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<chapter id="manual-core" xreflabel="Valgrind's core">
<title>Using and understanding the Valgrind core</title>

<para>This chapter describes the Valgrind core services, flags and
behaviours.  That means it is relevant regardless of what particular
tool you are using.  The information should be sufficient for you to
make effective day-to-day use of Valgrind.  Advanced topics related to
the Valgrind core are described in <xref linkend="manual-core-adv"/>.
</para>

<para>
A point of terminology: most references to "Valgrind" in this chapter
refer to the Valgrind core services.  </para>



<sect1 id="manual-core.whatdoes" 
       xreflabel="What Valgrind does with your program">
<title>What Valgrind does with your program</title>

<para>Valgrind is designed to be as non-intrusive as possible. It works
directly with existing executables. You don't need to recompile, relink,
or otherwise modify, the program to be checked.</para>

<para>Simply put 
<computeroutput>valgrind --tool=tool_name</computeroutput> 
at the start of the command line normally used to run the program.  For
example, if want to run the command 
<computeroutput>ls -l</computeroutput> using the heavyweight
memory-checking tool Memcheck, issue the command:</para>

<programlisting><![CDATA[
valgrind --tool=memcheck ls -l]]></programlisting>

<para>Memcheck is the default, so if you want to use it you can
omit the <option>--tool</option> flag.</para>

<para>Regardless of which tool is in use, Valgrind takes control of your
program before it starts.  Debugging information is read from the
executable and associated libraries, so that error messages and other
outputs can be phrased in terms of source code locations, when
appropriate.</para>

<para>Your program is then run on a synthetic CPU provided by the
Valgrind core.  As new code is executed for the first time, the core
hands the code to the selected tool.  The tool adds its own
instrumentation code to this and hands the result back to the core,
which coordinates the continued execution of this instrumented
code.</para>

<para>The amount of instrumentation code added varies widely between
tools.  At one end of the scale, Memcheck adds code to check every
memory access and every value computed,
making it run 10-50 times slower than natively.
At the other end of the spectrum, the ultra-trivial "none" tool
(also referred to as Nulgrind) adds no instrumentation at all 
and causes in total
"only" about a 4 times slowdown.</para>

<para>Valgrind simulates every single instruction your program executes.
Because of this, the active tool checks, or profiles, not only the code
in your application but also in all supporting dynamically-linked
(<computeroutput>.so</computeroutput>-format) libraries, including the
GNU C library, the X client libraries, Qt, if you work with KDE, and so
on.</para>

<para>If you're using an error-detection tool, Valgrind may
detect errors in libraries, for example the GNU C or X11
libraries, which you have to use.  You might not be interested in these
errors, since you probably have no control over that code.  Therefore,
Valgrind allows you to selectively suppress errors, by recording them in
a suppressions file which is read when Valgrind starts up.  The build
mechanism attempts to select suppressions which give reasonable
behaviour for the C library
and X11 client library versions detected on your machine.
To make it easier to write suppressions, you can use the
<option>--gen-suppressions=yes</option> option.  This tells Valgrind to
print out a suppression for each reported error, which you can then
copy into a suppressions file.</para>

<para>Different error-checking tools report different kinds of errors.
The suppression mechanism therefore allows you to say which tool or
tool(s) each suppression applies to.</para>

</sect1>


<sect1 id="manual-core.started" xreflabel="Getting started">
<title>Getting started</title>

<para>First off, consider whether it might be beneficial to recompile
your application and supporting libraries with debugging info enabled
(the <option>-g</option> flag).  Without debugging info, the best
Valgrind tools will be able to do is guess which function a particular
piece of code belongs to, which makes both error messages and profiling
output nearly useless.  With <option>-g</option>, you'll get
messages which point directly to the relevant source code lines.</para>

<para>Another flag you might like to consider, if you are working with
C++, is <option>-fno-inline</option>.  That makes it easier to see the
function-call chain, which can help reduce confusion when navigating
around large C++ apps.  For example, debugging
OpenOffice.org with Memcheck is a bit easier when using this flag.  You
don't have to do this, but doing so helps Valgrind produce more accurate
and less confusing error reports.  Chances are you're set up like this
already, if you intended to debug your program with GNU gdb, or some
other debugger.</para>

<para>If you are planning to use Memcheck: On rare
occasions, compiler optimisations (at <computeroutput>-O2</computeroutput>
and above, and sometimes <computeroutput>-O1</computeroutput>) have been
observed to generate code which fools Memcheck into wrongly reporting
uninitialised value errors, or missing uninitialised value errors.  We have
looked in detail into fixing this, and unfortunately the result is that
doing so would give a further significant slowdown in what is already a slow
tool.  So the best solution is to turn off optimisation altogether.  Since
this often makes things unmanageably slow, a reasonable compromise is to use
<computeroutput>-O</computeroutput>.  This gets you the majority of the
benefits of higher optimisation levels whilst keeping relatively small the
chances of false positives or false negatives from Memcheck.  Also, you
should compile your code with <computeroutput>-Wall</computeroutput> because
it can identify some or all of the problems that Valgrind can miss at the
higher optimisation levels.  (Using <computeroutput>-Wall</computeroutput>
is also a good idea in general.)  All other tools (as far as we know) are
unaffected by optimisation level.</para>

<para>Valgrind understands both the older "stabs" debugging format, used
by gcc versions prior to 3.1, and the newer DWARF2 and DWARF3 formats
used by gcc
3.1 and later.  We continue to develop our debug-info readers,
although the majority of effort will naturally enough go into the newer
DWARF2/3 reader.</para>

<para>When you're ready to roll, just run your application as you
would normally, but place 
<computeroutput>valgrind --tool=tool_name</computeroutput> in front of
your usual command-line invocation.  Note that you should run the real
(machine-code) executable here.  If your application is started by, for
example, a shell or perl script, you'll need to modify it to invoke
Valgrind on the real executables.  Running such scripts directly under
Valgrind will result in you getting error reports pertaining to
<computeroutput>/bin/sh</computeroutput>,
<computeroutput>/usr/bin/perl</computeroutput>, or whatever interpreter
you're using.  This may not be what you want and can be confusing.  You
can force the issue by giving the flag
<option>--trace-children=yes</option>, but confusion is still
likely.</para>

</sect1>


<sect1 id="manual-core.comment" xreflabel="The Commentary">
<title>The Commentary</title>

<para>Valgrind tools write a commentary, a stream of text, detailing
error reports and other significant events.  All lines in the commentary
have following form:

<programlisting><![CDATA[
==12345== some-message-from-Valgrind]]></programlisting>
</para>

<para>The <computeroutput>12345</computeroutput> is the process ID.
This scheme makes it easy to distinguish program output from Valgrind
commentary, and also easy to differentiate commentaries from different
processes which have become merged together, for whatever reason.</para>

<para>By default, Valgrind tools write only essential messages to the
commentary, so as to avoid flooding you with information of secondary
importance.  If you want more information about what is happening,
re-run, passing the <option>-v</option> flag to Valgrind.  A second
<option>-v</option> gives yet more detail.
</para>

<para>You can direct the commentary to three different places:</para>

<orderedlist>

  <listitem id="manual-core.out2fd" xreflabel="Directing output to fd">
    <para>The default: send it to a file descriptor, which is by default
    2 (stderr).  So, if you give the core no options, it will write
    commentary to the standard error stream.  If you want to send it to
    some other file descriptor, for example number 9, you can specify
    <option>--log-fd=9</option>.</para>

    <para>This is the simplest and most common arrangement, but can
    cause problems when Valgrinding entire trees of processes which
    expect specific file descriptors, particularly stdin/stdout/stderr,
    to be available for their own use.</para>
  </listitem>

  <listitem id="manual-core.out2file" 
            xreflabel="Directing output to file"> <para>A less intrusive
    option is to write the commentary to a file, which you specify by
    <option>--log-file=filename</option>.  There are special format
    specifiers that can be used to use a process ID or an environment
    variable name in the log file name.  These are useful/necessary if your
    program invokes multiple processes (especially for MPI programs).
    See the <link linkend="manual-core.basicopts">basic options section</link>
    for more details.</para>
  </listitem>

