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<a name="license.gfdl"></a>2.The GNU Free Documentation License</h1></div></div></div>
<div class="literallayout"><p><br>
GNUFreeDocumentationLicense<br>
Version1.2,November2002<br>
<br>
<br>
Copyright(C)2000,2001,2002FreeSoftwareFoundation,Inc.<br>
51FranklinSt,FifthFloor,Boston,MA02110-1301USA<br>
Everyoneispermittedtocopyanddistributeverbatimcopies<br>
ofthislicensedocument,butchangingitisnotallowed.<br>
<br>
<br>
0.PREAMBLE<br>
<br>
ThepurposeofthisLicenseistomakeamanual,textbook,orother<br>
functionalandusefuldocument"free"inthesenseoffreedom:to<br>
assureeveryonetheeffectivefreedomtocopyandredistributeit,<br>
withorwithoutmodifyingit,eithercommerciallyornoncommercially.<br>
Secondarily,thisLicensepreservesfortheauthorandpublisheraway<br>
togetcreditfortheirwork,whilenotbeingconsideredresponsible<br>
formodificationsmadebyothers.<br>
<br>
ThisLicenseisakindof"copyleft",whichmeansthatderivative<br>
worksofthedocumentmustthemselvesbefreeinthesamesense.It<br>
complementstheGNUGeneralPublicLicense,whichisacopyleft<br>
licensedesignedforfreesoftware.<br>
<br>
WehavedesignedthisLicenseinordertouseitformanualsforfree<br>
software,becausefreesoftwareneedsfreedocumentation:afree<br>
programshouldcomewithmanualsprovidingthesamefreedomsthatthe<br>
softwaredoes.ButthisLicenseisnotlimitedtosoftwaremanuals;<br>
itcanbeusedforanytextualwork,regardlessofsubjectmatteror<br>
whetheritispublishedasaprintedbook.WerecommendthisLicense<br>
principallyforworkswhosepurposeisinstructionorreference.<br>
<br>
<br>
1.APPLICABILITYANDDEFINITIONS<br>
<br>
ThisLicenseappliestoanymanualorotherwork,inanymedium,that<br>
containsanoticeplacedbythecopyrightholdersayingitcanbe<br>
distributedunderthetermsofthisLicense.Suchanoticegrantsa<br>
world-wide,royalty-freelicense,unlimitedinduration,tousethat<br>
workundertheconditionsstatedherein.The"Document",below,<br>
referstoanysuchmanualorwork.Anymemberofthepublicisa<br>
licensee,andisaddressedas"you".Youacceptthelicenseifyou<br>
copy,modifyordistributetheworkinawayrequiringpermission<br>
undercopyrightlaw.<br>
<br>
A"ModifiedVersion"oftheDocumentmeansanyworkcontainingthe<br>
Documentoraportionofit,eithercopiedverbatim,orwith<br>
modificationsand/ortranslatedintoanotherlanguage.<br>
<br>
A"SecondarySection"isanamedappendixorafront-mattersectionof<br>
theDocumentthatdealsexclusivelywiththerelationshipofthe<br>
publishersorauthorsoftheDocumenttotheDocument'soverallsubject<br>
(ortorelatedmatters)andcontainsnothingthatcouldfalldirectly<br>
withinthatoverallsubject.(Thus,iftheDocumentisinparta<br>
textbookofmathematics,aSecondarySectionmaynotexplainany<br>
mathematics.)Therelationshipcouldbeamatterofhistorical<br>
connectionwiththesubjectorwithrelatedmatters,oroflegal,<br>
commercial,philosophical,ethicalorpoliticalpositionregarding<br>
them.<br>
<br>
The"InvariantSections"arecertainSecondarySectionswhosetitles<br>
aredesignated,asbeingthoseofInvariantSections,inthenotice<br>
thatsaysthattheDocumentisreleasedunderthisLicense.Ifa<br>
sectiondoesnotfittheabovedefinitionofSecondarythenitisnot<br>
allowedtobedesignatedasInvariant.TheDocumentmaycontainzero<br>
