File: MarchingCubes.cpp

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/// \file source/MarchingCubes.cpp
/// \author Guilherme Amadio

// This file is part of VecGeom and is distributed under the
// conditions in the file LICENSE.txt in the top directory.
// For the full list of authors see CONTRIBUTORS.txt and `git log`.

#include "VecGeom/volumes/MarchingCubes.h"

#include <array>
#include <vector>

/*
 * The edge table below simply lists the cube edges based on the vertex indices
 * as shown below. For example, edge 0 is the edge that goes from vertex 0 to
 * vertex 1. This table is used to compute where along edge i a vertex of the
 * mesh needs to be placed. Starting at the first vertex, the distance to the
 * surface along the edge is computed using DistanceToIn or DistanceToOut to
 * determine the precise location.
 *
 *                                   4      5
 *                                  .+------+
 *                               7.' |  6 .'|
 *                               +---+--+'  |
 *                               |   |  |   |
 *                               |  .+--+---+
 *                               |.' 0  | .'1
 *                               +------+'
 *                               3      2
 *
 */

static constexpr int edges[12][2] = {
  {0, 1}, {1, 2}, {2, 3}, {3, 0},
  {4, 5}, {5, 6}, {6, 7}, {7, 4},
  {0, 4}, {1, 5}, {2, 6}, {3, 7}
};

/*
 * The table below maps an index based on which vertices are contained by the
 * volume being meshed into which edges of the cube are intersected by its
 * surface. For example, if vertex 1 is the only vertex contained by the volume,
 * the index to access the table is equal to 0b00000010 == 2, and edges 0 (0 -> 1),
 * 1 (1 -> 2), and 9 (1 -> 5) are intersected, which means the value in the table
 * at index 2 will have bits 0, 2, and 9 set: cmap[2] = 0b0000001000000011 = 0x203.
 * The index is computed by using the Contains() method of VUnplacedVolume.
 */

static constexpr int cmap[256] = {
  0x000, 0x109, 0x203, 0x30a, 0x406, 0x50f, 0x605, 0x70c,
  0x80c, 0x905, 0xa0f, 0xb06, 0xc0a, 0xd03, 0xe09, 0xf00,
  0x190, 0x099, 0x393, 0x29a, 0x596, 0x49f, 0x795, 0x69c,
  0x99c, 0x895, 0xb9f, 0xa96, 0xd9a, 0xc93, 0xf99, 0xe90,
  0x230, 0x339, 0x033, 0x13a, 0x636, 0x73f, 0x435, 0x53c,
  0xa3c, 0xb35, 0x83f, 0x936, 0xe3a, 0xf33, 0xc39, 0xd30,
  0x3a0, 0x2a9, 0x1a3, 0x0aa, 0x7a6, 0x6af, 0x5a5, 0x4ac,
  0xbac, 0xaa5, 0x9af, 0x8a6, 0xfaa, 0xea3, 0xda9, 0xca0,
  0x460, 0x569, 0x663, 0x76a, 0x066, 0x16f, 0x265, 0x36c,
  0xc6c, 0xd65, 0xe6f, 0xf66, 0x86a, 0x963, 0xa69, 0xb60,
  0x5f0, 0x4f9, 0x7f3, 0x6fa, 0x1f6, 0x0ff, 0x3f5, 0x2fc,
  0xdfc, 0xcf5, 0xfff, 0xef6, 0x9fa, 0x8f3, 0xbf9, 0xaf0,
  0x650, 0x759, 0x453, 0x55a, 0x256, 0x35f, 0x055, 0x15c,
  0xe5c, 0xf55, 0xc5f, 0xd56, 0xa5a, 0xb53, 0x859, 0x950,
  0x7c0, 0x6c9, 0x5c3, 0x4ca, 0x3c6, 0x2cf, 0x1c5, 0x0cc,
  0xfcc, 0xec5, 0xdcf, 0xcc6, 0xbca, 0xac3, 0x9c9, 0x8c0,
  0x8c0, 0x9c9, 0xac3, 0xbca, 0xcc6, 0xdcf, 0xec5, 0xfcc,
  0x0cc, 0x1c5, 0x2cf, 0x3c6, 0x4ca, 0x5c3, 0x6c9, 0x7c0,
  0x950, 0x859, 0xb53, 0xa5a, 0xd56, 0xc5f, 0xf55, 0xe5c,
  0x15c, 0x055, 0x35f, 0x256, 0x55a, 0x453, 0x759, 0x650,
  0xaf0, 0xbf9, 0x8f3, 0x9fa, 0xef6, 0xfff, 0xcf5, 0xdfc,
  0x2fc, 0x3f5, 0x0ff, 0x1f6, 0x6fa, 0x7f3, 0x4f9, 0x5f0,
  0xb60, 0xa69, 0x963, 0x86a, 0xf66, 0xe6f, 0xd65, 0xc6c,
  0x36c, 0x265, 0x16f, 0x066, 0x76a, 0x663, 0x569, 0x460,
  0xca0, 0xda9, 0xea3, 0xfaa, 0x8a6, 0x9af, 0xaa5, 0xbac,
  0x4ac, 0x5a5, 0x6af, 0x7a6, 0x0aa, 0x1a3, 0x2a9, 0x3a0,
  0xd30, 0xc39, 0xf33, 0xe3a, 0x936, 0x83f, 0xb35, 0xa3c,
  0x53c, 0x435, 0x73f, 0x636, 0x13a, 0x033, 0x339, 0x230,
  0xe90, 0xf99, 0xc93, 0xd9a, 0xa96, 0xb9f, 0x895, 0x99c,
  0x69c, 0x795, 0x49f, 0x596, 0x29a, 0x393, 0x099, 0x190,
  0xf00, 0xe09, 0xd03, 0xc0a, 0xb06, 0xa0f, 0x905, 0x80c,
  0x70c, 0x605, 0x50f, 0x406, 0x30a, 0x203, 0x109, 0x000
};

