\raggedbottom
\appendix
\noindent{\bfseries\ifTUG\large\else\huge\fi Appendix}

\ifTUG
  \def\SecHdSep{\hspace{8pt}}
  \section{A\SecHdSep List of \tipa{} Symbols}
\else
  \section{Annotated List of \tipa{} Symbols}
\fi

\ifTUG
For each symbol the following information is shown: (1) the symbol,
(2) input method in the normal text environment (and a shortcut method 
that can be used within the IPA environment in parenthesis), (3) the
name of the symbol.
\else
For each symbol, a large scale image of the symbol is displayed with a
frame. Within the frame, horizontal lines that indicate
\verb|asc_height|, \verb|x_height|, baseline, and \verb|desc_depth|
are also shown. At the left of a frame, two numbers are given.  The
one at the top of the symbol indicates serial number, and the other at
the bottom is the octal code of the symbol in \tipa{} fonts.

Next, the following informations are shown at the right of each symbol in
this order: (1) the name of the symbol, (2) explanation on its usage
with some examples, (3) input method in typewriter style, (4) the
shapes of the symbol in four \tipa{} styles in normal size
(i.e. roman, slanted, bold extended, sans serif), and finally (5)
sources or references.

Sometimes the input method is displayed in the form of \textit{Input1:
  xxx, Input2: yyy\/}. In such cases \textit{Input1} indicates the one
used in the normal text environment and \textit{Input2} the one used
in the IPA environment.

The following abbreviations are used in the examples of usage and
explanations in the footnote.

\medskip

\emph{extIPA} = \emph{extIPA Symbols for Disordered Speech}

\emph{VoQS} = \emph{Voice Quality Symbols}

\PSG{} = \emph{Phonetic Symbol Guide}~\cite{PSG}

\emph{JIPA} = \emph{Journal of the International Phonetic Association}

\emph{IE} Indo-European

\emph{OHG} Old High German

\emph{OCS} Old Church Slavic

\fi

\ifTUG
  \medskip
  \noindent\textbf{Vowels and Consonants} \label{list:symbols}
  \smallskip
\else
  \subsection{Vowels and Consonants}\label{list:symbols}
\fi

{\setlength\parindent{0pt}
\ifTUG
  \let\tipaskip\relax
\else
  \let\tipaskip\medskip
\fi

