt>\psverbboxfalse, <a href="#pstricks-boxes">Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\psverbboxtrue, <a href="#pstricks-boxes">Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\pswedge, <a href="#pstricks-arcs">Arcs, circles and
ellipses</a></dt>
<dt>\psxlabel, <a href="#pstricks-axes">Axes</a></dt>
<dt>\psylabel, <a href="#pstricks-axes">Axes</a></dt>
<dt>\pszigzag, <a href="#pstricks-coils">Coils and zigzags</a></dt>
<dt>\putoverlaybox, <a href="#pstricks-overlays">Overlays</a></dt>
<dt>\qline, <a href="#pstricks-lines">Lines and polygons</a></dt>
<dt>\radians, <a href="#pstricks-dimensions">Dimensions,
coordinates and angles</a></dt>
<dt>\rcoor, <a href="#hackers">For hackers only</a></dt>
<dt>\rcurveto, <a href="#pretty-safe-tricks">Pretty safe
tricks</a></dt>
<dt>\readdata, <a href="#pstricks-plots">Plots</a></dt>
<dt>\rlineto, <a href="#pretty-safe-tricks">Pretty safe
tricks</a></dt>
<dt>\rnode, <a href="#pstricks-nodes">Nodes</a></dt>
<dt>\Rnode, <a href="#pstricks-nodes">Nodes</a></dt>
<dt>\RnodeRef, <a href="#pstricks-nodes">Nodes</a></dt>
<dt>\rotate, <a href="#safe-tricks">Safe tricks</a></dt>
<dt>\rotatedown, <a href="#pstricks-rotation">Rotation and scaling
boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\rotateleft, <a href="#pstricks-rotation">Rotation and scaling
boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\rotateright, <a href="#pstricks-rotation">Rotation and scaling
boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\rput, <a href="#placing">Placing and rotating
whatever</a></dt>
<dt>\savedata, <a href="#pstricks-plots">Plots</a></dt>
<dt>\scale, <a href="#safe-tricks">Safe tricks</a></dt>
<dt>\scalebox, <a href="#pstricks-rotation">Rotation and scaling
boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\scaleboxto, <a href="#pstricks-rotation">Rotation and scaling
boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\setcolor, <a href="#hackers">For hackers only</a></dt>
<dt>\SpecialCoor, <a href="#pstricks-coordinates">Special
coordinates</a></dt>
<dt>\stroke, <a href="#safe-tricks">Safe tricks</a></dt>
<dt>\swapaxes, <a href="#safe-tricks">Safe tricks</a></dt>
<dt>\TeXtoEPS, <a href="#pstricks-exporting">Exporting EPS
files</a></dt>
<dt>\translate, <a href="#safe-tricks">Safe tricks</a></dt>
<dt>\uput, <a href="#placing">Placing and rotating
whatever</a></dt></dl></dd>
<dt>parameter</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>angle, <a href="#pstricks-connections">Node
connections</a></dt>
<dt>arcangle, <a href="#pstricks-connections">Node
connections</a></dt>
<dt>arcsep, <a href="#pstricks-arcs">Arcs, circles and
ellipses</a></dt>
<dt>arcsepA, <a href="#pstricks-arcs">Arcs, circles and
ellipses</a></dt>
<dt>arcsepB, <a href="#pstricks-arcs">Arcs, circles and
ellipses</a></dt>
<dt>arm, <a href="#pstricks-connections">Node connections</a></dt>
<dt>arrowinset, <a href="#pstricks-arrowheads">Arrowheads and
such</a></dt>
<dt>arrowlength, <a href="#pstricks-arrowheads">Arrowheads and
such</a></dt>
<dt>arrows, <a href="#pstricks-arrowheads">Arrowheads and
such</a></dt>
<dt>arrowscale, <a href="#pstricks-arrowheads">Arrowheads and
such</a></dt>
<dt>arrowsize, <a href="#pstricks-arrowheads">Arrowheads and
such</a></dt>
<dt>axesstyle, <a href="#pstricks-axes">Axes</a></dt>
<dt>bbllx, <a href="#pstricks-exporting">Exporting EPS
files</a></dt>
<dt>bblly, <a href="#pstricks-exporting">Exporting EPS
files</a></dt>
<dt>bburx, <a href="#pstricks-exporting">Exporting EPS
files</a></dt>
<dt>bbury, <a href="#pstricks-exporting">Exporting EPS
files</a></dt>
<dt>border, <a href="#pstricks-line-styles">Line styles</a></dt>
<dt>bordercolor, <a href="#pstricks-line-styles">Line
styles</a></dt>
<dt>boxsep, <a href="#pstricks-framed">Framed boxes</a></dt>
<dt>bracketlength, <a href="#pstricks-arrowheads">Arrowheads and
such</a></dt>
<dt>coilheight, <a href="#pstricks-coils">Coils and
zigzags</a></dt>
<dt>coilinc, <a href="#pstricks-coils">Coils and zigzags</a></dt>