  <listitem id="manual-core.out2socket" 
            xreflabel="Directing output to network socket"> <para>The
    least intrusive option is to send the commentary to a network
    socket.  The socket is specified as an IP address and port number
    pair, like this: <option>--log-socket=192.168.0.1:12345</option> if
    you want to send the output to host IP 192.168.0.1 port 12345
    (note: we
    have no idea if 12345 is a port of pre-existing significance).  You
    can also omit the port number:
    <option>--log-socket=192.168.0.1</option>, in which case a default
    port of 1500 is used.  This default is defined by the constant
    <computeroutput>VG_CLO_DEFAULT_LOGPORT</computeroutput> in the
    sources.</para>

    <para>Note, unfortunately, that you have to use an IP address here,
    rather than a hostname.</para>

    <para>Writing to a network socket is pointless if you don't
    have something listening at the other end.  We provide a simple
    listener program,
    <computeroutput>valgrind-listener</computeroutput>, which accepts
    connections on the specified port and copies whatever it is sent to
    stdout.  Probably someone will tell us this is a horrible security
    risk.  It seems likely that people will write more sophisticated
    listeners in the fullness of time.</para>

    <para>valgrind-listener can accept simultaneous connections from up
    to 50 Valgrinded processes.  In front of each line of output it
    prints the current number of active connections in round
    brackets.</para>

    <para>valgrind-listener accepts two command-line flags:</para>
    <itemizedlist>
       <listitem>
         <para><option>-e</option> or <option>--exit-at-zero</option>: 
         when the number of connected processes falls back to zero,
         exit.  Without this, it will run forever, that is, until you
         send it Control-C.</para>
       </listitem>
       <listitem>
        <para><option>portnumber</option>: changes the port it listens
        on from the default (1500).  The specified port must be in the
        range 1024 to 65535.  The same restriction applies to port
        numbers specified by a <option>--log-socket</option> to
        Valgrind itself.</para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>

    <para>If a Valgrinded process fails to connect to a listener, for
    whatever reason (the listener isn't running, invalid or unreachable
    host or port, etc), Valgrind switches back to writing the commentary
    to stderr.  The same goes for any process which loses an established
    connection to a listener.  In other words, killing the listener
    doesn't kill the processes sending data to it.</para>
  </listitem>

</orderedlist>

<para>Here is an important point about the relationship between the
commentary and profiling output from tools.  The commentary contains a
mix of messages from the Valgrind core and the selected tool.  If the
tool reports errors, it will report them to the commentary.  However, if
the tool does profiling, the profile data will be written to a file of
some kind, depending on the tool, and independent of what
<option>--log-*</option> options are in force.  The commentary is
intended to be a low-bandwidth, human-readable channel.  Profiling data,
on the other hand, is usually voluminous and not meaningful without
further processing, which is why we have chosen this arrangement.</para>

</sect1>


<sect1 id="manual-core.report" xreflabel="Reporting of errors">
<title>Reporting of errors</title>

<para>When an error-checking tool
detects something bad happening in the program, an error
message is written to the commentary.  Here's an example from Memcheck:</para>

<programlisting><![CDATA[
==25832== Invalid read of size 4
==25832==    at 0x8048724: BandMatrix::ReSize(int, int, int) (bogon.cpp:45)
==25832==    by 0x80487AF: main (bogon.cpp:66)
==25832==  Address 0xBFFFF74C is not stack'd, malloc'd or free'd]]></programlisting>

<para>This message says that the program did an illegal 4-byte read of
address 0xBFFFF74C, which, as far as Memcheck can tell, is not a valid
stack address, nor corresponds to any current malloc'd or free'd
blocks.  The read is happening at line 45 of
<filename>bogon.cpp</filename>, called from line 66 of the same file,
etc.  For errors associated with an identified malloc'd/free'd block,
for example reading free'd memory, Valgrind reports not only the
location where the error happened, but also where the associated block
was malloc'd/free'd.</para>

<para>Valgrind remembers all error reports.  When an error is detected,
it is compared against old reports, to see if it is a duplicate.  If so,
the error is noted, but no further commentary is emitted.  This avoids
you being swamped with bazillions of duplicate error reports.</para>

<para>If you want to know how many times each error occurred, run with
the <option>-v</option> option.  When execution finishes, all the
reports are printed out, along with, and sorted by, their occurrence
counts.  This makes it easy to see which errors have occurred most
frequently.</para>

<para>Errors are reported before the associated operation actually
happens.  If you're using a tool (eg. Memcheck) which does
address checking, and your program attempts to read from address zero,
the tool will emit a message to this effect, and the program will then
duly die with a segmentation fault.</para>

<para>In general, you should try and fix errors in the order that they
are reported.  Not doing so can be confusing.  For example, a program
which copies uninitialised values to several memory locations, and later
uses them, will generate several error messages, when run on Memcheck.
The first such error message may well give the most direct clue to the
root cause of the problem.</para>

<para>The process of detecting duplicate errors is quite an
expensive one and can become a significant performance overhead
if your program generates huge quantities of errors.  To avoid
serious problems, Valgrind will simply stop collecting
errors after 1,000 different errors have been seen, or 10,000,000 errors
in total have been seen.  In this situation you might as well
stop your program and fix it, because Valgrind won't tell you
anything else useful after this.  Note that the 1,000/10,000,000 limits
apply after suppressed errors are removed.  These limits are
defined in <filename>m_errormgr.c</filename> and can be increased
if necessary.</para>

<para>To avoid this cutoff you can use the
<option>--error-limit=no</option> flag.  Then Valgrind will always show
errors, regardless of how many there are.  Use this flag carefully,
since it may have a bad effect on performance.</para>

</sect1>


<sect1 id="manual-core.suppress" xreflabel="Suppressing errors">
<title>Suppressing errors</title>

<para>The error-checking tools detect numerous problems in the base
libraries, such as the GNU C library, and the X11 client libraries,
which come pre-installed on your GNU/Linux system.  You can't easily fix
these, but you don't want to see these errors (and yes, there are many!)
So Valgrind reads a list of errors to suppress at startup.  A default
suppression file is created by the
<computeroutput>./configure</computeroutput> script when the system is
built.</para>

<para>You can modify and add to the suppressions file at your leisure,
or, better, write your own.  Multiple suppression files are allowed.
This is useful if part of your project contains errors you can't or
don't want to fix, yet you don't want to continuously be reminded of
them.</para>

<formalpara><title>Note:</title> <para>By far the easiest way to add
suppressions is to use the <option>--gen-suppressions=yes</option> flag
described in <xref linkend="manual-core.flags"/>.</para>
</formalpara>

<para>Each error to be suppressed is described very specifically, to
minimise the possibility that a suppression-directive inadvertantly
suppresses a bunch of similar errors which you did want to see.  The
suppression mechanism is designed to allow precise yet flexible
specification of errors to suppress.</para>

<para>If you use the <option>-v</option> flag, at the end of execution,
Valgrind prints out one line for each used suppression, giving its name
and the number of times it got used.  Here's the suppressions used by a
run of <computeroutput>valgrind --tool=memcheck ls -l</computeroutput>:</para>

<programlisting><![CDATA[
--27579-- supp: 1 socketcall.connect(serv_addr)/__libc_connect/__nscd_getgrgid_r
--27579-- supp: 1 socketcall.connect(serv_addr)/__libc_connect/__nscd_getpwuid_r
--27579-- supp: 6 strrchr/_dl_map_object_from_fd/_dl_map_object]]></programlisting>

<para>Multiple suppressions files are allowed.  By default, Valgrind
uses <filename>$PREFIX/lib/valgrind/default.supp</filename>.  You can
ask to add suppressions from another file, by specifying
<option>--suppressions=/path/to/file.supp</option>.
</para>

<para>If you want to understand more about suppressions, look at an
existing suppressions file whilst reading the following documentation.
The file <filename>glibc-2.3.supp</filename>, in the source
distribution, provides some good examples.</para>

<para>Each suppression has the following components:</para>

<itemizedlist>

  <listitem>
    <para>First line: its name.  This merely gives a handy name to the
    suppression, by which it is referred to in the summary of used
    suppressions printed out when a program finishes.  It's not
    important what the name is; any identifying string will do.</para>
  </listitem>

  <listitem>
    <para>Second line: name of the tool(s) that the suppression is for
    (if more than one, comma-separated), and the name of the suppression
    itself, separated by a colon (n.b.: no spaces are allowed), eg:</para>
<programlisting><![CDATA[
tool_name1,tool_name2:suppression_name]]></programlisting>

    <para>Recall that Valgrind is a modular system, in which
    different instrumentation tools can observe your program whilst it
    is running.  Since different tools detect different kinds of errors,
    it is necessary to say which tool(s) the suppression is meaningful
    to.</para>