\ipaitem{a}{Lower-case A}%
  {open front unrounded vowel}%
  {a}{}{\ipaall}{'141}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textturna}{Turned A}%
  {open-mid--open central unrounded vowel}%
  {\tbs textturna}{5}{\ipaall}{'065}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textscripta}{Script A}%
  {open back unrounded vowel}%
  {\tbs textscripta}{A}{\ipaall}{'101}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textturnscripta}{Turned Script A}%
  {open back rounded vowel}%
  {\tbs textturnscripta}{6}{\ipaall}{'066}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\ae}{Ash}%
  {open-mid--open front unrounded vowel}%
  {\tbs ae}{}{\ipaall}{'346}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textsca}{Small Capital A\footnotemark}%
  {*open central unrounded vowel}%
  {\tbs textsca}{\tbs;A}{}{'300}%
  \footnotetext{This symbol is fairly common among Chinese
    phoneticians.}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textturnv}{Turned V\footnotemark}%
  {open-mid back unrounded vowel}%
  {\tbs textturnv}{2}{\ipaall}{'062}%
  \footnotetext{In \PSG{} this symbol is called `Inverted V' but it is
    apparently a mistake.}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{b}{Lower-case B}%
  {voiced bilabial plosive}%
  {b}{}{\ipaall}{'142}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textsoftsign}{Soft Sign}%
  {*as in \emph{OCS} ogn\textsoftsign{} `fire'.}%
  {\tbs textsoftsign}{}{}{'272}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\texthardsign}{Hard Sign}%
  {*as in \emph{OCS} grad\texthardsign{} `town'.}%
  {\tbs texthardsign}{}{}{'273}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\texthtb}{Hooktop B}%
  {voiced bilabial implosive}%
  {\tbs texthtb}{\tbs!b}{\ipaall}{'341}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textscb}{Small Capital B}%
  {voiced bilabial trill}%
  {\tbs textscb}{\tbs;B}{\ipanew}{'340}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textcrb}{Crossed B}%
  {}%
  {\tbs textcrb}{}{}{'240}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textbarb}{Barred B}%
  {}%
  {\tbs textbarb}{}{}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textbeta}{Beta}%
  {voiced bilabial fricative}%
  {\tbs textbeta}{B}{\ipaall}{'102}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{c}{Lower-case C}%
  {voiceless palatal plosive}%
  {c}{}{\ipaall}{'143}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textbarc}{Barred C}%
  {}%
  {\tbs textbarc}{}{}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\texthtc}{Hooktop C}%
  {voiceless palatal implosive}%
  {\tbs texthtc}{}{IPA '89}{'301}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\v{c}}{C Wedge}%
  {*equivalent to IPA \textteshlig}%
  {\TD{v}{c}}{}{}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\c{c}}{C Cedilla}%
  {voiceless palatal fricative}%
  {\TD{c}{c}}{}{\ipaall}{'347}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textctc}{Curly-tail C}%
  {voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative}%
  {\tbs textctc}{C}{\ipaall}{'103}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textstretchc}{Stretched C\footnotemark}%
  {postalveolar click}%
  {\tbs textstretchc}{}{\ipaold}{'302}%
  \footnotetext{The shape of this symbol differs according to the
    sources. In \PSG{} and recent articles in \emph{JIPA}, it is
    `stretched' toward both the ascender and descender regions and the
    whole shape looks like a thick staple. In the old days, however,
    it was streched only toward the ascender and the whole shape
    looked more like a stretched c.}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{d}{Lower-case D}%
  {voiced dental/alveolar plosive}%
  {d}{}{\ipaall}{'144}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textcrd}{Crossed D}%
  {}%
  {\tbs textcrd}{}{}{'241}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textbard}{Barred D}%
  {}%
  {\tbs textbard}{}{}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\texthtd}{Hooktop D}%
  {voiced dental/alveolar implosive}%
  {\tbs texthtd}{\tbs!d}{\ipaall}{'342}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textrtaild}{Right-tail D}%
  {voiced retroflex plosive}%
  {\tbs textrtaild}{\tbs:d}{\ipaall}{'343}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textctd}{Curly-tail D}%
  {*voiced alveolo-palatal plosive}%
  {\tbs textctd}{}{}{'242}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textdzlig}{D-Z Ligature}%
  {}%
  {\tbs textdzlig}{}{}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textdctzlig}{D-Curly-tail Z Ligature}%
  {}%
  {\tbs textdctzlig}{}{}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textdyoghlig}{D-Yogh Ligature}%
  {voiced alveolar lateral fricative}%
  {\tbs textdyoghlig}{}{\ipaall}{'303}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textctdctzlig}{Curly-tail D-Curly-tail Z Ligature}%
  {}%
  {\tbs textctdctzlig}{}{}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\dh}{Eth}%
  {voiced dental fricative}%
  {\tbs dh}{D}{\ipaall}{'104}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{e}{Lower-case E}%
  {colse-mid front unrounded vowel}%
  {e}{}{\ipaall}{'145}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textschwa}{Schwa}%
  {mid central unrounded vowel}%
  {\tbs textschwa}{@}{\ipaall}{'100}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textrhookschwa}{Right-hook Schwa}%
  {r-colored \textschwa}%
  {\tbs textrhookschwa}{}{\ipaold}{'304}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textreve}{Reversed E}%
  {close-mid central unrounded vowel}%
  {\tbs textreve}{9}{\ipaall}{'071}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textsce}{Small Capital E}%
  {}%
  {\tbs textsce}{\tbs;E}{}{'243}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textepsilon}{Epsilon}%
  {open-mid front unrounded vowel}%
  {\tbs textepsilon}{E}{\ipaall}{'105}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textcloseepsilon}{Closed Epsilon}%
  {open-mid central rounded vowel}%
  {\tbs textcloseepsilon}{}{IPA '93}{'305}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textrevepsilon}{Reversed Epsilon}%
  {open-mid central unrounded vowel}%
  {\tbs textrevepsilon}{3}{\ipaall}{'063}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textrhookrevepsilon}{Right-hook Reversed Epsilon}%
  {r colored \textrevepsilon}%
  {\tbs textrhookrevepsilon}{}{}{'307}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textcloserevepsilon}{Closed Reversed Epsilon}%
  {}%
  {\tbs textcloserevepsilon}{}{}{'306}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{f}{Lower-case F}%
  {voiceless labiodental fricative}%
  {f}{}{\ipaall}{'146}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{g}{Lower-case G}%
  {voiced velar plosive}%
  {\tbs textg}{g}{\ipaall}{'147}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textbarg}{Barred G}%
  {}%
  {\tbs textbarg}{}{}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textcrg}{Crossed G}%
  {}%
  {\tbs textcrg}{}{}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\texthtg}{Hooktop G}%
  {voiced velar implosive}%
  {\tbs texthtg}{\tbs!g}{\ipaall}{'344}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textg}{Text G}%
  {}%
  {g}{\tbs textg}{}{'244}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textscg}{Small Capital G}%
  {voiced uvular plosive}%
  {\tbs textscg}{\tbs;G}{\ipaall}{'345}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\texthtscg}{Hooktop Small Capital G}%
  {voiced uvular implosive}%
  {\tbs texthtscg}{\tbs!G}{\ipanew}{'311}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textgamma}{Gamma}%
  {voiced velar fricative}%
  {\tbs textgamma}{G}{\ipaall}{'107}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textbabygamma}{Baby Gamma}%
  {close-mid back unrounded vowel}%
  {\tbs textbabygamma}{}{\ipaold}{'310}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textramshorns}{Ram's Horns}%
  {close-mid back unrounded vowel}%
  {\tbs textramshorns}{7}{\ipanew}{'067}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{h}{Lower-case H}%
  {voiceless glottal fricative}%
  {h}{}{\ipaall}{'150}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\texthvlig}{H-V Ligature}%
  {*as in \emph{Gothic} \texthvlig{}as `what'.}%
  {\tbs texthvlig}{}{}{'377}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textcrh}{Crossed H}%
  {voiceless pharyngeal fricative}%
  {\tbs textcrh}{}{\ipaall}{'350}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\texthth}{Hooktop H}%
  {voiced glottal fricative}%
  {\tbs texthth}{H}{\ipaall}{'110}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\texththeng}{Hooktop Heng}%
  {simultaneous \textesh\ and x}%
  {\tbs texththeng}{}{\ipaall}{'312}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textturnh}{Turned H}%
  {voiced labial-palatal approximant}%
  {\tbs textturnh}{4}{\ipaall}{'064}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textsch}{Small Capital H}%
  {voiceless epiglottal fricative}%
  {\tbs textsch}{\tbs;H}{\ipanew}{'313}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{i}{Lower-case I}%
  {close front unrounded vowel}%