/*
 * The triangle table below uses the same indexing as the cmap table, but
 * instead of containing which edges of the cube are intersected by the volume
 * being meshed, it contains the vertex triplets of each triangle that needs to
 * be added to the mesh. The vertices are indexed based on which edge of the
 * marching cube they lie.
 *
 * For example, for the exameple above, where only vertex 1 is contained by the
 * volume, and edges 0, 1, and 9 are intersected, the only triangle that needs
 * to be added to the mesh has vertices (0, 1, 9) respectively, so at index 2 in
 * the triangle table the first three values correspond to this triplet and all
 * other values are -1 to indicate no other triangles are needed in the marching
 * cube. Since a maximum of 5 triangles may be generated in each marching cube,
 * at most 15 vertices are needed, with one more value added as padding to have
 * data align better in memory.
 */

static constexpr int triangles[256][16] = {
  { -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  0,  8,  3, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  0,  1,  9, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  1,  8,  3,  9,  8,  1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  1,  2, 10, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  0,  8,  3,  1,  2, 10, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  9,  2, 10,  0,  2,  9, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  2,  8,  3,  2, 10,  8, 10,  9,  8, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  3, 11,  2, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  0, 11,  2,  8, 11,  0, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  1,  9,  0,  2,  3, 11, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  1, 11,  2,  1,  9, 11,  9,  8, 11, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  3, 10,  1, 11, 10,  3, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  0, 10,  1,  0,  8, 10,  8, 11, 10, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  3,  9,  0,  3, 11,  9, 11, 10,  9, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  9,  8, 10, 10,  8, 11, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  4,  7,  8, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  4,  3,  0,  7,  3,  4, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  0,  1,  9,  8,  4,  7, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  4,  1,  9,  4,  7,  1,  7,  3,  1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  1,  2, 10,  8,  4,  7, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  3,  4,  7,  3,  0,  4,  1,  2, 10, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  9,  2, 10,  9,  0,  2,  8,  4,  7, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  2, 10,  9,  2,  9,  7,  2,  7,  3,  7,  9,  4, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  8,  4,  7,  3, 11,  2, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  { 11,  4,  7, 11,  2,  4,  2,  0,  4, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  9,  0,  1,  8,  4,  7,  2,  3, 11, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  4,  7, 11,  9,  4, 11,  9, 11,  2,  9,  2,  1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  3, 10,  1,  3, 11, 10,  7,  8,  4, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  1, 11, 10,  1,  4, 11,  1,  0,  4,  7, 11,  4, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  4,  7,  8,  9,  0, 11,  9, 11, 10, 11,  0,  3, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  4,  7, 11,  4, 11,  9,  9, 11, 10, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  9,  5,  4, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  9,  5,  4,  0,  8,  3, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  0,  5,  4,  1,  5,  0, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  8,  5,  4,  8,  3,  5,  3,  1,  5, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  1,  2, 10,  9,  5,  4, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  3,  0,  8,  1,  2, 10,  4,  9,  5, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  5,  2, 10,  5,  4,  2,  4,  0,  2, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  2, 10,  5,  3,  2,  5,  3,  5,  4,  3,  4,  8, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  9,  5,  4,  2,  3, 11, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  0, 11,  2,  0,  8, 11,  4,  9,  5, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  0,  5,  4,  0,  1,  5,  2,  3, 11, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  2,  1,  5,  2,  5,  8,  2,  8, 11,  4,  8,  5, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  { 10,  3, 11, 10,  1,  3,  9,  5,  4, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  4,  9,  5,  0,  8,  1,  8, 10,  1,  8, 11, 10, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  5,  4,  0,  5,  0, 11,  5, 11, 10, 11,  0,  3, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  5,  4,  8,  5,  8, 10, 10,  8, 11, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  9,  7,  8,  5,  7,  9, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  9,  3,  0,  9,  5,  3,  5,  7,  3, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  0,  7,  8,  0,  1,  7,  1,  5,  7, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  1,  5,  3,  3,  5,  7, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  9,  7,  8,  9,  5,  7, 10,  1,  2, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  { 10,  1,  2,  9,  5,  0,  5,  3,  0,  5,  7,  3, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  8,  0,  2,  8,  2,  5,  8,  5,  7, 10,  5,  2, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  2, 10,  5,  2,  5,  3,  3,  5,  7, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  7,  9,  5,  7,  8,  9,  3, 11,  2, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  9,  5,  7,  9,  7,  2,  9,  2,  0,  2,  7, 11, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  2,  3, 11,  0,  1,  8,  1,  7,  8,  1,  5,  7, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  { 11,  2,  1, 11,  1,  7,  7,  1,  5, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  9,  5,  8,  8,  5,  7, 10,  1,  3, 10,  3, 11, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  5,  7,  0,  5,  0,  9,  7, 11,  0,  1,  0, 10, 11, 10,  0, -1 },
  { 11, 10,  0, 11,  0,  3, 10,  5,  0,  8,  0,  7,  5,  7,  0, -1 },
  { 11, 10,  5,  7, 11,  5, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  { 10,  6,  5, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  0,  8,  3,  5, 10,  6, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  9,  0,  1,  5, 10,  6, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  1,  8,  3,  1,  9,  8,  5, 10,  6, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  1,  6,  5,  2,  6,  1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  1,  6,  5,  1,  2,  6,  3,  0,  8, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  9,  6,  5,  9,  0,  6,  0,  2,  6, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  5,  9,  8,  5,  8,  2,  5,  2,  6,  3,  2,  8, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  2,  3, 11, 10,  6,  5, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  { 11,  0,  8, 11,  2,  0, 10,  6,  5, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  0,  1,  9,  2,  3, 11,  5, 10,  6, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  5, 10,  6,  1,  9,  2,  9, 11,  2,  9,  8, 11, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  6,  3, 11,  6,  5,  3,  5,  1,  3, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  0,  8, 11,  0, 11,  5,  0,  5,  1,  5, 11,  6, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  3, 11,  6,  0,  3,  6,  0,  6,  5,  0,  5,  9, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  6,  5,  9,  6,  9, 11, 11,  9,  8, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  5, 10,  6,  4,  7,  8, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  4,  3,  0,  4,  7,  3,  6,  5, 10, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  1,  9,  0,  5, 10,  6,  8,  4,  7, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  { 10,  6,  5,  1,  9,  7,  1,  7,  3,  7,  9,  4, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  6,  1,  2,  6,  5,  1,  4,  7,  8, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  1,  2,  5,  5,  2,  6,  3,  0,  4,  3,  4,  7, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  8,  4,  7,  9,  0,  5,  0,  6,  5,  0,  2,  6, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  7,  3,  9,  7,  9,  4,  3,  2,  9,  5,  9,  6,  2,  6,  9, -1 },
  {  3, 11,  2,  7,  8,  4, 10,  6,  5, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  5, 10,  6,  4,  7,  2,  4,  2,  0,  2,  7, 11, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  0,  1,  9,  4,  7,  8,  2,  3, 11,  5, 10,  6, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  9,  2,  1,  9, 11,  2,  9,  4, 11,  7, 11,  4,  5, 10,  6, -1 },
  {  8,  4,  7,  3, 11,  5,  3,  5,  1,  5, 11,  6, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  5,  1, 11,  5, 11,  6,  1,  0, 11,  7, 11,  4,  0,  4, 11, -1 },
  {  0,  5,  9,  0,  6,  5,  0,  3,  6, 11,  6,  3,  8,  4,  7, -1 },