    <para>Tools will complain, at startup, if a tool does not understand
    any suppression directed to it.  Tools ignore suppressions which are
    not directed to them.  As a result, it is quite practical to put
    suppressions for all tools into the same suppression file.</para>
  </listitem>

  <listitem>
    <para>Next line: a small number of suppression types have extra
    information after the second line (eg. the <varname>Param</varname>
    suppression for Memcheck)</para>
  </listitem>

  <listitem>
    <para>Remaining lines: This is the calling context for the error --
    the chain of function calls that led to it.  There can be up to 24
    of these lines.</para>

    <para>Locations may be either names of shared objects/executables or
    wildcards matching function names.  They begin
    <computeroutput>obj:</computeroutput> and
    <computeroutput>fun:</computeroutput> respectively.  Function and
    object names to match against may use the wildcard characters
    <computeroutput>*</computeroutput> and
    <computeroutput>?</computeroutput>.</para>

    <para><command>Important note: </command> C++ function names must be
    <command>mangled</command>.  If you are writing suppressions by
    hand, use the <option>--demangle=no</option> option to get the
    mangled names in your error messages.</para>
  </listitem>

  <listitem>
    <para>Finally, the entire suppression must be between curly
    braces. Each brace must be the first character on its own
    line.</para>
  </listitem>

 </itemizedlist>

<para>A suppression only suppresses an error when the error matches all
the details in the suppression.  Here's an example:</para>

<programlisting><![CDATA[
{
  __gconv_transform_ascii_internal/__mbrtowc/mbtowc
  Memcheck:Value4
  fun:__gconv_transform_ascii_internal
  fun:__mbr*toc
  fun:mbtowc
}]]></programlisting>


<para>What it means is: for Memcheck only, suppress a
use-of-uninitialised-value error, when the data size is 4, when it
occurs in the function
<computeroutput>__gconv_transform_ascii_internal</computeroutput>, when
that is called from any function of name matching
<computeroutput>__mbr*toc</computeroutput>, when that is called from
<computeroutput>mbtowc</computeroutput>.  It doesn't apply under any
other circumstances.  The string by which this suppression is identified
to the user is
<computeroutput>__gconv_transform_ascii_internal/__mbrtowc/mbtowc</computeroutput>.</para>

<para>(See <xref linkend="mc-manual.suppfiles"/> for more details
on the specifics of Memcheck's suppression kinds.)</para>

<para>Another example, again for the Memcheck tool:</para>

<programlisting><![CDATA[
{
  libX11.so.6.2/libX11.so.6.2/libXaw.so.7.0
  Memcheck:Value4
  obj:/usr/X11R6/lib/libX11.so.6.2
  obj:/usr/X11R6/lib/libX11.so.6.2
  obj:/usr/X11R6/lib/libXaw.so.7.0
}]]></programlisting>

<para>Suppress any size 4 uninitialised-value error which occurs
anywhere in <filename>libX11.so.6.2</filename>, when called from
anywhere in the same library, when called from anywhere in
<filename>libXaw.so.7.0</filename>.  The inexact specification of
locations is regrettable, but is about all you can hope for, given that
the X11 libraries shipped on the Linux distro on which this example
was made have had their symbol tables removed.</para>

<para>Although the above two examples do not make this clear, you can
freely mix <computeroutput>obj:</computeroutput> and
<computeroutput>fun:</computeroutput> lines in a suppression.</para>

</sect1>


<sect1 id="manual-core.flags" 
       xreflabel="Command-line flags for the Valgrind core">
<title>Command-line flags for the Valgrind core</title>

<para>As mentioned above, Valgrind's core accepts a common set of flags.
The tools also accept tool-specific flags, which are documented
separately for each tool.</para>

<para>You invoke Valgrind like this:</para>

<programlisting><![CDATA[
valgrind [valgrind-options] your-prog [your-prog-options]]]></programlisting>

<para>Valgrind's default settings succeed in giving reasonable behaviour
in most cases.  We group the available options by rough
categories.</para>

<sect2 id="manual-core.toolopts" xreflabel="Tool-selection option">
<title>Tool-selection option</title>

<para>The single most important option.</para>

<itemizedlist>
  <listitem id="tool_name">
    <para><option>--tool=&lt;name&gt;</option> [default=memcheck]</para>
    <para>Run the Valgrind tool called <emphasis>name</emphasis>,
    e.g. Memcheck, Cachegrind, etc.</para>
  </listitem>
</itemizedlist>

</sect2>



<sect2 id="manual-core.basicopts" xreflabel="Basic Options">
<title>Basic Options</title>

<!-- start of xi:include in the manpage -->
<para id="basic.opts.para">These options work with all tools.</para>

<variablelist id="basic.opts.list">

  <varlistentry id="opt.help" xreflabel="--help">
    <term><option>-h --help</option></term>
    <listitem>
      <para>Show help for all options, both for the core and for the
      selected tool.</para>
    </listitem>
  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry id="opt.help-debug" xreflabel="--help-debug">
    <term><option>--help-debug</option></term>
    <listitem>
      <para>Same as <option>--help</option>, but also lists debugging
      options which usually are only of use to Valgrind's
      developers.</para>
    </listitem>
  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry id="opt.version" xreflabel="--version">
    <term><option>--version</option></term>
    <listitem>
      <para>Show the version number of the Valgrind core. Tools can have
      their own version numbers. There is a scheme in place to ensure
      that tools only execute when the core version is one they are
      known to work with. This was done to minimise the chances of
      strange problems arising from tool-vs-core version
      incompatibilities.</para>
    </listitem>
  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry id="opt.quiet" xreflabel="--quiet">
    <term><option>-q --quiet</option></term>
    <listitem>
      <para>Run silently, and only print error messages. Useful if you
      are running regression tests or have some other automated test
      machinery.</para>
    </listitem>
  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry id="opt.verbose" xreflabel="--verbose">
    <term><option>-v --verbose</option></term>
    <listitem>
      <para>Be more verbose. Gives extra information on various aspects
      of your program, such as: the shared objects loaded, the
      suppressions used, the progress of the instrumentation and
      execution engines, and warnings about unusual behaviour. Repeating
      the flag increases the verbosity level.</para>
    </listitem>
  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry id="opt.d" xreflabel="-d">
    <term><option>-d</option></term>
    <listitem>
      <para>Emit information for debugging Valgrind itself.  This is
      usually only of interest to the Valgrind developers.  Repeating
      the flag produces more detailed output.  If you want to send us a
      bug report, a log of the output generated by 
      <option>-v -v -d -d</option> will make your report more
      useful.</para>
    </listitem>
  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry id="opt.tool" xreflabel="--tool">
    <term>
      <option><![CDATA[--tool=<toolname> [default: memcheck] ]]></option>
    </term>
    <listitem>
      <para>Run the Valgrind tool called <varname>toolname</varname>,
      e.g. Memcheck, Cachegrind, etc.</para>
    </listitem>
  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry id="opt.trace-children" xreflabel="--trace-children">
    <term>
      <option><![CDATA[--trace-children=<yes|no> [default: no] ]]></option>
    </term>
    <listitem>
      <para>When enabled, Valgrind will trace into sub-processes
      initiated via the <varname>exec</varname> system call.  This can be
      confusing and isn't usually what you want, so it is disabled by
      default.  
      </para>
      <para>Note that Valgrind does trace into the child of a
      <varname>fork</varname> (it would be difficult not to, since
      <varname>fork</varname> makes an identical copy of a process), so this
      option is arguably badly named.  However, most children of
      <varname>fork</varname> calls immediately call <varname>exec</varname>
      anyway.
      </para>
    </listitem>
  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry id="opt.child-silent-after-fork"
                xreflabel="--child-silent-after-fork">
    <term>
      <option><![CDATA[--child-silent-after-fork=<yes|no> [default: no] ]]></option>
    </term>
    <listitem>
      <para>When enabled, Valgrind will not show any debugging or
      logging output for the child process resulting from
      a <varname>fork</varname> call.  This can make the output less
      confusing (although more misleading) when dealing with processes
      that create children.  It is particularly useful in conjunction
      with <varname>--trace-children=</varname>.  Use of this flag is also
      strongly recommended if you are requesting XML output
      (<varname>--xml=yes</varname>), since otherwise the XML from child and
      parent may become mixed up, which usually makes it useless.
      </para>
    </listitem>
  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry id="opt.track-fds" xreflabel="--track-fds">
    <term>
      <option><![CDATA[--track-fds=<yes|no> [default: no] ]]></option>
    </term>
    <listitem>
      <para>When enabled, Valgrind will print out a list of open file
      descriptors on exit.  Along with each file descriptor is printed a
      stack backtrace of where the file was opened and any details
      relating to the file descriptor such as the file name or socket
      details.</para>
    </listitem>
  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry id="opt.time-stamp" xreflabel="--time-stamp">
    <term>
      <option><![CDATA[--time-stamp=<yes|no> [default: no] ]]></option>
    </term>
    <listitem>
      <para>When enabled, each message is preceded with an indication of
      the elapsed wallclock time since startup, expressed as days,
      hours, minutes, seconds and milliseconds.</para>
    </listitem>
  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry id="opt.log-fd" xreflabel="--log-fd">
    <term>
      <option><![CDATA[--log-fd=<number> [default: 2, stderr] ]]></option>
    </term>
    <listitem>
      <para>Specifies that Valgrind should send all of its messages to
      the specified file descriptor.  The default, 2, is the standard
      error channel (stderr).  Note that this may interfere with the
      client's own use of stderr, as Valgrind's output will be
      interleaved with any output that the client sends to
      stderr.</para>
    </listitem>
  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry id="opt.log-file" xreflabel="--log-file">
    <term>
      <option><![CDATA[--log-file=<filename> ]]></option>
    </term>
    <listitem>
      <para>Specifies that Valgrind should send all of its messages to
      the specified file.  If the file name is empty, it causes an abort.
      There are three special format specifiers that can be used in the file
      name.</para>