<dt>coilwidth, <a href="#pstricks-coils">Coils and zigzags</a></dt>
<dt>cornersize, <a href="#pstricks-lines">Lines and
polygons</a></dt>
<dt>curvature, <a href="#pstricks-curves">Curves</a></dt>
<dt>dash, <a href="#pstricks-line-styles">Line styles</a></dt>
<dt>dimen, <a href="#pstricks-line-styles">Line styles</a></dt>
<dt>dotangle, <a href="#pstricks-dots">Dots</a></dt>
<dt>dotscale, <a href="#pstricks-dots">Dots</a></dt>
<dt>dotsep, <a href="#pstricks-line-styles">Line styles</a></dt>
<dt>dotsize, <a href="#pstricks-arrowheads">Arrowheads and
such</a></dt>
<dt>dotstyle, <a href="#pstricks-dots">Dots</a></dt>
<dt>doublecolor, <a href="#pstricks-line-styles">Line
styles</a></dt>
<dt>doubleline, <a href="#pstricks-line-styles">Line
styles</a></dt>
<dt>doublesep, <a href="#pstricks-line-styles">Line styles</a></dt>
<dt>fillcolor, <a href="#pstricks-fill-styles">Fill styles</a></dt>
<dt>fillstyle, <a href="#pstricks-fill-styles">Fill styles</a></dt>
<dt>framearc, <a href="#pstricks-lines">Lines and polygons</a></dt>
<dt>framesep, <a href="#pstricks-framed">Framed boxes</a></dt>
<dt>gradangle, <a href="#pstricks-overlays">Overlays</a></dt>
<dt>gradbegin, <a href="#pstricks-overlays">Overlays</a></dt>
<dt>gradend, <a href="#pstricks-overlays">Overlays</a></dt>
<dt>gradlines, <a href="#pstricks-overlays">Overlays</a></dt>
<dt>gradmidpoint, <a href="#pstricks-overlays">Overlays</a></dt>
<dt>gridcolor, <a href="#pstricks-grids">Grids</a></dt>
<dt>griddots, <a href="#pstricks-grids">Grids</a></dt>
<dt>gridlabelcolor, <a href="#pstricks-grids">Grids</a></dt>
<dt>gridlabels, <a href="#pstricks-grids">Grids</a></dt>
<dt>gridwidth, <a href="#pstricks-grids">Grids</a></dt>
<dt>hatchangle, <a href="#pstricks-fill-styles">Fill
styles</a></dt>
<dt>hatchcolor, <a href="#pstricks-fill-styles">Fill
styles</a></dt>
<dt>hatchsep, <a href="#pstricks-fill-styles">Fill styles</a></dt>
<dt>hatchwidth, <a href="#pstricks-fill-styles">Fill
styles</a></dt>
<dt>headerfile, <a href="#pstricks-exporting">Exporting EPS
files</a></dt>
<dt>headers, <a href="#pstricks-exporting">Exporting EPS
files</a></dt>
<dt>labels, <a href="#pstricks-axes">Axes</a></dt>
<dt>labelsep, <a href="#placing">Placing and rotating
whatever</a></dt>
<dt>liftpen, <a href="#pstricks-graphics-objects">Graphics
objects</a></dt>
<dt>linearc, <a href="#pstricks-lines">Lines and polygons</a></dt>
<dt>linecolor, <a href="#pstricks-basic">Basic graphics
parameters</a></dt>
<dt>linestyle, <a href="#pstricks-line-styles">Line styles</a></dt>
<dt>linetype, <a href="#pstricks-parameters">Parameters</a></dt>
<dt>linewidth, <a href="#pstricks-basic">Basic graphics
parameters</a></dt>
<dt>loopsize, <a href="#pstricks-connections">Node
connections</a></dt>
<dt>ncurv, <a href="#pstricks-connections">Node
connections</a></dt>
<dt>nodesep, <a href="#pstricks-connections">Node
connections</a></dt>
<dt>offset, <a href="#pstricks-connections">Node
connections</a></dt>
<dt>origin, <a href="#pstricks-coordinate">Coordinate
systems</a></dt>
<dt>plotpoints, <a href="#pstricks-plots">Plots</a></dt>
<dt>plotstyle, <a href="#pstricks-plots">Plots</a></dt>
<dt>rbracketlength, <a href="#pstricks-arrowheads">Arrowheads and
such</a></dt>
<dt>runit, <a href="#pstricks-dimensions">Dimensions, coordinates
and angles</a></dt>
<dt>shadow, <a href="#pstricks-line-styles">Line styles</a></dt>
<dt>shadowangle, <a href="#pstricks-line-styles">Line
styles</a></dt>
<dt>shadowcolor, <a href="#pstricks-line-styles">Line
styles</a></dt>
<dt>shadowsize, <a href="#pstricks-line-styles">Line
styles</a></dt>
<dt>showorigin, <a href="#pstricks-axes">Axes</a></dt>
<dt>showpoints, <a href="#pstricks-basic">Basic graphics
parameters</a></dt>
<dt>subgriddots, <a href="#pstricks-grids">Grids</a></dt>
<dt>subgridwidth, <a href="#pstricks-grids">Grids</a></dt>
<dt>swapaxes, <a href="#pstricks-coordinate">Coordinate
systems</a></dt>
<dt>tbarsize, <a href="#pstricks-arrowheads">Arrowheads and
such</a></dt>