  {  6,  5,  9,  6,  9, 11,  4,  7,  9,  7, 11,  9, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  { 10,  4,  9,  6,  4, 10, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  4, 10,  6,  4,  9, 10,  0,  8,  3, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  { 10,  0,  1, 10,  6,  0,  6,  4,  0, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  8,  3,  1,  8,  1,  6,  8,  6,  4,  6,  1, 10, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  1,  4,  9,  1,  2,  4,  2,  6,  4, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  3,  0,  8,  1,  2,  9,  2,  4,  9,  2,  6,  4, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  0,  2,  4,  4,  2,  6, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  8,  3,  2,  8,  2,  4,  4,  2,  6, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  { 10,  4,  9, 10,  6,  4, 11,  2,  3, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  0,  8,  2,  2,  8, 11,  4,  9, 10,  4, 10,  6, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  3, 11,  2,  0,  1,  6,  0,  6,  4,  6,  1, 10, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  6,  4,  1,  6,  1, 10,  4,  8,  1,  2,  1, 11,  8, 11,  1, -1 },
  {  9,  6,  4,  9,  3,  6,  9,  1,  3, 11,  6,  3, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  8, 11,  1,  8,  1,  0, 11,  6,  1,  9,  1,  4,  6,  4,  1, -1 },
  {  3, 11,  6,  3,  6,  0,  0,  6,  4, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  6,  4,  8, 11,  6,  8, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  7, 10,  6,  7,  8, 10,  8,  9, 10, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  0,  7,  3,  0, 10,  7,  0,  9, 10,  6,  7, 10, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  { 10,  6,  7,  1, 10,  7,  1,  7,  8,  1,  8,  0, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  { 10,  6,  7, 10,  7,  1,  1,  7,  3, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  1,  2,  6,  1,  6,  8,  1,  8,  9,  8,  6,  7, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  2,  6,  9,  2,  9,  1,  6,  7,  9,  0,  9,  3,  7,  3,  9, -1 },
  {  7,  8,  0,  7,  0,  6,  6,  0,  2, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  7,  3,  2,  6,  7,  2, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  2,  3, 11, 10,  6,  8, 10,  8,  9,  8,  6,  7, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  2,  0,  7,  2,  7, 11,  0,  9,  7,  6,  7, 10,  9, 10,  7, -1 },
  {  1,  8,  0,  1,  7,  8,  1, 10,  7,  6,  7, 10,  2,  3, 11, -1 },
  { 11,  2,  1, 11,  1,  7, 10,  6,  1,  6,  7,  1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  8,  9,  6,  8,  6,  7,  9,  1,  6, 11,  6,  3,  1,  3,  6, -1 },
  {  0,  9,  1, 11,  6,  7, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  7,  8,  0,  7,  0,  6,  3, 11,  0, 11,  6,  0, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  7, 11,  6, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  7,  6, 11, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  3,  0,  8, 11,  7,  6, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  0,  1,  9, 11,  7,  6, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  8,  1,  9,  8,  3,  1, 11,  7,  6, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  { 10,  1,  2,  6, 11,  7, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  1,  2, 10,  3,  0,  8,  6, 11,  7, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  2,  9,  0,  2, 10,  9,  6, 11,  7, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  6, 11,  7,  2, 10,  3, 10,  8,  3, 10,  9,  8, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  7,  2,  3,  6,  2,  7, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  7,  0,  8,  7,  6,  0,  6,  2,  0, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  2,  7,  6,  2,  3,  7,  0,  1,  9, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  1,  6,  2,  1,  8,  6,  1,  9,  8,  8,  7,  6, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  { 10,  7,  6, 10,  1,  7,  1,  3,  7, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  { 10,  7,  6,  1,  7, 10,  1,  8,  7,  1,  0,  8, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  0,  3,  7,  0,  7, 10,  0, 10,  9,  6, 10,  7, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  7,  6, 10,  7, 10,  8,  8, 10,  9, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  6,  8,  4, 11,  8,  6, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  3,  6, 11,  3,  0,  6,  0,  4,  6, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  8,  6, 11,  8,  4,  6,  9,  0,  1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  9,  4,  6,  9,  6,  3,  9,  3,  1, 11,  3,  6, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  6,  8,  4,  6, 11,  8,  2, 10,  1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  1,  2, 10,  3,  0, 11,  0,  6, 11,  0,  4,  6, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  4, 11,  8,  4,  6, 11,  0,  2,  9,  2, 10,  9, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  { 10,  9,  3, 10,  3,  2,  9,  4,  3, 11,  3,  6,  4,  6,  3, -1 },