      <para><option>%p</option> is replaced with the current process ID.
      This is very useful for program that invoke multiple processes.
      WARNING: If you use <option>--trace-children=yes</option> and your
      program invokes multiple processes OR your program forks without
      calling exec afterwards, and you don't use this specifier
      (or the <option>%q</option> specifier below), the Valgrind output from
      all those processes will go into one file, possibly jumbled up, and
      possibly incomplete.</para>

      <para><option>%q{FOO}</option> is replaced with the contents of the
      environment variable <varname>FOO</varname>.  If the
      <option>{FOO}</option> part is malformed, it causes an abort.  This
      specifier is rarely needed, but very useful in certain circumstances
      (eg. when running MPI programs).  The idea is that you specify a
      variable which will be set differently for each process in the job,
      for example <computeroutput>BPROC_RANK</computeroutput> or whatever is
      applicable in your MPI setup.  If the named environment variable is not
      set, it causes an abort.  Note that in some shells, the
      <option>{</option> and <option>}</option> characters may need to be
      escaped with a backslash.</para>

      <para><option>%%</option> is replaced with <option>%</option>.</para>
      
      <para>If an <option>%</option> is followed by any other character, it
      causes an abort.</para>
    </listitem>
  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry id="opt.log-socket" xreflabel="--log-socket">
    <term>
      <option><![CDATA[--log-socket=<ip-address:port-number> ]]></option>
    </term>
    <listitem>
      <para>Specifies that Valgrind should send all of its messages to
      the specified port at the specified IP address.  The port may be
      omitted, in which case port 1500 is used.  If a connection cannot
      be made to the specified socket, Valgrind falls back to writing
      output to the standard error (stderr).  This option is intended to
      be used in conjunction with the
      <computeroutput>valgrind-listener</computeroutput> program.  For
      further details, see 
      <link linkend="manual-core.comment">the commentary</link>
      in the manual.</para>
    </listitem>
  </varlistentry>

</variablelist>
<!-- end of xi:include in the manpage -->

</sect2>


<sect2 id="manual-core.erropts" xreflabel="Error-related Options">
<title>Error-related options</title>

<!-- start of xi:include in the manpage -->
<para id="error-related.opts.para">These options are used by all tools
that can report errors, e.g. Memcheck, but not Cachegrind.</para>

<variablelist id="error-related.opts.list">

  <varlistentry id="opt.xml" xreflabel="--xml">
    <term>
      <option><![CDATA[--xml=<yes|no> [default: no] ]]></option>
    </term>
    <listitem>
      <para>When enabled, output will be in XML format.  This is aimed
      at making life easier for tools that consume Valgrind's output as
      input, such as GUI front ends.  Currently this option only works
      with Memcheck.</para>
    </listitem>
  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry id="opt.xml-user-comment" xreflabel="--xml-user-comment">
    <term>
      <option><![CDATA[--xml-user-comment=<string> ]]></option>
    </term>
    <listitem>
      <para>Embeds an extra user comment string at the start of the XML
      output.  Only works when <option>--xml=yes</option> is specified;
      ignored otherwise.</para>
    </listitem>
  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry id="opt.demangle" xreflabel="--demangle">
    <term>
      <option><![CDATA[--demangle=<yes|no> [default: yes] ]]></option>
    </term>
    <listitem>
      <para>Enable/disable automatic demangling (decoding) of C++ names.
      Enabled by default.  When enabled, Valgrind will attempt to
      translate encoded C++ names back to something approaching the
      original.  The demangler handles symbols mangled by g++ versions
      2.X, 3.X and 4.X.</para>

      <para>An important fact about demangling is that function names
      mentioned in suppressions files should be in their mangled form.
      Valgrind does not demangle function names when searching for
      applicable suppressions, because to do otherwise would make
      suppressions file contents dependent on the state of Valgrind's
      demangling machinery, and would also be slow and pointless.</para>
    </listitem>
  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry id="opt.num-callers" xreflabel="--num-callers">
    <term>
      <option><![CDATA[--num-callers=<number> [default: 12] ]]></option>
    </term>
    <listitem>
      <para>By default, Valgrind shows twelve levels of function call
      names to help you identify program locations.  You can change that
      number with this option.  This can help in determining the
      program's location in deeply-nested call chains.  Note that errors
      are commoned up using only the top four function locations (the
      place in the current function, and that of its three immediate
      callers).  So this doesn't affect the total number of errors
      reported.</para>

      <para>The maximum value for this is 50. Note that higher settings
      will make Valgrind run a bit more slowly and take a bit more
      memory, but can be useful when working with programs with
      deeply-nested call chains.</para>
    </listitem>
  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry id="opt.error-limit" xreflabel="--error-limit">
    <term>
      <option><![CDATA[--error-limit=<yes|no> [default: yes] ]]></option>
    </term>
    <listitem>
      <para>When enabled, Valgrind stops reporting errors after 10,000,000
      in total, or 1,000 different ones, have been seen.  This is to
      stop the error tracking machinery from becoming a huge performance
      overhead in programs with many errors.</para>
    </listitem>
  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry id="opt.error-exitcode" xreflabel="--error-exitcode">
    <term>
      <option><![CDATA[--error-exitcode=<number> [default: 0] ]]></option>
    </term>
    <listitem>
      <para>Specifies an alternative exit code to return if Valgrind
      reported any errors in the run.  When set to the default value
      (zero), the return value from Valgrind will always be the return 
      value of the process being simulated.  When set to a nonzero value,
      that value is returned instead, if Valgrind detects any errors.
      This is useful for using Valgrind as part of an automated test
      suite, since it makes it easy to detect test cases for which
      Valgrind has reported errors, just by inspecting return codes.</para>
    </listitem>
  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry id="opt.stack-traces" xreflabel="--show-below-main">
    <term>
      <option><![CDATA[--show-below-main=<yes|no> [default: no] ]]></option>
    </term>
    <listitem>
      <para>By default, stack traces for errors do not show any
      functions that appear beneath <function>main()</function> 
      (or similar functions such as glibc's
      <function>__libc_start_main()</function>, if
      <function>main()</function> is not present in the stack trace);
      most of the time it's uninteresting C library stuff.  If this
      option is enabled, those entries below <function>main()</function>
      will be shown.</para>
    </listitem>
  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry id="opt.suppressions" xreflabel="--suppressions">
    <term>
      <option><![CDATA[--suppressions=<filename> [default: $PREFIX/lib/valgrind/default.supp] ]]></option>
    </term>
    <listitem>
      <para>Specifies an extra file from which to read descriptions of
      errors to suppress.  You may use up to 100 extra suppression
      files.</para>
    </listitem>
  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry id="opt.gen-suppressions" xreflabel="--gen-suppressions">
    <term>
      <option><![CDATA[--gen-suppressions=<yes|no|all> [default: no] ]]></option>
    </term>
    <listitem>
      <para>When set to <varname>yes</varname>, Valgrind will pause
      after every error shown and print the line:
      <literallayout>    ---- Print suppression ? --- [Return/N/n/Y/y/C/c] ----</literallayout>

