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<body>
<div class="document" id="isomath">
<h1 class="title">isomath</h1>
<h2 class="subtitle" id="mathematical-style-for-science-and-technology">Mathematical style for science and technology</h2>

<dl class="docinfo simple">
<dt class="author">Author</dt>
<dd class="author">Günter Milde</dd>
<dt class="date">Date</dt>
<dd class="date">2012-09-04</dd>
<dt class="copyright">Copyright</dt>
<dd class="copyright">© 2008, 2012 Günter Milde</dd>
<dt>Licence</dt>
<dd><p>This work may be distributed and/or modified under the
conditions of the <a class="reference external" href="http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt">LaTeX Project Public License</a>, either
version&nbsp;1.3 of this license or (at your option) any later version.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<div class="abstract topic">
<p class="topic-title first">Abstract</p>
<p>The <cite>isomath</cite> package provides tools for a mathematical style
that conforms to the International Standard ISO&nbsp;80000-2 and is
common in science and technology. It changes the default shape of
capital Greek letters to italic, sets up bold italic and
sans-serif bold italic math alphabets with Latin and Greek
characters, and defines macros for markup of vector, matrix and
tensor symbols.</p>
</div>
<!-- -*- rst-mode -*- -->
<div class="contents topic" id="contents">
<p class="topic-title first">Contents</p>
<ul class="auto-toc simple">
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#features" id="id36"><span class="sectnum">1</span> Features</a></p>
<ul class="auto-toc">
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#iso-math-style" id="id37"><span class="sectnum">1.1</span> “ISO” math style</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#new-math-alphabets" id="id38"><span class="sectnum">1.2</span> New math alphabets</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#semantic-markup" id="id39"><span class="sectnum">1.3</span> Semantic markup</a></p></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#usage" id="id40"><span class="sectnum">2</span> Usage</a></p>
<ul class="auto-toc">
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#options" id="id41"><span class="sectnum">2.1</span> Options</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#examples" id="id42"><span class="sectnum">2.2</span> Examples</a></p></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#related-packages" id="id43"><span class="sectnum">3</span> Related packages</a></p>
<ul class="auto-toc">
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#requirements" id="id44"><span class="sectnum">3.1</span> Requirements</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#recommendations" id="id45"><span class="sectnum">3.2</span> Recommendations</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#alternatives" id="id46"><span class="sectnum">3.3</span> Alternatives</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#conflicts" id="id47"><span class="sectnum">3.4</span> Conflicts</a></p></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#background" id="id48"><span class="sectnum">4</span> Background</a></p>
<ul class="auto-toc">
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#math-font-selection" id="id49"><span class="sectnum">4.1</span> Math font selection</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#oml-font-encoding" id="id50"><span class="sectnum">4.2</span> OML font encoding</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#unicode-mathematical-typesetting" id="id51"><span class="sectnum">4.3</span> Unicode mathematical typesetting</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#conclusions-and-outlook" id="id52"><span class="sectnum">4.4</span> Conclusions and outlook</a></p></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#references" id="id53"><span class="sectnum">5</span> References</a></p></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="features">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id36"><span class="sectnum">1</span> Features</a></h1>
<!-- How do you write the stress tensor ``$\sigma$`` in a
*sans-serif bold italic* typeface, as recommended by [typefaces]_? -->
<p>In their style guides, e. g. <a class="citation-reference" href="#typefaces" id="id1">[typefaces]</a>, <a class="citation-reference" href="#checklist" id="id2">[checklist]</a>, <a class="citation-reference" href="#si" id="id3">[SI]</a>,
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scientific organisations recommend layout rules for mathematics in line with
the International Standard <a class="citation-reference" href="#iso-80000-2" id="id7">[ISO-80000-2]</a>.</p>
<div class="admonition-international-standard-layout-rules admonition">
<p class="admonition-title">International standard layout rules</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>The overall rule is that symbols representing physical quantities
(or variables) are italic, but symbols representing units, or
labels, are roman.</p></li>
<li><p>Symbols for vectors and matrices are bold italic, symbols for tensors
are sans-serif bold italic.</p></li>
<li><p>The above rules apply equally to letter symbols from the Greek and the
Latin alphabet.</p></li>
</ul>
</div>
<!-- The recommendations in this standard are intended mainly for use in the
natural sciences and technology, but also apply to other areas where
mathematics is used. -->
<p>TeX's default mathematical style deviates from this rules in several
points:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>Capital Greek letters default to upright shape,</p></li>
<li><p>small Greek letters are excluded from font changes with the <a class="reference internal" href="#math-alphabet">math
alphabet</a> commands, and</p></li>
<li><p>the <tt class="literal">\vec</tt> command produces an arrow accent.</p></li>
</ul>
<p>The <cite>isomath</cite> package implements an <a class="reference internal" href="#iso-math-style">“ISO” math style</a>, provides <a class="reference internal" href="#new-math-alphabets">new math
alphabets</a> with <em>bold italic</em> and <em>sans-serif bold italic</em> type and macros
for <a class="reference internal" href="#semantic-markup">semantic markup</a> of vector, matrix and tensor symbols. It can be
combined with most packages for mathematical typesetting (see
<a class="reference external" href="isomath-test.tex">isomath-test.tex</a> and the sections on <a class="reference internal" href="#alternatives">alternatives</a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#conflicts">conflicts</a>).</p>
<div class="section" id="iso-math-style">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id37"><span class="sectnum">1.1</span> “ISO” math style</a></h2>
<p>Isomath builds on the package <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/fixmath.html">fixmath</a> by Walter Schmidt to change the
default mathematics layout to the “ISO” <a class="reference internal" href="#math-style">math style</a>:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>Capital Greek letters are typeset in italic shape by default.</p></li>
<li><p>Both, Greek and Latin letters change shape if a different
<a class="reference internal" href="#math-alphabet">math alphabet</a> is used.</p></li>
</ul>
<div class="caution">
<p class="admonition-title">Caution!</p>
<p>Be careful with Greek letters in the argument of <tt class="literal">\mathit</tt>, <tt class="literal">\mathrm</tt>,
<tt class="literal">\mathbf</tt>, <tt class="literal">\mathsf</tt>, and <tt class="literal">\mathtt</tt>. By default, these <a class="reference internal" href="#math-alphabets">math
alphabets</a> use text fonts. Fonts in OT1 text font encoding have capital
(but not small) Greek letters at the expected places, T1 encoded text fonts
have no Greek letters at all.</p>
<p>See the <a class="reference internal" href="#examples">examples</a> section on <a class="reference internal" href="#how-to-get-upright-small-greek-letters">how to get upright small Greek letters</a> in
mathematical context.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="new-math-alphabets">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id38"><span class="sectnum">1.2</span> New math alphabets</a></h2>
<p><cite>Isomath</cite> defines the new <a class="reference internal" href="#math-alphabets">math alphabets</a>:</p>
<table class="borderless booktabs numbered align-left">
<colgroup>
<col width="21%" />
<col width="31%" />
<col width="47%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr><td><p><tt class="literal">\mathbfit</tt></p></td>
<td><p>boldface italic</p></td>
<td><p>vector and matrix symbols</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p><tt class="literal">\mathsfit</tt></p></td>
<td><p>sans-serif italic</p></td>
<td><p>optional (see OMLmath*_ options)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p><tt class="literal">\mathsfbfit</tt></p></td>
<td><p>sans-serif bold italic</p></td>
<td><p>tensor symbols</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>For compatibility with earlier versions and <a class="reference internal" href="#related-packages">related packages</a>, the
new math alphabets are also available under the aliases
<tt class="literal">\mathbold</tt>, <tt class="literal">\mathsans</tt>, and <tt class="literal">\mathboldsans</tt>.</p>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#rmdefault">rmdefault</a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#sfdefault">sfdefault</a> <a class="reference internal" href="#options">options</a> set the font family used for
these alphabets.</p>
<div class="caution">
<p class="admonition-title">Caution!</p>
<p>Using the new math alphabets for numbers can result in upright old-style
numbers instead of italic ones, because some italic math fonts (e. g.,
<tt class="literal">cmr</tt>, <tt class="literal">cmbr</tt>) contain old-style in place of italic digits.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="semantic-markup">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id39"><span class="sectnum">1.3</span> Semantic markup</a></h2>
<p>The following commands set the argument in an ISO-conforming <a class="reference internal" href="#math-alphabet">math alphabet</a>:</p>
<table class="borderless booktabs numbered align-left">
<colgroup>
<col width="39%" />