  {i}{}{\ipaall}{'151}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\i}{Undotted I}%
  {}%
  {\tbs i}{}{}{'031}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textbari}{Barred I}%
  {close central unrounded vowel}%
  {\tbs textbari}{1}{\ipaall}{'061}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textiota}{Iota}%
  {}%
  {\tbs textiota}{}{\ipaold}{'314}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textlhti}{Left-hooktop I\footnotemark}%
  {}%
  {\tbs textlhti}{}{}{'245}%
  \footnotetext{The four symbols \textlhti, \textlhtlongi, \textvibyi{}
    and \textraisevibyi{} are mainly used among Chinese linguists. These
    symbols are based on ``det svenska landsm\aa{}lsalfabetet'' and
    introduced to China by Bernhard Karlgren. The original shapes of
    these symbols were in italic as was always the case with 
    ``det svenska landsm\aa{}lsalfabetet''. It seems that the Chinese
    linguists who wanted to continue to use these symbols in IPA
    changed their shapes upright.}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textlhtlongi}{Left-hooktop Long I}%
  {}%
  {\tbs textlhtlongi}{}{}{'246}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textvibyi}{Viby I\footnotemark}%
  {}%
  {\tbs textvibyi}{}{}{'247}%
  \footnotetext{I call this symbol `Viby I', based on the
    following description by Bernhard Karlgren: ``Une voyelle tr\`es
    analogue \`a \textvibyi{} se rencontre dans certains dial.\ su\'edois;
    on l'appelle `i de Viby'.''({\itshape \'Etudes sur la phonologie
      chinoise}, 1915--26, p.~295)\label{vibyi}}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textraisevibyi}{Raised Viby I}%
  {}%
  {\tbs textraisevibyi}{}{}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textsci}{Small Capital I}%
  {close--close-mid front unrounded vowel}%
  {\tbs textsci}{I}{\ipanew}{'111}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{j}{Lower-case J}%
  {voiced palatal approximant}%
  {j}{}{\ipaall}{'152}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\j}{Undotted J}%
  {}%
  {\tbs j}{}{}{'032}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textctj}{Curly-tail J\footnotemark}%
  {voiced palatal fricative}%
  {\tbs textctj}{J}{\ipanew}{'112}%
  \footnotetext{In the official IPA charts of '89 and '93, this symbol 
    has a dish serif on top of the stem, rather than the normal sloped 
    serif found in the letter j. I found no reason why it should have
    a dish serif here, so I changed it to a normal sloped serif.}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textscj}{Small Capital J}%
  {}%
  {\tbs textscj}{\tbs;J}{}{'250}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\v{\j}}{J Wedge}%
  {*equivalent to IPA \textdyoghlig}%
  {\TD{v}{\tbs j}}{}{}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textbardotlessj}{Barred Dotless J}%
  {voiced palatal plosive}%
  {\tbs textbardotlessj}{}{\ipanew}{'351}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textObardotlessj}{Old Barred Dotless J}%
  {voiced palatal plosive}%
  {\tbs textObardotlessj}{}{\ipaold}{'315}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\texthtbardotlessj}{Hooktop Barred Dotless J\footnotemark}%
  {voiced palatal implosive}%
  {\tbs texthtbardotlessj}{\tbs!j}{\ipanew}{'352}%
  \footnotetext{In \PSG{} the shape of this symbol slightly
    differs. Here I followed the shape found in IPA '89, '93.}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{k}{Lower-case K}%
  {voiceless velar plosive}%
  {k}{}{\ipaall}{'153}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\texthtk}{Hooktop K}%
  {voiceless velar inplosive}%
  {\tbs texthtk}{}{IPA '89}{'316}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textturnk}{Turned K}%
  {}%
  {\tbs textturnk}{\tbs*k}{}{'251}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{l}{Lower-case L}%
  {alveolar lateral approximant}%
  {l}{}{\ipaall}{'154}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textltilde}{L with Tilde}%
  {}%
  {\tbs textltilde}{\tbs|\ttilde l}{\ipaall}{'353}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textbarl}{Barred L}%
  {}%
  {\tbs textbarl}{}{}{'252}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textbeltl}{Belted L}%
  {voiceless alveolar lateral fricative}%
  {\tbs textbeltl}{}{\ipaall}{'354}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textrtaill}{Right-tail L}%
  {retroflex lateral approximant}%
  {\tbs textrtaill}{\tbs:l}{\ipaall}{'355}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textlyoghlig}{L-Yogh Ligature}%
  {voiced alveolar lateral fricative}%
  {\tbs textlyoghlig}{}{\ipanew}{'320}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textOlyoghlig}{Old L-Yogh Ligature}%
  {voiced alveolar lateral fricative}%
  {\tbs textOlyoghlig}{}{\ipaold}{'254}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textscl}{Small Capital L}%
  {velar lateral approximant}%
  {\tbs textscl}{\tbs;L}{\ipanew}{'317}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textlambda}{Lambda}%
  {}%
  {\tbs textlambda}{}{}{'253}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textcrlambda}{Crossed Lambda}%
  {}%
  {\tbs textcrlambda}{}{}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{m}{Lower-case M}%
  {bilabial nasal}%
  {m}{}{\ipaall}{'155}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textltailm}{Left-tail M (at right)}%
  {labiodental nasal}%
  {\tbs textltailm}{M}{\ipaall}{'115}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textturnm}{Turned M}%
  {close back unrounded vowel}%
  {\tbs textturnm}{W}{\ipaall}{'127}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textturnmrleg}{Turned M, Right Leg}%
  {velar approximant}%
  {\tbs textturnmrleg}{}{IPA '79, '89, '93}{'356}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{n}{Lower-case N}%
  {dental/alveolar nasal}%
  {n}{}{\ipaall}{'156}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textnrleg}{N, Right Leg}%
  {}%
  {\tbs textnrleg}{}{IPA '49}{'256}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\~n}{N with Tilde}%
  {}%
  {\tbs\ttilde n}{}{}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textltailn}{Left-tail N (at left)}%
  {palatal nasal}%
  {\tbs textltailn}{}{\ipaall}{'361}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\ng}{Eng}%
  {velar nasal}%
  {\tbs ng}{N}{\ipaall}{'116}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textrtailn}{Right-tail N}%
  {retroflex nasal}%
  {\tbs textrtailn}{\tbs:n}{\ipaall}{'357}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textctn}{Curly-tail N}%
  {*alveolo-palatal nasal}%
  {\tbs textctn}{}{}{'255}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textscn}{Small Capital N}%
  {uvular nasal}%
  {\tbs textscn}{\tbs;N}{\ipaall}{'360}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{o}{Lower-case O}%
  {close-mid back rounded vowel}%
  {o}{}{\ipaall}{'157}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textbullseye}{Bull's Eye}%
  {bilabial click}%
  {\tbs textbullseye}{\tbs!o}{IPA '79, '89, '93}{'362}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textbaro}{Barred O}%
  {close-mid central rounded vowel}%
  {\tbs textbaro}{8}{\ipaall}{'070}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\o}{Slashed O}%
  {close-mid front rounded vowel}%
  {\tbs o}{}{\ipaall}{'370}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\oe}{O-E Ligature}%
  {open-mid front rounded vowel}%
  {\tbs oe}{}{\ipaall}{'367}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textscoelig}{Small Capital O-E Ligature}%
  {open front rounded vowel}%
  {\tbs textscoelig}{\tbs OE}{IPA '79, '89, '93}{'327}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textopeno}{Open O}%
  {open-mid back rounded vowel}%
  {\tbs textopeno}{O}{\ipaall}{'117}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textturncelig}{Turned C(Open O)-E Ligature}%
  {}%
  {\tbs textturncelig}{}{}{'257}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textomega}{Omega}%
  {}%
  {\tbs textomega}{}{}{'260}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textscomega}{Small Capital Omega}%
  {}%
  {\tbs textscomega}{}{}{'261}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textcloseomega}{Closed Omega}%
  {}%
  {\tbs textcloseomega}{}{\ipaold}{'321}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{p}{Lower-case P}%
  {voiceless bilabial plosive}%
  {p}{}{\ipaall}{'160}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textwynn}{Wynn}%
  {}%
  {\tbs textwynn}{}{}{'337}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textthorn}{Thorn}%
  {}%
  {\tbs textthorn}{\tbs th}{}{'376}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\texthtp}{Hooktop P}%
  {voiceless bilabial implosive}%
  {\tbs texthtp}{}{IPA '89}{'322}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textphi}{Phi}%
  {voiceless bilabial fricative}%
  {\tbs textphi}{F}{\ipaall}{'106}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{q}{Lower-case Q}%
  {voiceless uvular plosive}%
  {q}{}{\ipaall}{'161}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\texthtq}{Hooktop Q}%
  {voiceless uvular implosive}%
  {\tbs texthtq}{}{IPA '89}{'323}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textscq}{Small Capital Q\footnotemark}%