InvariantSections.IftheDocumentdoesnotidentifyanyInvariant<br>
Sectionsthentherearenone.<br>
<br>
The"CoverTexts"arecertainshortpassagesoftextthatarelisted,<br>
asFront-CoverTextsorBack-CoverTexts,inthenoticethatsaysthat<br>
theDocumentisreleasedunderthisLicense.AFront-CoverTextmay<br>
beatmost5words,andaBack-CoverTextmaybeatmost25words.<br>
<br>
A"Transparent"copyoftheDocumentmeansamachine-readablecopy,<br>
representedinaformatwhosespecificationisavailabletothe<br>
generalpublic,thatissuitableforrevisingthedocument<br>
straightforwardlywithgenerictexteditorsor(forimagescomposedof<br>
pixels)genericpaintprogramsor(fordrawings)somewidelyavailable<br>
drawingeditor,andthatissuitableforinputtotextformattersor<br>
forautomatictranslationtoavarietyofformatssuitableforinput<br>
totextformatters.AcopymadeinanotherwiseTransparentfile<br>
formatwhosemarkup,orabsenceofmarkup,hasbeenarrangedtothwart<br>
ordiscouragesubsequentmodificationbyreadersisnotTransparent.<br>
AnimageformatisnotTransparentifusedforanysubstantialamount<br>
oftext.Acopythatisnot"Transparent"iscalled"Opaque".<br>
<br>
ExamplesofsuitableformatsforTransparentcopiesincludeplain<br>
ASCIIwithoutmarkup,Texinfoinputformat,LaTeXinputformat,SGML<br>
orXMLusingapubliclyavailableDTD,andstandard-conformingsimple<br>
HTML,PostScriptorPDFdesignedforhumanmodification.Examplesof<br>
transparentimageformatsincludePNG,XCFandJPG.Opaqueformats<br>
includeproprietaryformatsthatcanbereadandeditedonlyby<br>
proprietarywordprocessors,SGMLorXMLforwhichtheDTDand/or<br>
processingtoolsarenotgenerallyavailable,andthe<br>
machine-generatedHTML,PostScriptorPDFproducedbysomeword<br>
processorsforoutputpurposesonly.<br>
<br>
The"TitlePage"means,foraprintedbook,thetitlepageitself,<br>
plussuchfollowingpagesasareneededtohold,legibly,thematerial<br>
thisLicenserequirestoappearinthetitlepage.Forworksin<br>
formatswhichdonothaveanytitlepageassuch,"TitlePage"means<br>
thetextnearthemostprominentappearanceofthework'stitle,<br>
precedingthebeginningofthebodyofthetext.<br>
<br>
Asection"EntitledXYZ"meansanamedsubunitoftheDocumentwhose<br>
titleeitherispreciselyXYZorcontainsXYZinparenthesesfollowing<br>
textthattranslatesXYZinanotherlanguage.(HereXYZstandsfora<br>
specificsectionnamementionedbelow,suchas"Acknowledgements",<br>
"Dedications","Endorsements",or"History".)To"PreservetheTitle"<br>
ofsuchasectionwhenyoumodifytheDocumentmeansthatitremainsa<br>
section"EntitledXYZ"accordingtothisdefinition.<br>
<br>
TheDocumentmayincludeWarrantyDisclaimersnexttothenoticewhich<br>
statesthatthisLicenseappliestotheDocument.TheseWarranty<br>
Disclaimersareconsideredtobeincludedbyreferenceinthis<br>
License,butonlyasregardsdisclaimingwarranties:anyother<br>
implicationthattheseWarrantyDisclaimersmayhaveisvoidandhas<br>
noeffectonthemeaningofthisLicense.<br>
<br>
<br>
2.VERBATIMCOPYING<br>
<br>
YoumaycopyanddistributetheDocumentinanymedium,either<br>
commerciallyornoncommercially,providedthatthisLicense,the<br>
copyrightnotices,andthelicensenoticesayingthisLicenseapplies<br>
totheDocumentarereproducedinallcopies,andthatyouaddnoother<br>
conditionswhatsoevertothoseofthisLicense.Youmaynotuse<br>
technicalmeasurestoobstructorcontrolthereadingorfurther<br>