      The prompt's behaviour is the same as for the
      <option>--db-attach</option> option (see below).</para>

      <para>If you choose to, Valgrind will print out a suppression for
      this error.  You can then cut and paste it into a suppression file
      if you don't want to hear about the error in the future.</para>

      <para>When set to <varname>all</varname>, Valgrind will print a
      suppression for every reported error, without querying the
      user.</para>

      <para>This option is particularly useful with C++ programs, as it
      prints out the suppressions with mangled names, as
      required.</para>

      <para>Note that the suppressions printed are as specific as
      possible.  You may want to common up similar ones, eg. by adding
      wildcards to function names.  Sometimes two different errors
      are suppressed by the same suppression, in which case Valgrind
      will output the suppression more than once, but you only need to
      have one copy in your suppression file (but having more than one
      won't cause problems).  Also, the suppression name is given as
      <computeroutput>&lt;insert a suppression name
      here&gt;</computeroutput>; the name doesn't really matter, it's
      only used with the <option>-v</option> option which prints out all
      used suppression records.</para>
    </listitem>
  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry id="opt.db-attach" xreflabel="--db-attach">
    <term>
      <option><![CDATA[--db-attach=<yes|no> [default: no] ]]></option>
    </term>
    <listitem>
      <para>When enabled, Valgrind will pause after every error shown
      and print the line:
      <literallayout>    ---- Attach to debugger ? --- [Return/N/n/Y/y/C/c] ----</literallayout>

      Pressing <varname>Ret</varname>, or <varname>N Ret</varname> or
      <varname>n Ret</varname>, causes Valgrind not to start a debugger
      for this error.</para>

      <para>Pressing <varname>Y Ret</varname> or
      <varname>y Ret</varname> causes Valgrind to start a debugger for
      the program at this point. When you have finished with the
      debugger, quit from it, and the program will continue. Trying to
      continue from inside the debugger doesn't work.</para>

      <para><varname>C Ret</varname> or <varname>c Ret</varname> causes
      Valgrind not to start a debugger, and not to ask again.</para>

      <para><command>Note:</command> <option>--db-attach=yes</option>
      conflicts with <option>--trace-children=yes</option>.  You can't
      use them together.  Valgrind refuses to start up in this
      situation.</para>

      <para>May 2002: this is a historical relic which could be easily
      fixed if it gets in your way.  Mail us and complain if this is a
      problem for you.</para>
      <para>Nov 2002: if you're sending output to a logfile or to a
      network socket, I guess this option doesn't make any sense.
      Caveat emptor.</para>
    </listitem>
  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry id="opt.db-command" xreflabel="--db-command">
    <term>
      <option><![CDATA[--db-command=<command> [default: gdb -nw %f %p] ]]></option>
    </term>
    <listitem>
      <para>Specify the debugger to use with the
      <option>--db-attach</option> command. The default debugger is
      gdb. This option is a template that is expanded by Valgrind at
      runtime.  <literal>%f</literal> is replaced with the executable's
      file name and <literal>%p</literal> is replaced by the process ID
      of the executable.</para>

      <para>This specifies how Valgrind will invoke the debugger.  By
      default it will use whatever GDB is detected at build time, which
      is usually <computeroutput>/usr/bin/gdb</computeroutput>.  Using
      this command, you can specify some alternative command to invoke
      the debugger you want to use.</para>

      <para>The command string given can include one or instances of the
      <literal>%p</literal> and <literal>%f</literal> expansions. Each
      instance of <literal>%p</literal> expands to the PID of the
      process to be debugged and each instance of <literal>%f</literal>
      expands to the path to the executable for the process to be
      debugged.</para>

      <para>Since <computeroutput>&lt;command&gt;</computeroutput> is likely
      to contain spaces, you will need to put this entire flag in
      quotes to ensure it is correctly handled by the shell.</para>
    </listitem>
  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry id="opt.input-fd" xreflabel="--input-fd">
    <term>
      <option><![CDATA[--input-fd=<number> [default: 0, stdin] ]]></option>
    </term>
    <listitem>
      <para>When using <option>--db-attach=yes</option> or
      <option>--gen-suppressions=yes</option>, Valgrind will stop so as
      to read keyboard input from you when each error occurs.  By
      default it reads from the standard input (stdin), which is
      problematic for programs which close stdin.  This option allows
      you to specify an alternative file descriptor from which to read
      input.</para>
    </listitem>
  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry id="opt.max-stackframe" xreflabel="--max-stackframe">
    <term>
      <option><![CDATA[--max-stackframe=<number> [default: 2000000] ]]></option>
    </term>
    <listitem>
      <para>The maximum size of a stack frame.  If the stack pointer moves by
      more than this amount then Valgrind will assume that
      the program is switching to a different stack.</para>

      <para>You may need to use this option if your program has large
      stack-allocated arrays.  Valgrind keeps track of your program's
      stack pointer.  If it changes by more than the threshold amount,
      Valgrind assumes your program is switching to a different stack,
      and Memcheck behaves differently than it would for a stack pointer
      change smaller than the threshold.  Usually this heuristic works
      well.  However, if your program allocates large structures on the
      stack, this heuristic will be fooled, and Memcheck will
      subsequently report large numbers of invalid stack accesses.  This
      option allows you to change the threshold to a different
      value.</para>

      <para>You should only consider use of this flag if Valgrind's
      debug output directs you to do so.  In that case it will tell you
      the new threshold you should specify.</para>

      <para>In general, allocating large structures on the stack is a
      bad idea, because you can easily run out of stack space,
      especially on systems with limited memory or which expect to
      support large numbers of threads each with a small stack, and also
      because the error checking performed by Memcheck is more effective
      for heap-allocated data than for stack-allocated data.  If you
      have to use this flag, you may wish to consider rewriting your
      code to allocate on the heap rather than on the stack.</para>
    </listitem>
  </varlistentry>

</variablelist>
<!-- end of xi:include in the manpage -->

</sect2>


<sect2 id="manual-core.mallocopts" xreflabel="malloc()-related Options">
<title><computeroutput>malloc()</computeroutput>-related Options</title>

<!-- start of xi:include in the manpage -->
<para id="malloc-related.opts.para">For tools that use their own version of
<computeroutput>malloc()</computeroutput> (e.g. Memcheck and
Massif), the following options apply.</para>

<variablelist id="malloc-related.opts.list">

  <varlistentry id="opt.alignment" xreflabel="--alignment">
    <term>
      <option><![CDATA[--alignment=<number> [default: 8] ]]></option>
    </term>
    <listitem>
      <para>By default Valgrind's <function>malloc()</function>,
      <function>realloc()</function>, etc, return 8-byte aligned
      addresses.  This is standard for most processors.  However, some
      programs might assume that <function>malloc()</function> et al
      return 16-byte or more aligned memory.  The supplied value must be
      between 8 and 4096 inclusive, and must be a power of two.</para>
    </listitem>
  </varlistentry>

</variablelist>
<!-- end of xi:include in the manpage -->

</sect2>


<sect2 id="manual-core.rareopts" xreflabel="Uncommon Options">
<title>Uncommon Options</title>

<!-- start of xi:include in the manpage -->
<para id="uncommon.opts.para">These options apply to all tools, as they
affect certain obscure workings of the Valgrind core.  Most people won't
need to use these.</para>

<variablelist id="uncommon.opts.list">

  <varlistentry id="opt.run-libc-freeres" xreflabel="--run-libc-freeres">
    <term>
      <option><![CDATA[--run-libc-freeres=<yes|no> [default: yes] ]]></option>
    </term>
    <listitem>
      <para>The GNU C library (<function>libc.so</function>), which is
      used by all programs, may allocate memory for its own uses.
      Usually it doesn't bother to free that memory when the program
      ends&mdash;there would be no point, since the Linux kernel reclaims
      all process resources when a process exits anyway, so it would
      just slow things down.</para>

      <para>The glibc authors realised that this behaviour causes leak
      checkers, such as Valgrind, to falsely report leaks in glibc, when
      a leak check is done at exit.  In order to avoid this, they
      provided a routine called <function>__libc_freeres</function>
      specifically to make glibc release all memory it has allocated.
      Memcheck therefore tries to run
      <function>__libc_freeres</function> at exit.</para>