  {*voiceless pharyngeal plosive}%
  {\tbs textscq}{\tbs;Q}{}{'262}%
  \footnotetext{Suggested by Prof S. Tsuchida for Austronesian
    languages in Taiwan. In \PSG{} `Female Sign' and `Uncrossed Female
    Sign'(pp.~110--111) are noted for pharyngeal stops, as proposed by
    Trager (1964). Also I'm not sure about the difference between an
    epiglottal plosive and a pharyngeal stop.}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{r}{Lower-case R}%
  {alveolar trill}%
  {r}{}{\ipaall}{'162}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textfishhookr}{Fish-hook R}%
  {alveolar tap or flap}%
  {\tbs textfishhookr}{R}{\ipaall}{'122}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textlonglegr}{Long-leg R}%
  {alveolar fricative trill}%
  {\tbs textlonglegr}{}{\ipaold}{'324}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textrtailr}{Right-tail R}%
  {retroflex tap or flap}%
  {\tbs textrtailr}{\tbs:r}{\ipaall}{'363}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textturnr}{Turned R}%
  {alveolar approximant}%
  {\tbs textturnr}{\tbs*r}{\ipaall}{'364}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textturnrrtail}{Turned R, Right Tail}%
  {retroflex approximant}%
  {\tbs textturnrrtail}{\tbs:R}{\ipaall}{'365}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textturnlonglegr}{Turned Long-leg R}%
  {alveolar lateral flap}%
  {\tbs textturnlonglegr}{}{\ipaall}{'325}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textscr}{Small Capital R}%
  {uvular trill}%
  {\tbs textscr}{\tbs;R}{\ipaall}{'366}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textinvscr}{Inverted Small Capital R}%
  {voiced uvular fricative}%
  {\tbs textinvscr}{K}{\ipaall}{'113}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{s}{Lower-case S}%
  {voiceless alveolar fricative}%
  {s}{}{\ipaall}{'163}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\v{s}}{S Wedge}%
  {*equivalent to IPA \textesh}%
  {\TD{v}{s}}{}{}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textrtails}{Right-tail S (at left)}%
  {voiceless retroflex fricative}%
  {\tbs textrtails}{\tbs:s}{\ipaall}{'371}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textesh}{Esh}%
  {voiceless postalveolar fricative}%
  {\tbs textesh}{S}{\ipaall}{'123}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textdoublebaresh}{Doube-barred Esh}%
  {}%
  {\tbs textdoublebaresh}{}{}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textctesh}{Curly-tail Esh}%
  {palatalized \textesh}%
  {\tbs textctesh}{}{\ipaold}{'263}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{t}{Lower-case T}%
  {voiceless dental/alveolar plosive}%
  {t}{}{\ipaall}{'164}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\texthtt}{Hooktop T}%
  {voiceless dental/alveolar implosive}%
  {\tbs texthtt}{}{IPA '89}{'326}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textlhookt}{Left-hook T}%
  {palatalized t}%
  {\tbs textlhookt}{}{}{'264}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textrtailt}{Right-tail T}%
  {voiceless retroflex plosive}%
  {\tbs textrtailt}{\tbs:t}{\ipaall}{'372}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\texttctclig}{T-Curly-tail C Ligature}%
  {}%
  {\tbs texttctclig}{}{}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\texttslig}{T-S Ligature}%
  {}%
  {\tbs texttslig}{}{}{'266}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textteshlig}{T-Esh Ligature}%
  {}%
  {\tbs textteshlig}{}{\ipaall}{'331}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textturnt}{Turned T}%
  {dental click}%
  {\tbs textturnt}{\tbs*t}{\ipaold}{'330}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textctt}{Curly-tail T}%
  {*voiceless alveolo-palatal plosive}%
  {\tbs textctt}{}{}{'265}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textcttctclig}{Curly-tail T-Curly-tail C Ligature}%
  {}%
  {\tbs textcttctclig}{}{}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\texttheta}{Theta}%
  {voiceless dental fricative}%
  {\tbs texttheta}{T}{\ipaall}{'124}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{u}{Lower-case U}%
  {close back rounded vowel}%
  {u}{}{\ipaall}{'165}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textbaru}{Barred U}%
  {close central rounded vowel}%
  {\tbs textbaru}{0}{\ipaall}{'060}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textupsilon}{Upsilon}%
  {close--close-mid back rounded vowel}%
  {\tbs textupsilon}{U}{\ipanew}{'125}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textscu}{Small Capital U}%
  {*equivalent to IPA \textupsilon}%
  {\tbs textscu}{\tbs;U}{\ipaall}{'366}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{v}{Lower-case V}%
  {voiced labiodental fricative}%
  {v}{}{\ipaall}{'166}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textscriptv}{Script V}%
  {labiodental approximant}%
  {\tbs textscriptv}{V}{\ipaall}{'126}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{w}{Lower-case W}%
  {voiced labio-velar approximant}%
  {w}{}{\ipaall}{'167}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textturnw}{Turned W}%
  {voiceless labio-velar approximant}%
  {\tbs textturnw}{\tbs*w}{\ipaall}{'373}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{x}{Lower-case X}%
  {voiceless velar fricative}%
  {x}{}{\ipaall}{'170}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textchi}{Chi}%
  {voiceless uvular fricative}%
  {\tbs textchi}{X}{\ipaall}{'130}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{y}{Lower-case Y}%
  {close front rounded vowel}%
  {y}{}{\ipaall}{'171}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textturny}{Turned Y}%
  {palatal lateral approximant}%
  {\tbs textturny}{L}{\ipaall}{'114}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textscy}{Small Capital Y}%
  {close--close-mid front rounded vowel}%
  {\tbs textscy}{Y}{\ipaall}{'131}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textvibyy}{Viby Y\footnotemark}%
  {}%
  {\tbs textvibyy}{}{}{'267}%
  \footnotetext{See explanations in footnote~\ref{vibyi}.}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{z}{Lower-case Z}%
  {voiced alveolar fricative}%
  {z}{}{\ipaall}{'172}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textcommatailz}{Comma-tail Z}%
  {*as in \emph{OHG} \"e\textcommatailz\textcommatailz an `to eat'.}%
  {\tbs textcommatailz}{}{}{'336}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\v{z}}{Z Wedge}%
  {*equivalent to IPA \textyogh}%
  {\TD{v}{z}}{}{}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textctz}{Curly-tail Z}%
  {voiced alveolo-palatal fricative}%
  {\tbs textctz}{}{\ipaall}{'375}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textrevyogh}{Reversed Yogh}%
  {}%
  {\tbs textrevyogh}{}{}{'271}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textrtailz}{Right-tail Z}%
  {voiced retroflex fricative}%
  {\tbs textrtailz}{\tbs:z}{\ipaall}{'374}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textyogh}{Yogh}%
  {voiced postalveolar fricative}%
  {\tbs textyogh}{Z}{\ipaall}{'132}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textctyogh}{Curly-tail Yogh}%
  {palatalized \textyogh}%
  {\tbs textctyogh}{}{\ipaold}{'270}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textcrtwo}{Crossed 2}%
  {}%
  {\tbs textcrtwo}{}{IPA '49}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textglotstop}{Glottal Stop}%
  {}%
  {\tbs textglotstop}{P}{\ipaall}{'120}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textraiseglotstop}{Superscript Glottal Stop}%
  {}%
  {\tbs textraiseglotstop}{}{}{'274}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textbarglotstop}{Barred Glottal Stop}%
  {epiglottal plosive}%
  {\tbs textbarglotstop}{}{\ipanew}{'334}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textinvglotstop}{Inverted Glottal Stop}%
  {alveolar lateral click}%
  {\tbs textinvglotstop}{}{\ipaold}{'333}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textcrinvglotstop}{Crossed Inverted Glottal Stop}%
  {}%
  {\tbs textcrinvglotstop}{}{IPA '49}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textrevglotstop}{Reversed Glottal Stop}%
  {voiced pharyngeal fricative}%
  {\tbs textrevglotstop}{Q}{\ipaall}{'121}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textbarrevglotstop}{Barred Reversed Glottal Stop}%
  {voiced epiglottal fricative}%
  {\tbs textbarrevglotstop}{}{\ipanew}{'335}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textpipe}{Pipe}%
  {dental click}%
  {\tbs textpipe}{|}{\ipanew}{'174}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textdoublebarpipe}{Double-barred Pipe}%
  {palatoalveolar click}%
  {\tbs textdoublebarpipe}{}{\ipanew}{'175}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textdoublebarslash}{Double-barred Slash}%
  {*a variant of \textdoublebarpipe}%
  {\tbs textdoublebarslash}{}{}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textdoublepipe}{Double Pipe}%
  {alveolar lateral click}%
  {\tbs textdoublepipe}{||}{\ipanew}{'177}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{!}{Exclamation Point}%
  {(post)alveolar click}%
  {!}{}{\ipanew}{'041}\tipaskip


