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<font size="-1"><a href="http://user-mode-linux.sourceforge.net/login.html">A login session</a></font>
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              <font size="-1"><a href="http://user-mode-linux.sourceforge.net/debug-session.html">A debugging session</a></font>
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              <font size="-1"><a href="http://user-mode-linux.sourceforge.net/ols2001.tex">OLS 2001 paper (TeX)</a></font>
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              <font size="-1"><a href="http://user-mode-linux.sourceforge.net/als2001/index.html">ALS 2001 paper (html)</a></font>
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              <font size="-1"><a href="http://user-mode-linux.sourceforge.net/als2001.tex">ALS 2001 paper (TeX)</a></font>
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<font size="-1"><a href="http://user-mode-linux.sourceforge.net/http://user-mode-linux.sourceforge.net/cgi-bin/hangman">Kernel Hangman</a></font>
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              <font size="-1"><a href="http://user-mode-linux.sourceforge.net/sdotm.html">Disaster of the Month</a></font>
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<center>
            <h3>A debugging session</h3>
          </center>
The following is the beginning of a gdb session with the kernel under
gdb from the beginning.  It starts at the top of start_kernel() and
goes one line at a time through the initial kernel startup.
<tt>
            <pre>
              <font size="-1">
GNU gdb 4.17.0.11 with Linux support
Copyright 1998 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
GDB is free software, covered by the GNU General Public License, and you are
welcome to change it and/or distribute copies of it under certain conditions.
Type &quot;show copying&quot; to see the conditions.
There is absolutely no warranty for GDB.  Type &quot;show warranty&quot; for details.
This GDB was configured as &quot;i386-redhat-linux&quot;...
(gdb) <font color="#880000">att 1</font>
Attaching to program `/home/dike/linux/2.3.26/um/linux', Pid 1
0x1009f791 in __kill ()
(gdb) <font color="#880000">b start_kernel</font>
Breakpoint 1 at 0x100ddf83: file init/main.c, line 515.
(gdb) <font color="#880000">c</font>
Continuing.

Breakpoint 1, start_kernel () at init/main.c:515
515             printk(linux_banner);
(gdb) <font color="#880000">n</font>
516             setup_arch(&amp;command_line);
(gdb) 
517             printk(&quot;Kernel command line: %s\n&quot;, saved_command_line);
(gdb) 
518             parse_options(command_line);
(gdb) 
519             trap_init();
(gdb) 
520             init_IRQ();
(gdb) 
521             sched_init();
(gdb) 
522             time_init();
(gdb) 
523             softirq_init();
(gdb) 
530             console_init();
</font>
            </pre>
          </tt>
This is tiring, so I just let it continue booting.
<tt>
            <pre>
              <font size="-1">
(gdb) <font color="#880000">c</font>
Continuing.
</font>
            </pre>
          </tt>
It's booted, so I ^C it to see what it thinks is up.
<tt>
            <pre>
              <font size="-1">
Program received signal SIGINT, Interrupt.
0x100a4bc1 in __libc_nanosleep ()
(gdb) <font color="#880000">bt</font>
#0  0x100a4bc1 in __libc_nanosleep ()
#1  0x100a4b7d in __sleep (seconds=10) at ../sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/sleep.c:78
#2  0x10095fbf in do_idle () at process_kern.c:424
#3  0x10096052 in cpu_idle () at process_kern.c:450
#4  0x100de0a4 in start_kernel () at init/main.c:593
#5  0x10098df2 in start_kernel_proc (unused=0x0) at um_arch.c:72
#6  0x1009858f in signal_tramp (arg=0x10098db8) at trap_user.c:50
(gdb) 
</font>
            </pre>
          </tt>
It's busy sleeping in the idle loop.  I'll set a breakpoint in the
scheduler and pick it up on the next context switch.
<tt>
            <pre>
              <font size="-1">
(gdb) <font color="#880000">b schedule</font>
Breakpoint 2 at 0x10004acd: file sched.c, line 496.
(gdb) <font color="#880000">c</font>
Continuing.