      <para>Unfortunately, in some very old versions of glibc,
      <function>__libc_freeres</function> is sufficiently buggy to cause
      segmentation faults.  This was particularly noticeable on Red Hat
      7.1.  So this flag is provided in order to inhibit the run of
      <function>__libc_freeres</function>.  If your program seems to run
      fine on Valgrind, but segfaults at exit, you may find that
      <option>--run-libc-freeres=no</option> fixes that, although at the
      cost of possibly falsely reporting space leaks in
      <filename>libc.so</filename>.</para>
    </listitem>
  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry id="opt.sim-hints" xreflabel="--sim-hints">
    <term>
      <option><![CDATA[--sim-hints=hint1,hint2,... ]]></option>
    </term>
    <listitem>
      <para>Pass miscellaneous hints to Valgrind which slightly modify
      the simulated behaviour in nonstandard or dangerous ways, possibly
      to help the simulation of strange features.  By default no hints
      are enabled.  Use with caution!  Currently known hints are:</para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para><option>lax-ioctls: </option> Be very lax about ioctl
          handling; the only assumption is that the size is
          correct. Doesn't require the full buffer to be initialized
          when writing.  Without this, using some device drivers with a
          large number of strange ioctl commands becomes very
          tiresome.</para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para><option>enable-inner: </option> Enable some special
          magic needed when the program being run is itself
          Valgrind.</para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
    </listitem>
  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry id="opt.kernel-variant" xreflabel="--kernel-variant">
    <term>
      <option>--kernel-variant=variant1,variant2,...</option>
    </term>
    <listitem>
      <para>Handle system calls and ioctls arising from minor variants
      of the default kernel for this platform.  This is useful for
      running on hacked kernels or with kernel modules which support
      nonstandard ioctls, for example.  Use with caution.  If you don't
      understand what this option does then you almost certainly don't
      need it.  Currently known variants are:</para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para><option>bproc: </option> Support the sys_broc system
          call on x86.  This is for running on BProc, which is a minor
          variant of standard Linux which is sometimes used for building
          clusters.</para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
    </listitem>
  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry id="opt.show-emwarns" xreflabel="--show-emwarns">
    <term>
      <option><![CDATA[--show-emwarns=<yes|no> [default: no] ]]></option>
    </term>
    <listitem>
      <para>When enabled, Valgrind will emit warnings about its CPU
      emulation in certain cases.  These are usually not
      interesting.</para>
   </listitem>
  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry id="opt.smc-check" xreflabel="--smc-check">
    <term>
      <option><![CDATA[--smc-check=<none|stack|all> [default: stack] ]]></option>
    </term>
    <listitem>
      <para>This option controls Valgrind's detection of self-modifying
      code.  Valgrind can do no detection, detect self-modifying code on
      the stack, or detect self-modifying code anywhere.  Note that the
      default option will catch the vast majority of cases, as far as we
      know.  Running with <varname>all</varname> will slow Valgrind down
      greatly.  Running with <varname>none</varname> will rarely
      speed things up, since very little code gets put on the stack for
      most programs.</para>

      <para>Some architectures (including ppc32 and ppc64) require
      programs which create code at runtime to flush the instruction
      cache in between code generation and first use.  Valgrind
      observes and honours such instructions.  Hence, on ppc32/Linux
      and ppc64/Linux, Valgrind always provides complete, transparent
      support for self-modifying code.  It is only on x86/Linux
      and amd64/Linux that you need to use this flag.</para>
    </listitem>
  </varlistentry>

</variablelist>
<!-- end of xi:include in the manpage -->

</sect2>


<sect2 id="manual-core.debugopts" xreflabel="Debugging Valgrind Options">
<title>Debugging Valgrind Options</title>

<!-- start of xi:include in the manpage -->
<para id="debug.opts.para">There are also some options for debugging
Valgrind itself.  You shouldn't need to use them in the normal run of
things.  If you wish to see the list, use the
<option>--help-debug</option> option.</para>
<!-- end of xi:include in the manpage -->

</sect2>


<sect2 id="manual-core.defopts" xreflabel="Setting default options">
<title>Setting default Options</title>

<para>Note that Valgrind also reads options from three places:</para>

  <orderedlist>
   <listitem>
    <para>The file <computeroutput>~/.valgrindrc</computeroutput></para>
   </listitem>

   <listitem>
    <para>The environment variable
    <computeroutput>$VALGRIND_OPTS</computeroutput></para>
   </listitem>

   <listitem>
    <para>The file <computeroutput>./.valgrindrc</computeroutput></para>
   </listitem>
  </orderedlist>

<para>These are processed in the given order, before the
command-line options.  Options processed later override those
processed earlier; for example, options in
<computeroutput>./.valgrindrc</computeroutput> will take
precedence over those in
<computeroutput>~/.valgrindrc</computeroutput>.  The first two
are particularly useful for setting the default tool to
use.</para>

<para>Any tool-specific options put in
<computeroutput>$VALGRIND_OPTS</computeroutput> or the
<computeroutput>.valgrindrc</computeroutput> files should be
prefixed with the tool name and a colon.  For example, if you
want Memcheck to always do leak checking, you can put the
following entry in <literal>~/.valgrindrc</literal>:</para>

<programlisting><![CDATA[
--memcheck:leak-check=yes]]></programlisting>

<para>This will be ignored if any tool other than Memcheck is
run.  Without the <computeroutput>memcheck:</computeroutput>
part, this will cause problems if you select other tools that
don't understand
<computeroutput>--leak-check=yes</computeroutput>.</para>

</sect2>

</sect1>




<sect1 id="manual-core.pthreads" xreflabel="Support for Threads">
<title>Support for Threads</title>

<para>Valgrind supports programs which use POSIX pthreads.
Getting this to work was technically challenging but it now works
well enough for significant threaded applications to run.</para>

<para>The main thing to point out is that although Valgrind works
with the standard Linux threads library (eg. NPTL or LinuxThreads), it
serialises execution so that only one thread is running at a time.  This
approach avoids the horrible implementation problems of implementing a
truly multiprocessor version of Valgrind, but it does mean that threaded
apps run only on one CPU, even if you have a multiprocessor
machine.</para>

<para>Valgrind schedules your program's threads in a round-robin fashion,
with all threads having equal priority.  It switches threads
every 100000 basic blocks (on x86, typically around 600000
instructions), which means you'll get a much finer interleaving
of thread executions than when run natively.  This in itself may
cause your program to behave differently if you have some kind of
concurrency, critical race, locking, or similar, bugs.  In that case
you might consider using Valgrind's Helgrind tool to track them down.</para>

<para>Your program will use the native
<computeroutput>libpthread</computeroutput>, but not all of its facilities
will work.  In particular, synchronisation of processes via shared-memory
segments will not work.  This relies on special atomic instruction sequences 
which Valgrind does not emulate in a way which works between processes.
Unfortunately there's no way for Valgrind to warn when this is happening,
and such calls will mostly work.  Only when there's a race will 
it fail.
</para>

<para>Valgrind also supports direct use of the
<computeroutput>clone()</computeroutput> system call,
<computeroutput>futex()</computeroutput> and so on.
<computeroutput>clone()</computeroutput> is supported where either
everything is shared (a thread) or nothing is shared (fork-like); partial
sharing will fail.  Again, any use of atomic instruction sequences in shared
memory between processes will not work reliably.
</para>


</sect1>

<sect1 id="manual-core.signals" xreflabel="Handling of Signals">
<title>Handling of Signals</title>

<para>Valgrind has a fairly complete signal implementation.  It should be
able to cope with any POSIX-compliant use of signals.</para>
 
<para>If you're using signals in clever ways (for example, catching
SIGSEGV, modifying page state and restarting the instruction), you're
probably relying on precise exceptions.  In this case, you will need
to use <computeroutput>--vex-iropt-precise-memory-exns=yes</computeroutput>.
</para>

<para>If your program dies as a result of a fatal core-dumping signal,
Valgrind will generate its own core file
(<computeroutput>vgcore.NNNNN</computeroutput>) containing your program's
state.  You may use this core file for post-mortem debugging with gdb or
similar.  (Note: it will not generate a core if your core dump size limit is
0.)  At the time of writing the core dumps do not include all the floating
point register information.</para>

<para>In the unlikely event that Valgrind itself crashes, the operating system
will create a core dump in the usual way.</para>