copyingofthecopiesyoumakeordistribute.However,youmayaccept<br>
compensationinexchangeforcopies.Ifyoudistributealargeenough<br>
numberofcopiesyoumustalsofollowtheconditionsinsection3.<br>
<br>
Youmayalsolendcopies,underthesameconditionsstatedabove,and<br>
youmaypubliclydisplaycopies.<br>
<br>
<br>
3.COPYINGINQUANTITY<br>
<br>
Ifyoupublishprintedcopies(orcopiesinmediathatcommonlyhave<br>
printedcovers)oftheDocument,numberingmorethan100,andthe<br>
Document'slicensenoticerequiresCoverTexts,youmustenclosethe<br>
copiesincoversthatcarry,clearlyandlegibly,alltheseCover<br>
Texts:Front-CoverTextsonthefrontcover,andBack-CoverTextson<br>
thebackcover.Bothcoversmustalsoclearlyandlegiblyidentify<br>
youasthepublisherofthesecopies.Thefrontcovermustpresent<br>
thefulltitlewithallwordsofthetitleequallyprominentand<br>
visible.Youmayaddothermaterialonthecoversinaddition.<br>
Copyingwithchangeslimitedtothecovers,aslongastheypreserve<br>
thetitleoftheDocumentandsatisfytheseconditions,canbetreated<br>
asverbatimcopyinginotherrespects.<br>
<br>
Iftherequiredtextsforeithercoveraretoovoluminoustofit<br>
legibly,youshouldputthefirstoneslisted(asmanyasfit<br>
reasonably)ontheactualcover,andcontinuetherestontoadjacent<br>
pages.<br>
<br>
IfyoupublishordistributeOpaquecopiesoftheDocumentnumbering<br>
morethan100,youmusteitherincludeamachine-readableTransparent<br>
copyalongwitheachOpaquecopy,orstateinorwitheachOpaquecopy<br>
acomputer-networklocationfromwhichthegeneralnetwork-using<br>
publichasaccesstodownloadusingpublic-standardnetworkprotocols<br>
acompleteTransparentcopyoftheDocument,freeofaddedmaterial.<br>
Ifyouusethelatteroption,youmusttakereasonablyprudentsteps,<br>
whenyoubegindistributionofOpaquecopiesinquantity,toensure<br>
thatthisTransparentcopywillremainthusaccessibleatthestated<br>
locationuntilatleastoneyearafterthelasttimeyoudistributean<br>
Opaquecopy(directlyorthroughyouragentsorretailers)ofthat<br>
editiontothepublic.<br>
<br>
Itisrequested,butnotrequired,thatyoucontacttheauthorsofthe<br>
Documentwellbeforeredistributinganylargenumberofcopies,togive<br>
themachancetoprovideyouwithanupdatedversionoftheDocument.<br>
<br>
<br>
4.MODIFICATIONS<br>
<br>
YoumaycopyanddistributeaModifiedVersionoftheDocumentunder<br>
theconditionsofsections2and3above,providedthatyourelease<br>
theModifiedVersionunderpreciselythisLicense,withtheModified<br>
VersionfillingtheroleoftheDocument,thuslicensingdistribution<br>
andmodificationoftheModifiedVersiontowhoeverpossessesacopy<br>
ofit.Inaddition,youmustdothesethingsintheModifiedVersion:<br>
<br>
A.UseintheTitlePage(andonthecovers,ifany)atitledistinct<br>
fromthatoftheDocument,andfromthoseofpreviousversions<br>
(whichshould,iftherewereany,belistedintheHistorysection<br>
oftheDocument).Youmayusethesametitleasapreviousversion<br>
iftheoriginalpublisherofthatversiongivespermission.<br>
B.ListontheTitlePage,asauthors,oneormorepersonsorentities<br>
responsibleforauthorshipofthemodificationsintheModified<br>
Version,togetherwithatleastfiveoftheprincipalauthorsofthe<br>
Document(allofitsprincipalauthors,ifithasfewerthanfive),<br>
unlesstheyreleaseyoufromthisrequirement.<br>