<col width="61%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr><td><p><tt class="literal">\vectorsym, \matrixsym</tt></p></td>
<td><p>bold&nbsp;italic for Greek and Latin letters,
bold&nbsp;upright for numbers</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p><tt class="literal">\tensorsym</tt></p></td>
<td><p>sans-serif bold italic</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="usage">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id40"><span class="sectnum">2</span> Usage</a></h1>
<p>Make sure that LaTeX can find <tt class="literal">isomath.sty</tt> and load it with:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">\usepackage{isomath}
</pre>
<p>Optionally redefine the standard vector macro <tt class="literal">\vec</tt>:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">\renewcommand{\vec}{\vectorsym}
</pre>
<p>(see also <a class="reference internal" href="#options">Options</a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#examples">Examples</a>, and <a class="reference external" href="isomath-test.tex">isomath-test.tex</a>).</p>
<div class="section" id="options">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id41"><span class="sectnum">2.1</span> Options</a></h2>
<div class="section" id="rmdefault">
<h3><span class="sectnum">2.1.1</span> rmdefault</h3>
<p>Family for serif math fonts (<tt class="literal">\mathrm</tt>, <tt class="literal">\mathbf</tt>, <tt class="literal">\mathit</tt>,
<tt class="literal">\mathbfit</tt>).  The default is to use the corresponding text font
family (the value of <tt class="literal">\rmdefault</tt>). The font must be available in
<a class="reference internal" href="#oml-font-encoding">OML font encoding</a> (cf. <a class="reference internal" href="#table-3">Table&nbsp;3</a>).</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="sfdefault">
<h3><span class="sectnum">2.1.2</span> sfdefault</h3>
<p>Family for sans-serif math fonts. The default is <tt class="literal">cmbr</tt> because most
sans-serif fonts define the Computer Roman font <cite>cmm</cite> as OML substitution
(see <a class="reference internal" href="#table-4">Table&nbsp;4</a>).</p>
<p>There are only few sans serif fonts in <a class="reference internal" href="#oml-font-encoding">OML font encoding</a>:</p>
<table class="borderless booktabs numbered align-left">
<colgroup>
<col width="14%" />
<col width="15%" />
<col width="72%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr><th class="head"><p>Name</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>Package</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>Comment</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td><p><tt class="literal">cmbr</tt></p></td>
<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/cmbright.html">cmbright</a></p></td>
<td><p><cite>Computer Modern Bright</cite>, bitmap, slightly lighter
than cmss (Type 1 fonts with <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/hfbright.html">hfbright</a>)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p><tt class="literal">fav</tt></p></td>
<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/arev.html">arev</a></p></td>
<td><p><cite>Arev</cite> (<cite>Vera Sans</cite>), large x-height</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p><tt class="literal">hvm</tt></p></td>
<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/hvmath.html">hvmath</a></p></td>
<td><p><cite>Helvetica Math</cite>, commercial, free bitmap version</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p><tt class="literal">iwona</tt></p></td>
<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/iwona.html">iwona</a></p></td>
<td><p><cite>Iwona</cite>, humanistic sans serif,
some shapes very similar to roman</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p><tt class="literal">jkpss</tt></p></td>
<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/kpfonts.html">kpfonts</a></p></td>
<td><p><cite>Kepler Sans</cite>, quite light</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p><tt class="literal">llcmss</tt></p></td>
<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/lxfonts.html">lxfonts</a></p></td>
<td><p><cite>LX Fonts</cite>, “slide fonts”, very wide, large x-height</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div class="section" id="scaled">
<h3><span class="sectnum">2.1.3</span> scaled</h3>
<p>To improve the chances of finding a matching sans serif math font, the
fonts <tt class="literal">fav</tt>, <tt class="literal">iwona</tt>, <tt class="literal">jkpss</tt>, and <tt class="literal">llcmss</tt> can be scaled with the
<tt class="literal">scaled</tt> option (cf. <a class="reference internal" href="#examples">Examples</a>). For other fonts, the option is ignored.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="reusemathalphabets">
<h3><span class="sectnum">2.1.4</span> reuseMathAlphabets</h3>
<p>The definition of new math alphabets can lead to a “<a class="reference internal" href="#too-many-math-alphabets-used-in-version-normal">too many math
alphabets used in version normal</a>” error. As a workaround, this
option tells <cite>isomath</cite> to re-use the existing <tt class="literal">\mathbf</tt> and
<tt class="literal">\mathsf</tt> alphabets for italic bold and sans-serif bold.<a class="footnote-reference" href="#id9" id="id8"><sup>1</sup></a></p>
<dl class="footnote"><dt class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id8">1</a></dt>
<dd id="id9">
<p class="first last">To access the upright shapes, the corresponding <tt class="literal">\textbf</tt> and
<tt class="literal">\textsf</tt> commands might be used. Watch for side-effects, as these
commands switch to text mode so that the font settings in the embedding
text apply.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="omlmathrm-omlmathbf-omlmathsf-omlmathsfit-omlmathtt">
<span id="omlmath"></span><h3><span class="sectnum">2.1.5</span> OMLmathrm, OMLmathbf, OMLmathsf, OMLmathsfit, OMLmathtt</h3>
<p>The <tt class="literal">OMLmath*</tt> options bind the corresponding <tt class="literal">\math*</tt> command to an
OML-encoded font.</p>
<p>The <tt class="literal">\mathsfit</tt> alphabet is not required for ISO conforming mathematical
layout and therefore only defined if the <tt class="literal">OMLmathsfit</tt> argument is used.</p>
<p>The predefined <a class="reference internal" href="#math-alphabets">math alphabets</a> <tt class="literal">\mathrm</tt>, <tt class="literal">\mathbf</tt>, and <tt class="literal">\mathtt</tt>
use OT1 encoded text fonts with ligatures and accents in place of the small
Greek letters. The <tt class="literal">OMLmath*</tt> options enable the use of small Greek
letters in <a class="reference internal" href="#math-alphabet">math alphabet</a> commands, e. g. <tt class="literal"><span class="pre">\mathrm{\pi}</span></tt>, if the
corresponding font is available in <a class="reference internal" href="#oml-font-encoding">OML font encoding</a>. <a class="reference internal" href="#table-3">Table&nbsp;3</a> lists
font families supporting the OML encoding.</p>
<div class="caution">
<p class="admonition-title">Caution!</p>
<p>If no matching OML encoded font is found, LaTeX's substitute mechanism
selects a font with different font attributes (for all letters, not only
Greek). Currently, only the <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/mathdesign.html">mathdesign</a> package provides upright fonts in
OML encoding. Many font packages define an <em>italic</em> font as OML substitute
for roman fonts.</p>
<p>With some packages, these options can result in a “<a class="reference internal" href="#too-many-math-alphabets-used-in-version-normal">too many math
alphabets used in version normal</a>” error.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="examples">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id42"><span class="sectnum">2.2</span> Examples</a></h2>
<ul>
<li><p>Use scaled <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/arev.html">arev</a> fonts for the sans serif math alphabets
(adapt the scaling factor to your needs):</p>
<pre class="literal-block">\usepackage[sfdefault=fav,scaled=0.875]{isomath}
</pre>
</li>
<li><p>Define the <tt class="literal">\mathsfit</tt> sans-serif italic math alphabet:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">\usepackage[OMLmathsfit]{isomath}
</pre>
</li>
<li><p>The <tt class="literal">\mathbfit</tt> and <tt class="literal">\mathsfbfit</tt> alphabets do not have a different
weight in the <tt class="literal">bold</tt> <a class="reference internal" href="#math-version">math version</a> because the number of LaTeX math
fonts providing <cite>extrabold</cite> or <cite>ultrabold</cite> series is negligible.</p>
<p>As a workaround, use the heavier <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/arev.html">arev</a> font, scaled to 0,875, in the
bold version of <tt class="literal">\mathsfbfit</tt>:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">\usepackage{isomath}
\DeclareFontShape{OML}{fav}{bx}{it}{&lt;-&gt; s * [0.875] zavmbi7m}{}
\SetMathAlphabet{\mathsfbfit}{bold}{OML}{fav}{bx}{it}
</pre>
</li>
</ul>
<p>See also the <a class="reference external" href="isomath-test.tex">isomath-test.tex</a> test document.</p>
<div class="section" id="how-to-get-upright-small-greek-letters">
<h3><span class="sectnum">2.2.1</span> How to get upright small Greek letters</h3>
<p>Of the following methods, only the first requires <cite>isomath</cite>:</p>
<ol class="loweralpha">
<li><p>Use <cite>isomath</cite> and the <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/mathdesign.html">mathdesign</a> package:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">\usepackage[utopia]{mathdesign}
\usepackage[OMLmathrm,OMLmathbf]{isomath}
</pre>
<p>Now, e. g., <tt class="literal"><span class="pre">\mathrm{\pi}</span></tt> and <tt class="literal"><span class="pre">\mathbf{\pi}</span></tt> work as
expected.</p>
</li>
<li><p>To get upright small Greek letters without affecting other fonts,
set the math alphabet manually to one of the three <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/mathdesign.html">mathdesign</a>
fonts, e. g.:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">\SetMathAlphabet{\mathbf}{normal}{OML}{mdput}{b}{n}
</pre>
<p>(check if the letter shapes match with the rest of the document).</p>
</li>
<li><p>Use a package that provides macros for upright Greek letters
in math mode:</p>
<table class="borderless booktabs numbered align-left">