<dt>ticks, <a href="#pstricks-axes">Axes</a></dt>
<dt>ticksize, <a href="#pstricks-axes">Axes</a></dt>
<dt>tickstyle, <a href="#pstricks-axes">Axes</a></dt>
<dt>unit, <a href="#pstricks-dimensions">Dimensions, coordinates
and angles</a></dt>
<dt>xunit, <a href="#pstricks-dimensions">Dimensions, coordinates
and angles</a></dt>
<dt>yunit, <a href="#pstricks-dimensions">Dimensions, coordinates
and angles</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></div>
<div class="indexdiv">
<h3>Q</h3>
<dl>
<dt>quotation, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>quote, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying,
<a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Quoted text, displaying,
<a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt></dl></div>
<div class="indexdiv">
<h3>R</h3>
<dl>
<dt>Ragged left text, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Ragged left text, environment for,
<a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Ragged right text, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Ragged right text, environment for,
<a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Relational Operators, <a href="#special-symbols">Special
Symbols</a></dt>
<dt>Remarks in the margin, <a href="#margin-notes">Margin
Notes</a></dt>
<dt>report class, <a href="#document-classes">Document
Classes</a></dt>
<dt>Reserved Characters, <a href="#special-characters">Special
Characters</a></dt>
<dt>Right-justifying text,
<a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Right-justifying text, environment for,
<a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt></dl></div>
<div class="indexdiv">
<h3>S</h3>
<dl>
<dt>Sectioning, <a href="#sectioning">Sectioning</a></dt>
<dt>Several Small Packages, <a href="#small-packages">Several Small
Packages</a></dt>
<dt>Simulating typed text,
<a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Sizes of text, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>Small Packages, <a href="#small-packages">Several Small
Packages</a></dt>
<dt>Space, inserting vertical, <a href="#spaces-and-boxes">Spaces
& Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>Spaces, <a href="#spaces-and-boxes">Spaces & Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>Spacing, within Math mode, <a href="#math-formulae">Math
Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>Special Characters, <a href="#special-characters">Special
Characters</a></dt>
<dt>Splitting the input file,
<a href="#splitting-the-input">Splitting the Input</a></dt>
<dt>Starting & Ending, <a href="#starting-and-ending">Starting
& Ending</a></dt>
<dt>Starting on a right-hand page,
<a href="#line-and-page-breaking">Line & Page Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>Styles of text, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>Styles, page, <a href="#page-styles">Page Styles</a></dt>
<dt>Subscript, <a href="#math-formulae">Math Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>Superscript, <a href="#math-formulae">Math Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>Symbols, <a href="#math-formulae">Math Formulae</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>Miscellaneous, <a href="#special-symbols">Special
Symbols</a></dt>
<dt>Special, <a href="#special-symbols">Special
Symbols</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div>
<div class="indexdiv">
<h3>T</h3>
<dl>
<dt>Tab stops, using, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>tabbing, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>table, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Table of Contents, creating, <a href="#table-of-contents">Table
of Contents</a></dt>
<dt>Tables, creating, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>tabular, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Terminal Input/Output,
<a href="#terminal-input-slash-output">Terminal
Input/Output</a></dt>
<dt>Texinfo, <a href="#texinfo">Texinfo (tbd.)</a></dt>