  {  8,  2,  3,  8,  4,  2,  4,  6,  2, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  0,  4,  2,  4,  6,  2, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  1,  9,  0,  2,  3,  4,  2,  4,  6,  4,  3,  8, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  1,  9,  4,  1,  4,  2,  2,  4,  6, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  8,  1,  3,  8,  6,  1,  8,  4,  6,  6, 10,  1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  { 10,  1,  0, 10,  0,  6,  6,  0,  4, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  4,  6,  3,  4,  3,  8,  6, 10,  3,  0,  3,  9, 10,  9,  3, -1 },
  { 10,  9,  4,  6, 10,  4, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  4,  9,  5,  7,  6, 11, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  0,  8,  3,  4,  9,  5, 11,  7,  6, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  5,  0,  1,  5,  4,  0,  7,  6, 11, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  { 11,  7,  6,  8,  3,  4,  3,  5,  4,  3,  1,  5, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  9,  5,  4, 10,  1,  2,  7,  6, 11, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  6, 11,  7,  1,  2, 10,  0,  8,  3,  4,  9,  5, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  7,  6, 11,  5,  4, 10,  4,  2, 10,  4,  0,  2, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  3,  4,  8,  3,  5,  4,  3,  2,  5, 10,  5,  2, 11,  7,  6, -1 },
  {  7,  2,  3,  7,  6,  2,  5,  4,  9, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  9,  5,  4,  0,  8,  6,  0,  6,  2,  6,  8,  7, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  3,  6,  2,  3,  7,  6,  1,  5,  0,  5,  4,  0, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  6,  2,  8,  6,  8,  7,  2,  1,  8,  4,  8,  5,  1,  5,  8, -1 },
  {  9,  5,  4, 10,  1,  6,  1,  7,  6,  1,  3,  7, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  1,  6, 10,  1,  7,  6,  1,  0,  7,  8,  7,  0,  9,  5,  4, -1 },
  {  4,  0, 10,  4, 10,  5,  0,  3, 10,  6, 10,  7,  3,  7, 10, -1 },
  {  7,  6, 10,  7, 10,  8,  5,  4, 10,  4,  8, 10, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  6,  9,  5,  6, 11,  9, 11,  8,  9, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  3,  6, 11,  0,  6,  3,  0,  5,  6,  0,  9,  5, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  0, 11,  8,  0,  5, 11,  0,  1,  5,  5,  6, 11, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  6, 11,  3,  6,  3,  5,  5,  3,  1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  1,  2, 10,  9,  5, 11,  9, 11,  8, 11,  5,  6, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  0, 11,  3,  0,  6, 11,  0,  9,  6,  5,  6,  9,  1,  2, 10, -1 },
  { 11,  8,  5, 11,  5,  6,  8,  0,  5, 10,  5,  2,  0,  2,  5, -1 },
  {  6, 11,  3,  6,  3,  5,  2, 10,  3, 10,  5,  3, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  5,  8,  9,  5,  2,  8,  5,  6,  2,  3,  8,  2, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  9,  5,  6,  9,  6,  0,  0,  6,  2, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  1,  5,  8,  1,  8,  0,  5,  6,  8,  3,  8,  2,  6,  2,  8, -1 },
  {  1,  5,  6,  2,  1,  6, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  1,  3,  6,  1,  6, 10,  3,  8,  6,  5,  6,  9,  8,  9,  6, -1 },
  { 10,  1,  0, 10,  0,  6,  9,  5,  0,  5,  6,  0, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  0,  3,  8,  5,  6, 10, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  { 10,  5,  6, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  { 11,  5, 10,  7,  5, 11, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  { 11,  5, 10, 11,  7,  5,  8,  3,  0, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  5, 11,  7,  5, 10, 11,  1,  9,  0, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  { 10,  7,  5, 10, 11,  7,  9,  8,  1,  8,  3,  1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  { 11,  1,  2, 11,  7,  1,  7,  5,  1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  0,  8,  3,  1,  2,  7,  1,  7,  5,  7,  2, 11, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  9,  7,  5,  9,  2,  7,  9,  0,  2,  2, 11,  7, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  7,  5,  2,  7,  2, 11,  5,  9,  2,  3,  2,  8,  9,  8,  2, -1 },