Breakpoint 2, schedule () at sched.c:496
496             if (!current-&gt;active_mm) BUG();
(gdb) <font color="#880000">bt</font>
#0  schedule () at sched.c:496
#1  0x10095fb3 in do_idle () at process_kern.c:421
#2  0x10096052 in cpu_idle () at process_kern.c:450
#3  0x100de0a4 in start_kernel () at init/main.c:593
#4  0x10098df2 in start_kernel_proc (unused=0x0) at um_arch.c:72
#5  0x1009858f in signal_tramp (arg=0x10098db8) at trap_user.c:50
</font>
            </pre>
          </tt>
Here we are in the scheduler.  I'll 'next' through the first few lines
of the scheduler, get bored, and set a breakpoint in the SIGIO
interrupt handler.
<tt>
            <pre>
              <font size="-1">
(gdb) <font color="#880000">n</font>
497             if (tq_scheduler)
(gdb) 
501             prev = current;
(gdb) 
502             this_cpu = prev-&gt;processor;
(gdb) 
504             if (in_interrupt())
(gdb) 
510             if (softirq_state[this_cpu].active &amp; softirq_state[this_cpu].mask)
(gdb) 
518             sched_data = &amp; aligned_data[this_cpu].schedule_data;
(gdb) 
520             spin_lock_irq(&amp;runqueue_lock);
(gdb) <font color="#880000">b sigio_handler</font>
Breakpoint 3 at 0x10094fdc: file irq_user.c, line 36.
(gdb) <font color="#880000">c</font>
Continuing.