<colgroup>
<col width="26%" />
<col width="74%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr><td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/fourier.html">fourier</a></p></td>
<td><p><tt class="literal">\otheralpha ... \otherOmega</tt></p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/kpfonts.html">kpfonts</a></p></td>
<td><p><tt class="literal">\alphaup ... \Omegaup</tt></p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/mathdesign.html">mathdesign</a></p></td>
<td><p><tt class="literal">\alphaup ... \Omegaup</tt></p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/upgreek.html">upgreek</a></p></td>
<td><p><tt class="literal">\upalpha ... \upOmega</tt></p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</li>
<li><p>Use an upright text character (requires a matching LGR-encoded
Greek text font). The following lines redefine <tt class="literal">\pi</tt> to set
the mathematical constant pi upright:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">\usepackage[LGR,T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage[greek,british]{babel}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\let\mathpi\pi
\renewcommand{\pi}{\text{\textrm{\greektext p }}}
</pre>
</li>
<li><p>Use the text character with the <cite>alphabeta</cite> package from the <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/lgrx.html">lgrx</a>
bundle:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{alphabeta}
</pre>
<p>and in the body</p>
<pre class="literal-block">$ u = 2 \text{\pi} r $
</pre>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="related-packages">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id43"><span class="sectnum">3</span> Related packages</a></h1>
<div class="section" id="requirements">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id44"><span class="sectnum">3.1</span> Requirements</a></h2>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/fixmath.html">fixmath</a></dt>
<dd><p>by Walter Schmidt defines Greek letters as alphabetic symbols.</p>
</dd>
<dt><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/kvoptions.html">kvoptions</a></dt>
<dd><p>by Heiko Oberdiek facilitates the setup of package options
and provides a key=value interface (based on <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/keyval.html">keyval</a>).</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="recommendations">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id45"><span class="sectnum">3.2</span> Recommendations</a></h2>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/cmbright.html">cmbright</a></dt>
<dd><p>by Walter Schmidt provides sans serif and sans-serif bold fonts
for the <tt class="literal">\mathsfit</tt> and <tt class="literal">\mathsfbfit</tt> alphabets that match
with Computer Modern and derivatives. Free Type 1 versions of the
fonts are provided by <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/hfbright.html">hfbright</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/arev.html">arev</a></dt>
<dd><p>by Stephen Hartke provides the not-so-light <cite>Arev</cite> sans serif font
with letters that are clearly distinguishable from the roman or
italic counterparts (important if used to distinguish vectors and
tensors).</p>
<p><cite>Arev</cite> has a large x-height. For many fonts, either small or capital
letters will not match in size.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="alternatives">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id46"><span class="sectnum">3.3</span> Alternatives</a></h2>
<p>The TUGboat article by Claudio Beccari <a class="citation-reference" href="#becc97" id="id10">[becc97]</a> discusses tricks and
commands for physicists and engineers in order to satisfy the international
regulations and to distinguish similar symbols with different meanings.</p>
<p>See <a class="reference internal" href="#table-2">Table&nbsp;2</a> for other packages that implement the “ISO” <a class="reference internal" href="#math-style">math style</a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="#table-6">Table&nbsp;6</a> for packages that provide bold italic math fonts.</p>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt><a class="reference internal" href="#in-line-math-versions">“In-line math versions”</a></dt>
<dd><p>can be used as ISO-conforming replacement for <tt class="literal">\vec</tt>:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><tt class="literal">\bm</tt> from the <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/bm.html">bm</a> package. Combining <cite>bm</cite> and <cite>isomath</cite> may
lead to the <a class="reference internal" href="#too-many-math-alphabets-used-in-version-normal">too many math alphabets used in version normal</a> error.</p></li>
<li><p><tt class="literal">\boldsymbol</tt> from <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/amsbsy.html">amsbsy</a> (part of <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/amsmath.html">amsmath</a>, the
near-indispensable adjunct to serious mathematical typesetting in
LaTeX),</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/amsmath.html">amsmath</a></dt>
<dd><p>provides the command <tt class="literal">\text</tt>, that can be used to get, e. g., upright or
sans-serif bold italic Greek symbols from a text font into a formula (see
<a class="reference internal" href="#how-to-get-upright-small-greek-letters">How to get upright small Greek letters</a>).</p>
</dd>
<dt><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/unicode-math.html">unicode-math</a></dt>
<dd><p>for XeTeX and LuaTeX allows mathematical typesetting using OpenType
math fonts. It supports the “ISO” <a class="reference internal" href="#math-style">math style</a> and all mathematical
characters in the Unicode standard.</p>
<p><cite>unicode-math</cite> cannot be used together with <cite>isomath</cite>. It can, however,
replace all of isomath's functionality. See the discussion of <a class="reference internal" href="#the-unicode-math-package">the
unicode-math package</a> below.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="conflicts">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id47"><span class="sectnum">3.4</span> Conflicts</a></h2>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt>“<span class="target" id="too-many-math-alphabets-used-in-version-normal">too many math alphabets used in version normal</span>”</dt>
<dd><p>This error occurs if the combination of packages tries to load more
than 16 fonts into the <tt class="literal">normal</tt> <a class="reference internal" href="#math-version">math version</a>.</p>
<p><cite>Isomath</cite> can reduce the number of math alphabet definitions with the
<a class="reference internal" href="#reusemathalphabets">reuseMathAlphabets</a> option (see there for side-effects).</p>
<p>Examples for problematic combinations:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>The <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/kpfonts.html">kpfonts</a>, <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/pxfonts.html">pxfonts</a>, and <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/txfonts.html">txfonts</a> packages define many
additional math alphabets (<cite>kpfonts</cite> works with <cite>isomath</cite>, if
it is loaded with <tt class="literal"><span class="pre">\usepackage[nomathscript]{kpfonts}</span></tt>).</p></li>
<li><p>The <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/bm.html">bm</a> package normally allocates several symbol fonts for bold
and heavy fonts. Their number can be customised by defining
<tt class="literal">\bmmax</tt> and <tt class="literal">\hmmax</tt> before loading the package.</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/fourier.html">fourier</a></dt>
<dd><p>provides upright and italic Greek letters, but uses non-standard
math font encodings. It cannot be used with <cite>isomath</cite>.</p>
<p>However, it is possible to use the non-alphanumeric symbols from
<a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/fourier.html">fourier</a> together with math alphabets from another package, e.g
<a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/mathdesign.html">mathdesign</a>:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">\usepackage{fourier}
\usepackage[OMLmathbf,rmdefault=mdput,
            sfdefault=arev,scaled=0.85]{isomath}
</pre>
</dd>
<dt><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/sansmath.html">sansmath</a></dt>
<dd><p>defines a <cite>sans</cite> <a class="reference internal" href="#math-version">math version</a> using <strong>text</strong> fonts in OT1 or T1 font
encoding. As fixmath/isomath expect math fonts in <a class="reference internal" href="#oml-font-encoding">OML font encoding</a>,
Greek letters will not work inside the sans math version defined by
sansmath.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="background">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id48"><span class="sectnum">4</span> Background</a></h1>
<p>This section discusses LaTeX <a class="reference internal" href="#math-font-selection">math font selection</a>, the <a class="reference internal" href="#oml-font-encoding">OML font
encoding</a>, and the relation of LaTeX and <a class="reference internal" href="#unicode-mathematical-typesetting">Unicode mathematical
typesetting</a>.</p>
<div class="section" id="math-font-selection">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id49"><span class="sectnum">4.1</span> Math font selection</a></h2>
<p>There are three complementary methods to set font attributes in LaTeX
math mode: <cite>LaTeX 2e font selection</cite> <a class="citation-reference" href="#fntguide" id="id11">[fntguide]</a> describes <a class="reference internal" href="#math-alphabets">math
alphabets</a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#math-versions">math versions</a>, several extension packages
provide alternative <a class="reference internal" href="#math-styles">math styles</a>.</p>
<div class="section" id="math-alphabets">
<span id="math-alphabet"></span><h3><span class="sectnum">4.1.1</span> Math alphabets</h3>
<p>TeX's <em>math alphabets</em> correspond to the <a class="reference internal" href="#mathematical-alphanumeric-symbols">mathematical alphanumeric
symbols</a> block in Unicode. Both are “to be used for mathematical
variables where style variations are important semantically”.