\ifTUG
  \medskip
  \noindent\textbf{Suprasegmentals}
  \smallskip
\else
  \subsection{Suprasegmentals}
\fi

\ipaitem{\textprimstress}{Vertical Stroke (Superior)}%
  {primary stress}%
  {\tbs textprimstress}{"}{\ipaall}{'042}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textsecstress}{Vertical Stroke (Inferior)}%
  {secondary stress}%
  {\tbs textsecstress}{""}{\ipaall}{'177}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textlengthmark}{Length Mark}%
  {long}%
  {\tbs textlengthmark}{:}{\ipaall}{'072}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\texthalflength}{Half-length Mark}%
  {half-long}%
  {\tbs texthalflength}{;}{\ipaall}{'073}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textvertline}{Vertical Line}%
  {minor (foot) group}%
  {\tbs textvertline}{}{\ipanew}{'222}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textdoublevertline}{Double Vertical Line}%
  {major (intonation) group}%
  {\tbs textdoublevertline}{}{\ipanew}{'223}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textbottomtiebar{  }}{Bottom Tie Bar}%
  {linking (absence of a break)}%
  {\tbs textbottomtiebar}{\tbs t*\TT{}}{\ipanew}{'074}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textglobfall}{Downward Diagonal Arrow}%
  {global fall}%
  {\tbs textglobfall}{}{\ipanew}{'224}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textglobrise}{Upward Diagonal Arrow}%
  {global rise}%
  {\tbs textglobrise}{}{\ipanew}{'225}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textdownstep}{Down Arrow\footnotemark}%
  {downstep}%
  {\tbs textdownstep}{}{\ipanew}{'226}%
  \footnotetext{The shapes of \tbs\texttt{textdownstep} and
    \tbs\texttt{textupstep} differ according to sources. Here I followed
    the shapes found in the recent IPA charts.}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textupstep}{Up Arrow}%
  {upstep}%
  {\tbs textupstep}{}{\ipanew}{'227}\tipaskip