C.StateontheTitlepagethenameofthepublisherofthe<br>
ModifiedVersion,asthepublisher.<br>
D.PreserveallthecopyrightnoticesoftheDocument.<br>
E.Addanappropriatecopyrightnoticeforyourmodifications<br>
adjacenttotheothercopyrightnotices.<br>
F.Include,immediatelyafterthecopyrightnotices,alicensenotice<br>
givingthepublicpermissiontousetheModifiedVersionunderthe<br>
termsofthisLicense,intheformshownintheAddendumbelow.<br>
G.PreserveinthatlicensenoticethefulllistsofInvariantSections<br>
andrequiredCoverTextsgivenintheDocument'slicensenotice.<br>
H.IncludeanunalteredcopyofthisLicense.<br>
I.PreservethesectionEntitled"History",PreserveitsTitle,andadd<br>
toitanitemstatingatleastthetitle,year,newauthors,and<br>
publisheroftheModifiedVersionasgivenontheTitlePage.If<br>
thereisnosectionEntitled"History"intheDocument,createone<br>
statingthetitle,year,authors,andpublisheroftheDocumentas<br>
givenonitsTitlePage,thenaddanitemdescribingtheModified<br>
Versionasstatedintheprevioussentence.<br>
J.Preservethenetworklocation,ifany,givenintheDocumentfor<br>
publicaccesstoaTransparentcopyoftheDocument,andlikewise<br>
thenetworklocationsgivenintheDocumentforpreviousversions<br>
itwasbasedon.Thesemaybeplacedinthe"History"section.<br>
Youmayomitanetworklocationforaworkthatwaspublishedat<br>
leastfouryearsbeforetheDocumentitself,oriftheoriginal<br>
publisheroftheversionitreferstogivespermission.<br>
K.ForanysectionEntitled"Acknowledgements"or"Dedications",<br>
PreservetheTitleofthesection,andpreserveinthesectionall<br>
thesubstanceandtoneofeachofthecontributoracknowledgements<br>
and/ordedicationsgiventherein.<br>
L.PreservealltheInvariantSectionsoftheDocument,<br>
unalteredintheirtextandintheirtitles.Sectionnumbers<br>
ortheequivalentarenotconsideredpartofthesectiontitles.<br>
M.DeleteanysectionEntitled"Endorsements".Suchasection<br>
maynotbeincludedintheModifiedVersion.<br>
N.DonotretitleanyexistingsectiontobeEntitled"Endorsements"<br>
ortoconflictintitlewithanyInvariantSection.<br>
O.PreserveanyWarrantyDisclaimers.<br>
<br>
IftheModifiedVersionincludesnewfront-mattersectionsor<br>
appendicesthatqualifyasSecondarySectionsandcontainnomaterial<br>
copiedfromtheDocument,youmayatyouroptiondesignatesomeorall<br>
ofthesesectionsasinvariant.Todothis,addtheirtitlestothe<br>
listofInvariantSectionsintheModifiedVersion'slicensenotice.<br>
Thesetitlesmustbedistinctfromanyothersectiontitles.<br>
<br>
YoumayaddasectionEntitled"Endorsements",provideditcontains<br>
nothingbutendorsementsofyourModifiedVersionbyvarious<br>
parties--forexample,statementsofpeerrevieworthatthetexthas<br>
beenapprovedbyanorganizationastheauthoritativedefinitionofa<br>
standard.<br>
<br>
YoumayaddapassageofuptofivewordsasaFront-CoverText,anda<br>
passageofupto25wordsasaBack-CoverText,totheendofthelist<br>
ofCoverTextsintheModifiedVersion.Onlyonepassageof<br>
Front-CoverTextandoneofBack-CoverTextmaybeaddedby(or<br>
througharrangementsmadeby)anyoneentity.IftheDocumentalready<br>
includesacovertextforthesamecover,previouslyaddedbyyouor<br>
byarrangementmadebythesameentityyouareactingonbehalfof,<br>
youmaynotaddanother;butyoumayreplacetheoldone,onexplicit<br>
permissionfromthepreviouspublisherthataddedtheoldone.<br>