The font guide <a class="citation-reference" href="#fntguide" id="id12">[fntguide]</a> defines in
section&nbsp;3:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Some math fonts are selected explicitly by one-argument commands
such as <tt class="literal">\mathsf{max}</tt> or <tt class="literal">\mathbf{vec}</tt>; such fonts are called
<em>math alphabets</em>.</p>
<p>Math fonts [...] have the same five attributes as text fonts:
encoding, family, series, shape and size. However, there are no
commands that allow the attributes to be individually changed.
Instead, the conversion from math fonts to these five attributes is
controlled by the <a class="reference internal" href="#math-version">math version</a>.</p>
<p>The <span class="target" id="predefined-math-alphabets">predefined math alphabets</span> are:</p>
<table class="borderless booktabs numbered align-left">
<colgroup>
<col width="43%" />
<col width="58%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr><td><p><tt class="literal">\mathnormal</tt></p></td>
<td><p>default<a class="footnote-reference" href="#mathnormal" id="id13"><sup>2</sup></a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p><tt class="literal">\mathrm</tt></p></td>
<td><p>roman<a class="footnote-reference" href="#roman" id="id14"><sup>3</sup></a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p><tt class="literal">\mathbf</tt></p></td>
<td><p>bold roman</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p><tt class="literal">\mathsf</tt></p></td>
<td><p>sans serif</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p><tt class="literal">\mathit</tt></p></td>
<td><p>text italic</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p><tt class="literal">\mathtt</tt></p></td>
<td><p>typewriter</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p><tt class="literal">\mathcal</tt></p></td>
<td><p>calligraphic</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</blockquote>
<dl class="footnote"><dt class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id13">2</a></dt>
<dd id="mathnormal">
<p class="first last"><tt class="literal">\mathnormal</tt> is used by default for alphanumeric
characters in math mode. It sets the letter shape according to
character class and <a class="reference internal" href="#math-style">math style</a>. (<a class="reference internal" href="#table-1">Table&nbsp;1</a> shows the default
letter shapes for common math styles).</p>
</dd>
<dt class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id14">3</a></dt>
<dd id="roman">
<p class="first last">The specifier “roman” is ambiguous: roman shape
stands for <em>upright</em>, while roman type stands for <em>serif</em> (as
opposed to sans serif).</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>Many packages define additional math alphabets (cf. <a class="reference internal" href="#table-6">Table&nbsp;6</a>).</p>
<p>In contrast to the similar named text commands, math alphabets are
<em>not</em> orthogonal, e. g., the code <tt class="literal"><span class="pre">$\mathit{\mathbf{a}}$</span></tt> sets the
letter <tt class="literal">a</tt> in <strong>upright</strong> bold type.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="math-versions">
<span id="math-version"></span><h3><span class="sectnum">4.1.2</span> Math versions</h3>
<p><em>Math versions</em> specify the mapping from commands for mathematical
symbols and <a class="reference internal" href="#math-alphabets">math alphabets</a> to a set of mathematical fonts<a class="footnote-reference" href="#id17" id="id15"><sup>4</sup></a>.
They are intended for mathematical content in a special context like a
bold section heading. Selecting a math version resembles
the individual selection of text font attributes.</p>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt>Example:</dt>
<dd><p>Some alternatives to set the letter <tt class="literal">a</tt> in a bold upright sans-serif
font:</p>
<table class="borderless booktabs numbered align-left">
<colgroup>
<col width="44%" />
<col width="56%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr><th class="head"><p>Text</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>Math</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td><p><tt class="literal"><span class="pre">\textbf{\textsf{a}}</span></tt></p></td>
<td><p><tt class="literal"><span class="pre">$\bm{\mathsf{a}}$</span></tt></p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p><tt class="literal">\bfseries \textsf{a}</tt></p></td>
<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathversion{bold} $\mathsf{a}$</tt></p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p><tt class="literal">\bfseries \sffamily a</tt></p></td>
<td><p><tt class="literal">$\mathsfbf{a}$</tt></p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>The predefined math versions are <tt class="literal">normal</tt> and <tt class="literal">bold</tt> with the
following defaults for non-specified font attributes:</p>
<blockquote>
<table class="booktabs numbered align-left">
<colgroup>
<col width="33%" />
<col width="37%" />
<col width="30%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr><th class="head"><p>attribute</p></th>
<th class="head"><p><tt class="literal">normal</tt></p></th>
<th class="head"><p><tt class="literal">bold</tt></p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td><p><em>type</em></p></td>
<td><p>serif</p></td>
<td><p>serif</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p><em>weight</em></p></td>
<td><p>medium</p></td>
<td><p>bold</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p><em>shape</em></p></td>
<td><p>upright</p></td>
<td><p>upright</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</blockquote>
<p>Packages can define additional math versions, e. g., the <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/kpfonts.html">kpfonts</a> package
defines a <tt class="literal">sans</tt> math version (another <tt class="literal">sans</tt> math version example is
available from a <a class="reference external" href="http://newsgroups.derkeiler.com/Archive/Comp/comp.text.tex/2007-09/msg00181.html">comp.text.tex post`</a>) and the <a class="reference external" href="http://phong.informatik.uni-leipzig.de/~kuska/wri_texmf_4.2.zip">wrisym</a> package defines a
<tt class="literal">mono</tt> math version.</p>
<p>Math versions can only be changed outside of math mode. The commands
<tt class="literal">\boldsymbol</tt> (<a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/amsmath.html">amsmath</a>) and <tt class="literal">\bm</tt> (<a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/bm.html">bm</a>) behave like <span class="target" id="in-line-math-versions">“in-line
math versions”</span>: they typeset their argument using the fonts of the
<tt class="literal">bold</tt> math version but can be used inside math mode.</p>
<dl class="footnote"><dt class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id15">4</a></dt>
<dd id="id17">
<p class="first last">The number of mathematical symbols exceeds the maximal number of
characters in a TeX font file by an order of magnitude: Unicode
defines about 2500 mathematical characters <a class="citation-reference" href="#tr25" id="id18">[tr25]</a>, font files used by
8-bit TeX engines are limited to 256 characters. The standard math
fonts adhere to the original limit of 128 characters. Grouping math
fonts with common characteristics in math versions simplifies the
setting of font attributes for mathematical expressions. TeX limits
the number of (symbol + alphanumeric) fonts per math version to 16.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="math-styles">
<span id="math-style"></span><h3><span class="sectnum">4.1.3</span> Math styles</h3>
<p>A <em>math style</em> is a document-level feature that determines the default
letter shape in math mode (i. e. the shape attribute of letters in the
<tt class="literal">\mathnormal</tt> <a class="reference internal" href="#math-alphabet">math alphabet</a>).<a class="footnote-reference" href="#id20" id="id19"><sup>5</sup></a>
LaTeX defaults to the “TeX” math style (without naming it such).