\ifTUG
  \medskip
  \noindent\textbf{Accents and Diacritics} \label{list:diacritics}
  \smallskip
\else
  \subsection{Accents and Diacritics}\label{list:diacritics}
\fi

\ipaitem{\`e}{Grave Accent}%
  {low tone}%
  {\tbs`e}{}{\ipaall}{'000}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\'e}{Acute Accent}%
  {high tone}%
  {\tbs'e}{}{\ipaall}{'001}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\^e}{Circumflex Accent}%
  {falling tone}%
  {\tbs\tcircum e}{}{\ipaall}{'002}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\~e}{Tilde}%
  {nasalized}%
  {\tbs\ttilde e}{}{\ipaall}{'003}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\"e}{Umlaut}%
  {centralized}%
  {\tbs"e}{}{\ipaall}{'004}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\H{e}}{Double Acute Accent}%
  {extra high tone}%
  {\TD{H}{e}}{}{\ipanew}{'005}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\r{e}}{Ring}%
  {}%
  {\TD{r}{e}}{}{}{'006}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\v{e}}{Wedge}%
  {rising tone}%
  {\TD{v}{e}}{}{\ipaall}{'007}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\u{e}}{Breve}%
  {extra short}%
  {\TD{u}{e}}{}{\ipaall}{'010}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\=e}{Macron}%
  {}%
  {\tbs=e}{}{}{'011}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\.e}{Dot}%
  {}%
  {\tbs.e}{}{}{'012}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\c{e}}{Cedille}%
  {}%
  {\TD{c}{e}}{}{}{'013}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textpolhook{e}}{Polish Hook (Ogonek Accent)}%
  {}%
  {\TD{textpolhook}{e}}{\TD{k}{e}}{}{'014}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textdoublegrave{e}}{Double Grave Accent}%
  {extra low tone}%
  {\TD{textdoublegrave}{e}}{\tbs H*e}{\ipanew}{'015}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textsubgrave{e}}{Subscript Grave Accent}%
  {low falling tone}%
  {\TD{textsubgrave}{e}}{\tbs`*e}{\ipaold}{'016}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textsubacute{e}}{Subscript Acute Accent}%
  {low rising tone}%
  {\TD{textsubacute}{e}}{\tbs'*e}{\ipaold}{'017}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textsubcircum{e}}{Subscript Circumflex Accent}%
  {}%
  {\TD{textsubcircum}{e}}{\tbs\tcircum*e}{}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textroundcap{g}}{Round Cap}%
  {}%
  {\TD{textroundcap}{g}}{\tbs|c\TT{g}}{}{'020}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textacutemacron{a}}{Acute Accent with Macron}%
  {}%
  {\tbs textacutemacron\TT{a}}{\tbs'=a}{}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textvbaraccent{a}}{Vertical Bar Accent}%
  {}%
  {\tbs textvbaraccent\TT{a}}{}{}{'234}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textdoublevbaraccent{a}}{Double Vertical Bar Accent}%
  {}%
  {\tbs textdoublevbaraccent\TT{a}}{}{}{'235}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textgravedot{e}}{Grave Dot Accent}%
  {}%
  {\TD{textgravedot}{e}}{\tbs`.e}{}{'236}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textdotacute{e}}{Dot Acute Accent}%
  {}%
  {\TD{textdotacute}{e}}{\tbs'.e}{}{'237}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textcircumdot{a}}{Circumflex Dot Accent}%
  {}%
  {\TD{textcircumdot}{a}}{\tbs\tcircum.a}{}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\texttildedot{a}}{Tilde Dot Accent}%
  {}%
  {\TD{texttildedot}{a}}{\tbs \ttilde.a}{}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textbrevemacron{a}}{Breve Macron Accent}%
  {}%
  {\TD{textbrevemacron}{a}}{\tbs u=a}{}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textringmacron{a}}{Ring Macron Accent}%
  {}%
  {\TD{textringmacron}{a}}{\tbs r=a}{}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textacutewedge{s}}{Acute Wedge Accent}%
  {}%
  {\TD{textacutewedge}{s}}{\tbs v's}{}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textdotbreve{a}}{Dot Breve Accent}%
  {}%
  {\TD{textdotbreve}{a}}{}{}{Macro}\tipaskip