<br>
Theauthor(s)andpublisher(s)oftheDocumentdonotbythisLicense<br>
givepermissiontousetheirnamesforpublicityforortoassertor<br>
implyendorsementofanyModifiedVersion.<br>
<br>
<br>
5.COMBININGDOCUMENTS<br>
<br>
YoumaycombinetheDocumentwithotherdocumentsreleasedunderthis<br>
License,underthetermsdefinedinsection4aboveformodified<br>
versions,providedthatyouincludeinthecombinationallofthe<br>
InvariantSectionsofalloftheoriginaldocuments,unmodified,and<br>
listthemallasInvariantSectionsofyourcombinedworkinits<br>
licensenotice,andthatyoupreservealltheirWarrantyDisclaimers.<br>
<br>
ThecombinedworkneedonlycontainonecopyofthisLicense,and<br>
multipleidenticalInvariantSectionsmaybereplacedwithasingle<br>
copy.IftherearemultipleInvariantSectionswiththesamenamebut<br>
differentcontents,makethetitleofeachsuchsectionuniqueby<br>
addingattheendofit,inparentheses,thenameoftheoriginal<br>
authororpublisherofthatsectionifknown,orelseauniquenumber.<br>
Makethesameadjustmenttothesectiontitlesinthelistof<br>
InvariantSectionsinthelicensenoticeofthecombinedwork.<br>
<br>
Inthecombination,youmustcombineanysectionsEntitled"History"<br>
inthevariousoriginaldocuments,formingonesectionEntitled<br>
"History";likewisecombineanysectionsEntitled"Acknowledgements",<br>
andanysectionsEntitled"Dedications".Youmustdeleteallsections<br>
Entitled"Endorsements".<br>
<br>
<br>
6.COLLECTIONSOFDOCUMENTS<br>
<br>
YoumaymakeacollectionconsistingoftheDocumentandotherdocuments<br>
releasedunderthisLicense,andreplacetheindividualcopiesofthis<br>
Licenseinthevariousdocumentswithasinglecopythatisincludedin<br>
thecollection,providedthatyoufollowtherulesofthisLicensefor<br>
verbatimcopyingofeachofthedocumentsinallotherrespects.<br>
<br>
Youmayextractasingledocumentfromsuchacollection,anddistribute<br>
itindividuallyunderthisLicense,providedyouinsertacopyofthis<br>
Licenseintotheextracteddocument,andfollowthisLicenseinall<br>
otherrespectsregardingverbatimcopyingofthatdocument.<br>
<br>
<br>
7.AGGREGATIONWITHINDEPENDENTWORKS<br>
<br>
AcompilationoftheDocumentoritsderivativeswithotherseparate<br>
andindependentdocumentsorworks,inoronavolumeofastorageor<br>
distributionmedium,iscalledan"aggregate"ifthecopyright<br>
resultingfromthecompilationisnotusedtolimitthelegalrights<br>
ofthecompilation'susersbeyondwhattheindividualworkspermit.<br>
WhentheDocumentisincludedinanaggregate,thisLicensedoesnot<br>
applytotheotherworksintheaggregatewhicharenotthemselves<br>
derivativeworksoftheDocument.<br>
<br>
IftheCoverTextrequirementofsection3isapplicabletothese<br>
copiesoftheDocument,theniftheDocumentislessthanonehalfof<br>
theentireaggregate,theDocument'sCoverTextsmaybeplacedon<br>
coversthatbrackettheDocumentwithintheaggregate,orthe<br>
electronicequivalentofcoversiftheDocumentisinelectronicform.<br>
Otherwisetheymustappearonprintedcoversthatbracketthewhole<br>
aggregate.<br>
<br>
<br>
8.TRANSLATION<br>
<br>
Translationisconsideredakindofmodification,soyoumay<br>
distributetranslationsoftheDocumentunderthetermsofsection4.<br>
ReplacingInvariantSectionswithtranslationsrequiresspecial<br>
permissionfromtheircopyrightholders,butyoumayinclude<br>