Alternative math styles are introduced by extension packages
(<a class="reference internal" href="#table-2">Table&nbsp;2</a>).</p>
<dl class="footnote"><dt class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id19">5</a></dt>
<dd id="id20">
<p class="first last">The <tt class="literal"><span class="pre">math-style</span></tt> option of <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/unicode-math.html">unicode-math</a> changes also the shape
attribute of other math alphabets (see also section
<a class="reference internal" href="#the-unicode-math-package">the unicode-math package</a>).</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<table class="booktabs numbered align-left" id="table-1">
<caption>Default letter shapes for common math styles</caption>
<colgroup>
<col width="30%" />
<col width="18%" />
<col width="18%" />
<col width="18%" />
<col width="18%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr><th class="head"><p>math style</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>latin</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>Latin</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>greek</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>Greek</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td><p>TeX</p></td>
<td><p>it</p></td>
<td><p>it</p></td>
<td><p>it</p></td>
<td><p>up</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>ISO</p></td>
<td><p>it</p></td>
<td><p>it</p></td>
<td><p>it</p></td>
<td><p>it</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>French</p></td>
<td><p>it</p></td>
<td><p>up</p></td>
<td><p>up</p></td>
<td><p>up</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>upright</p></td>
<td><p>up</p></td>
<td><p>up</p></td>
<td><p>up</p></td>
<td><p>up</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="booktabs numbered align-left" id="table-2">
<caption>Packages providing alternative math styles</caption>
<colgroup>
<col width="18%" />
<col width="20%" />
<col width="62%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr><th class="head"><p>math style</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>Package</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>Option(s)</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td><p>ISO</p></td>
<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/fixmath.html">fixmath</a></p></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><!--  -->
</td>
<td><p>isomath</p></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><!--  -->
</td>
<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/kpfonts.html">kpfonts</a></p></td>
<td><p>slantedGreeks</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><!--  -->
</td>
<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://pctex.com/files/managed/b/bf/lucimatxAbbrev.pdf">lucimatx</a></p></td>
<td><p>math-style=iso</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><!--  -->
</td>
<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/mathdesign.html">mathdesign</a></p></td>
<td><p>greekuppercase=italicized</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><!--  -->
</td>
<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/mathpazo.html">mathpazo</a></p></td>
<td><p>slantedGreek</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><!--  -->
</td>
<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/mathptmx.html">mathptmx</a></p></td>
<td><p>slantedGreek</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><!--  -->
</td>
<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/unicode-math.html">unicode-math</a></p></td>
<td><p>math-style=ISO</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>French</p></td>
<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/fourier.html">fourier</a></p></td>
<td><p>upright</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><!--  -->
</td>
<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/kpfonts.html">kpfonts</a></p></td>
<td><p>frenchstyle (or upright)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><!--  -->
</td>
<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://pctex.com/files/managed/b/bf/lucimatxAbbrev.pdf">lucimatx</a></p></td>
<td><p>math-style=french</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><!--  -->
</td>
<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/mathdesign.html">mathdesign</a></p></td>
<td><p>uppercase=upright, greeklowercase=upright</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><!--  -->
</td>
<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/unicode-math.html">unicode-math</a></p></td>
<td><p>math-style=french</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>upright</p></td>
<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/eulervm.html">eulervm</a></p></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><!--  -->
</td>
<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://pctex.com/files/managed/b/bf/lucimatxAbbrev.pdf">lucimatx</a></p></td>
<td><p>math-style=upright</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><!--  -->
</td>
<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/unicode-math.html">unicode-math</a></p></td>
<td><p>math-style=upright</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="oml-font-encoding">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id50"><span class="sectnum">4.2</span> OML font encoding</a></h2>
<p>The equal treatment of Latin and Greek letters in the <a class="reference internal" href="#iso-math-style">“ISO” math
style</a> is best achieved with a font that contains all required
letters in one file.</p>
<p>There is only one established LaTeX font encoding that contains Latin and
Greek letters, the <a class="reference internal" href="#oml-font-encoding">OML font encoding</a>. The standard Greek font
encoding <cite>T7</cite> is just a “reserved name” and the de-facto standard
Greek text font encoding <cite>LGR</cite> has no Latin letters. Unfortunately,
<a class="reference internal" href="#oml-support">OML support</a> is limited to a few (mostly italic) fonts.</p>
<div class="section" id="discussion">
<h3><span class="sectnum">4.2.1</span> Discussion</h3>
<p>The <cite>LaTeX font encodings</cite> guide <a class="citation-reference" href="#encguide" id="id21">[encguide]</a> names the OML encoding
<cite>TeX math italic</cite> and defines:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The OML encoding contains italic Latin and Greek letters for use in
mathematical formulae (typically used for variables) together with some
symbols.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>The reference to <em>italic</em> shape is odd:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>No other font encoding is specific to a font shape.</p></li>
<li><p>The different font selection and the semantic of font features in
mathematical formulae do not interfere with the font <em>encoding</em>: Both,
<tt class="literal">\DeclareSymbolFont</tt> and <tt class="literal">\DeclareMathAlphabet</tt> require a
shape argument. Thus it is possible to set up OML encoded math
alphabets in roman {n} as well as italic {it} shape without
conflicts.</p></li>
</ul>
<p>This seems to be more a remnant of pre-NFSS times than a necessary
restriction – there is only one OML encoded font in Knuth's Computer
Modern fonts: <cite>Computer Modern Math Italic</cite> (cmmi).</p>
<p>Proposals:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Drop the <em>italic</em> from the definition. Optionally add an explanation:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The OML encoding contains Latin and Greek letters for use in
mathematical formulae (typically used for variables) together with
some symbols. It first appeared in the <cite>Computer Modern Math
Italic</cite> (cmmi) font.</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li><p>The name <cite>TeX math italic</cite> can be interpreted as “the encoding
<strong>of</strong> <cite>Computer Modern Math Italic</cite>” rather than “an encoding
<strong>for</strong> math italic” fonts.</p>
<p>A less confusing name would be <cite>TeX math letters</cite> or <cite>Original/Old
Math Letters</cite>. The latter would also explain the acronym OML.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="oml-support">
<h3><span class="sectnum">4.2.2</span> OML Support</h3>
<p>Unfortunately, support for the OML encoding is missing for many font
families even if the text font defines Greek letters.
Supported font families can be found searching for <tt class="literal"><span class="pre">oml*.fd</span></tt> files
and grepping for <tt class="literal"><span class="pre">DeclareFont.*OML</span></tt> in <tt class="literal">*.sty</tt> files.</p>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#table-3">Table 3</a> lists the findings for a selection of TeXLive&nbsp;2012 + some
additionally installed font packages.</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>If there is an alias (substitution) from the text font to a
math-variant, only the text font is listed.</p></li>
<li><p>Many text fonts define substitutions also for upright shape,
however mapping to an italic variant of the OML encoded font. These
are not listed as supporting <tt class="literal">m/n</tt> or <tt class="literal">bx/n</tt> here.</p></li>
</ul>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#table-4">Table&nbsp;4</a> lists some fonts that define <tt class="literal">cmm</tt> as OML substitution.