  {  2,  5, 10,  2,  3,  5,  3,  7,  5, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  8,  2,  0,  8,  5,  2,  8,  7,  5, 10,  2,  5, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  9,  0,  1,  5, 10,  3,  5,  3,  7,  3, 10,  2, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  9,  8,  2,  9,  2,  1,  8,  7,  2, 10,  2,  5,  7,  5,  2, -1 },
  {  1,  3,  5,  3,  7,  5, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  0,  8,  7,  0,  7,  1,  1,  7,  5, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  9,  0,  3,  9,  3,  5,  5,  3,  7, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  9,  8,  7,  5,  9,  7, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  5,  8,  4,  5, 10,  8, 10, 11,  8, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  5,  0,  4,  5, 11,  0,  5, 10, 11, 11,  3,  0, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  0,  1,  9,  8,  4, 10,  8, 10, 11, 10,  4,  5, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  { 10, 11,  4, 10,  4,  5, 11,  3,  4,  9,  4,  1,  3,  1,  4, -1 },
  {  2,  5,  1,  2,  8,  5,  2, 11,  8,  4,  5,  8, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  0,  4, 11,  0, 11,  3,  4,  5, 11,  2, 11,  1,  5,  1, 11, -1 },
  {  0,  2,  5,  0,  5,  9,  2, 11,  5,  4,  5,  8, 11,  8,  5, -1 },
  {  9,  4,  5,  2, 11,  3, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  2,  5, 10,  3,  5,  2,  3,  4,  5,  3,  8,  4, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  5, 10,  2,  5,  2,  4,  4,  2,  0, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  3, 10,  2,  3,  5, 10,  3,  8,  5,  4,  5,  8,  0,  1,  9, -1 },
  {  5, 10,  2,  5,  2,  4,  1,  9,  2,  9,  4,  2, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  8,  4,  5,  8,  5,  3,  3,  5,  1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  0,  4,  5,  1,  0,  5, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  8,  4,  5,  8,  5,  3,  9,  0,  5,  0,  3,  5, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  9,  4,  5, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  4, 11,  7,  4,  9, 11,  9, 10, 11, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  0,  8,  3,  4,  9,  7,  9, 11,  7,  9, 10, 11, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  1, 10, 11,  1, 11,  4,  1,  4,  0,  7,  4, 11, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  3,  1,  4,  3,  4,  8,  1, 10,  4,  7,  4, 11, 10, 11,  4, -1 },
  {  4, 11,  7,  9, 11,  4,  9,  2, 11,  9,  1,  2, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  9,  7,  4,  9, 11,  7,  9,  1, 11,  2, 11,  1,  0,  8,  3, -1 },
  { 11,  7,  4, 11,  4,  2,  2,  4,  0, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  { 11,  7,  4, 11,  4,  2,  8,  3,  4,  3,  2,  4, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  2,  9, 10,  2,  7,  9,  2,  3,  7,  7,  4,  9, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  9, 10,  7,  9,  7,  4, 10,  2,  7,  8,  7,  0,  2,  0,  7, -1 },
  {  3,  7, 10,  3, 10,  2,  7,  4, 10,  1, 10,  0,  4,  0, 10, -1 },
  {  1, 10,  2,  8,  7,  4, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  4,  9,  1,  4,  1,  7,  7,  1,  3, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  4,  9,  1,  4,  1,  7,  0,  8,  1,  8,  7,  1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  4,  0,  3,  7,  4,  3, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  4,  8,  7, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  9, 10,  8, 10, 11,  8, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  3,  0,  9,  3,  9, 11, 11,  9, 10, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  0,  1, 10,  0, 10,  8,  8, 10, 11, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  3,  1, 10, 11,  3, 10, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  1,  2, 11,  1, 11,  9,  9, 11,  8, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  3,  0,  9,  3,  9, 11,  1,  2,  9,  2, 11,  9, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  0,  2, 11,  8,  0, 11, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  3,  2, 11, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  2,  3,  8,  2,  8, 10, 10,  8,  9, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  9, 10,  2,  0,  9,  2, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  2,  3,  8,  2,  8, 10,  0,  1,  8,  1, 10,  8, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  1, 10,  2, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  1,  3,  8,  9,  1,  8, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  0,  9,  1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  {  0,  3,  8, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 },
  { -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 }
};