translationsofsomeorallInvariantSectionsinadditiontothe<br>
originalversionsoftheseInvariantSections.Youmayincludea<br>
translationofthisLicense,andallthelicensenoticesinthe<br>
Document,andanyWarrantyDisclaimers,providedthatyoualsoinclude<br>
theoriginalEnglishversionofthisLicenseandtheoriginalversions<br>
ofthosenoticesanddisclaimers.Incaseofadisagreementbetween<br>
thetranslationandtheoriginalversionofthisLicenseoranotice<br>
ordisclaimer,theoriginalversionwillprevail.<br>
<br>
IfasectionintheDocumentisEntitled"Acknowledgements",<br>
"Dedications",or"History",therequirement(section4)toPreserve<br>
itsTitle(section1)willtypicallyrequirechangingtheactual<br>
title.<br>
<br>
<br>
9.TERMINATION<br>
<br>
Youmaynotcopy,modify,sublicense,ordistributetheDocumentexcept<br>
asexpresslyprovidedforunderthisLicense.Anyotherattemptto<br>
copy,modify,sublicenseordistributetheDocumentisvoid,andwill<br>
automaticallyterminateyourrightsunderthisLicense.However,<br>
partieswhohavereceivedcopies,orrights,fromyouunderthis<br>
Licensewillnothavetheirlicensesterminatedsolongassuch<br>
partiesremaininfullcompliance.<br>
<br>
<br>
10.FUTUREREVISIONSOFTHISLICENSE<br>
<br>
TheFreeSoftwareFoundationmaypublishnew,revisedversions<br>
oftheGNUFreeDocumentationLicensefromtimetotime.Suchnew<br>
versionswillbesimilarinspirittothepresentversion,butmay<br>
differindetailtoaddressnewproblemsorconcerns.See<br>
http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.<br>
<br>
EachversionoftheLicenseisgivenadistinguishingversionnumber.<br>
IftheDocumentspecifiesthataparticularnumberedversionofthis<br>
License"oranylaterversion"appliestoit,youhavetheoptionof<br>
followingthetermsandconditionseitherofthatspecifiedversionor<br>
ofanylaterversionthathasbeenpublished(notasadraft)bythe<br>
FreeSoftwareFoundation.IftheDocumentdoesnotspecifyaversion<br>
numberofthisLicense,youmaychooseanyversioneverpublished(not<br>
asadraft)bytheFreeSoftwareFoundation.<br>
<br>
<br>
ADDENDUM:HowtousethisLicenseforyourdocuments<br>
<br>
TousethisLicenseinadocumentyouhavewritten,includeacopyof<br>
theLicenseinthedocumentandputthefollowingcopyrightand<br>
licensenoticesjustafterthetitlepage:<br>
<br>
Copyright(c)YEARYOURNAME.<br>
Permissionisgrantedtocopy,distributeand/ormodifythisdocument<br>
underthetermsoftheGNUFreeDocumentationLicense,Version1.2<br>
oranylaterversionpublishedbytheFreeSoftwareFoundation;<br>
withnoInvariantSections,noFront-CoverTexts,andnoBack-CoverTexts.<br>
Acopyofthelicenseisincludedinthesectionentitled"GNU<br>
FreeDocumentationLicense".<br>
<br>
IfyouhaveInvariantSections,Front-CoverTextsandBack-CoverTexts,<br>
replacethe"with...Texts."linewiththis:<br>
<br>
withtheInvariantSectionsbeingLISTTHEIRTITLES,withthe<br>
Front-CoverTextsbeingLIST,andwiththeBack-CoverTextsbeingLIST.<br>
<br>
IfyouhaveInvariantSectionswithoutCoverTexts,orsomeother<br>
combinationofthethree,mergethosetwoalternativestosuitthe<br>
situation.<br>
<br>
Ifyourdocumentcontainsnontrivialexamplesofprogramcode,we<br>
recommendreleasingtheseexamplesinparallelunderyourchoiceof<br>
freesoftwarelicense,suchastheGNUGeneralPublicLicense,<br>
topermittheiruseinfreesoftware.<br>
<br>
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