With <cite>isomath</cite>, a better matching substitution can be set using the
<a class="reference internal" href="#rmdefault">rmdefault</a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#sfdefault">sfdefault</a> options.</p>
<table class="booktabs numbered align-left" id="table-3">
<caption>Font families supporting the OML encoding</caption>
<colgroup>
<col width="18%" />
<col width="45%" />
<col width="9%" />
<col width="11%" />
<col width="8%" />
<col width="9%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr><th class="head"><p>Name</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>Family (package)</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>m/it</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>bx/it</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>m/n</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>bx/n</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td><p>antt</p></td>
<td><p>Antykwa Torunska (<a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/anttor.html">anttor</a>)</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>cmr</p></td>
<td><p>Computer Modern</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>ccr</p></td>
<td><p>Concrete Roman (<a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/concmath.html">concmath</a>)</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>cmbr</p></td>
<td><p>CM Bright (<a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/cmbright.html">cmbright</a>)</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>hlh</p></td>
<td><p>Lucida</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>hfor</p></td>
<td><p>CM with old-style digits</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>iwona</p></td>
<td><p>Iwona (sans serif) (<a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/iwona.html">iwona</a>)</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>iwonal</p></td>
<td><p>Iwona light</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>iwonac</p></td>
<td><p>Iwona condensed</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>iwonalc</p></td>
<td><p>Iwona light condensed</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>jkp</p></td>
<td><p>Kepler Serif (<a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/kpfonts.html">kpfonts</a>)</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>jkpw</p></td>
<td><p>Kepler Serif wide</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>jkpvos</p></td>
<td><p>Kepler Serif oldstyle</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>jkpvosw</p></td>
<td><p>Kepler Serif oldstyle wide</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>jkpl</p></td>
<td><p>Kepler Serif light</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>jkplw</p></td>
<td><p>Kepler Serif light wide</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>jkplvos</p></td>
<td><p>Kepler Serif light oldstyle</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>jkplvosw</p></td>
<td><p>Kepler Serif light os wide</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>jkpss</p></td>
<td><p>Kepler Sans  (<a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/kpfonts.html">kpfonts</a>)</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>jkpssvos</p></td>
<td><p>Kepler Sans  oldstyle</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>jtm</p></td>
<td><p>expanded Times (<a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/jamtimes.html">jamtimes</a>)</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>llcmm</p></td>
<td><p>LX Fonts (sans serif) (<a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/lxfonts.html">lxfonts</a>)</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>lmr</p></td>
<td><p>Latin Modern Roman (lmodern)</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>mak</p></td>
<td><p>Kerkis (<a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/kerkis.html">kerkis</a>)</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>kurier</p></td>
<td><p>Kurier (sans serif) (<a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/kurier.html">kurier</a>)</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>kurierc</p></td>
<td><p>Kurier condensed</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>kurierl</p></td>
<td><p>Kurier light</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>kurierlc</p></td>
<td><p>Kurier light condensed</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>mdbch</p></td>
<td><p>Math Design Charter (<a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/mathdesign.html">mathdesign</a>)</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>mdput</p></td>
<td><p>Math Design Utopia</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>mdugm</p></td>
<td><p>Math Design Garamond</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>neohellenic</p></td>
<td><p>Neohellenic (<a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/gfsneohellenic.html">gfsneohellenic</a>)</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>ntxmi</p></td>
<td><p>Times (<a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/newtx.html">newtx</a>)</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>nxlmi</p></td>
<td><p>Libertine (<a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/newtx.html">newtx</a>)</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>plcm</p></td>
<td><p>CM (PLaTeX)</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>ptmom</p></td>
<td><p>Times (Omega or MB-Times)</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>ptmomu</p></td>
<td><p>Times (Omega or MB-Times)</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>ptmcm</p></td>
<td><p>Times (<a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/mathptmx.html">mathptmx</a>)</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>pxr</p></td>
<td><p>Palatino (<a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/pxfonts.html">pxfonts</a>)</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>qpl</p></td>
<td><p>Palatino/Pagella (qpxmath)</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>qtm</p></td>
<td><p>Times/Termes (qtxmath)</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>txr</p></td>
<td><p>Times (<a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/txfonts.html">txfonts</a>)</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>udidot</p></td>
<td><p>Didot (<a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/gfsdidot.html">gfsdidot</a>)</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>ywclm</p></td>
<td><p>(<a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/greektex.html">greektex</a>)</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>zavm</p></td>
<td><p>Arev (Vera Sans-Serif)</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>zplm</p></td>
<td><p>Palatino (<a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/mathpazo.html">mathpazo</a>)</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>zpple</p></td>
<td><p>Palatino</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>ztmcm</p></td>
<td><p>Times (<a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/mathptmx.html">mathptmx</a>)</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>zer</p></td>
<td><p>Computer Modern (<a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/zefonts.html">zefonts</a>)</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td><p>✓</p></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="booktabs numbered align-left" id="table-4">
<caption>Non-CM fonts with <tt class="literal">cmm</tt> as OML substitution</caption>
<colgroup>
<col width="30%" />
<col width="70%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr><th class="head"><p>Family</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>Name</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td><p>bch</p></td>
<td><p>Charter (psnfss)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>pag</p></td>
<td><p>Avant Garde (psnfss)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>pbk</p></td>
<td><p>Bookman (psnfss)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>pcr</p></td>
<td><p>Courier (psnfss)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>phv</p></td>
<td><p>Helvetica (psnfss)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>pnc</p></td>
<td><p>New Century Schoolbook (psnfss)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>ppl</p></td>
<td><p>Palatino (psnfss)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>ptm</p></td>
<td><p>Times Roman (psnfss)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>put</p></td>
<td><p>Utopia (psnfss)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>pzc</p></td>
<td><p>Zapf Chancery (psnfss)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>uag</p></td>
<td><p>Avant Garde (avantgar)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>ubk</p></td>
<td><p>Bookman (bookman)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>ucr</p></td>
<td><p>Courier (courier)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>ucrs</p></td>
<td><p>Courier</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>unc</p></td>
<td><p>New Century Schoolbook (psnfss)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>uni</p></td>
<td><p>Universal (universa)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>uhv</p></td>
<td><p>Helvetica (helvetic)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>upl</p></td>
<td><p>Palatino (palatino)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>utm</p></td>
<td><p>Times (times)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>uzc</p></td>
<td><p>Zapf Chancery (zapfchan)</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="unicode-mathematical-typesetting">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id51"><span class="sectnum">4.3</span> Unicode mathematical typesetting</a></h2>
<p>This section compares <a class="reference internal" href="#math-font-selection">math font selection</a> in LaTeX and Unicode. It
suggests a set of 14 math alphabet commands that covers all Unicode
<a class="reference internal" href="#mathematical-alphanumeric-symbols">mathematical alphanumeric symbols</a> and discusses compatibility issues
between math typesetting with traditional (8-bit) TeX engines versus <a class="reference internal" href="#the-unicode-math-package">the
unicode-math package</a> for Unicode-enabled TeX engines (XeTeX, LuaTeX).</p>
<p>The technical report <a class="citation-reference" href="#tr25" id="id22">[tr25]</a> presents an in-depth discussion of the
mathematical character repertoire of the Unicode Standard as well as
mathematical notation in general.</p>
<div class="section" id="unicode-mathematical-alphabets">
<span id="mathematical-alphanumeric-symbols"></span><h3><span class="sectnum">4.3.1</span> Unicode mathematical alphabets</h3>
<p>Chapter 2 <cite>Mathematical Character Repertoire</cite> of <a class="citation-reference" href="#tr25" id="id23">[tr25]</a> lists 14
<cite>Mathematical Alphabets</cite> in Table 2.1. These mathematical alphabets are a
superset of the predefined <a class="reference internal" href="#math-alphabets">math alphabets</a> in the LaTeX core.</p>
<p>Unicode assigns code points to most letters of the mathematical
alphabets in the <a class="reference external" href="http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1D400.pdf">mathematical alphanumeric symbols Unicode block</a>.
The plain (upright) letters have been unified with the
existing characters in the Basic Latin and Greek blocks.</p>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#table-5">Table&nbsp;5</a> maps the 14 Unicode mathematical alphabets to LaTeX commands
according to the <a class="reference internal" href="#naming-scheme">naming scheme</a> below. <a class="reference internal" href="#table-6">Table&nbsp;6</a> lists the status of
LaTeX support for the mathematical alphanumeric symbols.</p>
<div class="section" id="naming-scheme">
<h4><span class="sectnum">4.3.1.1</span> Naming scheme</h4>
<p>The naming scheme is an extension of the predefined <a class="reference internal" href="#math-alphabet">math alphabet</a>
commands with the established short-cuts:</p>
<table class="borderless booktabs numbered align-left">
<colgroup>
<col width="14%" />
<col width="86%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr><td><p>bf</p></td>
<td><p>bold</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>it</p></td>
<td><p>italic</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>cal</p></td>
<td><p>script (calligraphic)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>frak</p></td>
<td><p>fraktur</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>bb</p></td>
<td><p>double-struck (blackboard bold)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>sf</p></td>
<td><p>sans serif</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>combined to commands in the form <tt class="literal"><span class="pre">\math&lt;type&gt;&lt;weight&gt;&lt;shape&gt;</span></tt>.</p>
<p>The &lt;<em>type</em>&gt;, &lt;<em>weight</em>&gt;, and &lt;<em>shape</em>&gt; specifiers are optional
(defaults depend on the <a class="reference internal" href="#math-version">math version</a>). Their order matches the
names of Unicode <a class="reference internal" href="#mathematical-alphanumeric-symbols">Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols</a>.</p>
<p>Examples:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">\mathbf{d}     % MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL D
\mathsfbfit{d} % MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL D.