\ipaitem{\textsubbridge{t}}{Subscript Bridge}%
  {dental}%
  {\TD{textsubbridge}{t}}{\tbs|[t}{\ipaall}{'021}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textinvsubbridge{d}}{Inverted Subscript Bridge}%
  {apical}%
  {\TD{textinvsubbridge}{d}}{\tbs|]t}{\ipanew}{'022}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textsubsquare{n}}{Subscript Square}%
  {laminal}%
  {\TD{textsubsquare}{n}}{}{\ipanew}{'023}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textsubrhalfring{o}}{Subscript Right Half-ring\footnotemark}%
  {more rounded}%
  {\TD{textsubrhalfring}{o}}{\tbs|)o}{\ipaall}{'024}%
  \footnotetext{Diacritics {\tt\tbs textsubrhalfring} and
    {\tt\tbs textsublhalfring} can be placed after a symbol by inputting,
    for example, {\tt[e\tbs textsubrhalfring\tbi\tbii]}
    \textipa{[e\textsubrhalfring{}]}.}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textsublhalfring{o}}{Subscript Left Half-ring}%
  {less rounded}%
  {\TD{textsublhalfring}{o}}{\tbs|(o}{\ipaall}{'025}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textsubw{k}}{Subscript W}%
  {labialized}%
  {\TD{textsubw}{k}}{\tbs|w\TT{k}}{IPA '79}{'026}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textoverw{g}}{Over W}%
  {*labialized}%
  {\TD{textoverw}{g}}{}{}{'026}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textseagull{t}}{Seagull}%
  {linguolabial}%
  {\TD{textseagull}{t}}{\tbs|m\TT{t}}{\ipanew}{'027}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textovercross{e}}{Over-cross}%
  {mid-centralized}%
  {\TD{textovercross}{\tbs e}}{\tbs|x\TT{e}}{\ipaall}{'030}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textsubplus{\textopeno}}{Subscript Plus\footnotemark}%
  {advanced}%
  {\TD{textsubplus}{\tbs textopeno}}{\tbs|+O}{\ipaall}{'033}%
  \footnotetext{The diacritics such as
    {\tt\tbs textsubplus}, {\tt\tbs textraising}, {\tt\tbs textlowering}
    {\tt\tbs textadvancing} and {\tt\tbs textretracting}
    can be placed after a symbol  by inputting
    {\tt[e\tbs textsubplus\tbi\tbii]} \textipa{[e\textsubplus{}]},
    for example. }\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textraising{\textepsilon}}{Raising Sign}%
  {raised}%
  {\TD{textraising}{\tbs textepsilon}}{\tbs|'E}{\ipaall}{'034}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textlowering{e}}{Lowering Sign}%
  {lowered}%
  {\TD{textlowering}{e}}{\tbs|`e}{\ipaall}{'035}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textadvancing{u}}{Advancing Sign}%
  {advanced tongue root}%
  {\TD{textadvancing}{u}}{\tbs|<u}{\ipaall}{'036}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textretracting{\textschwa}}{Retracting Sign}%
  {retracted tongue root}%
  {\TD{textretracting}{\tbs textschwa}}{\tbs|>@}{\ipaall}{'037}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textsubtilde{e}}{Subscript Tilde}%
  {creaky voiced}%
  {\TD{textsubtilde}{e}}{\tbs\ttilde*e}{\ipanew}{'003}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textsubumlaut{e}}{Subscript Umlaut}%
  {breathy voiced}%
  {\TD{textsubumlaut}{e}}{\tbs"*e}{IPA '79, '89, '93}{'004}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textsubring{u}}{Subscript Ring}%
  {voiceless}%
  {\TD{textsubring}{u}}{\tbs r*u}{\ipaall}{'006}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textsubwedge{e}}{Subscript Wedge}%
  {voiced}%
  {\TD{textsubwedge}{e}}{\tbs v*e}{\ipaall}{'007}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textsubbar{e}}{Subscript Bar}%
  {retracted}%
  {\TD{textsubbar}{e}}{\tbs=*e}{\ipaall}{'011}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textsubdot{e}}{Subscript Dot}%
  {*retroflex}%
  {\TD{textsubdot}{e}}{\tbs.*e}{}{'012}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textsubarch{e}}{Subscript Arch}%
  {non-syllabic}%
  {\TD{textsubarch}{e}}{}{}{'020}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textsyllabic{m}}{Syllabicity Mark}%
  {syllabic}%
  {\TD{textsyllabic}{m}}{\TD{s}{m}}{\ipaall}{'042}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textsuperimposetilde{t}}{Superimposed Tilde}%
  {velarized or pharyngealized}%
  {\TD{textsuperimposetilde}%
  {t}}{\tbs|\ttilde\TT{t}}{\ipaall}{'046}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{t\textcorner}{Corner}%
  {no audible release}%
  {t\tbs textcorner}{}{\ipanew}{'136}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{t\textopencorner}{Open Corner}%
  {*release/burst}%
  {t\tbs textopencorner}{}{}{'137}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textschwa\textrhoticity}{Rhoticity}%
  {rhoticity}%
  {\tbs textschwa\tbs textrhoticity}{}{\ipanew}{'176}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{b\textceltpal}{Celtic Palatalization Mark}%
  {*as in \emph{Irish} b\textceltpal an `woman'.}%
  {b\tbs textceltpal}{}{}{'040}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{k\textlptr}{Left Pointer}%
  {}%
  {k\tbs textlptr}{}{}{'275}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{k\textrptr}{Right Pointer}%
  {}%
  {k\tbs textrptr}{}{}{'276}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{p\textrectangle}{Rectangle\footnotemark}%
  {*equivalent to IPA \textcorner\ (Corner)}%
  {p\tbs textrectangle}{}{}{'277}%
  \footnotetext{This symbol is used among Japanese linguists as a
    diacritical symbol indicating no audible release (IPA \textcorner),
    because the symbol \textcorner{} is used to indicate pitch accent in
    Japanese.}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\texttoptiebar{gb}}{Top Tie Bar}%
  {affricates and double articulations}%
  {\TD{texttoptiebar}{gb}}{\TD{t}{gb}}{}{'076}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{'}{Apostrophe}%
  {ejective}%
  {'}{}{\ipaall}{'047}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textrevapostrophe}{Reversed Apostrophe}%
  {aspirated}%
  {\tbs textrevapostrophe}{}{\ipaold}{'134}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{.}{Period}%
  {syllable break as in [\textturnr{}i.\ae{}kt]}%
  {.}{}{\ipanew}{'056}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\texthooktop}{Hooktop}%
  {}%
  {\tbs texthooktop}{}{}{'043}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textrthook}{Right Hook}%
  {}%
  {\tbs textrthook}{}{}{'044}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\textpalhook}{Palatalization Hook}%
  {}%
  {\tbs textpalhook}{}{}{'045}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{p\textsuperscript{h}}{Superscript H}%
  {aspirated}%
  {p\TD{textsuperscript}{h}}{p\tbs super h}{\ipaall}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{k\textsuperscript{w}}{Superscript W}%
  {labialized}%
  {k\TD{textsuperscript}{w}}{k\tbs super w}{\ipaall}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{t\textsuperscript{j}}{Superscript J}%
  {palatalized}%
  {t\TD{textsuperscript}{j}}{t\tbs super j}{\ipaall}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{t\textsuperscript{\textgamma}}{Superscript Gamma}%
  {velarized}%
  {t\TD{textsuperscript}{\tbs textgamma}}{t\tbs super G}{\ipanew}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{d\textsuperscript{\textrevglotstop}}{Superscript Reversed Glottal Stop}%
  {pharyngealized}%
  {d\TD{textsuperscript}{\tbs textrevglotstop}}{d\tbs super Q}{\ipanew}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{d\textsuperscript{n}}{Superscript N}%
  {nasal release}%
  {d\TD{textsuperscript}{n}}{d\tbs super n}{\ipanew}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{d\textsuperscript{l}}{Superscript L}%
  {lateral release}%
  {d\TD{textsuperscript}{l}}{d\tbs super l}{\ipanew}{Macro}\tipaskip