namespace vecgeom {
inline namespace cxx {

static Vector3D<Precision> interpolate(VUnplacedVolume const * const v,
                                       Vector3D<Precision> a, Vector3D<Precision> b)
{
  Vector3D<Precision> dir = (b - a).Normalized();
  return a + (v->Contains(a) ? v->DistanceToOut(a, dir) : v->DistanceToIn(a, dir)) * dir;
}

SolidMesh *MarchingCubes(VUnplacedVolume const * const v, int layers)
{
  Vector3D<Precision> vmin, vmax;
  v->GetBBox(vmin, vmax);
  Vector3D<Precision> extent = vmax - vmin;
  Precision h = extent.Min() / layers;
  return MarchingCubes(v, h);
}

SolidMesh *MarchingCubes(VUnplacedVolume const * const v, Precision h)
{
  std::vector<std::array<size_t, 3>> tris;
  std::vector<Vector3D<Precision>> vertices;

  Vector3D<Precision> vmin, vmax;
  v->GetBBox(vmin, vmax);

  for (Precision x = vmin[0] - 0.5 * h; x < vmax[0] + h; x += h) {
    for (Precision y = vmin[1] - 0.5 * h; y < vmax[1] + h; y += h) {
      for (Precision z = vmin[2] - 0.5 * h; z < vmax[2] + h; z += h) {
        Vector3D<Precision> p[8] = {
          {  x,   y,   z  }, { x+h,  y,  z }, { x+h,  y,  z+h }, { x,  y,  z+h },
          {  x,  y+h,  z  }, { x+h, y+h, z }, { x+h, y+h, z+h }, { x, y+h, z+h }
        };

        int idx = 0;

        for (int i = 0; i < 8; ++i)
          if (v->Contains(p[i]))
            idx |= (1 << i);

        if (cmap[idx] == 0)
          continue;

        Vector3D<Precision> vertex[12];

        for (int i = 0; i < 12; ++i)
          if (cmap[idx] & (1 << i))
            vertex[i] = interpolate(v, p[edges[i][0]], p[edges[i][1]]);

        for (int i = 0; triangles[idx][i] != -1; i += 3) {
          vertices.push_back(vertex[triangles[idx][ i ]]);
          vertices.push_back(vertex[triangles[idx][i+1]]);
          vertices.push_back(vertex[triangles[idx][i+2]]);

          size_t n = vertices.size();
          tris.push_back({n-3, n-2, n-1});
        }
      }
    }
  }

  SolidMesh *mesh = new SolidMesh();

  mesh->SetVertices(vertices.data(), vertices.size());

  for (const auto& tri : tris)
    mesh->AddPolygon(3, {tri[0], tri[1], tri[2]}, /* convex = */ true);

  return mesh;
}

} // namespace cxx
} // namespace vecgeom