</pre>
<table class="booktabs numbered align-left" id="table-5">
<caption>Mapping Unicode <a class="reference internal" href="#mathematical-alphanumeric-symbols">mathematical alphanumeric symbols</a> to LaTeX
math alphabets.</caption>
<colgroup>
<col width="16%" />
<col width="13%" />
<col width="20%" />
<col width="28%" />
<col width="23%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr><th class="head"><p>serifs</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>weight</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>shape</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>symbols</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>math alphabet</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td><p><em>serif</em></p></td>
<td><p><em>medium</em></p></td>
<td><p><em>upright</em></p></td>
<td><p>Latin/Greek/digits<a class="footnote-reference" href="#up" id="id24"><sup>6</sup></a></p></td>
<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathrm</tt></p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><!--  -->
</td>
<td><p>bold</p></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td><p>Latin/Greek/digits</p></td>
<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathbf</tt></p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><!--  -->
</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td><p>italic</p></td>
<td><p>Latin/Greek</p></td>
<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathit</tt></p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><!--  -->
</td>
<td><p>bold</p></td>
<td><p>italic</p></td>
<td><p>Latin/Greek</p></td>
<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathbfit</tt></p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><!--  -->
</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td><p>script</p></td>
<td><p>Latin</p></td>
<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathcal</tt></p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><!--  -->
</td>
<td><p>bold</p></td>
<td><p>script</p></td>
<td><p>Latin</p></td>
<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathbfcal</tt></p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><!--  -->
</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td><p>fraktur</p></td>
<td><p>Latin</p></td>
<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathfrak</tt></p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><!--  -->
</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td><p>double-struck</p></td>
<td><p>Latin/digits</p></td>
<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathbb</tt></p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><!--  -->
</td>
<td><p>bold</p></td>
<td><p>fraktur</p></td>
<td><p>Latin</p></td>
<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathbffrak</tt></p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>sans serif</p></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td><p>Latin/digits</p></td>
<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathsf</tt></p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>sans serif</p></td>
<td><p>bold</p></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td><p>Latin/Greek/digits</p></td>
<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathsfbf</tt></p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>sans serif</p></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td><p>italic</p></td>
<td><p>Latin</p></td>
<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathsfit</tt></p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>sans serif</p></td>
<td><p>bold</p></td>
<td><p>italic</p></td>
<td><p>Latin/Greek</p></td>
<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathsfbfit</tt></p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><!--  -->
</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td><p>monospace</p></td>
<td><p>Latin/digits</p></td>
<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathtt</tt></p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<dl class="footnote"><dt class="label">6</dt>
<dd id="up">
<em>(<a class="fn-backref" href="#id24">1</a>, <a class="fn-backref" href="#id25">2</a>)</em> <p class="last">plain standard characters outside the
<cite>mathematical alphanumeric symbols</cite> Unicode block.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="latex-support">
<h4><span class="sectnum">4.3.1.2</span> LaTeX support</h4>
<p>Most commonly used math alphabets are supported either by the TeX kernel
or additional packages. Full support is only provided by <a class="reference internal" href="#the-unicode-math-package">the unicode-math
package</a>.</p>
<table class="booktabs numbered align-left" id="table-6">
<caption>LaTeX support for <a class="reference internal" href="#mathematical-alphanumeric-symbols">mathematical alphanumeric symbols</a>.</caption>
<colgroup>
<col width="18%" />
<col width="38%" />
<col width="43%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr><th class="head"><p>style</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>math alphabet</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>package, comment</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td><p>plain<a class="footnote-reference" href="#up" id="id25"><sup>6</sup></a></p></td>
<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathrm</tt></p></td>
<td><p>predefined<a class="footnote-reference" href="#no-g" id="id26"><sup>7</sup></a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><!--  -->
</td>
<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathup</tt></p></td>
<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/unicode-math.html">unicode-math</a>, <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/kpfonts.html">kpfonts</a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>bf</p></td>
<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathbf</tt></p></td>
<td><p>predefined<a class="footnote-reference" href="#no-g" id="id27"><sup>7</sup></a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>it</p></td>
<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathit</tt></p></td>
<td><p>predefined<a class="footnote-reference" href="#no-g" id="id28"><sup>7</sup></a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>bf it</p></td>
<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathbfit</tt></p></td>
<td><p>isomath<a class="footnote-reference" href="#digits" id="id29"><sup>8</sup></a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><!--  -->
</td>
<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathbold</tt></p></td>
<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/fixmath.html">fixmath</a>, <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/mathpazo.html">mathpazo</a>,
<a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/mathptmx.html">mathptmx</a>, <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/tmmath.html">tmmath</a><a class="footnote-reference" href="#digits" id="id30"><sup>8</sup></a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><!--  -->
</td>
<td><p><tt class="literal">\boldsymbol</tt></p></td>
<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/amsmath.html">amsmath</a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><!--  -->
</td>
<td><p><tt class="literal">\bm</tt></p></td>
<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/bm.html">bm</a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>cal</p></td>
<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathcal</tt></p></td>
<td><p>predefined<a class="footnote-reference" href="#script" id="id31"><sup>9</sup></a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><!--  -->
</td>
<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathscr</tt></p></td>
<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/mathrsfs.html">mathrsfs</a>, <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/euscript.html">euscript</a>,
<a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/mathdesign.html">mathdesign</a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>bf cal</p></td>
<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathbfscr</tt></p></td>
<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/unicode-math.html">unicode-math</a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>frak</p></td>
<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathfrak</tt></p></td>
<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/amssymb.html">amssymb</a>, <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/amsfonts.html">amsfonts</a>, <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/eufrak.html">eufrak</a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>bf frak</p></td>
<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathbffrak</tt></p></td>
<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/unicode-math.html">unicode-math</a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>bb</p></td>
<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathbb</tt></p></td>
<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/amssymb.html">amssymb</a>, <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/bbold.html">bbold</a>,
<a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/mathbbol.html">mathbbol</a>, <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/mbboard.html">mbboard</a>,
<a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/mathpazo.html">mathpazo</a>, <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/sbbm.html">sbbm</a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><!--  -->
</td>
<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathbbm</tt></p></td>
<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/bbm.html">bbm</a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><!--  -->
</td>
<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathds</tt></p></td>
<td><p>dsfont (<a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/doublestoke.html">doublestoke</a>)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>sf</p></td>
<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathsf</tt></p></td>
<td><p>predefined<a class="footnote-reference" href="#no-g" id="id32"><sup>7</sup></a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>sf bf</p></td>
<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathbfsfup</tt></p></td>
<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/unicode-math.html">unicode-math</a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>sf    it</p></td>
<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathsfit</tt></p></td>
<td><p>isomath<a class="footnote-reference" href="#digits" id="id33"><sup>8</sup></a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>sf bf it</p></td>
<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathsfbfit</tt></p></td>
<td><p>isomath<a class="footnote-reference" href="#digits" id="id34"><sup>8</sup></a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><!--  -->
</td>
<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathbold</tt></p></td>
<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/cmbright.html">cmbright</a>, <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/hvmath.html">hvmath</a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><!--  -->
</td>
<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathbfsfit</tt></p></td>
<td><p><a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/unicode-math.html">unicode-math</a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>tt</p></td>
<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathtt</tt></p></td>
<td><p>predefined<a class="footnote-reference" href="#no-g" id="id35"><sup>7</sup></a></p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<dl class="footnote"><dt class="label">7</dt>
<dd id="no-g">
<em>(<a class="fn-backref" href="#id26">1</a>, <a class="fn-backref" href="#id27">2</a>, <a class="fn-backref" href="#id28">3</a>, <a class="fn-backref" href="#id32">4</a>, <a class="fn-backref" href="#id35">5</a>)</em> <p class="last">no small Greek, full Greek with <a class="reference internal" href="#omlmath">OMLmath*</a> options and
OML-encoded fonts</p>
</dd>
<dt class="label">8</dt>
<dd id="digits">
<em>(<a class="fn-backref" href="#id29">1</a>, <a class="fn-backref" href="#id30">2</a>, <a class="fn-backref" href="#id33">3</a>, <a class="fn-backref" href="#id34">4</a>)</em> <p class="last">Some italic math fonts (e. g., cmr, cmbr) have old-style
numbers in place of italic digits.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id31">9</a></dt>