</sect1>








<sect1 id="manual-core.install" xreflabel="Building and Installing">
<title>Building and Installing Valgrind</title>

<para>We use the standard Unix
<computeroutput>./configure</computeroutput>,
<computeroutput>make</computeroutput>, <computeroutput>make
install</computeroutput> mechanism, and we have attempted to
ensure that it works on machines with kernel 2.4 or 2.6 and glibc
2.2.X to 2.5.X.  Once you have completed 
<computeroutput>make install</computeroutput> you may then want 
to run the regression tests
with <computeroutput>make regtest</computeroutput>.
</para>

<para>There are five options (in addition to the usual
<option>--prefix=</option> which affect how Valgrind is built:
<itemizedlist>

  <listitem>
    <para><option>--enable-inner</option></para>
    <para>This builds Valgrind with some special magic hacks which make
     it possible to run it on a standard build of Valgrind (what the
     developers call "self-hosting").  Ordinarily you should not use
     this flag as various kinds of safety checks are disabled.
   </para>
  </listitem>

  <listitem>
    <para><option>--enable-tls</option></para>
    <para>TLS (Thread Local Storage) is a relatively new mechanism which
    requires compiler, linker and kernel support.  Valgrind tries to
    automatically test if TLS is supported and if so enables this option.
    Sometimes it cannot test for TLS, so this option allows you to
    override the automatic test.</para>
  </listitem>

  <listitem>
    <para><option>--with-vex=</option></para>
    <para>Specifies the path to the underlying VEX dynamic-translation
     library.  By default this is taken to be in the VEX directory off
     the root of the source tree.
   </para>
  </listitem>

  <listitem>
    <para><option>--enable-only64bit</option></para>
    <para><option>--enable-only32bit</option></para>
    <para>On 64-bit
     platforms (amd64-linux, ppc64-linux), Valgrind is by default built
     in such a way that both 32-bit and 64-bit executables can be run.
     Sometimes this cleverness is a problem for a variety of reasons.
     These two flags allow for single-target builds in this situation.
     If you issue both, the configure script will complain.  Note they
     are ignored on 32-bit-only platforms (x86-linux, ppc32-linux).
   </para>
  </listitem>

</itemizedlist>
</para>

<para>The <computeroutput>configure</computeroutput> script tests
the version of the X server currently indicated by the current
<computeroutput>$DISPLAY</computeroutput>.  This is a known bug.
The intention was to detect the version of the current X
client libraries, so that correct suppressions could be selected
for them, but instead the test checks the server version.  This
is just plain wrong.</para>

<para>If you are building a binary package of Valgrind for
distribution, please read <literal>README_PACKAGERS</literal>
<xref linkend="dist.readme-packagers"/>.  It contains some
important information.</para>

<para>Apart from that, there's not much excitement here.  Let us
know if you have build problems.</para>

</sect1>



<sect1 id="manual-core.problems" xreflabel="If You Have Problems">
<title>If You Have Problems</title>

<para>Contact us at <ulink url="&vg-url;">&vg-url;</ulink>.</para>

<para>See <xref linkend="manual-core.limits"/> for the known
limitations of Valgrind, and for a list of programs which are
known not to work on it.</para>

<para>All parts of the system make heavy use of assertions and 
internal self-checks.  They are permanently enabled, and we have no 
plans to disable them.  If one of them breaks, please mail us!</para>

<para>If you get an assertion failure
in <filename>m_mallocfree.c</filename>, this may have happened because
your program wrote off the end of a malloc'd block, or before its
beginning.  Valgrind hopefully will have emitted a proper message to that
effect before dying in this way.  This is a known problem which
we should fix.</para>

<para>Read the <xref linkend="FAQ"/> for more advice about common problems, 
crashes, etc.</para>

</sect1>



<sect1 id="manual-core.limits" xreflabel="Limitations">
<title>Limitations</title>

<para>The following list of limitations seems long.  However, most
programs actually work fine.</para>

<para>Valgrind will run Linux ELF binaries, on a kernel 2.4.X or 2.6.X
system, on the x86, amd64, ppc32 and ppc64 architectures, subject to the
following constraints:</para>

 <itemizedlist>
  <listitem>
   <para>On x86 and amd64, there is no support for 3DNow! instructions.
   If the translator encounters these, Valgrind will generate a SIGILL
   when the instruction is executed.  Apart from that, on x86 and amd64,
   essentially all instructions are supported, up to and including SSE3.
   </para>

   <para>On ppc32 and ppc64, almost all integer, floating point and Altivec
   instructions are supported.  Specifically: integer and FP insns that are
   mandatory for PowerPC, the "General-purpose optional" group (fsqrt, fsqrts,
   stfiwx), the "Graphics optional" group (fre, fres, frsqrte, frsqrtes), and
   the Altivec (also known as VMX) SIMD instruction set, are supported.</para>
  </listitem>

  <listitem>
   <para>Atomic instruction sequences are not properly supported, in the
   sense that their atomicity is not preserved.  This will affect any
   use of synchronization via memory shared between processes.  They
   will appear to work, but fail sporadically.</para>
  </listitem>

  <listitem>
   <para>If your program does its own memory management, rather than
   using malloc/new/free/delete, it should still work, but Memcheck's
   error checking won't be so effective.  If you describe your program's
   memory management scheme using "client requests" 
   (see <xref linkend="manual-core-adv.clientreq"/>), Memcheck can do
   better.  Nevertheless, using malloc/new and free/delete is still the
   best approach.</para>
  </listitem>

  <listitem>
   <para>Valgrind's signal simulation is not as robust as it could be.
   Basic POSIX-compliant sigaction and sigprocmask functionality is
   supplied, but it's conceivable that things could go badly awry if you
   do weird things with signals.  Workaround: don't.  Programs that do
   non-POSIX signal tricks are in any case inherently unportable, so
   should be avoided if possible.</para>
  </listitem>

  <listitem>
   <para>Machine instructions, and system calls, have been implemented
   on demand.  So it's possible, although unlikely, that a program will
   fall over with a message to that effect.  If this happens, please
   report all the details printed out, so we can try and implement the
   missing feature.</para>
  </listitem>

  <listitem>
   <para>Memory consumption of your program is majorly increased whilst
   running under Valgrind.  This is due to the large amount of
   administrative information maintained behind the scenes.  Another
   cause is that Valgrind dynamically translates the original
   executable.  Translated, instrumented code is 12-18 times larger than
   the original so you can easily end up with 50+ MB of translations
   when running (eg) a web browser.</para>
  </listitem>

  <listitem>
   <para>Valgrind can handle dynamically-generated code just fine.  If
   you regenerate code over the top of old code (ie. at the same memory
   addresses), if the code is on the stack Valgrind will realise the
   code has changed, and work correctly.  This is necessary to handle
   the trampolines GCC uses to implemented nested functions.  If you
   regenerate code somewhere other than the stack, you will need to use
   the <option>--smc-check=all</option> flag, and Valgrind will run more
   slowly than normal.</para>
  </listitem>

  <listitem>
   <para>As of version 3.0.0, Valgrind has the following limitations
   in its implementation of x86/AMD64 floating point relative to 
   IEEE754.</para>

   <para>Precision: There is no support for 80 bit arithmetic.
   Internally, Valgrind represents all such "long double" numbers in 64
   bits, and so there may be some differences in results.  Whether or
   not this is critical remains to be seen.  Note, the x86/amd64
   fldt/fstpt instructions (read/write 80-bit numbers) are correctly
   simulated, using conversions to/from 64 bits, so that in-memory
   images of 80-bit numbers look correct if anyone wants to see.</para>

   <para>The impression observed from many FP regression tests is that
   the accuracy differences aren't significant.  Generally speaking, if
   a program relies on 80-bit precision, there may be difficulties
   porting it to non x86/amd64 platforms which only support 64-bit FP
   precision.  Even on x86/amd64, the program may get different results
   depending on whether it is compiled to use SSE2 instructions (64-bits
   only), or x87 instructions (80-bit).  The net effect is to make FP
   programs behave as if they had been run on a machine with 64-bit IEEE
   floats, for example PowerPC.  On amd64 FP arithmetic is done by
   default on SSE2, so amd64 looks more like PowerPC than x86 from an FP
   perspective, and there are far fewer noticeable accuracy differences
   than with x86.</para>

   <para>Rounding: Valgrind does observe the 4 IEEE-mandated rounding
   modes (to nearest, to +infinity, to -infinity, to zero) for the
   following conversions: float to integer, integer to float where
   there is a possibility of loss of precision, and float-to-float
   rounding.  For all other FP operations, only the IEEE default mode
   (round to nearest) is supported.</para>