\ifTUG
  \medskip
  \noindent\textbf{Tone letters}
  \smallskip
\else
  \subsection{Tone letters}
\fi

The tones illustrated here are only a representative sample of what is
possible.  For more details see the section entitled ``Tone Letters''
(page~\pageref{sec:tone}).

\bigskip

\ipaitem{\tone{55}}{Extra High Tone}%
  {}%
  {\TD{tone}{55}}{}{\ipanew}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\tone{44}}{High Tone}%
  {}%
  {\TD{tone}{44}}{}{\ipanew}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\tone{33}}{Mid Tone}%
  {}%
  {\TD{tone}{33}}{}{\ipanew}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\tone{22}}{Low Tone}%
  {}%
  {\TD{tone}{22}}{}{\ipanew}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\tone{11}}{Extra Low Tone}%
  {}%
  {\TD{tone}{11}}{}{\ipanew}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\tone{51}}{Falling Tone}%
  {}%
  {\TD{tone}{51}}{}{\ipanew}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\tone{15}}{Rising Tone}%
  {}%
  {\TD{tone}{15}}{}{\ipanew}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\tone{45}}{High Rising Tone}%
  {}%
  {\TD{tone}{45}}{}{\ipanew}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\tone{12}}{Low Rising Tone}%
  {}%
  {\TD{tone}{12}}{}{\ipanew}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\tone{454}}{High Rising Falling Tone}%
  {}%
  {\TD{tone}{454}}{}{\ipanew}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ifTUG
  \medskip
  \noindent\textbf{Diacritics for extIPA, VoQS}
  \smallskip
\else
  \subsection{Diacritics for extIPA, VoQS}
\fi

In order to use diacritics listed in this section, it is necessary to
specify the option `\texttt{extra}' at the preamble (See the section
entitled ``Other options'' on page~\pageref{sec:otheroptions}). Note
also that some of the diacritics are defined by using symbols from
fonts other than \tipa{} so that they may not look quite satisfactory
and/or may not be slanted (e.g. \verb|\whistle{s}| \whistle{s}).

\bigskip

\ipaitem{\spreadlips{s}}{Left Right Arrow}%
  {*labial spreading}%
  {\TD{spreadlips}{s}}{}{extIPA '94}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\overbridge{v}}{Overbridge}%
  {*dentolabial}%
  {\TD{overbridge}{v}}{}{extIPA '94}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\bibridge{n}}{Bibridge}%
  {*interdental/bidental}%
  {\TD{bibridge}{n}}{}{extIPA '94}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\subdoublebar{t}}{Subscript Double Bar}%
  {*alveolar}%
  {\TD{subdoublebar}{t}}{}{extIPA '94}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\subdoublevert{f}}{Subscript Double Vertical Line}%
  {*strong articulation}%
  {\TD{subdoublevert}{f}}{}{extIPA '94}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\subcorner{v}}{Subscript Corner}%
  {*weak articulation}%
  {\TD{subcorner}{v}}{}{extIPA '94}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\whistle{s}}{Up Arrow}%
  {*whistled Articulation}%
  {\TD{whistle}{s}}{}{extIPA '94}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\sliding{Ts}}{Right Arrow}%
  {*sliding articulation}%
  {\TD{sliding}{\TD{ipa}{Ts}}}{}{extIPA '94}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\crtilde{m}}{Crossed tilde}%
  {*denasal}%
  {\TD{crtilde}{m}}{}{extIPA '94}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\dottedtilde{a}}{Dotted Tilde}%
  {*nasal escape}%
  {\TD{dottedtilde}{a}}{}{extIPA '94}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\doubletilde{s}}{Double Tilde}%
  {*velopharyngeal friction}%
  {\TD{doubletilde}{s}}{}{extIPA '94}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\partvoiceless{n}}{Parenthesis + Ring}%
  {*partial voiceless}%
  {\TD{partvoiceless}{n}}{}{extIPA '94}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\inipartvoiceless{n}}{Parenthesis + Ring}%
  {*initial partial voiceless}%
  {\TD{inipartvoiceless}{n}}{}{extIPA '94}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\finpartvoiceless{n}}{Parenthesis + Ring}%
  {*final partial voiceless}%
  {\TD{finpartvoiceless}{n}}{}{extIPA '94}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\partvoice{s}}{Parenthesis + Subwedge}%
  {*partial voicing}%
  {\TD{partvoice}{s}}{}{extIPA '94}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\inipartvoice{s}}{Parenthesis + Subwedge}%
  {*initial partial voicing}%
  {\TD{inipartvoice}{s}}{}{extIPA '94}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\finpartvoice{s}}{Parenthesis + Subwedge}%
  {*final partial voicing}%
  {\TD{finpartvoice}{s}}{}{extIPA '94}{Macro}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\sublptr{\*J}}{Subscript Left Pointer}%
  {*right offset jaw voice}%
  {\TD{sublptr}{J}}{}{VoQS '94}{'275}\tipaskip

\ipaitem{\subrptr{\*J}}{Subscript Right Pointer}%
  {*left offset jaw voice}%
  {\TD{subrptr}{J}}{}{VoQS '94}{'276}\tipaskip

} % end of \setlength\parindent{0pt}

\endinput