<dd id="script">
<p class="first last">formal script with <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/calrsfs.html">calrsfs</a>, <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/eucal.html">eucal</a>, <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/fourier.html">fourier</a>,
small Latin letters only with <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/urwchancal.html">urwchancal</a></p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="the-unicode-math-package">
<h3><span class="sectnum">4.3.2</span> The unicode-math package</h3>
<p>Users of UTF-8 enabled TeX engines (XeTeX, LuaTeX) can typeset
mathematics with the experimental <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/unicode-math.html">unicode-math</a> package by Will
Robertson. It provides a LaTeX interface to OpenType fonts with math
support, e. g., <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/asana-math.html">Asana Math</a>, Cambria Math, <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/khaledhosny/euler-otf">New Euler</a> or <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/xits.html">XITS</a>, with
commands to access the complete mathematical character repertoire of the
Unicode Standard.</p>
<p>LaTeX <a class="reference internal" href="#math-font-selection">math font selection</a> methods with unicode-math:</p>
<ul>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#math-alphabets">Math alphabets</a> map to a range of the <a class="reference internal" href="#mathematical-alphanumeric-symbols">mathematical alphanumeric
symbols</a> block in the current font (or a substitution defined with the
<tt class="literal">range</tt> math font option).</p>
<p>Some command names differ from the <a class="reference internal" href="#predefined-math-alphabets">predefined math alphabets</a> or the
above <a class="reference internal" href="#naming-scheme">naming scheme</a>:</p>
<table class="borderless booktabs numbered align-left">
<colgroup>
<col width="50%" />
<col width="50%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr><th class="head"><p>LaTeX</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>unicode-math</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td><p><tt class="literal">\mathbf</tt></p></td>
<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathbfup</tt></p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p><tt class="literal">\mathsf</tt></p></td>
<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathsfup</tt></p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p><tt class="literal">\mathsfbf</tt></p></td>
<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathbfsfup</tt></p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p><tt class="literal">\mathsfbfit</tt></p></td>
<td><p><tt class="literal">\mathbfsfit</tt></p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>With unicode-math, <tt class="literal">\mathbf</tt>, <tt class="literal">\mathsf</tt>, and <tt class="literal">\mathsfbf</tt>
behave similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#in-line-math-versions">“in-line math versions”</a>: they consider the
<a class="reference internal" href="#math-style">math style</a> for upright vs. italic shape. Compatibility can be
achieved via the options <tt class="literal"><span class="pre">bold-style=upright</span></tt> and
<tt class="literal"><span class="pre">sans-style=upright</span></tt>.</p>
<p><tt class="literal">\mathbfsfit</tt> reverses the order of the <tt class="literal">sf</tt> and <tt class="literal">bf</tt> selectors,
so that, e. g., the Unicode character MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD
ITALIC CAPITAL A is selected by the non-mnemonic <tt class="literal">\mathbfsfit{A}</tt>.</p>
</li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#math-versions">Math versions</a> can be set up using the syntax
<tt class="literal"><span class="pre">\setmathfont[version=&lt;version</span> <span class="pre">name&gt;,&lt;font</span> <span class="pre">features&gt;]{&lt;font</span> name&gt;}</tt></p></li>
<li><p>Several <a class="reference internal" href="#math-styles">math styles</a> are supported with the <tt class="literal"><span class="pre">math-style</span></tt> package
option that accepts the values <tt class="literal">TeX</tt>, <tt class="literal">ISO</tt>, <tt class="literal">french</tt>, <tt class="literal">upright</tt>,
and <tt class="literal">literal</tt>.</p></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="conclusions-and-outlook">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id52"><span class="sectnum">4.4</span> Conclusions and outlook</a></h2>
<p>It is hoped, that in the future more font families will support the
OML encoding in normal and bold weight as well as upright and italic
shape. This would be a major step towards a LaTeX equivalent of the
<a class="reference internal" href="#mathematical-alphanumeric-symbols">mathematical alphanumeric symbols</a> Unicode block.</p>
<p>This should be (relatively) easy to achieve via virtual fonts when the
glyphs for the Greek letters already exist. Examples are Latin Modern,
Kerkis, GFS Neohellenic, LX Fonts and KP-Serif.</p>
<p>Upright small Greek letters in <tt class="literal">\mathrm</tt> would enable the
specification of the constant pi, Myons, Pions, alpha-particles,
photons, and neutrinos with <a class="reference internal" href="#math-alphabets">math alphabets</a>. (With <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/mathdesign.html">mathdesign</a>
fonts, this is already possible today.)</p>
<p>With the development of the <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/entries/unicode-math.html">unicode-math</a> package, an interesting
alternative for ISO-conforming math typesetting became available to
users of Unicode-enabled TeX engines (XeTeX or LuaTeX).</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="references">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id53"><span class="sectnum">5</span> References</a></h1>
<dl class="citation"><dt class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id7">[ISO-80000-2]</a></dt>
<dd id="iso-80000-2">
<p class="first last"><cite>Quantities and units – Part 2: Mathematical signs
and symbols to be used in the natural sciences and technology</cite>:
<a class="reference external" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=31887">http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=31887</a>.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="citation"><dt class="label">[ISO-31]</dt>
<dd id="iso-31">
<p class="first last"><cite>Quantities and units</cite>, Superseded by [ISO-80000].</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="citation"><dt class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id1">[typefaces]</a></dt>
<dd id="typefaces">
<p class="first last">National Institute of Standards and Technology (<a class="reference external" href="http://physics.nist.gov/">NIST</a>),
<cite>Typefaces for Symbols in Scientific Manuscripts</cite>:
<a class="reference external" href="http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/pdf/typefaces.pdf">http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/pdf/typefaces.pdf</a>.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="citation"><dt class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id2">[checklist]</a></dt>
<dd id="checklist">
<p class="first last">National Institute of Standards and Technology (<a class="reference external" href="http://physics.nist.gov/">NIST</a>),
<cite>SI Unit rules and style conventions</cite>
Check List for Reviewing Manuscripts:
<a class="reference external" href="http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/checklist.html">http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/checklist.html</a>.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="citation"><dt class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id4">[fonts_for_symbols]</a></dt>
<dd id="fonts-for-symbols">
<p class="first last">International Union of Pure and Applied
Chemistry (<a class="reference external" href="http://iupac.org/">IUPAC</a>), <cite>On the use of italic and roman fonts for symbols
in scientific text</cite>, (Revised December 1999):
<a class="reference external" href="http://old.iupac.org/standing/idcns/fonts_for_symbols.html">http://old.iupac.org/standing/idcns/fonts_for_symbols.html</a>.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="citation"><dt class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id3">[SI]</a></dt>
<dd id="si">
<p class="first last">Bureau international des poids et mesures (<a class="reference external" href="http://www.bipm.org/">BIPM</a>),
<cite>The International System of Units (SI)</cite>:
<a class="reference external" href="http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/">http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/</a>.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="citation"><dt class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id6">[Green-Book]</a></dt>
<dd id="green-book">
<p class="first last">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (<a class="reference external" href="http://iupac.org/">IUPAC</a>),
<cite>Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry</cite>,
3rd edition, RSC Publishing, Cambridge 2007:
[ISBN 0 85404 433 7; ISBN-13 978 0 85404 433 7].</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="citation"><dt class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id5">[Red-Book]</a></dt>
<dd id="red-book">
<p class="first last">International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (<a class="reference external" href="http://www.iupap.org/">IUPAP</a>),
<cite>Symbols, Units, Nomenclature and Fundamental Constants in Physics</cite>:
<a class="reference external" href="http://metrology.wordpress.com/measurement-process-index/iupap-red-book/index-iupap-red-book/">http://metrology.wordpress.com/measurement-process-index/iupap-red-book/index-iupap-red-book/</a>.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="citation"><dt class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id10">[becc97]</a></dt>
<dd id="becc97">
<p class="first last">Claudio Beccari, <cite>Typesetting mathematics for science and
technology according to ISO 31 XI</cite>, TUGboat, Volume 18, 1997, No. 1:
<a class="reference external" href="http://www.tug.org/TUGboat/tb18-1/tb54becc.pdf">http://www.tug.org/TUGboat/tb18-1/tb54becc.pdf</a>.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="citation"><dt class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id21">[encguide]</a></dt>
<dd id="encguide">
<p class="first last">Frank Mittelbach, Robin Fairbairns, Werner Lemberg,
LaTeX3 Project Team, <cite>LaTeX font encodings</cite>:
<a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/macros/latex/doc/encguide.pdf">http://mirror.ctan.org/macros/latex/doc/encguide.pdf</a>.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="citation"><dt class="label">[fntguide]</dt>
<dd id="fntguide">
<em>(<a class="fn-backref" href="#id11">1</a>, <a class="fn-backref" href="#id12">2</a>)</em> <p class="last">LaTeX3 Project Team, <cite>LaTeX 2e font selection</cite>:
<a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/macros/latex/doc/fntguide.pdf">http://mirror.ctan.org/macros/latex/doc/fntguide.pdf</a>.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="citation"><dt class="label">[tr25]</dt>
<dd id="tr25">
<em>(<a class="fn-backref" href="#id18">1</a>, <a class="fn-backref" href="#id22">2</a>, <a class="fn-backref" href="#id23">3</a>)</em> <p class="last">Barbara Beeton, Asmus Freytag, Murray Sargent III,
<cite>Unicode Support for Mathematics</cite>, Unicode Technical Report #25:
<a class="reference external" href="http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr25/">http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr25/</a>.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="citation"><dt class="label">[beeton:2000]</dt>
<dd id="beeton-2000">
<p class="first last">Barbara Beeton:
<cite>Unicode and math, a combination whose time has come – Finally!</cite>,
TUGBoat, 21#3, 2000:
<a class="reference external" href="http://www.tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb21-3/tb68beet.pdf">http://www.tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb21-3/tb68beet.pdf</a>.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
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