   <para>Numeric exceptions in FP code: IEEE754 defines five types of
   numeric exception that can happen: invalid operation (sqrt of
   negative number, etc), division by zero, overflow, underflow,
   inexact (loss of precision).</para>

   <para>For each exception, two courses of action are defined by IEEE754:
   either (1) a user-defined exception handler may be called, or (2) a
   default action is defined, which "fixes things up" and allows the
   computation to proceed without throwing an exception.</para>

   <para>Currently Valgrind only supports the default fixup actions.
   Again, feedback on the importance of exception support would be
   appreciated.</para>

   <para>When Valgrind detects that the program is trying to exceed any
   of these limitations (setting exception handlers, rounding mode, or
   precision control), it can print a message giving a traceback of
   where this has happened, and continue execution.  This behaviour used
   to be the default, but the messages are annoying and so showing them
   is now disabled by default.  Use <option>--show-emwarns=yes</option> to see
   them.</para>

   <para>The above limitations define precisely the IEEE754 'default'
   behaviour: default fixup on all exceptions, round-to-nearest
   operations, and 64-bit precision.</para>
  </listitem>
   
  <listitem>
   <para>As of version 3.0.0, Valgrind has the following limitations in
   its implementation of x86/AMD64 SSE2 FP arithmetic, relative to 
   IEEE754.</para>

   <para>Essentially the same: no exceptions, and limited observance of
   rounding mode.  Also, SSE2 has control bits which make it treat
   denormalised numbers as zero (DAZ) and a related action, flush
   denormals to zero (FTZ).  Both of these cause SSE2 arithmetic to be
   less accurate than IEEE requires.  Valgrind detects, ignores, and can
   warn about, attempts to enable either mode.</para>
  </listitem>

  <listitem>
   <para>As of version 3.2.0, Valgrind has the following limitations
   in its implementation of PPC32 and PPC64 floating point 
   arithmetic, relative to IEEE754.</para>

   <para>Scalar (non-Altivec): Valgrind provides a bit-exact emulation of
   all floating point instructions, except for "fre" and "fres", which are
   done more precisely than required by the PowerPC architecture specification.
   All floating point operations observe the current rounding mode.
   </para>

   <para>However, fpscr[FPRF] is not set after each operation.  That could
   be done but would give measurable performance overheads, and so far
   no need for it has been found.</para>

   <para>As on x86/AMD64, IEEE754 exceptions are not supported: all floating
   point exceptions are handled using the default IEEE fixup actions.
   Valgrind detects, ignores, and can warn about, attempts to unmask 
   the 5 IEEE FP exception kinds by writing to the floating-point status 
   and control register (fpscr).
   </para>

   <para>Vector (Altivec, VMX): essentially as with x86/AMD64 SSE/SSE2: 
   no exceptions, and limited observance of rounding mode.  
   For Altivec, FP arithmetic
   is done in IEEE/Java mode, which is more accurate than the Linux default
   setting.  "More accurate" means that denormals are handled properly, 
   rather than simply being flushed to zero.</para>
  </listitem>
 </itemizedlist>

 <para>Programs which are known not to work are:</para>
 <itemizedlist>
  <listitem>
   <para>emacs starts up but immediately concludes it is out of
   memory and aborts.  It may be that Memcheck does not provide
   a good enough emulation of the 
   <computeroutput>mallinfo</computeroutput> function.
   Emacs works fine if you build it to use
   the standard malloc/free routines.</para>
  </listitem>
 </itemizedlist>

</sect1>


<sect1 id="manual-core.example" xreflabel="An Example Run">
<title>An Example Run</title>

<para>This is the log for a run of a small program using Memcheck.
The program is in fact correct, and the reported error is as the
result of a potentially serious code generation bug in GNU g++
(snapshot 20010527).</para>

<programlisting><![CDATA[
sewardj@phoenix:~/newmat10$ ~/Valgrind-6/valgrind -v ./bogon 
==25832== Valgrind 0.10, a memory error detector for x86 RedHat 7.1.
==25832== Copyright (C) 2000-2001, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward.
==25832== Startup, with flags:
==25832== --suppressions=/home/sewardj/Valgrind/redhat71.supp
==25832== reading syms from /lib/ld-linux.so.2
==25832== reading syms from /lib/libc.so.6
==25832== reading syms from /mnt/pima/jrs/Inst/lib/libgcc_s.so.0
==25832== reading syms from /lib/libm.so.6
==25832== reading syms from /mnt/pima/jrs/Inst/lib/libstdc++.so.3
==25832== reading syms from /home/sewardj/Valgrind/valgrind.so
==25832== reading syms from /proc/self/exe
==25832== 
==25832== Invalid read of size 4
==25832==    at 0x8048724: BandMatrix::ReSize(int,int,int) (bogon.cpp:45)
==25832==    by 0x80487AF: main (bogon.cpp:66)
==25832==  Address 0xBFFFF74C is not stack'd, malloc'd or free'd
==25832==
==25832== ERROR SUMMARY: 1 errors from 1 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)
==25832== malloc/free: in use at exit: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
==25832== malloc/free: 0 allocs, 0 frees, 0 bytes allocated.
==25832== For a detailed leak analysis, rerun with: --leak-check=yes
]]></programlisting>

<para>The GCC folks fixed this about a week before gcc-3.0
shipped.</para>

</sect1>


<sect1 id="manual-core.warnings" xreflabel="Warning Messages">
<title>Warning Messages You Might See</title>

<para>Most of these only appear if you run in verbose mode
(enabled by <computeroutput>-v</computeroutput>):</para>

 <itemizedlist>

  <listitem>
    <para><computeroutput>More than 100 errors detected.  Subsequent
    errors will still be recorded, but in less detail than
    before.</computeroutput></para>

    <para>After 100 different errors have been shown, Valgrind becomes
    more conservative about collecting them.  It then requires only the
    program counters in the top two stack frames to match when deciding
    whether or not two errors are really the same one.  Prior to this
    point, the PCs in the top four frames are required to match.  This
    hack has the effect of slowing down the appearance of new errors
    after the first 100.  The 100 constant can be changed by recompiling
    Valgrind.</para>
  </listitem>

  <listitem>
    <para><computeroutput>More than 1000 errors detected.  I'm not
    reporting any more.  Final error counts may be inaccurate.  Go fix
    your program!</computeroutput></para>

    <para>After 1000 different errors have been detected, Valgrind
    ignores any more.  It seems unlikely that collecting even more
    different ones would be of practical help to anybody, and it avoids
    the danger that Valgrind spends more and more of its time comparing
    new errors against an ever-growing collection.  As above, the 1000
    number is a compile-time constant.</para>
  </listitem>

  <listitem>
    <para><computeroutput>Warning: client switching stacks?</computeroutput></para>

    <para>Valgrind spotted such a large change in the stack pointer
    that it guesses the client is switching to
    a different stack.  At this point it makes a kludgey guess where the
    base of the new stack is, and sets memory permissions accordingly.
    You may get many bogus error messages following this, if Valgrind
    guesses wrong.  At the moment "large change" is defined as a change
    of more that 2000000 in the value of the
    stack pointer register.</para>
  </listitem>

  <listitem>
    <para><computeroutput>Warning: client attempted to close Valgrind's
    logfile fd &lt;number&gt;</computeroutput></para>

    <para>Valgrind doesn't allow the client to close the logfile,
    because you'd never see any diagnostic information after that point.
    If you see this message, you may want to use the
    <option>--log-fd=&lt;number&gt;</option> option to specify a
    different logfile file-descriptor number.</para>
  </listitem>

  <listitem>
    <para><computeroutput>Warning: noted but unhandled ioctl
    &lt;number&gt;</computeroutput></para>

    <para>Valgrind observed a call to one of the vast family of
    <computeroutput>ioctl</computeroutput> system calls, but did not
    modify its memory status info (because nobody has yet written a 
    suitable wrapper).  The call will still have gone through, but you may get
    spurious errors after this as a result of the non-update of the
    memory info.</para>
  </listitem>

  <listitem>
    <para><computeroutput>Warning: set address range perms: large range
    &lt;number></computeroutput></para>

    <para>Diagnostic message, mostly for benefit of the Valgrind
    developers, to do with memory permissions.</para>
  </listitem>

 </itemizedlist>

</sect1>






</chapter>