<dt>Thanks, for titlepage, <a href="#page-styles">Page
Styles</a></dt>
<dt>thebibliography, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>theorem, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Theorems, defining, <a href="#definitions">Definitions</a></dt>
<dt>Theorems, typesetting,
<a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Title making, <a href="#page-styles">Page Styles</a></dt>
<dt>Title pages, creating,
<a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Title, for titlepage, <a href="#page-styles">Page
Styles</a></dt>
<dt>titlepage, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Typed text, simulating,
<a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Typeface Sizes, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>Typeface Styles, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>Typefaces, <a href="#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt></dl></div>
<div class="indexdiv">
<h3>U</h3>
<dl>
<dt>url, <a href="#url-package">url</a></dt>
<dt>Using BibTeX,
<a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt></dl></div>
<div class="indexdiv">
<h3>V</h3>
<dl>
<dt>Variables, a list of, <a href="#counters">Counters</a></dt>
<dt>varioref, <a href="#varioref">varioref</a></dt>
<dt>verbatim, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Verbatim text, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>verse, <a href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Vertical space, inserting, <a href="#spaces-and-boxes">Spaces
& Boxes</a></dt></dl></div>
<div class="indexdiv">
<h3>X</h3>
<dl>
<dt>xindy, <a href="#xindy">xindy</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>Command List, <a href="#xindy-command-list">Command
List</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>Markup Commands, <a href="#xindy-command-list-markup">Markup
Commands</a></dt>
<dt>Raw Index Interface,
<a href="#xindy-command-list-raw-index">Raw Index
Interface</a></dt></dl></dd>
<dt>Invoking, <a href="#xindy-invoking">Invoking xindy</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>Command Line Options, <a href="#xindy-invoking-cmdline">Command
Line Options</a></dt>
<dt>Search Path, <a href="#xindy-search-path">Search
Path</a></dt></dl></dd>
<dt>Processing Commands,
<a href="#xindy-command-list-processing">Processing
Commands</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>define-alphabet,
<a href="#xindy-command-list-processing-define-alphabet">define-alphabet</a></dt>
<dt>define-attributes,
<a href="#xindy-command-list-processing-define-attributes">define-attributes</a></dt>
<dt>define-crossref-class,
<a href="#xindy-command-list-processing-define-crossref-class">define-crossref-class</a></dt>
<dt>define-letter-group,
<a href="#xindy-command-list-processing-define-letter-group">define-letter-group</a></dt>
<dt>define-location-class,
<a href="#xindy-command-list-processing-define-location-class">define-location-class</a></dt>
<dt>define-location-class-order,
<a href="#xindy-command-list-processing-define-location-class-order">
define-location-class-order</a></dt>
<dt>define-rule-set,
<a href="#xindy-command-list-processing-define-rule-set">define-rule-set</a></dt>
<dt>define-sort-rule-orientations,
<a href="#xindy-command-list-processing-define-sort-rule-orientations">
define-sort-rule-orientations</a></dt>
<dt>merge-rule,
<a href="#xindy-command-list-processing-merge-rule">merge-rule</a></dt>
<dt>merge-to,
<a href="#xindy-command-list-processing-merge-to">merge-to</a></dt>
<dt>require,
<a href="#xindy-command-list-processing-require">require</a></dt>
<dt>searchpath,
<a href="#xindy-command-list-processing-searchpath">searchpath</a></dt>
<dt>sort-rule,
<a href="#xindy-command-list-processing-sort-rule">sort-rule</a></dt>
<dt>use-rule-set,
<a href="#xindy-command-list-processing-use-rule-set">use-rule-set</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></div></div></div></div></div>
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