Breakpoint 2, schedule () at sched.c:496
496             if (!current-&gt;active_mm) BUG();
</font>
            </pre>
          </tt>
Oops, that process scheduled back to the idle thread.  Get rid of that
breakpoint and continue again.
<tt>
            <pre>
              <font size="-1">
(gdb) <font color="#880000">d 2</font>
(gdb) <font color="#880000">c</font>
</font>
            </pre>
          </tt>
Well, the SIGIO handler is waiting for something and nothing is
happening by itself.  So, I'll type something at one of the login
prompts to wake it up.
<tt>
            <pre>
              <font size="-1">
Breakpoint 3, sigio_handler (sig=29) at irq_user.c:36
36              user_mode = set_user_thread(NULL, 0, 0);
</font>
            </pre>
          </tt>
That did the trick.  I'll climb down the call chain into the actual
driver interrupt handler, starting with a breakpoint in do_IRQ.
<tt>
            <pre>
              <font size="-1">
(gdb) <font color="#880000">l</font>
31              struct irq_fd *irq_fd;
32              struct timeval tv;
33              fd_set fds;
34              int i, n, user_mode;
35
36              user_mode = set_user_thread(NULL, 0, 0);
37              if(user_mode){
38                      fill_in_regs(process_state(NULL, NULL, NULL), &amp;sig + 1);
39                      change_sig(SIGUSR1, 1);
40              }
(gdb) <font color="#880000">l</font>
41              fds = active_fd_mask;
42              tv.tv_sec = 0;
43              tv.tv_usec = 0;
44              if((n = select(max_fd + 1, &amp;fds, NULL, NULL, &amp;tv)) &lt; 0){
45                      printk(&quot;sigio_handler : select returned %d, &quot;
46                             &quot;errno = %d\n&quot;, n, errno);
47                      return;
48              }
49              for(i=0;i&lt;=max_fd;i++){
50                      if(FD_ISSET(i, &amp;fds)) FD_CLR(i, &amp;active_fd_mask);
(gdb) <font color="#880000">l</font>
51              }
52              for(irq_fd=active_fds;irq_fd != NULL;irq_fd = irq_fd-&gt;next){
53                      if(FD_ISSET(irq_fd-&gt;fd, &amp;fds)) do_IRQ(irq_fd-&gt;irq, user_mode);
54              }
55              if(user_mode){
56                      interrupt_end();
57                      change_sig(SIGUSR1, 0);
58              }
59              set_user_thread(NULL, user_mode, 0);
60      }
(gdb) <font color="#880000">b do_IRQ</font>
Breakpoint 4 at 0x10094960: file irq.c, line 266.
(gdb) <font color="#880000">c</font>
Continuing.
</font>
            </pre>
          </tt>
From here, I'll go into handle_IRQ_event.
<tt>
            <pre>
              <font size="-1">
Breakpoint 4, do_IRQ (irq=2, user_mode=0) at irq.c:266
266             irq_desc_t *desc = irq_desc + irq;
(gdb) <font color="#880000">n</font>
271             regs.user_mode = user_mode;
(gdb) 
272             kstat.irqs[cpu][irq]++;
(gdb) 
274             desc-&gt;handler-&gt;ack(irq);
(gdb) 
279             status = desc-&gt;status &amp; ~(IRQ_REPLAY | IRQ_WAITING);
(gdb) 
280             status |= IRQ_PENDING; /* we _want_ to handle it */
(gdb) 
286             action = NULL;
(gdb) 
287             if (!(status &amp; (IRQ_DISABLED | IRQ_INPROGRESS))) {
(gdb) <font color="#880000">l</font>
282             /*
283              * If the IRQ is disabled for whatever reason, we cannot
284              * use the action we have.
285              */
286             action = NULL;
287             if (!(status &amp; (IRQ_DISABLED | IRQ_INPROGRESS))) {
288                     action = desc-&gt;action;
289                     status &amp;= ~IRQ_PENDING; /* we commit to handling */
290                     status |= IRQ_INPROGRESS; /* we are handling it */
291             }
(gdb) <font color="#880000">l</font>
292             desc-&gt;status = status;
293
294             /*
295              * If there is no IRQ handler or it was disabled, exit early.
296                Since we set PENDING, if another processor is handling
297                a different instance of this same irq, the other processor
298                will take care of it.
299              */
300             if (!action)
301                     goto out;
(gdb) <font color="#880000">l</font>
302
303             /*
304              * Edge triggered interrupts need to remember
305              * pending events.
306              * This applies to any hw interrupts that allow a second
307              * instance of the same irq to arrive while we are in do_IRQ
308              * or in the handler. But the code here only handles the _second_
309              * instance of the irq, not the third or fourth. So it is mostly
310              * useful for irq hardware that does not mask cleanly in an
311              * SMP environment.
(gdb) <font color="#880000">l</font>
312              */
313             for (;;) {
314                     spin_unlock(&amp;desc-&gt;lock);
315                     handle_IRQ_event(irq, &amp;regs, action);
316                     spin_lock(&amp;desc-&gt;lock);
317
318                     if (!(desc-&gt;status &amp; IRQ_PENDING))
319                             break;
320                     desc-&gt;status &amp;= ~IRQ_PENDING;
321             }
(gdb) <font color="#880000">b 315</font>
Breakpoint 5 at 0x100949b7: file irq.c, line 315.
(gdb) <font color="#880000">c</font>
Continuing.
</font>
            </pre>
          </tt>
Next, I'll step into handle_IRQ_event and stop just before entering
the driver.
<tt>
            <pre>
              <font size="-1">
Breakpoint 5, do_IRQ (irq=2, user_mode=0) at irq.c:315
315                     handle_IRQ_event(irq, &amp;regs, action);
(gdb) <font color="#880000">s</font>
handle_IRQ_event (irq=2, regs=0x10113c40, action=0x50fef380) at irq.c:141
141             irq_enter(cpu, irq);
(gdb) <font color="#880000">l</font>
136                          struct irqaction * action)
137     {
138             int status;
139             int cpu = smp_processor_id();
140
141             irq_enter(cpu, irq);
142
143             status = 1;     /* Force the &quot;do bottom halves&quot; bit */
144
145             if (!(action-&gt;flags &amp; SA_INTERRUPT))
(gdb) <font color="#880000">l</font>
146                     __sti();
147
148             do {
149                     status |= action-&gt;flags;
150                     action-&gt;handler(irq, action-&gt;dev_id, regs);
151                     action = action-&gt;next;
152             } while (action);
153             if (status &amp; SA_SAMPLE_RANDOM)
154                     add_interrupt_randomness(irq);
155             __cli();
(gdb) <font color="#880000">l</font>
156
157             irq_exit(cpu, irq);
158
159             return status;
160     }
161
162     /*
163      * Generic enable/disable code: this just calls
164      * down into the PIC-specific version for the actual
165      * hardware disable after having gotten the irq
(gdb) <font color="#880000">b 150</font>
Breakpoint 6 at 0x10094813: file irq.c, line 150.
(gdb) <font color="#880000">c</font>
Continuing.

Breakpoint 6, handle_IRQ_event (irq=2, regs=0x10113c40, action=0x50fef380)
    at irq.c:150
150                     action-&gt;handler(irq, action-&gt;dev_id, regs);
</font>
            </pre>
          </tt>
So, here we are in the console driver.  I think I've made whatever
point I was making, so I'll just delete all the breakpoints, and let
the kernel run so I can log in and halt it.
<tt>
            <pre>
              <font size="-1">
(gdb) <font color="#880000">s</font>
con_handler (irq=2, dev=0x10120000, unused=0x10113c40) at stdio_console.c:41
41              stdio_rcv_proc(term-&gt;fd);
(gdb) 
(gdb) <font color="#880000">d</font>
Delete all breakpoints? (y or n) y
(gdb) <font color="#880000">c</font>
Continuing.
</font>
            </pre>
          </tt>

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